The scope of this document is to provide pertinent information on demonstrating the performance of Flame Arrestors, also known as Fuel Vent Protectors (FVPs), in preventing the propagation of a deflagration when the arrestors are subjected to aerospace-representative flames produced by the venting of flammable gas through the arrestor. Test procedures for two separate combustion-loading profiles are presented herein: The flame hold test condition, and the flame propagation test condition. For the flame hold test condition, the applicability of two separate critical flows is discussed in which one flow results in the greatest flame arrestor temperature and a second flow results in the greatest temperature of the surrounding structure. These guidelines are necessary for OEMs and fuel/vent system designers to validate the flame arresting-performance of the subassemblies comprising of the flame arrestors and relevant surrounding structures in an installation environment representative of

AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee

Aircraft Flame Arrestor Installation Guidelines and Test Methods

ARP5776-TEST-REC (Historical)08/26/2021

AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee

Snowmobile Fuel Tanks

J288_202106 (Current)

06/10/2021

This SAE Standard establishes a uniform procedure and performance requirements for snowmobile fuel tanks.

Snowmobile Technical Committee

Fuel Level Point Sensing

AIR6325 (Current)

11/30/2020

This report is intended to identify the various existing technologies used for a fuel level sensing system. In addition to sensing technologies, it describes the basic architecture of fuel level sensing systems and their association with fuel gauging system to increase integrity of fuel measurement and management. As the fuel level sensing system is generally based on electrical components within fuel tanks, a specific focus is made on fuel tank explosion safety protection. An overview of the capacitive fuel gauging operation can be found in AIR5691.

AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee

Fuel Level Point Sensing

AIR6325-TEST-REC (Historical)11/30/2020

AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee

WHAT WE'RE DRIVING

20AUTP06_0806/01/2020

Four regular-sized adults onboard, I'm estimating 575 lbs (261 kg). A steep but abrupt grade of maybe 1.5 miles. One-third of the way up, a passing lane is available and there's our chance to get past a dawdler. Pin the 2020 Honda CR-V Hybrid's accelerator and from somewhere centered ahead of the firewall comes a raucous grumble-blare not all that different from opening up a big outboard motor. The sheer volume and tortured tenor cause everyone in the cabin to look at one another: “What the hell?” The CR-V Hybrid's “two-motor” system (already used to good effect in the Accord) is comprised of an AC synchronous motor dedicated to propulsion and geared in tandem with the 2.0-L 4-cylinder, both clutched to the differential. Another AC motor-generator is geared directly with the differential and largely charges the small 1.4-kWh lithium-ion battery. The setup is meant to bias the propulsion job to the 181-hp propulsion motor, with the engine providing electricity to the traction motor and

Fuel Tank Dynamic Strain Measurement Using Computer Vision Analysis

2020-01-092404/14/2020

Stress and strain measurement of high density polyethylene (HDPE) fuel tanks under dynamic loading is challenging. Motion tracking combined with computer vision was employed to evaluate the strain in an HDPE fuel tank being dynamically loaded with a crash pulse. Traditional testing methods such as strain gages are limited to the small strain elastic region and HDPE testing may exceed the range of the strain gage. In addition, strain gages are limited to a localized area and are not able to measure the deformation and strain across a discontinuity such as a pinch seam. Other methods such as shape tape may not have the response time needed for a dynamic event. Motion tracking data analysis was performed by tracking the motion of specified points on a fuel tank during a dynamic test. An HDPE fuel tank was mounted to a vehicle section and a sled test was performed using a Seattle sled to simulate a high deltaV crash. Multiple target markers were placed on the fuel tank. The motion of these

Fleming, Mark, Krishnaswami, Ram, Nakamoto, Kunihiro

A Vehicle Level Transient Thermal Analysis of Automotive Fuel Tanks

2020-01-134204/14/2020

Maintaining the fuel temperature and fuel system components below certain values is an important design objective. Predicting these temperatures is therefore one of the key parts of the vehicle’s thermal management process. One of the physical processes affecting fuel tank temperature is fuel vaporization, which is controlled by the vapor pressure in the tank, fuel composition and fuel temperature. Models are developed to enable the computation of the fuel temperature, fuel vaporization rate in the tank, fuel temperatures along the fuel supply lines, and follow its path to the charcoal canister and into the engine intake. For diesel fuel systems where a fuel return line is used to return excess fluid back to the fuel tank, an energy balance will be considered to calculate the heat added from the high-pressure pump and vehicle under-hood and underbody. In this work, a transient heat transfer model is developed to compute the heat transfer between the in-tank fuel and the vehicle under

El-Sharkawy, Alaa, Arora, Dipan, Mazen, Yehia, Sami, Amr

Frequency Domain Analysis of 2-Wheeler Systems

2020-01-047604/14/2020

Most automotive companies validate their vehicle designs by running vehicle on the durability proving grounds. Part fractures and collisions between two components are common failures observed during proven ground testing. Laboratory testing and FEA simulation are used to validate designs in the concept stage as it consumes less time and cost as compared to proven ground testing. The lab testing and simulation process both have their own limitations. It is difficult to incorporate effect of multi-direction input loading (x, y, z) with single direction loading in laboratory testing due to restrictions with electrodynamic shaker testing. However, in simulation, multi direction input can be easily incorporated but often actual vehicle measured test track data is not available in the early design stage. In the present work, Modern methodologies have been employed [ref 1, 2] in frequency domain to validate design in FEA simulation. First, relative random response calculation is performed

Sethi, Mohit, Sharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash, Sethi, Mohit, Sharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash, Bishop, Neil, Kolar, Harsha

Simulation of Softening and Rupture in Multilayered Fuel Tank Material

2019-28-2557

11/21/2019

Multi-layered, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fuel tanks are increasingly being used in automobiles due to advantages such as shape flexibility, low weight and corrosion resistance. Though, HDPE fuel tanks are perceived to be safer as compared to metallic tanks, the material properties are influenced by service temperature. At higher temperatures (more than 80oC), plastic fuel tanks can soften, sag and eventually spill out the fuel, while the extreme cold (less than -20°C) can lead to potential cracking problems. Damage may also occur due to accidental drop while handling or due to an impact from a flying shrapnel. This can be catastrophic due to flammability of the fuel. The objective of this work is to characterize and develop a failure model for the plastic fuel tank material to simulate damage and enhance predictive capability of CAE for chassis and safety load cases. Different factors influencing the material properties such as service temperature, rate of deformation, state of

R L, Vijaya Kumar, Tripathy, Biswajit, Radhakrishnan, Jayaraj

Unmanned Helicopter Drone

TBMG-3535810/01/2019

UAVOS Inc. Mountain View, CA 650-584-3176 www.UAVOS.com

Automotive Engineering: October 2019

19AUTP1010/01/2019

Conti suits up A team of young innovators aims to transform a critical piece of safety equipment - and create new business - through collaboration. Casting around for lightweight The U.K.'s Grainger & Worrall is introducing and perfecting "new and imaginative" casting technologies. Optimizing NVH for EVs Unique acoustic and harmonic challenges require an integrated approach to simulation and analysis. An expert at Adaptive Corp. explains. The new gas tank: Constellium readies its first OEM EV battery tray Global Tier-1 aluminum specialist Constellium's first OEM EV battery enclosure is a far cry, engineering-wise, from the century-old fuel tank. Editorial Losing the plot of the Engineering story? Supplier Eye Critical decisions for the 2020s What We're Driving Honda ready with new injury-reducing airbag Continental Tire rolls towards a smart-and-connected future Cutting weight seen as less vital for automated and shared vehicles GKN spreads premium propshaft tech to quiet pickup cabins

A Quasi-Steady Diffusion-Based Model for Design and Analysis of Fuel Tank Evaporative Emissions

2019-01-094704/02/2019

In this paper, a fuel tank evaporation/condensation model was developed, which was suitable for calculation of evaporative emissions in a fuel tank. The model uses a diffusion-controlled mass transfer approach in the form of Fick's second law in order to calculate the average concentration of fuel vapor above the liquid level and its corresponding evaporation rate. The partial differential equation of transient species diffusion was solved using a separation of variables technique with the appropriate boundary conditions for a fuel tank. In order to simplify the solution, a quasi-steady assumption was utilized and justified. The fuel vapor pressure was modeled based on an American Petroleum Institute (API) procedure using either a distillation curve or a Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) as an experimental input for the specific fuel used in the system. The advantage of this model compared to other published models is the fact that it is a non-equilibrium model that considers the effects of

Ghadirian, Emad, Brown, Jonathan, Wahiduzzaman, Syed

Simulation and Experimental Study of Filler Pipe of Automobile Fuel Tank Based on ORVR Technology

2019-01-080004/02/2019

A filler pipe of vehicle fuel tank has been simulated and optimized about refueling smoothness which is based on On-board Refueling Vapor Recovery (ORVR). Both liner of filler pipe and straight pipe section at the bottom of filler pipe have been studied. The results show that extending the end of the liner to the first elbow of the filler pipe can effectively control the phenomenon of fuel spit-back in the refueling process and promote the refueling process to be smoother. Compared with the bottom of the original filler pipe, extending the bottom length to 100 mm, adding the upper open form in check valve structure, the result shows that in the process of refueling, dynamic fluid sealing can be formed to meet the design requirements. After that, the fuel system bench test was carried out, and conducted a bench test to verify the simulation results. The final filling in the tank is 50.8 L, which meets the 85% filling requirement of the regulations; the canister has gain 67.38 g, the

Fu, Tieqiang, Zhong, Chongzhi, Zhang, Taiyu, Meng, Shuaiqi, Wu, Ke

Optimized Fuel Tank Sender Closure

J2587_201903 (Current)03/08/2019

This practice describes recommended performance requirements of fuel tank closures used in conjunction with fuel level senders and fuel delivery systems. It provides guidelines that assure interchangeability and compatibility between fuel tanks and fuel pump/sender closure systems without specifying a specific closure system design. These systems may be used in rigid fuel tank systems made of plastic or metal. Complete details of specific designs shall be established by mutual agreement between customer and supplier. The dimensions and performance requirements are selected to optimize a The closure system, durability and reliability with respect to — Vehicle SHED measurements — Fuel system / crash integrity — LEV – II useful life b Assembly and service ease and reliability c Packaging of fuel tanks and their sending units d Interchangeability of sender closures between various fuel tank designs

Fuel Systems Standards Committee

Multirole Utility Helicopters

TBMG-3377502/01/2019

Airbus Helicopters Marignane Cedex, France +33 (0)4 42 85 60 51

A Parametric Study of the Flammability of Dieseline Blends with and without Ethanol

2019-01-0020

01/15/2019

Abstract Low Temperature Combustion using compression ignition may provide high efficiency combined with low emissions of oxides of nitrogen and soot. This process is facilitated by fuels with lower cetane number than standard diesel fuel. Mixtures of gasoline and diesel (“dieseline”) may be one way of achieving this; however, a gasoline/diesel mixture in a fuel tank can result in a flammable headspace, particularly at very cold ambient temperatures. A mathematical model to predict the flammability of dieseline blends, including those containing ethanol, was previously validated. In this paper, that model is used to study the flammability of dieseline blends parametrically. Gasolines used in the simulations had Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent (DVPE) values of 45, 60, 75, 90 and 110 kPa. Simulations were carried out for dieseline blends containing ethanol with two types of specifications - a fixed ethanol volume percent in the dieseline blend (0-50% ethanol), or blends containing

FAY, THOS. J.

Q&A

19AUTP08_2101/01/2019

Sean Stanley is one of a new generation of motorcycle engineers who are as fluent in battery cooling and electronics integration as their predecessors were in optimizing cam profiles and compression ratios. As Harley-Davidson's EV Systems chief engineer, Stanley, along with EV Platform chief Glen Koval and their teams, have brought the 2020 LiveWire e-bike from a bold concept in 2011 to production, which is getting underway at H-D's York, Pennsylvania, assembly plant. LiveWire is nothing like your granddad's Shovelhead, aside from the brand name on the faux ‘gas tank.’ There are five ECUs on board controlling seven rider-selectable and customizable ride modes. Rear-wheel lift mitigation is managed by a 6-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU). The 15.5-kWh Samsung SDI lithium-ion battery, liquid cooled 78-kW (108-hp) Magneti-Marelli permanent-magnet motor, 1400-watt SAE J1772 ‘Combo’ charging setup, 4.3-in. (109-mm) color thin-film display, and hollow-cast aluminum ‘exoskeleton’ chassis

Multi-Layer Wireless Sensor Construct for Use at Electrically Conductive Material Surfaces

TBMG-2970207/01/2018

NASA's Langley Research Center has developed a SansEC Sensor technology for use with aerospace fuel delivery systems. The SansEC technology is a patented and proven platform for multiple applications, including fluid level measurement. The platform utilizes a flat coil geometry antenna operated at its resonant frequency to measure dielectric properties or property changes of materials near the coil. The technology is well suited for situations where wireless, powerless, or non-contact measurements are needed with high sensitivity and accuracy. NASA Langley Research Center is seeking industrial partners/licensees to commercialize this technology. The research team at NASA Langley is available to assist with further development.

J2406_201802 (Current)02/12/2018

Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee

Using System Simulation to Manage Increasing Thermal Loads on Aircraft Fuel Systems

TBMG-2737708/01/2017

Today’s modern military fighter jets are like “a flying thermos bottle” according to Steve Iden, AFRL Invent Program Manager [1]. Many engineers have been saddled with trying to put the thermal loading constraints of these fighter jets on ice. This places increasing demands on utilizing the fuel system as a heat sink to dissipate thermal loads coming from onboard electronics, oil and hydraulic systems, avionics bay cooling, and weapons modules. Engineers today are looking to simulation to help tackle these design challenges, and they have more power than ever with simulating fuel systems to evaluate feasible system designs with given requirements on thermal power loading, fuel capacity, and tank geometry. With a given set of key performance metrics and limits on a design, the design space can be quickly explored to find optimum metrics such as flight mission duration or required component sizing to meet thermal load requirements.

Using System Simulation to Manage Increasing Thermal Loads on Aircraft Fuel Systems

17AERP08_0306/01/2017

Today's modern military fighter jets are like “a flying thermos bottle” according to Steve Iden, AFRL Invent Program Manager [1]. Many engineers have been saddled with trying to put the thermal loading constraints of these fighter jets on ice. This places increasing demands on utilizing the fuel system as a heat sink to dissipate thermal loads coming from onboard electronics, oil and hydraulic systems, avionics bay cooling, and weapons modules. Engineers today are looking to simulation to help tackle these design challenges, and they have more power than ever with simulating fuel systems to evaluate feasible system designs with given requirements on thermal power loading, fuel capacity, and tank geometry. With a given set of key performance metrics and limits on a design, the design space can be quickly explored to find optimum metrics such as flight mission duration or required component sizing to meet thermal load requirements.

Thermoplastic Enclosure for a High Voltage Battery System

2017-01-119003/28/2017

As electrified powertrains proliferate through original equipment manufacturer vehicle offerings, the focus on system cost and weight reduction intensifies. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a High Voltage (HV) battery system enclosure molded from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) to deliver substantial cost and weight opportunities. While previous HV battery system enclosure alternatives to steel and aluminum focus on thermoset composites and glass filled polypropylene, this solution leverages select HDPE design techniques established for fuel tanks and applies them to an HV battery system. The result is a tough, energy absorbing structure, capable of hermetic sealing, which simplifies manufacturing by eliminating nearly all fasteners. The authors evaluate performance with respect to crashworthiness, fire resistance, electro-magnetic compatibility and other challenges; using comparative research, computer analysis, and physical testing to demonstrate the system

Maguire, Patrick, Baek, Hyung, Liptak, Stephen, Lomax, Olivia, Palma, Rodolfo, Zhang, Yi

Use of V-Cycle Methodology to Develop Mechatronic Fuel System Functions

2017-01-161403/28/2017

As electronics make their way into the fuel system, a shift in problem solving can be seen. Previously high risk items were tackled mainly through proving component durability and decreasing the statistical odds of the problem occurring. With an electronically controlled system however it is possible and necessary to define degraded modes, in the event that certain components fail, in order to provide at least a limited functionality for the customer. This paper will discuss some different use cases, and how embedded software can be used to improve functionality over a passive system.

Hill, David, Op de Beeck, Joel, Baja, Mihai, Djemili, Issam, Reuther, Paul, Sutra, Iris

The Root Cause Analysis of Steel Fuel Tank Cracking at a Fatigue Point and Test Method Development of Durability

2017-01-039303/28/2017

Fuel tank in vehicle must hold the fuel in a stable way under any driving condition. However, the fuel tank might not conserve the fuel firmly in case a crack emerged while the fuel tank is exposed to different driving condition. Basically, when the engine is in purging at a normal ambient temperature before fuel boiling, the pressure inside the fuel tank decreases. However, the pressure inside a fuel tank increases while a vehicle is driven at extreme hot ambient temperature as fuel is boiling. This repetitive pressure change in the fuel tank comes with fuel tank’s physical expansion and shrink, which would cause a damage to the fuel tank. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the root cause of why fuel tank cracks at a fatigue point. We also aim to set up the method of how to test durability of the fuel tank in association with the pressure inside the tank.

Kim, Keunsoo

Simulating and Analyzing Flow for an Air-to-Air Refueling System

TBMG-2643902/01/2017

Long-range bombers may have missions halfway around the world. Fighter jets may have to stay in the air longer than their relatively small fuel tanks will allow, or may find they have exhausted their fuel unexpectedly, such as during supersonic flight or evasive maneuvers. In these situations, large tanker aircraft are deployed that carry sufficient fuel to refill several smaller aircraft in a single mission (Figure 1). The task of injecting volatile jet fuel from one aircraft to another while both are moving at high speed and altitude is fraught with risk.

Simulating and Analyzing Flow for an Air-to-Air Refueling System

17AERP02_0402/01/2017

Dynamic Analysis of Motorcycle Fuel Tank using Virtual Fluid Mass Methodology(VFM)

2017-26-026301/10/2017

This paper describes an investigation of the suitability of FE analysis using the virtual fluid mass (VFM) in fuel tank validation. It produces a mass matrix which represents the fluid coupled to a boundary consisting of structural elements and other effects, such as free surfaces, planes of symmetry and infinite fluids. The incompressible fluid produces a mass matrix defined with full coupling between accelerations and pressures on the flexible structural interfaces. This capability is used to model fuel tank with fuel filled inside. Hence, using the VFM method modal analysis is performed keeping the fuel tank 90% filled and results are compared with physical testing. The VFM method is much more reliable and accurate than the NSM or density adjusted method. The modal frequencies obtained in VFM technique are in proximity with the physical testing results. Further, the fuel tank and its mountings are evaluated for frequency response analysis with excitation in vertical direction.

Palve, Vikas, Bhavsar, Prashant, Kumbhar, Shyamsundar, Roy, Gyanendra

Fuel Tank for Liquefied Natural Gas

TBMG-2616001/01/2017

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center has developed a new composite vessel technology that is suitable for use as a liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel storage tank for alternative fuel vehicles. This technology uses an improved composite over-wrapped technology to produce a pressure vessel that is simple to use, robust, and capable of withstanding high pressures. It is also lightweight and low cost. This technology shows great potential to help the United States and other countries move toward a cleaner environment while allowing for efficient use of a more natural fuel in many different applications.

Safety Drain System for Fluid Reservoir

TBMG-2602212/01/2016

Researchers at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center have developed a system that reduces the entrapment risks associated with a pool or spa’s recirculation drain. The technology prevents hazards caused by suction forces on the body, hair, clothing, or other articles. Employing a novel configuration of drainage openings along with parallel paths for water flow, the system redistributes force over a much larger area, minimizing suction force at any localized area. With more efficient drainage and recirculation, the device improves performance, increases safety, and decreases operating costs. The technology can also provide thorough chemical mixing, which improves processes in systems and allows continued operation in the event of localized debris clogging a portion of the recirculation area. All of these benefits come without a protrusive drain cover, leaving the area safe and aesthetically pleasing.

CryoFOSS Optical Sensor Offers Next-Level Liquid Measurement

TBMG-2561810/01/2016

NASA engineer Allen Parker and a team at Armstrong Flight Research Center have developed a fiber-optic-based sensing technology that accurately pinpoints and measures liquid levels. The CryoFOSS, or Cryogenic Fiber Optic Sensing System, uses fiber optic Bragg sensors, located along a single cable, to actively discern between liquid and gas states. The technology can be employed in a variety of applications, from NASA’s rockets to a winery’s storage tanks.

Advanced Heavy Truck Frame Design and Opportunities for Fuel System Impact Protection

2016-01-804909/27/2016

Frame rail design advances for the heavy truck industry provide numerous opportunities for enhanced protection of fuel storage systems. One aspect of the advanced frame technology now available is the ability to vary the frame rail separation along the length of the truck, as well as the depth of the frame. In this study, the effect of incorporating the fuel storage system within advanced technology tapered frame rails was evaluated using virtual testing under impact conditions. The impact performance was evaluated under a range of horizontal impacts conditions. The performance observed was quantified and then compared with previous testing of baseline diesel tank systems. Fuel storage system impact performance metrics over the range of crash conditions considered were quantified using virtual testing methods. The results obtained from the application of the impact performance evaluation methodology were then described. The results indicated that substantial improvements in fuel

Friedman, Keith, Bui, Khanh, Hutchinson, John, Stephens, Matthew, Gonzalez, Francisco

Design Improvement on Plastic Fuel Tank System with Model Bias Prediction

2016-01-028604/05/2016

With the increasing development in automotive industry, finite element (FE) analysis with model bias prediction has been used more and more widely in the fields of chassis design, body weight reduction optimization and some components development, which reduced the development cycles and enhanced analysis accuracy significantly. However, in the simulation process of plastic fuel tank system, there is few study of model validation or verification, which results that non-risky design decisions cannot be enhanced due to too much consuming time. In this study, to correct the discrepancy and uncertainty of the simulated finite element model, Bayesian inference-based method is employed, to quantify model uncertainty and evaluate the simulated results based on collected data from real mechanical tests of plastic fuel tanks and FE simulations under the same boundary conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of the applied method are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed approach

Wang, Changsheng, Liu, Haijiang, Zhang, Tao, Zhu, Zhiyong, Liu, Liang

Investigation of Long Term Fuel Storage Influence on Taiwan Diesel Fuel (Containing 2% FAME)

2016-01-127904/05/2016

Biodiesel, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), can be made from different types of animal and vegetable oils. Its characteristics are different from those of fossil diesel, such as oxygen content, higher cold filter plugging point, and so on. Compared with fossil diesel, biodiesel can be oxidized more easily. If the fuel is oxidized, there might be product to cause some problems, like blocking filters. Therefore, the information of the storage life of the fuel is very important to vehicle owners. Moreover, the storage condition of the fuels is related to the types of source materials, additives, local weather or quality control of biodiesel. This research had used D100 and B2 fuels as experiment samples. (Blending B100 made by two different companies and represented A and B.) Three experiments including the static long storage tank test, fuel tank circulation test, and during long parking periods stability test were used to explore the influence of B2 biodiesel, diesel containing 2% of

Lin, Ko Wei, Chen, Ya Lun, Ku, Yong-Yuan, Tang, Ta-Wei

Non-Intrusive, On-Line, Simultaneous Multi-Species Impurity Monitor for Hydrogen Gas

TBMG-2328011/01/2015

In testing hydrogen-fueled engines, the purity of the hydrogen fuel is important. Hydrogen may become contaminated with nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), or oxygen (O2), thereby making the hydrogen unusable for engine testing at Stennis Space Center (SSC). Therefore, for rocket engine testing, the quality of hydrogen from the fuel tank or feed line is tested before use. If there are contaminants found within the hydrogen, it is mandatory for the tank to be emptied; this results in testing delay. Therefore, NASA has specific interest in measuring concentrations of N2, Ar, and O2 in hydrogen gas. The approach currently used for testing the purity of hydrogen is conducted by collecting a gas sample from the hydrogen supply line or storage tank and then sending it to an analytical laboratory for evaluation. This procedure is time consuming and can, if the sampling is not carefully conducted, inadvertently introduce contamination, which would provide a misguided reading for the entire tank

Fuel Crossover Line

J1624_201510 (Current)10/15/2015

Truck Crashworthiness Committee

Fuel Systems - Truck and Truck Tractors

J703_201510 (Current)

10/14/2015

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to all commercial, self-propelled, or towed motor vehicles which transport property or passengers in interstate commerce in which the gross vehicle weight rating or gross combination weight rating exceeds 4550 kg (10 000 lb).

Truck Crashworthiness Committee

World Fuels and Modern Fuel Systems - A Path to Coexistence

2015-01-2818

09/29/2015

All around the world, steps are being taken to improve the quality of our environment. Prominent among these are the definition, implementation, and attainment of increasingly stringent emissions regulations for all types of engines, including off-highway diesels. These rigorous regulations have driven use of technologies like after-treatment, advanced air systems, and advanced fuel systems. Fuel dispensed off-highway is routinely and significantly dirtier than fuel from on-highway outlets. Furthermore, fuels used in developing countries can be up to 30 times dirtier than the average fuels in North America. Poor fuel cleanliness, coupled with the higher pressures and performance demands of modern fuel systems, create life challenges greater than encountered with cleaner fuels. This can result in costly disruption of operations, loss of productivity, and customer dissatisfaction in the off-highway market. This paper outlines and summarizes the mechanisms creating hard particle-induced

Shafer, Scott