Browse Topic: Fuel tanks

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Leveraging Telematics Big Data Analytics for Real-Time Monitoring of Catalytic Converter Failures and Root Cause Identification for Emission Compliance2026-26-05911/16/2026
The automotive industry is continuously evolving at high pace to meet rising customer expectations, reliability, reduced maintenance, and most relevant, compliance with stringent emission norms. Traditionally, the analysis of vehicle emissions relies heavily on periodic inspections and manual checks. These conventional methods are often time-consuming, prone to human error, and lack the ability to provide real-time insights. Also, identifying Catalytic converter failures due to non-manufacturing issues require meticulous physical inspections and historical data reviews, which are not always accurate or timely. Telematics or Connected cars technology being one of the major technological innovations in recent times revolutionizes these processes by enabling real-time data exchange between vehicles and external systems. The current study presents an innovative approach to utilizing telematics data for real-time monitoring of vehicle emissions and pinpointing Catalytic converter failures
DEV, Triyambak, Prasad, Kakaraparti Agam, Kalkur, Varun, Modak, Saikat, AGARWAL, Shashank, Chandra, Animesh, Paul, Varsha, Garg, Amit, Sundararaman, Venkataraman, Bose, Sushant
Optimization of Propeller shaft design to eliminate Launch Undulation (Lateral shake) and Vibration level2026-26-03341/16/2026
During vehicle launches in 1st gear, a lateral shake (undulation) and a pronounced metallic hitting noise were observed in the underbody. The noise was identified as the propeller shaft's second universal joint (UJ) yoke striking the fuel tank mounting bracket. Sensitivity to these issues varied with acceleration inputs: light pedal input during a normal 1st gear launch on a flat road resulted in minimal undulation, whereas wide open throttle (WOT) conditions in 1st gear produced significant lateral shake and intensified hitting noise. Further investigation revealed that the problem persists across all gears and occurs consistently during normal driving conditions, with continuous impact between the propeller shaft yoke and the fuel tank mounting bracket. Extensive experimental measurements at the vehicle level indicated that these issues were primarily caused by the center-mounted propeller shaft joint deviating from its central position and rotating eccentrically under torque. This
Sanjay, L, S, Manickaraja, Kumar, Sarvesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Senthil Raja, T, B, Prem Prabhakar, M, Kiran
Prediction and Validation of Sloshing and Fluid-Structure Interactions Using FPM for VTOL ApplicationsF-0081-2025-04005/20/2025
Accurate simulation of fluid-structure interactions (FSI) is critical for designing aircraft systems, particularly for applications involving fuel tank sloshing and large deformations. Traditional added mass methods often fail to capture the nonlinear and frequency-dependent behavior of these coupled systems. This study applies the Finite Pointset Method (FPM), a mesh-free computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique, coupled with an explicit finite element solver, to predict complex FSI phenomena. Validation is performed using benchmark experiments, including a harmonic tank sloshing test and a guided plate ditching scenario, with results demonstrating strong agreement with measured pressures and structural responses. Additional validation on a composite fuel tank drop impact test confirms FPM's ability to model large deformations and rupture under dynamic loading. The findings highlight FPM's robustness and adaptability for aerospace FSI problems, offering a powerful alternative for
Dwarampudi, Ramesh, Vaz, Ignatius
Human-AI Interaction in Autonomous Medical Evacuation HelicoptersF-0081-2025-02825/20/2025
The vertical flight industry is on its way to a transformative era, with autonomous technologies set to alter aerial vehicle operations. While it seems certain that fully autonomous helicopters will eventually be deployed for a variety of missions, some high-stakes situations—like medical evacuations (MEDEVAC)—will for the foreseeable future demand human participation in the form of Emergency Medical Care-giving Crew. This study describes the testbed built to run and investigate hypothetical future situations in which a helicopter is autonomously piloted while a human medic with no aviation training, subjected to aviation and medical emergencies, manages patient care onboard. A total of 22 participants, with emergency medical technician certification, nursing or a medical board certification, were invited to run and evaluate the use of AI pilot (AP) in different scenarios of medical evacuation under the following emergencies: medical, empty fuel tank, pressure sensor miscalibration
Doda, Sanya, Feigh, Karen, Agbeyibor, Richard, Cortes, Carmen, Kolb, Jack, Magalhaes, Jose
2024 Student Competition Undergraduate Winner: Georgia Tech Aerolay Design Multi-Mission Modular UAS for Disaster ReliefF-0081-2025-04265/20/2025
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are essential in disaster relief. VTOL UAS can take off and land in confined areas without infrastructure, efficiently accessing disaster zones for life-saving missions. The AeroLay, designed for disaster relief, delivers up to 54 kg and can loiter for 17.2 hours to relay cell signals. It features quick battery swaps and an accessible fuel tank for rapid redeployment.
Lutsenko, Aleksandr
Fluid-Structure Interaction of Fuel Tanks and Airframe Structures During a Crash EventF-0080-2024-11735/7/2024
This paper presents the results of a research and development (R&D) effort focused on fluid structure interactions between airframe structures and bladder type fuel tanks during a crash environment. During this R&D effort, fuel tank and surrounding structure crash impact tests were conducted using an innovative test configuration that allowed low-cost fabrication of test articles which represented several different design architectures. LS-DYNA models of the crash test article configurations were also developed and correlated with the tests data. Good correlation between the test data and LS-DYNA analysis results was achieved. The paper also includes recommendations for design of the airframe structures around the fuel tanks based on the fluid structure interaction insights gained from the crash tests and analyses.
Bolukbasi, Akif, Weisenburger, Richard
Fuel Tank System Design Consideration with Low Fuel Filling Circuit Position in Automotive Vehicle2024-26-03801/16/2024
Liquid fuel storage system stores the fuel to facilitate vehicle running for desired range. Fuel system being a safety critical component is designed to endure varied environmental condition and defined robustness for all usage conditions. Liquid fuel system consists of three major systems viz. filling system, storage system and vapor management system. Of the three, filling system’s major function is to assist proper re-fueling of the storage system. Pre-mature shut-off, spillage and fuel spit back are the three major risks associated to judge system performance. In general, fuel filling system is connected to fuel tank via inlet pipe which houses a flapper to avoid fuel spillage from filler neck. Fuel filling creates positive pressure inside the tank which causes tank to bulge. In process of regaining the shape fuel is pushed out of the inlet pipe to neck which might cause spillage. A one-way valve mechanism (flapper) is added to restrict fuel spillage. In models where fuel neck
BAGGA, RAJAT, BADYAL, ROCHAK, Rawat, Mohit, Pal, Kiran
CONNECTED IGGS WITH REAL TIME DATA ACCESS & AI-ML APPROACH FOR PREDICTIVE-PROGNOSTICS MAINTENANCE2022-26-12225/26/2022
The purpose of the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS) is to reduce the amount of oxygen in the fuel tank to a ‘safe’ level to significantly reduce the possibility of ignition of fuel vapors. There are circumstances where equipment’s like Air Separation Modules (ASM) etc. gets degraded earlier then the provided Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF). A connected solution for the IGGS is the technology to access real time data (Systems Line Replaceable Unit Performance data and Custom data Parameters) from the Systems controller data bus. This data further applied to compare why performance of the ASMs in some systems may degrade quicker than others. This paper studies the present conventional systems limitations in which like faults and limited shop data is being recorded. Due to memory constraints there is no provision to store/report the stream of data margins with which we pass/fail the certain efficiency tests. This paper also explains how a new design of Connected concept
Kumar, Naveen, Kotnadh, Shivaprasad, MorkondaHaribapu cEng, Arvind, Kanneboyina cEng, Rajesh, Rao cEng, Manjunatha
USE OF FIBER OPTICS OXYGEN SENSOR FOR AIRCRAFT FUEL TANK INERTING APPLICATION 2022-26-11635/26/2022
Aircraft fuel tanks are high risk zones as the ullage volume contain highly flammable fuel-air mixture. In the past, efforts have been made by various agencies to reduce this risk by designing an inerting system which significantly reduces the flammability risks. Regulations are also in place in order to reduce the potential for flammable vapor spaces in fuel tanks for the passenger aircrafts. One of the ways to reduce this risk is to continuously supply the inert gas like nitrogen to the ullage volume so that oxygen concentration is always kept to a level well below the flammability limit. It is therefore essential to measure continuously and accurately the oxygen concentration in the ullage volume of the fuel tank during entire operation of the aircraft. Current technologies have serious limitations in terms of sensor placement inside or near fuel tank and also in terms of continuous operation. This paper studies the limitations of current technologies available on oxygen measurement
Jha, Rajesh Kumar
Polypropylene composite material for light weight fuel tank protection shield2022-01-03963/29/2022
The fuel tank shield provides a protective boundary between the fuel tank and vehicle driveline in the event of a high-speed crash. Hence, it is important from the safety standpoint. The part must be carefully engineered to meet the challenging requirements in terms of stiffness, deflection, toughness, dimensional stability and thermal stability. In this paper, long glass fibre filled polypropylene material compound was selected and developed to meet the mentioned requirements for this part with significant mass reduction over other materials. The combination of material, optimized part and tool design led to weight savings and considerable cost reduction. This is a ready to mold material used in injection molding process.
Govindaraj, Karthik, Jayashankar, V, C, Karthiban
Fuel Economy measurement in small commercial vehicles with Sub 1L BS6 Diesel Engines An Innovative approach to accurately measure fuel economy2022-01-06923/29/2022
In developing countries, the commercial vehicle industry is one of the key drivers for economic growth. The commercial vehicle industry in India is expected to reach 11,80,000 units by 2025 with a CAGR of 18% from CY 2020 to CY 2025. As this industry embraced a major change by leapfrogging from BS4 to BS6 emission norms, the automakers have successfully met the challenge of upgrading their existing engines with new after treatment devices. Furthermore, developing new engines hereafter, to meet the rigorous emission requirements involves substantial investments in technologies which subsequently leads to increase in the vehicle prices. In a price sensitive segment of small commercial vehicles, it is imperative to incorporate accurate fuel economy measurement techniques during product development stage to deliver maximum value to the customer. In this approach, measuring the fuel consumption of small commercial vehicles in real world driving conditions in real time is one of the most
Bose, Anshuman, Ibrahim, Mohamed
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Aftermarket Fuel Stabilizers in Preventing Gum Formation and Loss of Oxidation Stability2022-01-05843/29/2022
Plug-in hybrid vehicles are growing in popularity. These vehicles may be driven short distances and recharged several times before engine operation is needed. This situation can cause fuel storage in the vehicle fuel tank for much longer periods of time than have been typical for conventional vehicles. Aftermarket fuel stabilizers have long been marketed to consumers with little if any information availbe to help consumers assess their effectiveness. This study examined the oxidation stability and gum formation tendencies for gasoline samples blended using 3 aftermarket additives plus a top-tier fuel sample and baseline gasoline over a period of one year. Analyses of the fuel oxidation stability and gum formation were conducted at the inception of the study, 1, 2,3, 6, and 12 months of aging. The results demonstrate that while the additives do increase the oxidation stability of the fuel, the baseline sample (without aftermarket additive) remains compliant with gasoline specifications
Sluder, C. Scott, Davis, Stacy C.
Performance evaluation of degas tank2021-26-04759/22/2021
This paper presents the free surface behaviour of liquid while degas tank bottle is in service. The liquid in the degas tank is subjected to exceed the mean line in the service and the fluid levels in all chambers varies as there is continuous movement and sloshing in the fluid. The objective of this work is to optimise the baffle design such that the fluid level in the tank does not exceed the mean line in service and fluid in the all chambers need to be maintained at same level. The scope of work is also to enhance the tank baffles which will dampen the fluid sloshing and the fluid de-aeration should be done effectively to avoid any possible structural damage. The simulation of liquid free surface behaviour under uniform acceleration is done using STAR CCM+ software. A numerical model is developed based on Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique to track the free surface motion of liquid. The explicit time discretization scheme is employed to solve the volume fraction equation. From the
Shirsikar, Akshay, Khatik, Punam, nagaraja, Chikolu
Aircraft Flame Arrestor Installation Guidelines and Test MethodsARP5776 (Current)8/26/2021
The scope of this document is to provide pertinent information on demonstrating the performance of Flame Arrestors, also known as Fuel Vent Protectors (FVPs), in preventing the propagation of a deflagration when the arrestors are subjected to aerospace-representative flames produced by the venting of flammable gas through the arrestor. Test procedures for two separate combustion-loading profiles are presented herein: The flame hold test condition, and the flame propagation test condition. For the flame hold test condition, the applicability of two separate critical flows is discussed in which one flow results in the greatest flame arrestor temperature and a second flow results in the greatest temperature of the surrounding structure. These guidelines are necessary for OEMs and fuel/vent system designers to validate the flame arresting-performance of the subassemblies comprising of the flame arrestors and relevant surrounding structures in an installation environment representative of
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Aircraft Flame Arrestor Installation Guidelines and Test MethodsARP5776-TEST-REC (Historical)8/26/2021
The scope of this document is to provide pertinent information on demonstrating the performance of Flame Arrestors, also known as Fuel Vent Protectors (FVPs), in preventing the propagation of a deflagration when the arrestors are subjected to aerospace-representative flames produced by the venting of flammable gas through the arrestor. Test procedures for two separate combustion-loading profiles are presented herein: The flame hold test condition, and the flame propagation test condition. For the flame hold test condition, the applicability of two separate critical flows is discussed in which one flow results in the greatest flame arrestor temperature and a second flow results in the greatest temperature of the surrounding structure. These guidelines are necessary for OEMs and fuel/vent system designers to validate the flame arresting-performance of the subassemblies comprising of the flame arrestors and relevant surrounding structures in an installation environment representative of
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Snowmobile Fuel TanksJ288_202106 (Current)6/10/2021
This SAE Standard establishes a uniform procedure and performance requirements for snowmobile fuel tanks.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Fuel Level Point SensingAIR6325 (Current)11/30/2020
This report is intended to identify the various existing technologies used for a fuel level sensing system. In addition to sensing technologies, it describes the basic architecture of fuel level sensing systems and their association with fuel gauging system to increase integrity of fuel measurement and management. As the fuel level sensing system is generally based on electrical components within fuel tanks, a specific focus is made on fuel tank explosion safety protection. An overview of the capacitive fuel gauging operation can be found in AIR5691.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Fuel Level Point SensingAIR6325-TEST-REC (Historical)11/30/2020
This report is intended to identify the various existing technologies used for a fuel level sensing system. In addition to sensing technologies, it describes the basic architecture of fuel level sensing systems and their association with fuel gauging system to increase integrity of fuel measurement and management. As the fuel level sensing system is generally based on electrical components within fuel tanks, a specific focus is made on fuel tank explosion safety protection. An overview of the capacitive fuel gauging operation can be found in AIR5691.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Explicit Equations to Estimate the Flammability of Blends of Diesel Fuel, Gasoline and Ethanol2020-01-21299/15/2020
Blends of gasoline, diesel fuel and ethanol (“dieseline”) have shown promise in engine studies examining low temperature combustion using compression ignition. They offer the possibility of high efficiency combined with low emissions of oxides of nitrogen and soot. However, unlike gasoline or diesel fuel alone, such mixtures can be flammable in the headspace above the liquid in a vehicle fuel tank at common ambient temperatures. Quantifying their flammability characteristics is important if these fuels are to see commercial service. The parameter of most interest is the Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) temperature, below which the headspace vapour is flammable. In earlier work a mathematical model to predict the flammability of dieseline blends, including those containing ethanol, was developed and validated experimentally. It was then used to study the flammability of a wide variety of dieseline blends parametrically. Gasolines used in the simulations had DVPEs (Dry Vapor Pressure
Bardon, Michael, Pucher, Greg, Cracknell, Roger, Pellegrini, Leonardo, Lilik, Gregory, Hamje, Heather, Rogerson, John, Dauphin, Roland
Methodology and Results of F-34 Fuel Impact on the Reliability of the Engine Injection System on the Non-Engine-Based Test Stand2020-01-22619/15/2020
The study of the F-34 aviation fuel used to power a diesel engine requires an extensive testing programme be carried out in the steady and transient states of the engine operation. The researches of the engines are expensive therefore, the tests can be also performed on the non-engine-based stand at a lower price. The design of the non-engine-based test stand and the methodology of the engine injection system testing follow the AEP-5 qualifying test has been described in the paper. The measurement methods used on the stand and the selected measurement results are presented. The tests have included checking the changes of three basic sets of the injection systems that may be subject to wear during the operation of the system. This applies to the following assemblies: jet needle - injection nozzle body, delivery valve plug - carrier, injection pump plunger and barrel. The non-disassembly measurement methods used to assess the state of wear of the injection system assemblies have been set
Walentynowicz, Jerzy
Active Fuelling of a Passenger Car Sized Pre-Chamber Ignition System with Gaseous Components of Gasoline2020-01-20459/15/2020
Homogeneous lean or diluted combustion can significantly increase the efficiency of spark ignition engines. Active fuelled pre-chamber ignition systems can overcome the problem that common spark ignitions systems are incapable to ignite strongly diluted mixtures. A small portion of the charge is burned in a separated chamber, which is connected to the main chamber by multiple small orifices. The combustion inside the pre-chamber generates hot gases, which penetrate into the main chamber and ignite the diluted charge on multiple sites. Active pre-chamber ignition systems feature a separate fuelling or scavenging system in addition to the one of the main combustion chambers. Preferably, gaseous fuel is used for the pre-chamber fuelling allowing better dosing accuracy and mixture preparation inside the pre-chamber. Using the mixture of air and gasoline vapour present in the fuel tank above the liquid level for fuelling the pre-chamber is one key element enabling an active pre-chamber
Russwurm, Tim, Schumacher, Moritz, Wensing, Michael
Enhanced Fabrication Improves Temperature Sensing in Cryogenic Humid EnvironmentsTBMG-374718/1/2020
A team of researchers at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center have developed a new manufacturing process that improves the ability of fiber optic sensing systems to measure temperature and liquid levels when operating in humid environments. The process involves eliminating moisture from the optical fiber coating, then completing the sensor assembly within humidity-controlled conditions. The resulting sensor hardware provides precise and accurate measurements even when operating in a humid environment. Originally designed to monitor a rocket’s cryogenic fuel levels in conjunction with NASA’s patented Fiber Optic Sensing System (FOSS), this technology can be used in many industrial, food, and medical applications.
WHAT WE'RE DRIVING20AUTP06_086/1/2020
Four regular-sized adults onboard, I'm estimating 575 lbs (261 kg). A steep but abrupt grade of maybe 1.5 miles. One-third of the way up, a passing lane is available and there's our chance to get past a dawdler. Pin the 2020 Honda CR-V Hybrid's accelerator and from somewhere centered ahead of the firewall comes a raucous grumble-blare not all that different from opening up a big outboard motor. The sheer volume and tortured tenor cause everyone in the cabin to look at one another: “What the hell?” The CR-V Hybrid's “two-motor” system (already used to good effect in the Accord) is comprised of an AC synchronous motor dedicated to propulsion and geared in tandem with the 2.0-L 4-cylinder, both clutched to the differential. Another AC motor-generator is geared directly with the differential and largely charges the small 1.4-kWh lithium-ion battery. The setup is meant to bias the propulsion job to the 181-hp propulsion motor, with the engine providing electricity to the traction motor and
Fuel Tank Dynamic Strain Measurement Using Computer Vision Analysis2020-01-09244/14/2020
Stress and strain measurement of high density polyethylene (HDPE) fuel tanks under dynamic loading is challenging. Motion tracking combined with computer vision was employed to evaluate the strain in an HDPE fuel tank being dynamically loaded with a crash pulse. Traditional testing methods such as strain gages are limited to the small strain elastic region and HDPE testing may exceed the range of the strain gage. In addition, strain gages are limited to a localized area and are not able to measure the deformation and strain across a discontinuity such as a pinch seam. Other methods such as shape tape may not have the response time needed for a dynamic event. Motion tracking data analysis was performed by tracking the motion of specified points on a fuel tank during a dynamic test. An HDPE fuel tank was mounted to a vehicle section and a sled test was performed using a Seattle sled to simulate a high deltaV crash. Multiple target markers were placed on the fuel tank. The motion of these
Fleming, Mark, Krishnaswami, Ram, Nakamoto, Kunihiro
A Vehicle Level Transient Thermal Analysis of Automotive Fuel Tanks2020-01-13424/14/2020
Maintaining the fuel temperature and fuel system components below certain values is an important design objective. Predicting these temperatures is therefore one of the key parts of the vehicle’s thermal management process. One of the physical processes affecting fuel tank temperature is fuel vaporization, which is controlled by the vapor pressure in the tank, fuel composition and fuel temperature. Models are developed to enable the computation of the fuel temperature, fuel vaporization rate in the tank, fuel temperatures along the fuel supply lines, and follow its path to the charcoal canister and into the engine intake. For diesel fuel systems where a fuel return line is used to return excess fluid back to the fuel tank, an energy balance will be considered to calculate the heat added from the high-pressure pump and vehicle under-hood and underbody. In this work, a transient heat transfer model is developed to compute the heat transfer between the in-tank fuel and the vehicle under
El-Sharkawy, Alaa, Arora, Dipan, Mazen, Yehia, Sami, Amr
Frequency Domain Analysis of 2-Wheeler Systems2020-01-04764/14/2020
Most automotive companies validate their vehicle designs by running vehicle on the durability proving grounds. Part fractures and collisions between two components are common failures observed during proven ground testing. Laboratory testing and FEA simulation are used to validate designs in the concept stage as it consumes less time and cost as compared to proven ground testing. The lab testing and simulation process both have their own limitations. It is difficult to incorporate effect of multi-direction input loading (x, y, z) with single direction loading in laboratory testing due to restrictions with electrodynamic shaker testing. However, in simulation, multi direction input can be easily incorporated but often actual vehicle measured test track data is not available in the early design stage. In the present work, Modern methodologies have been employed [ref 1, 2] in frequency domain to validate design in FEA simulation. First, relative random response calculation is performed
Sethi, Mohit, Sharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash, Sethi, Mohit, Sharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash, Bishop, Neil, Kolar, Harsha
Simulation of Softening and Rupture in Multilayered Fuel Tank Material2019-28-255711/21/2019
Multi-layered, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fuel tanks are increasingly being used in automobiles due to advantages such as shape flexibility, low weight and corrosion resistance. Though, HDPE fuel tanks are perceived to be safer as compared to metallic tanks, the material properties are influenced by service temperature. At higher temperatures (more than 80oC), plastic fuel tanks can soften, sag and eventually spill out the fuel, while the extreme cold (less than -20°C) can lead to potential cracking problems. Damage may also occur due to accidental drop while handling or due to an impact from a flying shrapnel. This can be catastrophic due to flammability of the fuel. The objective of this work is to characterize and develop a failure model for the plastic fuel tank material to simulate damage and enhance predictive capability of CAE for chassis and safety load cases. Different factors influencing the material properties such as service temperature, rate of deformation, state of
R L, Vijaya Kumar, Tripathy, Biswajit, Radhakrishnan, Jayaraj
Unmanned Helicopter DroneTBMG-3535810/1/2019
UAVOS Inc. Mountain View, CA 650-584-3176 www.UAVOS.com
Automotive Engineering: October 201919AUTP1010/1/2019
Conti suits up A team of young innovators aims to transform a critical piece of safety equipment - and create new business - through collaboration. Casting around for lightweight The U.K.'s Grainger & Worrall is introducing and perfecting "new and imaginative" casting technologies. Optimizing NVH for EVs Unique acoustic and harmonic challenges require an integrated approach to simulation and analysis. An expert at Adaptive Corp. explains. The new gas tank: Constellium readies its first OEM EV battery tray Global Tier-1 aluminum specialist Constellium's first OEM EV battery enclosure is a far cry, engineering-wise, from the century-old fuel tank. Editorial Losing the plot of the Engineering story? Supplier Eye Critical decisions for the 2020s What We're Driving Honda ready with new injury-reducing airbag Continental Tire rolls towards a smart-and-connected future Cutting weight seen as less vital for automated and shared vehicles GKN spreads premium propshaft tech to quiet pickup cabins
Analysis of a Coupling System of Aircraft Environmental Control and Fuel Tank Inerting Based on Membrane Separation2019-01-18959/16/2019
This paper raises a coupling system of aircraft environmental control and fuel tank inerting based on membrane separation. The system applies a membrane dehumidifier to replace water vapor removal unit of heat regenerator, condenser and water separator, which is widely used in conventional aircraft environmental control system (ECS) nowadays. Water vapor can travel across the membrane wall under its pressure difference without phase change, so the dehumidification process consumes no cooling capacity as traditional ECS and the cooling capacity of the new system increases. This paper first compares the thermodynamic properties of ECS based on membrane dehumidification and the traditional ECS based on condensation. The results show that the membrane dehumidification system has larger cooling capacity and lighter weight. For a given cooling capacity requirement, the membrane dehumidification system can use less bleed air since the enthalpy of the outlet air is lower. Besides, the fuel
Yuan, Weixing, Zheng, Yan, Hou, Jiaqi
Photogrammetric Frost Roughness Measurements in Cold-Soaked Conditions2019-01-19706/10/2019
Cold-soaked fuel frost (CSFF) is a form of aircraft wing contamination that occurs when a vehicle caries sufficient fuel for multiple trips or take-offs and landings. Following the first trip, which may reach altitudes above 10,000 m (33,000 ft), the fuel for the subsequent trips is carried in the wing tanks and may reach temperatures below -25 °C. In certain times of the year at some airports, temperatures and humidity levels will form CSFF on the aircraft wing surfaces over the fuel tanks. Unless an exemption is granted for the specific aircraft model, aircraft are not allowed to takeoff if the wing surfaces are contaminated by frost. Because aircraft operators desire to minimize vehicle time spent at airports, aircraft manufacturers are expected to pursue designs that safely operate with CSFF at takeoff and to pursue certification exemptions for aircraft models enabling CSFF takeoffs. To assist manufacturers in the design of future aircraft and to assist regulators in evaluating
Miyauchi, Taber, McClain, Stephen T., Zhang, Tongxin, O'Neal, Dennis L., Riley, James T.
A Quasi-Steady Diffusion-Based Model for Design and Analysis of Fuel Tank Evaporative Emissions2019-01-09474/2/2019
In this paper, a fuel tank evaporation/condensation model was developed, which was suitable for calculation of evaporative emissions in a fuel tank. The model uses a diffusion-controlled mass transfer approach in the form of Fick's second law in order to calculate the average concentration of fuel vapor above the liquid level and its corresponding evaporation rate. The partial differential equation of transient species diffusion was solved using a separation of variables technique with the appropriate boundary conditions for a fuel tank. In order to simplify the solution, a quasi-steady assumption was utilized and justified. The fuel vapor pressure was modeled based on an American Petroleum Institute (API) procedure using either a distillation curve or a Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) as an experimental input for the specific fuel used in the system. The advantage of this model compared to other published models is the fact that it is a non-equilibrium model that considers the effects of
Ghadirian, Emad, Brown, Jonathan, Wahiduzzaman, Syed
Simulation and Experimental Study of Filler Pipe of Automobile Fuel Tank Based on ORVR Technology2019-01-08004/2/2019
A filler pipe of vehicle fuel tank has been simulated and optimized about refueling smoothness which is based on On-board Refueling Vapor Recovery (ORVR). Both liner of filler pipe and straight pipe section at the bottom of filler pipe have been studied. The results show that extending the end of the liner to the first elbow of the filler pipe can effectively control the phenomenon of fuel spit-back in the refueling process and promote the refueling process to be smoother. Compared with the bottom of the original filler pipe, extending the bottom length to 100 mm, adding the upper open form in check valve structure, the result shows that in the process of refueling, dynamic fluid sealing can be formed to meet the design requirements. After that, the fuel system bench test was carried out, and conducted a bench test to verify the simulation results. The final filling in the tank is 50.8 L, which meets the 85% filling requirement of the regulations; the canister has gain 67.38 g, the
Fu, Tieqiang, Zhong, Chongzhi, Zhang, Taiyu, Meng, Shuaiqi, Wu, Ke
Optimized Fuel Tank Sender ClosureJ2587_201903 (Current)3/8/2019
This practice describes recommended performance requirements of fuel tank closures used in conjunction with fuel level senders and fuel delivery systems. It provides guidelines that assure interchangeability and compatibility between fuel tanks and fuel pump/sender closure systems without specifying a specific closure system design. These systems may be used in rigid fuel tank systems made of plastic or metal. Complete details of specific designs shall be established by mutual agreement between customer and supplier. The dimensions and performance requirements are selected to optimize a The closure system, durability and reliability with respect to — Vehicle SHED measurements — Fuel system / crash integrity — LEV – II useful life b Assembly and service ease and reliability c Packaging of fuel tanks and their sending units d Interchangeability of sender closures between various fuel tank designs
Fuel Systems Standards Committee
Multirole Utility HelicoptersTBMG-337752/1/2019
Airbus Helicopters Marignane Cedex, France +33 (0)4 42 85 60 51
A Parametric Study of the Flammability of Dieseline Blends with and without Ethanol2019-01-00201/15/2019
Low Temperature Combustion using compression ignition may provide high efficiency combined with low emissions of oxides of nitrogen and soot. This process is facilitated by fuels with lower cetane number than standard diesel fuel. Mixtures of gasoline and diesel (“dieseline”) may be one way of achieving this; however, a gasoline/diesel mixture in a fuel tank can result in a flammable headspace, particularly at very cold ambient temperatures. A mathematical model to predict the flammability of dieseline blends, including those containing ethanol, was previously validated. In this paper, that model is used to study the flammability of dieseline blends parametrically. Gasolines used in the simulations had Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent (DVPE) values of 45, 60, 75, 90 and 110 kPa. Simulations were carried out for dieseline blends containing ethanol with two types of specifications - a fixed ethanol volume percent in the dieseline blend (0-50% ethanol), or blends containing specified EXX
Bardon, Michael, Pucher, Greg, Ariztegui, Javier, Cracknell, Roger, Hamje, Heather, Pellegrini, Leonardo, Rogerson, John
Q&A19AUTP08_211/1/2019
Sean Stanley is one of a new generation of motorcycle engineers who are as fluent in battery cooling and electronics integration as their predecessors were in optimizing cam profiles and compression ratios. As Harley-Davidson's EV Systems chief engineer, Stanley, along with EV Platform chief Glen Koval and their teams, have brought the 2020 LiveWire e-bike from a bold concept in 2011 to production, which is getting underway at H-D's York, Pennsylvania, assembly plant. LiveWire is nothing like your granddad's Shovelhead, aside from the brand name on the faux ‘gas tank.’ There are five ECUs on board controlling seven rider-selectable and customizable ride modes. Rear-wheel lift mitigation is managed by a 6-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU). The 15.5-kWh Samsung SDI lithium-ion battery, liquid cooled 78-kW (108-hp) Magneti-Marelli permanent-magnet motor, 1400-watt SAE J1772 ‘Combo’ charging setup, 4.3-in. (109-mm) color thin-film display, and hollow-cast aluminum ‘exoskeleton’ chassis
Development of Horizontal Water Cooled Diesel Engine to Achieve High Power Density2018-32-006410/30/2018
The horizontal water cooled diesel engine has a structure including all component parts such as a fuel tank that are necessary to drive engine, and is often a single cylinder engine. It is mounted on many applications such as power tiller and water pump because of high general versatility of installing owing to belt drive. It has a simple structure because of single cylinder, and is active mainly in Southeast Asia. At the same time, the market requires this type of engine higher power while a compact structure is also required from the viewpoint of easy to supply and use. In other words, “High power density” that is improving the output per body size has been required. We have responded to the demand of “High power density” by increasing output without changing the engine size. In order to keep the engine size, we have been enlarging displacement by using our peculiar stroke-up expertise and original bore-up contrivance. In addition to those techniques, we introduced analytic
Komai, Yoshinobu, Takashima, Yusuke, Fujiwara, Tsukasa, Okamoto, Hisao, Kawahara, Minoru
Multi-Layer Wireless Sensor Construct for Use at Electrically Conductive Material SurfacesTBMG-297027/1/2018
NASA's Langley Research Center has developed a SansEC Sensor technology for use with aerospace fuel delivery systems. The SansEC technology is a patented and proven platform for multiple applications, including fluid level measurement. The platform utilizes a flat coil geometry antenna operated at its resonant frequency to measure dielectric properties or property changes of materials near the coil. The technology is well suited for situations where wireless, powerless, or non-contact measurements are needed with high sensitivity and accuracy. NASA Langley Research Center is seeking industrial partners/licensees to commercialize this technology. The research team at NASA Langley is available to assist with further development.
Real World Performance of an Onboard Gasoline/Ethanol Separation System to Enable Knock Suppression Using an Octane-On-Demand Fuel System2018-01-08794/3/2018
Higher compression ratio and turbocharging, with engine downsizing can enable significant gains in fuel economy but require engine operating conditions that cause engine knock under high load. Engine knock can be avoided by supplying higher-octane fuel under such high load conditions. This study builds on previous MIT papers investigating Octane-On-Demand (OOD) to enable a higher efficiency, higher-boost higher compression-ratio engine. The high-octane fuel for OOD can be obtained through On-Board-Separation (OBS) of alcohol blended gasoline. Fuel from the primary fuel tank filled with commercially available gasoline that contains 10% by volume ethanol (E10) is separated by an organic membrane pervaporation process that produces a 30 to 90% ethanol fuel blend for use when high octane is needed. In addition to previous work, this paper combines modeling of the OBS system with passenger car and medium-duty truck fuel consumption and octane requirements for various driving cycles. Medium
Kasseris, Emmanuel, Heywood, John B., Seitz, Scott, Kolakaluri, Ravi
An Experimental Study of the Impact of Underbody Roughness on the Instantaneous Wake Flow Topology behind a Truck Geometry2018-01-07144/3/2018
The turbulent wake behind a truck is responsible for a considerable proportion of the total aerodynamic drag. There is evidence to suggest that the underbody flow affects the wake topology, although this interaction is not well understood. Typical truck trailer underbodies are geometrically very complex and have a range of bluff bodies - such as the wheel and axle assembly, structural beams or the secondary fuel tank for refrigerated trucks - attached. These components block the underbody flow and erode its momentum. However, most of the previous studies of the wake flow have used models with clean underbodies. It is thus uncertain whether the wake shapes found by these studies accurately represent the wake topology behind a real truck with a detailed underbody. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate whether aerodynamic studies working with simplistic underbodies may observe a different wake pattern to those studies that correctly replicate the aerodynamic effects of a
Vallina Garcia, Isabel, Babinsky, Holger
Influence of Vehicle Operators and Fuel Grades on Particulate Emissions of an SI Engine in Dynamic Cycles2018-01-03504/3/2018
With the implementation of the “Worldwide harmonized Light duty Test Procedure” (WLTP) and the highly dynamic “Real Driving Emissions” (RDE) tests in Europe, different engineering methodologies from virtual calibration approaches to Engine-in-the-loop (EiL) methods have to be considered to define and calibrate efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment technologies without the availability of prototype vehicles in early project phases. Since different types of testing facilities can be used, the effects of test benches as well as real and virtual vehicle operators have to be determined. Moreover, in order to effectively reduce harmful emissions, the reproducibility of test cycles is essential for an accurate and efficient application of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems and the calibration of internal combustion engines. In this paper, the influence of different human drivers on the particle count of a passenger car with a small turbocharged three-inline-cylinder gasoline engine with intake
Guse, Daniel, Roehrich, Henning, Lenz, Martin, Pischinger, Stefan
Recommended Practices for CNG Powered Medium and Heavy-Duty TrucksJ2406_201802 (Current)2/12/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice provides guidance for the construction, operation, and maintenance of CNG powered medium and heavy-duty trucks. The intent of this document is to cover TRUCKS (6350 kg (14 001 gvw pounds) and above) and specifically excludes passenger vehicles such as: buses, recreational vehicles, motor homes and/or passenger vehicles which may incorporate a truck chassis in their construction.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
A Mathematical Model for the Vapour Composition and Flammability of Gasoline - Diesel Mixtures in a Fuel Tank2017-01-240710/8/2017
Low Temperature Combustion using compression ignition may provide high efficiency combined with low emissions of oxides of nitrogen and soot. This process is facilitated by fuels with lower cetane number than standard diesel fuel. Mixtures of gasoline and diesel (“dieseline”) may be one way of achieving this, but a practical concern is the flammability of the headspace vapours in the vehicle fuel tank. Gasoline is much more volatile than diesel so, at most ambient temperatures, the headspace vapours in the tank are too rich to burn. A gasoline/diesel mixture in a fuel tank therefore can result in a flammable headspace, particularly at cold ambient temperatures. A mathematical model is presented that predicts the flammability of the headspace vapours in a tank containing mixtures of gasoline and diesel fuel. Fourteen hydrocarbons and ethanol represent the volatile components. Heavier components are treated as non-volatile diluents in the liquid phase. The non-ideality of the blends of
Bardon, Michael, Pucher, Greg, Gardiner, David, Ariztegui, Javier, Cracknell, Roger, Hamje, Heather, Pellegrini, Leonardo, Rickeard, David
Using System Simulation to Manage Increasing Thermal Loads on Aircraft Fuel SystemsTBMG-273778/1/2017
Today’s modern military fighter jets are like “a flying thermos bottle” according to Steve Iden, AFRL Invent Program Manager [1]. Many engineers have been saddled with trying to put the thermal loading constraints of these fighter jets on ice. This places increasing demands on utilizing the fuel system as a heat sink to dissipate thermal loads coming from onboard electronics, oil and hydraulic systems, avionics bay cooling, and weapons modules. Engineers today are looking to simulation to help tackle these design challenges, and they have more power than ever with simulating fuel systems to evaluate feasible system designs with given requirements on thermal power loading, fuel capacity, and tank geometry. With a given set of key performance metrics and limits on a design, the design space can be quickly explored to find optimum metrics such as flight mission duration or required component sizing to meet thermal load requirements.
Using System Simulation to Manage Increasing Thermal Loads on Aircraft Fuel Systems17AERP08_036/1/2017
Today's modern military fighter jets are like “a flying thermos bottle” according to Steve Iden, AFRL Invent Program Manager [1]. Many engineers have been saddled with trying to put the thermal loading constraints of these fighter jets on ice. This places increasing demands on utilizing the fuel system as a heat sink to dissipate thermal loads coming from onboard electronics, oil and hydraulic systems, avionics bay cooling, and weapons modules. Engineers today are looking to simulation to help tackle these design challenges, and they have more power than ever with simulating fuel systems to evaluate feasible system designs with given requirements on thermal power loading, fuel capacity, and tank geometry. With a given set of key performance metrics and limits on a design, the design space can be quickly explored to find optimum metrics such as flight mission duration or required component sizing to meet thermal load requirements.
Thermoplastic Enclosure for a High Voltage Battery System2017-01-11903/28/2017
As electrified powertrains proliferate through original equipment manufacturer vehicle offerings, the focus on system cost and weight reduction intensifies. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a High Voltage (HV) battery system enclosure molded from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) to deliver substantial cost and weight opportunities. While previous HV battery system enclosure alternatives to steel and aluminum focus on thermoset composites and glass filled polypropylene, this solution leverages select HDPE design techniques established for fuel tanks and applies them to an HV battery system. The result is a tough, energy absorbing structure, capable of hermetic sealing, which simplifies manufacturing by eliminating nearly all fasteners. The authors evaluate performance with respect to crashworthiness, fire resistance, electro-magnetic compatibility and other challenges; using comparative research, computer analysis, and physical testing to demonstrate the system
Maguire, Patrick, Baek, Hyung, Liptak, Stephen, Lomax, Olivia, Palma, Rodolfo, Zhang, Yi
Approaches of NVH Improvements for Fuel Pump Noise Issues2017-01-04423/28/2017
With the increasing expectation of customer for a quiet and comfortable ride, automobile manufacturers need to continuously work upon to improve automobile powertrain NVH. Today’s customer has become so aware of vehicle related noises that in-tank fuel pump noise is no exception to the checklist of evaluating cabin NVH. In-tank fuel pump, that is responsible for delivering the fuel from fuel storage tank to delivery rail, uses an electric driven motor. The rotating parts such as rotor, etc. produce vibrations that may traverse to tank body & subsequently vehicle body. Since noise is essentially an audible vibration at its root, these structure borne vibrations may be perceived as noise inside passenger cabin. Additionally, the noise may also be produced by fuel flow pulsations if transferred through piping to vehicle body. This paper focuses on various approaches to reduce the fuel pump generated noise heard inside passenger cabin. Some of the approaches used for the aforementioned are
Aneja, Harchetan Singh, Tripathi, Manas, Singh, Harmeet, Parmar, Aashish
Use of V-Cycle Methodology to Develop Mechatronic Fuel System Functions2017-01-16143/28/2017
As electronics make their way into the fuel system, a shift in problem solving can be seen. Previously high risk items were tackled mainly through proving component durability and decreasing the statistical odds of the problem occurring. With an electronically controlled system however it is possible and necessary to define degraded modes, in the event that certain components fail, in order to provide at least a limited functionality for the customer. This paper will discuss some different use cases, and how embedded software can be used to improve functionality over a passive system.
Hill, David, Op de Beeck, Joel, Baja, Mihai, Djemili, Issam, Reuther, Paul, Sutra, Iris
High Frequency Sloshing - Energy Dissipation and Viscous Damping through CFD2017-01-13173/28/2017
Liquid sloshing is an important issue in ground transportation, aerospace and automotive applications. Effects of sloshing in a moving liquid container can cause various issues related to vehicle stability, safety, component fatigue, audible noise and, liquid level measurement. The sloshing phenomenon is a highly nonlinear oscillatory movement of the free-surface of liquid inside a container under the effect of continuous or momentarily excitation forces. These excitation forces can result from sudden acceleration, braking, sharp turning or pitching motions. The sloshing waves generated by the excitation forces can impact on the tank surface and cause additional vibrations. For the loads with the frequencies between 2 to 200 Hz, the structural fatigue failure is a major concern for automotive applications. Also, for the dimensions associated with automotive, the fundamental frequency of the sloshing waves is usually a fraction of a Hertz, so frequencies above 2 Hz constitutes “high
Blas Martinez, Luis Felipe, Palma, Rodolfo, Gomez, Francisco, Vaishnav, Dhaval, Canales, Francisco
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