Browse Topic: Fuel injection

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Strategic & Frugal technology approach meet the stringent CPCB-IV+ Emission norms2026-26-0059To be published on 01/16/2026
In CPCB-IV+ Emissions regulations NOx & PM are reduced by 90% from CPCB-II limits in the power band 56 <kW ≤ 560. Obvious technology approach adopted by industry to meet this requirement is, introduction of CRDI fuel injection system & DOC+SCR+ASC aftertreatment technology, leading to substantial modifications at both engine & genset level. It results into huge development expenditure as well as high incremental product cost, timelines and increased in the total cost of ownership. This paper describes the frugal technology approach to keep development cost, product cost, development time to the minimum using electronically governed, high pressure mechanical fuel injection equipment while comfortably achieving target CPCB-IV+ emission levels. 1D-thermodynamic & 3D-combustion simulation approach was adopted to predict the engine out emissions and to optimize combustion hardware. This was followed by Virtual Test Bench (VTB) or closed loop HiL system simulation to integrate the engine
Arde, Vasundhara, Juttu, Simachalam, Kadam, Atit, Kumar, Dinesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Karthick, K, Vandana, Suryanarayana, Thipse, S
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Lean-Boosted Direct Injection Hydrogen Combustion System for Retrofitting Heavy Duty Diesel Engines.2026-26-0268To be published on 01/16/2026
To address the imperative for decarbonizing the heavy-duty transport sector and advancing sustainable energy solutions, this paper presents a novel lean-boosted Direct Injection (DI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) combustion system. This system is developed to retrofit existing flat-deck Diesel engines, offering a viable pathway towards drastically reduced emissions. Building on consolidated expertise from prior production-oriented Port Fuel Injection H2 engine development (DUMAREY 6.6ℓ V8), this research focuses on leveraging the distinct advantages of DI for hydrogen. An experimental assessment, supported by 1D and 3D-CFD analyses, demonstrates the system's capability to achieve highly efficient operation in Spark Ignition (SI) mode under ultra-lean and EGR-diluted conditions. The study confirms the elimination of combustion anomalies such as backfiring, pre-ignition, and knock, while achieving ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions and near-zero CO2, HC, CO, and PM. The
Gessaroli, Davide, Golisano, Roberto, Pesce, Francesco, Boretto, Gianmarco, Accurso, Francesco
Performance optimization of 2 Cylinder Flex Fuel Engine for Small Commercial vehicle – A STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY2026-26-0119To be published on 01/16/2026
Increasing ethanol blending in gasoline is significant from sustainability point of view. Flex Fuel is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing ethanol ranging from 20% to 85%. Flex Fuel emerges as an exceptionally advantageous solution, adeptly addressing the shortcomings associated with both gasoline and ethanol. Performance optimization of flex fuel is major challenge as fuel properties varies with ethanol %, like knocking tendency, calorific value, vapour pressure, latent heat and stoichiometric Air Fuel Ratio etc. This paper elaborates the experimental results of trials conducted for optimization of engine performance with Flex Fuel for 2 cylinder engine used for Small Commercial Vehicle. In order to derive maximum benefit from the higher octane rating of ethanol fuel, compression ratio is increased. EMS calibration activities were conducted with E20 and E85 fuel and intermediate fuel performance was optimized using interpolation method. Fuel injection pressure is increased to address
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Kulkarni, Chaitanya, Katkar, Santosh, Undre, Shrikant, Upadhyay, Rajdip
Technologies and Strategies for High Break Thermal Efficiency Gasoline Engine to Meet the Future CO2 Emission Targets in India2026-26-0072To be published on 01/16/2026
The Indian automobile industry is experiencing a significant shift, propelled by environmental necessities and national climate obligations set at the CoP26 summit, aiming for a 45% decrease in CO₂ emissions by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2070 [1]. Transportation continues to be a significant source of air pollution; consequently, India is enhancing its regulatory frameworks with BS VI Stage 2 regulations, CAFE Phase III norms set for 2027, and CAFE Phase IV by 2032 [2]. Furthermore, the transition from MIDC to WLTP driving cycle is meant to increase the accuracy of the efficiency and emissions assessments [2]. To comply to these upcoming regulations, the automotive industry is moving toward producing high efficiency engines in India. A naturally aspirated (NA) 1.5L, 4- cylinder inline gasoline engine was selected from Indian market for this study. Maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of this engine is around 35%. Assessment of new technologies were performed by
Emran, Ashraf, Jagodzinski, Bartosch, Garg, Shivam, Fischer, Marcus, Franzke, Bjoern
Correlation of Particulate Matter Species on Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicle with Ethanol Blended Gasoline: Real Drive Emissions based Portable Emission Measurement System2026-26-0216To be published on 01/16/2026
On the way to net zero emissions and to reduce the oil import bills, NITI Aayog, Government of India and Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) has rolled out roadmap for ethanol blending in India during 2020-2025. Further, Achieving 15% ethanol blending in 2024, India targeted 20% by 2025 and mostly reached the desired percentage for the Pan India EBMS programme. Considering these Government's initiatives the current work is an interventional study on BSVI compliant gasoline direct injection vehicle with RDE compliant route (Route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) using different ethanol blended gasoline fuel formulations i.e., E0 (Neat Gasoline), E10 (10% Ethanol in gasoline) & E20 (20% Ethanol in gasoline) for the correlation and assessment of exhaust emissions. The brief study is aimed to determine the compliance of Conformity Factor (C.F.) for ethanol blended gasoline fuel on Direct Injection gasoline engine. The conformity factors were calculated in each case for CO, NOx
Kant, Chander, Arora, Ajay, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Chakradhar, Dr Maya, Kalita, Mrinmoy
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PERFORMANCE FOR PORT FUEL INJECTED AND DIRECT INJECTED TECHNOLOGY ROUTES USING 1D SIMULATION2026-26-0250To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (HICE) has the promise of zero carbon solution for the mobility industry. The key beneficiary would be the medium and heavy-duty segment of transportation which are not likely to adapt the battery electric or fuel cell electric solution in the immediate term. This particular segment of engines need high low end torque, peak torque and rated power which cannot be compromised. Additionally, a competitive thermal efficiency w.r.t base diesel engines would be advantageous. Direct Injection (DI) of hydrogen gives higher specific power and thermal efficiency as compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI). This study focuses on the performance characteristics of these technology routes to aid in the HICE development process. Current work involves the use of 1-D thermodynamic simulation using GT-Power for modeling the performance of HICE. Both predictive and non-predictive methodologies of modeling the combustion were employed. Initially, the model validation of
Parthiban R, Varun, Karthikeyan, K R, Narayana Reddy, J, Paramasivam, Prakash, Manjunath, M, Kumar D, Kishore, N R, Varatharaj, Suresh, K, G, Yogesh Bolar, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Pandey, Sunil Kumar
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-0114To be published on 01/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 5% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter (PM), while retaining the same NOx + NMHC levels as baseline diesel engine. The cycle average CO emission was found to increase by 40% simultaneously, which has been controlled by an oxidation catalyst
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, KUMAR, SANJEEV, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Investigation of Engine Oil Dilution by E100 Fuel Under Diverse Operating Conditions in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0122To be published on 01/16/2026
The adoption of alternative fuels like Ethanol is increasing due to stricter emission regulations in various global regions. Indian government is also promoting to develop FFV¹ technology specifically for Indian driving conditions. The government moved up its goal of reaching a 20% blending rate from initial 2030 timeline to 2025. Plans are in place to bring E-85 and E-100 Vehicles into India in areas where there is an excess of ethanol.. However, there are challenges associated with this target. Using pure ethanol to power a vehicle can lead to various concerns, including deposition on engine parts, wear of critical components, and fuel contamination of engine oil, such as fuel dilution. Compared to gasoline, ethanol has lower calorific value resulting in less energy per gallon than gasoline during combustion, which means to produce same amount of energy 33% more ethanol injection is required. This higher fuel injection can result in higher oil dilution in comparison to gasoline
Yadav, Vimal, Attri, Mayank, pathak, Mehul
Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-0267To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types—including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles—while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include the use of a transient dynamometer that features an advanced
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-0071To be published on 01/16/2026
A continuous stress on meeting stringent emissions regulations alongside rising consumer expectations for enhanced driving performance and refinement on powertrain applications on passenger cars. To address this customer aspirations Tata Motors has engineered the advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine HYPERION. This next-generation powertrain is designed to maximize efficiency, lower emissions and deliver superior performance with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Key innovations includes highly optimized fuel injectors injector operating at 35 MPa, CVO-3 (3rd Gen Controlled Valve Operation), Miller Cycle with Electrically actuated VGT turbocharger and an AI-enabled engine management system, which collectively enhances efficiency and performance. The exhaust after-treatment system incorporates a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and an integrated Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) for efficient emission control. The BS6 phase 2
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural tractor Engine2026-26-0217To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
1D Simulation Approach for Common Rail Injection Systems for a Marine 2 Stroke Diesel Engine2026-26-0395To be published on 01/16/2026
This study presents a comprehensive 1D simulation approach of an automotive solenoid-based diesel fuel injector and a common rail injection system for a marine engine using Simcenter AMESim. The injector model was developed to analyse the injection rate and total injected fuel at various solenoid actuation durations (1.2 ms and 2.0 ms) and common rail pressures. The experimental results from a well-established research study are used for validating the simulation results of the solenoid-based injector. The model demonstrates strong agreement at higher rail pressures (above 1000 bar) and solenoid actuation times. Building on this validated injector model, a detailed marine common rail system was developed incorporating key hydraulic components: a check valve to maintain pressure inside the rail, flow limiting valves to prevent overpressure in the fuel injector, and a combination pressure relief valve. The simulation was used to study rail pressure dynamics at full engine load for
Bhoware, Yash, Pise, Uday, Saha, Dipta, Gaikwad, Nilesh
Experimental evaluation of Energy and Exergy of Hydrogen, CNG and Gasoline fuelled High-Speed Spark Ignition Engine2026-26-0258To be published on 01/16/2026
HIGHLIGHTS The maximum power is recorded with Gasoline than CNG and Hydrogen fuel. The maximum exergy and energy efficiency is with Hydrogen, followed by CNG and then Gasoline. Hydrogen fuel has a maximum potential to convert into energy. The maximum energy destruction of 48.7kW for gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm and followed by CNG and hydrogen. The maximum entropy generation of 85.5 W/K with Gasoline and 60.72 W/K and 29.39W/K for CNG and hydrogen engine respectively at 10000 rpm. The entropy generation rate increase with engine speed. The highest rate of heat release is from hydrogen fuel, followed by Gasoline and CNG.   ABSTRACT- The analysis was performed on a single Cylinder, Multivalve, Electronic Fuel Injection, high-speed motor fuelled engine with Gasoline, CNG and Hydrogen to assess energetic and exegetic performance. The engine was evaluated from 3000 rpm to 10000 rpm on each of the three fuels. All tests are led at Wide Open Throttle condition.The Gasoline and CNG
shinde, Apurwa Balasaheb, SHINDE, DR BALU, Kadam, Tushar, karunamurthy, K
Controls Solutions for Commercial Hydrogen Engines2026-26-0112To be published on 01/16/2026
India’s commitment to carbon neutrality is significantly shaping the future architecture of commercial vehicle powertrains. While the use of CO₂-free technologies such as battery-electric drivetrains has already been successfully demonstrated across various applications, challenges related to limited range and the lack of high-power charging infrastructure continue to hinder widespread adoption, particularly for productivity-critical commercial vehicles. This has shifted the spotlight toward sustainable fuels, which offer the advantage of fast refueling times. Among these, hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ ICE) have gained increasing attention in recent years. In regions such as the European Union, the primary motivation for hydrogen is CO₂ reduction. In contrast, for markets like India, hydrogen also presents a strategic opportunity for reducing dependency on fossil fuel imports. Over the past four years, AVL has carried out multiple performance and emission development
Arnberger, Anton, Danninger, Alois, Mannsberger, Stefan, Breitegger, Bernhard
Combustion noise quality improvement in a common rail Diesel Engine at Low idle for Agriculture Tractor2026-26-0329To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle level NVH performance plays major role in customer comfort criteria. Tractor low idle rpm Sound Quality can be one of the parameter which influences customer purchasing decision based on comfort criteria. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study is carried out to understand which combustion parameter is most influencing to achieve better sound quality of engine. Taguchi design
p, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
Gasoline Particulate Filter for future Indian regulation2026-26-0214To be published on 01/16/2026
Globally, emission regulations for LDVs (Light Duty Vehicles) are becoming increasingly stringent. In Europe, EU7 regulations will tighten the PN requirements by applying PN10 with PN value target 6.0+E11 [#/km] and changing the CF (Conformity Factor) value from 1.5 to 1.34 for RDE (Real Driving Emission). This necessitates the use of GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) capable of meeting these PN regulations. Similarly, India is also tightening its PN regulations by referencing European standards. Under the current BS6 Stage 2, in-use compliance test procedures, including RDE measurements using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System), necessitate GPFs for GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engines. Furthermore, around April 2027, the transition from BS6 Stage 2 to BS6 Stage 3 is expected, with a shift of driving cycle from MIDC to WLTC (Phase 3). Additionally, discussions on BS7 regulations, referencing EU7, have begun, and similar stricter PN requirements could be required for MPI
sugimoto, Kentaro
Development of above 500 kW Diesel Engine & After treatment System to meet CPCB-IV+ Emission Norms2026-26-0234To be published on 01/16/2026
The CPCB-IV+ emission compliance for genset application is applicable with effect from 1st July 2023 as per as per GSR 804(E). The CPCB-II to CPCB-IV+ changeover in very stringent in emission front by almost 90 % emission reduction. It's a significant advancement in environmentally sustainable powertrain technology. To meet the CPCB-IV+ Emission, combustion development & ATS technology plays an important role. First is the base engine need to optimize enough with combustion & associated parts. Second is the after treatment system which will carry the battle further to the engine emission with 10% minimum engineering target. This paper present the systematic approach followed to meet CPCB-IV+ emission norms for upgradation of 21 liter TCIC engine for the power range (56 <P ≤ 560). Here the challenge is that we don't want to major changes in the existing CPCB-II FIE recipe & meet the CPCB-IV+ emission with ECU calibration & ATS system calibration with its potential. Here interesting
RANE, Vikas, Jagtap, Shailesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Pawar, Narendra V, Khedkar, Prasad, KAGADE, SAMADHAN, Kendre, Mahadev, G Bhat, Prasanna, Thipse, S
Basic Investigation of Thermodynamic Effects on a Hydrogen Two-Stroke Engine2024-32-003904/18/2025
The spark ignited two-stroke engine, as a cost-efficient power unit with low maintenance demand, is used millionfold for the propulsion of hand-held application, motorcycles, scooters, boats and others. The outstanding power to weight ratio is the key advantage for two-stroke engines. However, poor exhaust emissions, caused by high scavenge losses, especially on port controlled two-stroke engines, and a low efficiency are disadvantages of this combustion process. Under the aspect of increasing environment- and health awareness, the two-stroke technology driven with fossil resources, shows no future advantage. The anthropogenic climate change force for sustainable development of combustion engines whereby reduction of fuel consumption or usage of alternative fuels is an important factor. Best way of a decarbonization to fulfil future climate goals is the utilization of non-carbon fuels. In this field of fuels, hydrogen, with its high energy content and close inexhaustible availability
Yasuda, Terutaka, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland
Investigation on the Applicability of Passive Type Pre-Chamber with One Port Fuel Injection System to Small Gasoline Engines2024-32-003304/18/2025
Pre-chamber combustion has been applied as a method of low fuel consumption in spark ignition engines, and in recent years the application of pre-chambers to gasoline engines has also been actively studied. In many gasoline engines, stoichiometric combustion is common. We decided that a passive type pre-chamber with only one port fuel injection is sufficient for stoichiometric combustion. The pre-chamber system relatively has two merits of lower cost and ease of installing than other prechamber systems. Therefore, we focused on investigating the effects of improving combustion speed and knock resistance in use of the passive type pre-chamber and the applicability of the pre-chamber system in various operating points. As the concrete approach, we evaluated the heat balance and the knock resistance with and without a pre-chamber in engine bench test. As a result, the knock resistance and the fuel consumption were improved. In addition, as a result of considering lean burn in the passive
Nakao, Yoshinori, Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Suzuki, Tomoharu
Fuel Film Measurement in a SI Gasoline Engine Using a Newly Developed MEMS Sensor2024-32-007104/18/2025
The previously developed capacitance sensor for detecting a liquid fuel film was modified to apply to the in-cylinder measurement. On the developed sensor surface, comb-shaped electrodes were circularly aligned. The capacitance between the electrodes varies with the liquid fuel film adhering. The capacitance variation between the electrodes on the sensor surface was converted to the frequency variation of the oscillation circuit. In the previous study, it was revealed that the frequency of the oscillation circuit varies with the variation of the liquid fuel coverage area on the sensor surface. The developed sensor was installed in the combustion chamber of the rapid compression and expansion machine, and the performance of the developed sensor was examined. Iso-octane was used as a test fuel to explore the sensor that had been developed. As a result, the adherence of the liquid fuel directly injected into the cylinder was successfully detected under the quiescent and motoring
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Development of Cylinder Deactivation Control during Idle for Conventional Engines2024-32-001904/18/2025
This report examines the advancement and utilization of cylinder deactivation technology that enhances fuel efficiency in conventional engines without hardware modifications. It operates by halting fuel supply to some of the cylinders in multi-cylinder engines and increasing the output power of the remaining active cylinders to maintain an idle state. By implementing this technology in the mass-produced 90° V-twin engine, the U502, and deactivating one of its two cylinders, fuel consumption during idling is reduced by over 30%. The focus of this study is on the technology developed to minimize engine speed fluctuations during the transition to cylinder deactivation and reactivation for the engine. By making various modifications to the fuel injection control sequence and optimizing the throttle opening of each cylinder in idle and driving conditions, engine speed fluctuations were minimized. This allows users to reduce fuel consumption while maintaining the engine’s original
YANAGIDA, Shoji
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Enhancing Low Temperature Lean Combustion of CH4-H2 Blends through a Prechamber Equipped Engine2024-32-004404/18/2025
The use of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel in the short term is hampered by the impossibility of large scale use due low availability. In order to promote decarbonization, complementary solution for a smooth transition is to dilute it in a mixture with methane, in a current Port Fuel Injection (PFI) internal combustion engine (ICE). This can be done as a retrofit after limited structural modifications, such as the introduction of a passive prechamber. Such a solution allows a reduction of the carbon footprint of traditional ICEs through more efficient combustion (both the prechamber technology and the hydrogen fuel properties promote an increase in combustion speed) and a reduced carbon content in the fuel. The present research activity has been carried out through numerical investigation based on three-dimensional CFD analyses to simulate the behavior of a natural gas engine fueled with CH4-H2 blends. The combustion mechanism for the fuel blend was validated against measurements of the
Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Di Iorio, Silvana, Sementa, Paolo
AFR Adaptation Strategy Based on Lambda Sensor for a Methanol Engine2025-01-703901/31/2025
Methanol is an main type clean energy and it taken important part for the future internal combustion engine technology. The Equivalent air-fuel ratio (AFR) is very import for the engine combustion of methanol. And a lot of case the ratio between methanol and gasoline is not the constant number. There are no studies about AFR when fuel ratio is arbitrary in the currently. The AFR changes obviously if the tank was fueled with gasoline by mistake at a methanol spark ignition engine. Emission will be affected heavily at this situation because the AFR of gasoline is 2 times more than methanol. Some fuel trim adaptation error will be detected by engine controller or even the engine will stall if engine controller keep use the previous AFR to do the fuel injection control. The Investigation provide a relevant AFR adaption strategy based on lambda sensor and the fuel pipes configuration. The strategy was proved valid by some simulation cases to reduce lambda disturbance, optimize emission
Liu, Yiqiang, Zhong, Jun, Qian, Pengfei, Qiao, Zhiwei, Zhu, Delei, Zhong, Shuanglei, Dong, Yanzhao, Yu, Xiuju
ACHIEVING 44% THERMAL EFFICIENCY in TODAY’S ENGINES “More for Less”2024-01-318811/15/2024
ABSTRACT The US Army is seeking improvements in the fuel efficiency of their military vehicles.. They have initiated a number of R&D projects aimed at advancing the state-of-the-art of powertrain efficiency including demonstration in a laboratory environment. This effort will set a benchmark for the vehicle integrators, allowing them to improve future vehicle offerings. The SAIC, AVL, Badenoch, QinetiQ and Ker-Train Research team offered powertrain solutions from 7 Tons to 40 Tons that achieved the goal of 44% thermal efficiency and the stringent flexible fuel and emissions requirements. In each of these offerings the team was able to identify modifications to existing engines that allowed dramatic improvements in the thermal efficiency. These efficiency improvements were achieved through a combination of techniques, combustion cycle adjustments using in-cylinder pressure monitoring and precise control of fuel injector timing, and turbo-compounding. For the R&D project, the fuel
McDowell, Jim, Hunter, Gary L., Hennessy, Chris
Gasoline Particulate Filter Calibration approach for BS6 market2024-26-015601/16/2024
With the implementation of BS6 standards, there is an increased focus on reducing particulate matter and particulate number emissions from gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. The direct injection process can lead to increased soot formation, which poses environmental concerns. GPFs are effective in capturing particulate matter (PM) and Particulate number (PN) but their calibration is critical to ensure optimal performance and emissions compliance. This paper presents a study on the calibration of Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) to comply with Bharat Stage-6 (BS6) emissions norms. The main focus is on thermal management, soot loading, ash loading and the unique challenges faced in the Indian market. Thermal management strategies include active and passive methods to optimize GPF regeneration and prevent thermal degradation. Active RGN mechanism involves advanced control on engine to achieve target temperature and sufficient oxygen to react with soot. Passive RGN occurs during
Arale, Shrikant, B G, Sharath, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak, Madhukar, Prahlad, MY, Raghu
Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of a GDI Engine with ethanol-blended gasoline Fuels2024-26-015501/16/2024
Ethanol-gasoline blended fuels have been widely implemented in Indian markets followed by the GOIs road map as ethanol reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and improves anti-knock performance. However, its effects on engine out emissions including particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines still need further investigation. In this study, the effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuels with various blended rates (0%, 10%, 20%) on emissions and catalyst conversion efficiencies on a 1.2-liter 3-cylinder turbo GDI miller cycle engine is investigated. The addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel enhances the RON of the blended fuels, and oxygen content and changes the distillation temperature. Advancing Ignition timing, lambda biasing, Mode based SOI has been tested. Test bench results indicated that with the E10 blend all pollutant conversion is at 98% in all operating points. With E20 blend the NOx emission conversion efficiency is dropped to ~60%. However, this
R, Navaneetha kannan, S, Easwar Ram, S, Satish Kumar, Karthi, Ramanathan, Ramakrishnan, Muthu
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Strategies for Heavy-Duty Transportation: Engine and System Level Perspective2024-26-017501/16/2024
Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2 ICE) offer a cost-effective solution to decarbonize transport by combining a carbon-neutral fuel with the mature and established internal combustion engine technology. While vehicles running with hydrogen have been demonstrated over the years, this fuel's physical and chemical properties require modifications and upgrades on the vehicle from an engine and system-level perspective. In addition, market-specific regulatory and economic factors can also constrain the realization of optimal hydrogen powertrain architectures. Therefore, this paper reviews the impact of hydrogen use on combustion, injection, air management, and after-treatment systems, indicating the different strategies used to enable effective H2-ICE strategies from an efficiency, cost, and safety standpoint. Specifically, swirl and tumble-based combustion systems using port fuel injection, low-pressure, and high-pressure direct injection are discussed to review performance, cost
Sari, Rafael, Shah, Ashish, Kumar, Praveen, Cleary, David, Rairikar, Sandeep, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna
A Machine Learning Approach for Hydrogen Internal Combustion (H2ICE) Mixture Preparation2024-26-025401/16/2024
The present work discusses the potential benefits of using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and artificial intelligence (AI) in the design and optimization of hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICEs). A Machine Learning (ML) model is developed and applied to the CFD simulation data to identify optimal injection system parameters on the Sandia H2ICE Engine to improve the mixing. This approach can aid in developing predictive ML models to guide the design of future H2ICEs. For the current engine configuration, it is observed that hydrogen (H2) gas injection contributes mixing of H2 with air. If the injector parameters are optimized, mixture preparation is better and eventually combustion. A base CFD model is validated from the Sandia H2ICE engine data against Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data for velocity and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) data for H2 mass fraction. Design of Experiments (DoE) was derived for the injection system parameters to train the ML
Jose, Alen, Probst, Daniel, Biware, Mukul
Development of 8L Hydrogen IC Engine2024-26-017001/16/2024
Throughout the world the efforts are being carried out to reduce the GHG emissions from transportation sector. As Volvo Group is a signatory of SBTi and having internal target of Carbon neutrality by 2040, we have intensified & also diversified our R&D efforts to develop powertrains of the future having mix of conventional, various alternate fuels, electric etc. There will not be a unique solution or strategy suiting for all the markets in the world. Each market will have its own motivation & factors which OEMs need to consider while deciding the short term, midterm & long-term strategy for powertrain technology. Accordingly, OEMs must be ready with product mix suitable for all global markets. This paper will talk about the efforts taken and lessons learned during development of Hydrogen fueled IC Engine. We used 8L Diesel IC engine as a base to convert it to Hydrogen powered IC engine, in a retrofit spirit, so that with minimum changes we could make the working prototype. This engine
LAD, MAKRAND RAJENDRA, Neveu, Jean Marc, S, ANOOP KRISHNA
Comparative Study of Real Driving Emissions with different Gasoline & Diesel fuel blends using Portable Emission Measurement Equipment on IndianOil specific RDE Compliant Route2024-26-035601/16/2024
India has recently shifted from BSVI 1.0 emissions norms to BSVI 2.0 RDE (Real Drive Emission) norms ready with implementation of conformity factors for the measurement of on-road emissions. The discrepancies between emission values measured in the laboratory (under controlled ambient conditions) and actual emission values on the road (under real driving conditions) will be reduced with the implementation of BSVI 2.0. Fuel impacts the vehicular tail pipe emission in a greater way and various regulated emission pollutants are reduced significantly. Government initiated fuel formulations like oxygenated fuels (E10 & E20) and OMCs (IOCL) initiated differentiated diesel fuels plays significant role in achieving the targets for real driving emissions. Current study was performed on BSVI gasoline port fuel injection vehicle, gasoline direct injection vehicle and diesel vehicle on RDE compliant route (Faridabad specific - route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) with different set of test
Kant, Chander, Kumar, Prashant, Saroj, Shyamsher, Arora, Ajay, Chakradhar, Dr Maya, Sithananthan, M, Harinarain, Ajay, Maheshwari, Mukul, Kalita, Mrinmoy
THC Emission Optimization for Motorcycle Engine by Injector SMD and Spray Angle2024-26-015701/16/2024
Emission norms are getting stringent day by day in automotive industry. To meet the rigorous regulation, technological advancement is happening across the automotive industry, including two-wheeler industry. With the institution of BS6 emission norms, FI system is introduced in two-wheeler industry and injectors are intrinsic and most important component of FI system. SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter) and spray angle are few of the most important parameters of injector characteristic. In this study the impact of variation of injector SMD and spray angle is studied on engine out emission from small motorcycle engines fitted with port fuel injection system. Impact of injector SMD on cold phase and hot phases of emission cycle (WMTC) is shown with various injector samples with different SMD values. First three THC emission peaks are studied in the cold phase and effect of injector SMD is stated. Apart of injector SMD for small motorcycle engines with port fuel injection, spray angles also play
AGRAWAL, RAHUL, Kumar, Alok, Kumar, Vipul, Limje, Aniket
GPF : An effective technology to minimize 2Wh particulate emission2024-26-014001/16/2024
India is the world's largest two-wheeler (2Wh) market. With the proportion of its middle class rapidly rising, 2Wh sales and the resulting emissions, are expected to grow exponentially. The decision to leap-frog from BSIV to BSVI emission norms shows India's commitment to clean up its atmosphere. As of now, the regulation mandates Gaseous Pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission limits for all 2Whs. However, only 2Whs powered by Direct Injection (DI) engines have a particulate limit (PM & PN). Also, most of the 2Whs manufactured in India are powered by gasoline engines using the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology, and hence by definition particulate emission limits do not apply. Particulates when inhaled - especially of the ultrafine sizes capable of entering the blood stream - pose a serious health risk. Therefore, it became imperative to investigate the particulate emission levels of the 2Whs. We conducted a study selecting a motorcycle each from two different vehicle categories - Class 1
Bhimavarapu, Aditya, Singh, Sunil Kumar, Kataria, Rohit, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-000107/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-0001-TEST-REC07/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Investigation of spark plug and passive pre-chamber ignition on a single-cylinder engine with hydrogen port fuel injection2023-01-120506/26/2023
The race towards zero carbon emissions is ongoing with the need to reduce the consumption of fossil energy resources. This demands immediate and reliable developments regarding technical environmentally friendly solutions for the power and transportation sectors. An alternative way to achieve a carbon-free powertrain is the use of green hydrogen for internal combustion engines. Operating a hydrogen-fuelled engine offers many opportunities as well as challenges that need to be addressed. In this work the self-designed Fraunhofer single cylinder engine with a displacement volume of 500 cm³ derived for extreme lean combustion and passive pre-chamber ignition was adapted for hydrogen engine operation. With hydrogen combustion, the customized cooling system resulting in low metal temperatures is simulated and optimized to avoid hot spots in the combustion chamber. The basic engine setup being investigated on the test bench contains a compression ratio of 12.2, port fuel injection and a
Bucherer, Sebastian, Rothe, Paul, Sobek, Florian, Gottwald, Theo, Kraljevic, Ivica, Vacca, Antonino, Gal, Thomas, Chiodi, Marco, Kulzer, Andre
Comparison of conventional vs reactivity-controlled compression ignition diesel-hythane dual-fuel combustion: An investigation on engine performance and emissions at low-load2023-01-120306/26/2023
The exponential rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the environment is one of the major concerns of international organisations and governments. As a result, lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions has become a priority across a wide range of industries, including transportation sector, which is recognised as one of the major sources of these emissions. Therefore, cleaner powertrain technologies, such as the use of alternative fuels and combustion modes in internal combustion engines, are required. Dual-fuel operation with high substitution ratios using low carbon and more sustainable fuels can be an effective short-term solution. Hythane, a blend of 20% hydrogen and 80% methane, could be a potential solution to this problem. In this research, two alternative diesel-hythane dual-fuel modes, namely conventional dual-fuel (CDF) combustion and reactivity-controlled compression ignition dual-fuel (RCCI DF) combustion, were experimentally evaluated and compared to
Longo, Kevin, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Investigations on the Effect of Injection Pressure and Timing on Noise and Vibration Characteristics of a Biodiesel Fueled Genset Engine and Artificial Neural Network Architecture2022-28-049911/18/2022
In this present investigation, combustion, noise and vibration characteristics were studied in a direct injection compression ignition engine by blending of 20% Pongamia biodiesel with neat diesel. Experiments were conducted with different fuel injection pressures and injection timings. The brake thermal efficiency of the biodiesel blend found increased to 1.75% when the fuel was injected at 200 bar and 23° before top dead center. Higher engine vibration of 5.5% was observed in Y-axis at the fuel injection pressure of 250 bar with the injection timing of 25° bTDC when comparing to the standard operating condition of the engine. The combustion noise level found decreased to 4% when the fuel injection time increased from 21 to 23° bTDC. From Artificial Neural Network analysis, two metrics, such as Coefficient of correlation (R) and Mean Square Error (MSE), were found as 0.99 and 12.6, respectively. The developed artificial neural network model predicts and optimizes the parameters used
Selvan, V. Arul Mozhi, G, Arumugam
Experimental Investigation of Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-Biobutanol-Castor Oil Blends on the Performance2022-28-043311/09/2022
Castor Oil is one of the oils that are available from the waste seeds at and low cost. Biobutanol can be manufactured from waste fruits by bioprocessing. This study uses the blends of castor oil-biobutanol along with diesel to replace 85-90% of diesel fuel for fueling direct injection compression ignition engines without any major modifications in engine operating parameters. The experimentation sequence includes the preparation of blends with a base blend of diesel-biobutanol in 50:50 with the additive of castor oil from 0- 10% in increments of 1%. The solubility and properties test (as per the American Society of Testing Methods) is being performed to arrive at an optimal blend that possesses closer properties compared to diesel. This optimal blend is tested for thermal efficiency, heat release rate, and emissions for various brake power conditions. Results of the properties test depict that the blend containing castor oil up to 5% is found suitable by comparing the kinematic
B, Prabakaran
On predictive nozzle simulations with advanced equations of state and pressure boundary conditions2022-01-060503/29/2022
The reduction of harmful emissions is a key challenge for fighting climate change and global warming. Besides battery electric vehicles (BEVs), improved engine efficiency and alternate fuels, such as e-fuels or biofuels, are options to improve the emission budget of the transportation sector. To accelerate this development, predictive simulations can be utilized as these avoid scientists to rely on slow manufacturing processes. As the properties of alternative fuels can change drastically compared to classical fuels, even engine parameters, such as the mass flow rate, need to be reevaluated and optimized. However, often simulation frameworks rely on mass flow rates as input quantity and thus a prediction is not possible. This paper gives accurate pressure based boundary conditions for multi-phase system. It focuses on equation of states employed in homogeneous equilibrium models (HEMs). Additionally, a dual-density approach is introduced to correct for modeling errors which are
Bode, Mathis
A constant equivalence ratio multi-zone approach for a detailed and fast prediction of performances and emissions in CI engines2022-01-045503/29/2022
The paper illustrates and validates a novel predictive combustion model for the estimation of in-cylinder performances and pollutant production in CI engines. The numerical methodology was developed by the authors for near real-time and / or control-oriented applications, while aiming at an accurate description of the air mixing process by means of a multi-zone approach of the air-fuel mass. Charge stratification is estimated via a 2D representation of the fuel spray distribution that is numerically derived by an axial one-dimensional control-volume description of the direct injection. The radial coordinate of each control volume is reconstructed a posteriori by means of a local distribution function. Fuel mass clustered in each zone is further split in ‘liquid’, ‘unburnt’ and ‘burnt’ sub-zones, given the local properties of the fuel spray control volumes with respect to space-time location of modelled ignition delay, liquid length, and flame lift-off. Multiple injections are described
Tamborski, Matteo, D'Errico, Gianluca, Lucchini, Tommaso, Cerri, Tarcisio, Onorati, Angelo
Particulates in GDI and their relation to wall-film and mixing quality 2022-01-051703/29/2022
Particulates from GDI engines are inevitable, but can be kept low by means of various approaches such as high injection pressures, optimization of the spray formation, injection timing etc. It is known that liquid wall film on the piston and mixing are key factors influencing directly or indirectly the formation of particulates. It is almost impossible to completely avoid that the fuel spray impinges on the piston regardless of fuel injection timing which means that non-evaporated fuel can remain on the piston until late in the compression stroke or even further leading to increases in PN caused by pool-fires or rich zones. For a given fuel pressure, the timing of the fuel injection, SOI, is the most influencing factor. In this paper particulates data in numbers and sizes from experiments in single cylinder research engine are presented and used together with data of wall film and mixing quality from CFD simulations for sweeps in SOI timing. How the SOI sweeps were carried out in the
Dahlander, Petter, Babayev, Rafig, Ravi Kumar, Subhash, Etikyala, Sreelekha, Koopmans, Lucien
Two dimensional measurements of soot size and concentration in diesel ames by laser based optical methods2022-01-049703/29/2022
Soot particle size, particle concentration and volume fraction were measured by laser based methods in optically dense, highly turbulent combusting diesel sprays under engine conditions. Experiments were done in the Chalmers high pressure, high temperature spray rig under isobaric conditions and combusting commercial diesel fuel. Laser Induced Incandescence (LII), Elastic Scattering and Light Extinction were combined quasi-simultaneously to quantify particle characteristics spatially resolved in the middle plane of a combusting spray at two instants after the start of combustion. The inuence that fuel injection pressure, gas temperature and gas pressure exert on particle size, particle concentration and volume fraction were studied. Probability density functions of particle size and two-dimensional images of particle diameter, particle concentration and volume fraction concerning instantaneous single-shot cases and average measurements are presented. High injection pressure led to a
Otxoterena, Paul, Andersson, Mats, Andersson, Sven
Analysis of the Piston Group Friction in a Single-Cylinder Gasoline Engine when Operated with Synthetic Fuel DMC/MeFo 2022-01-058603/29/2022
Synthetic fuels for internal combustion engines offer CO2-neutral mobility if produced in a closed-carbon-cycle using renewable energies. Oxygenated fuels such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MeFo) have great potential to replace gasoline in SI engines. In this study, a mixture of 65 % DMC and 35 % MeFo (C65F35) was used in a single-cylinder research engine to determine friction losses of the piston group using the floating-liner-method. The results were benchmarked against gasoline. Compared to gasoline, the density of C65F35 is almost 40 % higher, but its mass-based heating value (LHV) is 2.8 times lower. Hence, more fuel must be injected to reach the same engine load as in a conventional gasoline engine, leading to an increased cooling effect. To determine this effect, the temperatures of the cylinder liner and piston of the research engine were measured. Depending on the load point, friction losses were reduced by up to 12 % compared to gasoline operation. Although
Binder, Jürgen, Krecker, Oleg, Kraus, Christoph, Jaensch, Malte, Wachtmeister, Georg
Modeling Fuel-Air Mixing, Combustion and Soot Formation with Ducted Fuel Injection Using Tabulated Kinetics2022-01-048303/29/2022
Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI) has the potential to reduce soot emissions in Diesel engines thanks to the enhanced mixing rate resulting from the liquid fuel flow through a small cylindrical pipe located at a certain distance from the nozzle injector hole. A consolidated set of experiments in constant-volume vessel and engine allowed to understand the effects of ambient conditions, duct geometry and shape on fuel-air mixing, combustion and soot formation. However, implementation of this promising technology in compression-ignition engines requires predictive numerical models that can properly support the design of combustion systems in a wide range of operating conditions. This work presents a computational methodology to predict fuel-air mixing and combustion with ducted fuel injection. Attention is mainly focused on turbulence and combustion modelling. The first is mainly responsible for the mixture formation process in presence of large velocity gradients and flow recirculations, while
Lucchini, Tommaso, Zhou, Qiyan, D'Errico, Gianluca, Severgnini, Davide
Inverted Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (iRCCI) with Methanol Fuel & Reactivity Enhancers2022-01-055503/29/2022
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) is a low temperature combustion regime that has demonstrated ultra-low NOx and soot while achieving high thermal efficiency. RCCI uses a low reactivity premixed charge which is ignited via direct injection of a high reactive fuel. The aim is to create a nearly homogeneous charge but maintain control over the combustion timing via the ratio between the premixed and direct injected fuel. RCCI combustion with gasoline as the premixed fuel and diesel as the high reactivity fuel has shown good combustion timing controllability. However, RCCI with alcohol fuels, in which a pure alcohol is the low reactivity premixed fuel and the alcohol doped with a reactivity enhancer is the direct injected high reactivity fuel, has shown a lack of control over the combustion timing, which is undesirable. This study attempts to regain control over the timing of combustion by using the high reactivity fuel (alcohol/reactivity enhancer) as the premixed charge
Chowdhury, Musharrat, Dempsey, Adam
Simulation of the internal flow and cavitation of hydrous ethanol-gasoline fuels in the multi-hole direct injector2022-01-061103/29/2022
Hydrous ethanol not only has the advantages of high-octane number and valuable oxygen content, but also reduce the energy consumption in the production process. However, little literature investigated the internal flow and cavitation of hydrous ethanol-gasoline fuels in the multi-hole direct injector. In this simulation, a two-phase fuel flow model in injector is established based on the multi-fluid model of Euler-Euler method, and the accuracy of model is verified. On the basis of this model, the flow of different hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends is calculated under different injection conditions, and the cavitation, flow rate, and velocity at the outlet of the nozzle are predicted. Meanwhile, the influence of temperature and back pressure on the flow is also analyzed. The results show that the use of hydrous ethanol reduces the flow rate, weaken the cavitation in injector, and reduces the turbulent kinetic energy. In addition, with the increase of fuel temperature, the flow velocity
Shi, Xiuyong, Qian, Weiwei, Liao, Yansu, Jiang, Yixiao, Wang, Qiwei, Ni, Jimin
Development of GDI engine injector correction algorithm in small flow2022-01-061003/29/2022
Advanced combustion strategies for direct injection gasoline engines require high performance fuel injectors. They must perform precise fuel metering, enhanced linear flow range and multi-pulse injection cycles in order to meet tight emission limits, and they work in their “ballistic” region, where the correlation between coil energizing time and injected fuel amount becomes highly not linear. And their performance may vary due to the impact of production tolerances and aging. We developed the algorithm that in real time without installing a special sensor, measure and correct two characteristics: the opening delay time and the flow quantity. The injector's opening delay time was defined as the time between the occurrence of a control signal and the moment of the valve's starting to move. The injector's flow quantity was defined as the injected fuel mass from the opening to the closing. Results showed that the proposed logic has the potential to increase the minimum fuel injection
Hong, Dongchune
Ducted Fuel Injection: An Experimental Study on Optimal Duct Size2022-01-054303/29/2022
Ducted fuel injection (DFI) was implemented in a constant flow High Temperature Pressure Vessel (HTPV) at 60bar ambient pressure, 800-1000K ambient temperature, 21% oxygen. The ducts were 14mm long and placed approximately 3mm away from the orifice exit. The duct diameters ranged from 1.6-3.2mm and had a rounded inlet and a tapered outlet. Diesel fuel was used in a single-orifice fuel injector operating at a rail pressure of 250MPa, where the orifice diameters ranged from 150-219µm. The objective of this work was to study soot reduction for various combinations of orifice diameter in relation to duct diameter. Several combinations of orifice and duct diameters were tested. A complete data set was taken using the 150µm orifice. The results clearly show that soot reduction peaks at an optimal duct size of 2-2.25mm and is reduced as the duct diameter is increased or decreased. A smaller number of test points were also taken using the 169 and 219µm orifices, showing similar trends
Svensson, Kenth, Fitzgerald, Russell, Martin, Glen
Discharge Coefficients under High Pressure Conditions in Small Orifice Diameters2022-01-060303/29/2022
Due to the enhanced requirements for internal combustion engines in terms of emissions and fuel consumption as well as the range of alternative fuels it is necessary to assure detailed understanding of the development of the injection system. Especially the hydraulic behavior is essential to pre-calculate components of the injection system. Remaining questions are related to the fuel behavior under high pressure conditions up to 300 MPa in orifices with small diameter between 200 to 400 microns. The occurring dynamic fluid flow effects like cavitation and temperature rising effects should be investigated under realistic injection system boundary conditions. Therefore, the target of this study is to evaluate the deviations of the flow coefficient from the currently used coefficients in hydraulic 1D-simulations. Up to now the used flow discharge coefficients referring to literature as well as experimental results are only available for a limited range of pressure and temperature
Stegmann, Richard
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