Browse Topic: Fuel injection

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Basic Investigation of Thermodynamic Effects on a Hydrogen Two-Stroke Engine2024-32-003904/18/2025
The spark ignited two-stroke engine, as a cost-efficient power unit with low maintenance demand, is used millionfold for the propulsion of hand-held application, motorcycles, scooters, boats and others. The outstanding power to weight ratio is the key advantage for two-stroke engines. However, poor exhaust emissions, caused by high scavenge losses, especially on port controlled two-stroke engines, and a low efficiency are disadvantages of this combustion process. Under the aspect of increasing environment- and health awareness, the two-stroke technology driven with fossil resources, shows no future advantage. The anthropogenic climate change force for sustainable development of combustion engines whereby reduction of fuel consumption or usage of alternative fuels is an important factor. Best way of a decarbonization to fulfil future climate goals is the utilization of non-carbon fuels. In this field of fuels, hydrogen, with its high energy content and close inexhaustible availability
Yasuda, Terutaka, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland
Enhancing Low Temperature Lean Combustion of CH4-H2 Blends through a Prechamber Equipped Engine2024-32-004404/18/2025
The use of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel in the short term is hampered by the impossibility of large scale use due low availability. In order to promote decarbonization, complementary solution for a smooth transition is to dilute it in a mixture with methane, in a current Port Fuel Injection (PFI) internal combustion engine (ICE). This can be done as a retrofit after limited structural modifications, such as the introduction of a passive prechamber. Such a solution allows a reduction of the carbon footprint of traditional ICEs through more efficient combustion (both the prechamber technology and the hydrogen fuel properties promote an increase in combustion speed) and a reduced carbon content in the fuel. The present research activity has been carried out through numerical investigation based on three-dimensional CFD analyses to simulate the behavior of a natural gas engine fueled with CH4-H2 blends. The combustion mechanism for the fuel blend was validated against measurements of the
Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Di Iorio, Silvana, Sementa, Paolo
Fuel Film Measurement in a SI Gasoline Engine Using a Newly Developed MEMS Sensor2024-32-007104/18/2025
The previously developed capacitance sensor for detecting a liquid fuel film was modified to apply to the in-cylinder measurement. On the developed sensor surface, comb-shaped electrodes were circularly aligned. The capacitance between the electrodes varies with the liquid fuel film adhering. The capacitance variation between the electrodes on the sensor surface was converted to the frequency variation of the oscillation circuit. In the previous study, it was revealed that the frequency of the oscillation circuit varies with the variation of the liquid fuel coverage area on the sensor surface. The developed sensor was installed in the combustion chamber of the rapid compression and expansion machine, and the performance of the developed sensor was examined. Iso-octane was used as a test fuel to explore the sensor that had been developed. As a result, the adherence of the liquid fuel directly injected into the cylinder was successfully detected under the quiescent and motoring
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Investigation on the Applicability of Passive Type Pre-Chamber with One Port Fuel Injection System to Small Gasoline Engines2024-32-003304/18/2025
Pre-chamber combustion has been applied as a method of low fuel consumption in spark ignition engines, and in recent years the application of pre-chambers to gasoline engines has also been actively studied. In many gasoline engines, stoichiometric combustion is common. We decided that a passive type pre-chamber with only one port fuel injection is sufficient for stoichiometric combustion. The pre-chamber system relatively has two merits of lower cost and ease of installing than other prechamber systems. Therefore, we focused on investigating the effects of improving combustion speed and knock resistance in use of the passive type pre-chamber and the applicability of the pre-chamber system in various operating points. As the concrete approach, we evaluated the heat balance and the knock resistance with and without a pre-chamber in engine bench test. As a result, the knock resistance and the fuel consumption were improved. In addition, as a result of considering lean burn in the passive
Nakao, Yoshinori, Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Suzuki, Tomoharu
Development of Cylinder Deactivation Control during Idle for Conventional Engines2024-32-001904/18/2025
This report examines the advancement and utilization of cylinder deactivation technology that enhances fuel efficiency in conventional engines without hardware modifications. It operates by halting fuel supply to some of the cylinders in multi-cylinder engines and increasing the output power of the remaining active cylinders to maintain an idle state. By implementing this technology in the mass-produced 90° V-twin engine, the U502, and deactivating one of its two cylinders, fuel consumption during idling is reduced by over 30%. The focus of this study is on the technology developed to minimize engine speed fluctuations during the transition to cylinder deactivation and reactivation for the engine. By making various modifications to the fuel injection control sequence and optimizing the throttle opening of each cylinder in idle and driving conditions, engine speed fluctuations were minimized. This allows users to reduce fuel consumption while maintaining the engine’s original
YANAGIDA, Shoji
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
AFR Adaptation Strategy Based on Lambda Sensor for a Methanol Engine2025-01-703901/31/2025
Methanol is an main type clean energy and it taken important part for the future internal combustion engine technology. The Equivalent air-fuel ratio (AFR) is very import for the engine combustion of methanol. And a lot of case the ratio between methanol and gasoline is not the constant number. There are no studies about AFR when fuel ratio is arbitrary in the currently. The AFR changes obviously if the tank was fueled with gasoline by mistake at a methanol spark ignition engine. Emission will be affected heavily at this situation because the AFR of gasoline is 2 times more than methanol. Some fuel trim adaptation error will be detected by engine controller or even the engine will stall if engine controller keep use the previous AFR to do the fuel injection control. The Investigation provide a relevant AFR adaption strategy based on lambda sensor and the fuel pipes configuration. The strategy was proved valid by some simulation cases to reduce lambda disturbance, optimize emission
Liu, Yiqiang, Zhong, Jun, Qian, Pengfei, Qiao, Zhiwei, Zhu, Delei, Zhong, Shuanglei, Dong, Yanzhao, Yu, Xiuju
Development of 8L Hydrogen IC Engine2024-26-017001/16/2024
Throughout the world the efforts are being carried out to reduce the GHG emissions from transportation sector. As Volvo Group is a signatory of SBTi and having internal target of Carbon neutrality by 2040, we have intensified & also diversified our R&D efforts to develop powertrains of the future having mix of conventional, various alternate fuels, electric etc. There will not be a unique solution or strategy suiting for all the markets in the world. Each market will have its own motivation & factors which OEMs need to consider while deciding the short term, midterm & long-term strategy for powertrain technology. Accordingly, OEMs must be ready with product mix suitable for all global markets. This paper will talk about the efforts taken and lessons learned during development of Hydrogen fueled IC Engine. We used 8L Diesel IC engine as a base to convert it to Hydrogen powered IC engine, in a retrofit spirit, so that with minimum changes we could make the working prototype. This engine
LAD, MAKRAND RAJENDRA, Neveu, Jean Marc, S, ANOOP KRISHNA
GPF : An effective technology to minimize 2Wh particulate emission2024-26-014001/16/2024
India is the world's largest two-wheeler (2Wh) market. With the proportion of its middle class rapidly rising, 2Wh sales and the resulting emissions, are expected to grow exponentially. The decision to leap-frog from BSIV to BSVI emission norms shows India's commitment to clean up its atmosphere. As of now, the regulation mandates Gaseous Pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission limits for all 2Whs. However, only 2Whs powered by Direct Injection (DI) engines have a particulate limit (PM & PN). Also, most of the 2Whs manufactured in India are powered by gasoline engines using the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology, and hence by definition particulate emission limits do not apply. Particulates when inhaled - especially of the ultrafine sizes capable of entering the blood stream - pose a serious health risk. Therefore, it became imperative to investigate the particulate emission levels of the 2Whs. We conducted a study selecting a motorcycle each from two different vehicle categories - Class 1
Bhimavarapu, Aditya, Singh, Sunil Kumar, Kataria, Rohit, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten
THC Emission Optimization for Motorcycle Engine by Injector SMD and Spray Angle2024-26-015701/16/2024
Emission norms are getting stringent day by day in automotive industry. To meet the rigorous regulation, technological advancement is happening across the automotive industry, including two-wheeler industry. With the institution of BS6 emission norms, FI system is introduced in two-wheeler industry and injectors are intrinsic and most important component of FI system. SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter) and spray angle are few of the most important parameters of injector characteristic. In this study the impact of variation of injector SMD and spray angle is studied on engine out emission from small motorcycle engines fitted with port fuel injection system. Impact of injector SMD on cold phase and hot phases of emission cycle (WMTC) is shown with various injector samples with different SMD values. First three THC emission peaks are studied in the cold phase and effect of injector SMD is stated. Apart of injector SMD for small motorcycle engines with port fuel injection, spray angles also play
AGRAWAL, RAHUL, Kumar, Alok, Kumar, Vipul, Limje, Aniket
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-000107/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-0001-TEST-REC07/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Investigation of spark plug and passive pre-chamber ignition on a single-cylinder engine with hydrogen port fuel injection2023-01-120506/26/2023
The race towards zero carbon emissions is ongoing with the need to reduce the consumption of fossil energy resources. This demands immediate and reliable developments regarding technical environmentally friendly solutions for the power and transportation sectors. An alternative way to achieve a carbon-free powertrain is the use of green hydrogen for internal combustion engines. Operating a hydrogen-fuelled engine offers many opportunities as well as challenges that need to be addressed. In this work the self-designed Fraunhofer single cylinder engine with a displacement volume of 500 cm³ derived for extreme lean combustion and passive pre-chamber ignition was adapted for hydrogen engine operation. With hydrogen combustion, the customized cooling system resulting in low metal temperatures is simulated and optimized to avoid hot spots in the combustion chamber. The basic engine setup being investigated on the test bench contains a compression ratio of 12.2, port fuel injection and a
Bucherer, Sebastian, Rothe, Paul, Sobek, Florian, Gottwald, Theo, Kraljevic, Ivica, Vacca, Antonino, Gal, Thomas, Chiodi, Marco, Kulzer, Andre
Comparison of conventional vs reactivity-controlled compression ignition diesel-hythane dual-fuel combustion: An investigation on engine performance and emissions at low-load2023-01-120306/26/2023
The exponential rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the environment is one of the major concerns of international organisations and governments. As a result, lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions has become a priority across a wide range of industries, including transportation sector, which is recognised as one of the major sources of these emissions. Therefore, cleaner powertrain technologies, such as the use of alternative fuels and combustion modes in internal combustion engines, are required. Dual-fuel operation with high substitution ratios using low carbon and more sustainable fuels can be an effective short-term solution. Hythane, a blend of 20% hydrogen and 80% methane, could be a potential solution to this problem. In this research, two alternative diesel-hythane dual-fuel modes, namely conventional dual-fuel (CDF) combustion and reactivity-controlled compression ignition dual-fuel (RCCI DF) combustion, were experimentally evaluated and compared to
Longo, Kevin, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Investigations on the Effect of Injection Pressure and Timing on Noise and Vibration Characteristics of a Biodiesel Fueled Genset Engine and Artificial Neural Network Architecture2022-28-049911/18/2022
In this present investigation, combustion, noise and vibration characteristics were studied in a direct injection compression ignition engine by blending of 20% Pongamia biodiesel with neat diesel. Experiments were conducted with different fuel injection pressures and injection timings. The brake thermal efficiency of the biodiesel blend found increased to 1.75% when the fuel was injected at 200 bar and 23° before top dead center. Higher engine vibration of 5.5% was observed in Y-axis at the fuel injection pressure of 250 bar with the injection timing of 25° bTDC when comparing to the standard operating condition of the engine. The combustion noise level found decreased to 4% when the fuel injection time increased from 21 to 23° bTDC. From Artificial Neural Network analysis, two metrics, such as Coefficient of correlation (R) and Mean Square Error (MSE), were found as 0.99 and 12.6, respectively. The developed artificial neural network model predicts and optimizes the parameters used
Selvan, V. Arul Mozhi, G, Arumugam
Experimental Investigation of Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-Biobutanol-Castor Oil Blends on the Performance2022-28-043311/09/2022
Castor Oil is one of the oils that are available from the waste seeds at and low cost. Biobutanol can be manufactured from waste fruits by bioprocessing. This study uses the blends of castor oil-biobutanol along with diesel to replace 85-90% of diesel fuel for fueling direct injection compression ignition engines without any major modifications in engine operating parameters. The experimentation sequence includes the preparation of blends with a base blend of diesel-biobutanol in 50:50 with the additive of castor oil from 0- 10% in increments of 1%. The solubility and properties test (as per the American Society of Testing Methods) is being performed to arrive at an optimal blend that possesses closer properties compared to diesel. This optimal blend is tested for thermal efficiency, heat release rate, and emissions for various brake power conditions. Results of the properties test depict that the blend containing castor oil up to 5% is found suitable by comparing the kinematic
B, Prabakaran
Particulates in GDI and their relation to wall-film and mixing quality 2022-01-051703/29/2022
Particulates from GDI engines are inevitable, but can be kept low by means of various approaches such as high injection pressures, optimization of the spray formation, injection timing etc. It is known that liquid wall film on the piston and mixing are key factors influencing directly or indirectly the formation of particulates. It is almost impossible to completely avoid that the fuel spray impinges on the piston regardless of fuel injection timing which means that non-evaporated fuel can remain on the piston until late in the compression stroke or even further leading to increases in PN caused by pool-fires or rich zones. For a given fuel pressure, the timing of the fuel injection, SOI, is the most influencing factor. In this paper particulates data in numbers and sizes from experiments in single cylinder research engine are presented and used together with data of wall film and mixing quality from CFD simulations for sweeps in SOI timing. How the SOI sweeps were carried out in the
Dahlander, Petter, Babayev, Rafig, Ravi Kumar, Subhash, Etikyala, Sreelekha, Koopmans, Lucien
Two dimensional measurements of soot size and concentration in diesel ames by laser based optical methods2022-01-049703/29/2022
Soot particle size, particle concentration and volume fraction were measured by laser based methods in optically dense, highly turbulent combusting diesel sprays under engine conditions. Experiments were done in the Chalmers high pressure, high temperature spray rig under isobaric conditions and combusting commercial diesel fuel. Laser Induced Incandescence (LII), Elastic Scattering and Light Extinction were combined quasi-simultaneously to quantify particle characteristics spatially resolved in the middle plane of a combusting spray at two instants after the start of combustion. The inuence that fuel injection pressure, gas temperature and gas pressure exert on particle size, particle concentration and volume fraction were studied. Probability density functions of particle size and two-dimensional images of particle diameter, particle concentration and volume fraction concerning instantaneous single-shot cases and average measurements are presented. High injection pressure led to a
Otxoterena, Paul, Andersson, Mats, Andersson, Sven
Analysis of the Piston Group Friction in a Single-Cylinder Gasoline Engine when Operated with Synthetic Fuel DMC/MeFo 2022-01-058603/29/2022
Synthetic fuels for internal combustion engines offer CO2-neutral mobility if produced in a closed-carbon-cycle using renewable energies. Oxygenated fuels such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MeFo) have great potential to replace gasoline in SI engines. In this study, a mixture of 65 % DMC and 35 % MeFo (C65F35) was used in a single-cylinder research engine to determine friction losses of the piston group using the floating-liner-method. The results were benchmarked against gasoline. Compared to gasoline, the density of C65F35 is almost 40 % higher, but its mass-based heating value (LHV) is 2.8 times lower. Hence, more fuel must be injected to reach the same engine load as in a conventional gasoline engine, leading to an increased cooling effect. To determine this effect, the temperatures of the cylinder liner and piston of the research engine were measured. Depending on the load point, friction losses were reduced by up to 12 % compared to gasoline operation. Although
Binder, Jürgen, Krecker, Oleg, Kraus, Christoph, Jaensch, Malte, Wachtmeister, Georg
Modeling Fuel-Air Mixing, Combustion and Soot Formation with Ducted Fuel Injection Using Tabulated Kinetics2022-01-048303/29/2022
Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI) has the potential to reduce soot emissions in Diesel engines thanks to the enhanced mixing rate resulting from the liquid fuel flow through a small cylindrical pipe located at a certain distance from the nozzle injector hole. A consolidated set of experiments in constant-volume vessel and engine allowed to understand the effects of ambient conditions, duct geometry and shape on fuel-air mixing, combustion and soot formation. However, implementation of this promising technology in compression-ignition engines requires predictive numerical models that can properly support the design of combustion systems in a wide range of operating conditions. This work presents a computational methodology to predict fuel-air mixing and combustion with ducted fuel injection. Attention is mainly focused on turbulence and combustion modelling. The first is mainly responsible for the mixture formation process in presence of large velocity gradients and flow recirculations, while
Lucchini, Tommaso, Zhou, Qiyan, D'Errico, Gianluca, Severgnini, Davide
A constant equivalence ratio multi-zone approach for a detailed and fast prediction of performances and emissions in CI engines2022-01-045503/29/2022
The paper illustrates and validates a novel predictive combustion model for the estimation of in-cylinder performances and pollutant production in CI engines. The numerical methodology was developed by the authors for near real-time and / or control-oriented applications, while aiming at an accurate description of the air mixing process by means of a multi-zone approach of the air-fuel mass. Charge stratification is estimated via a 2D representation of the fuel spray distribution that is numerically derived by an axial one-dimensional control-volume description of the direct injection. The radial coordinate of each control volume is reconstructed a posteriori by means of a local distribution function. Fuel mass clustered in each zone is further split in ‘liquid’, ‘unburnt’ and ‘burnt’ sub-zones, given the local properties of the fuel spray control volumes with respect to space-time location of modelled ignition delay, liquid length, and flame lift-off. Multiple injections are described
Tamborski, Matteo, D'Errico, Gianluca, Lucchini, Tommaso, Cerri, Tarcisio, Onorati, Angelo
Inverted Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (iRCCI) with Methanol Fuel & Reactivity Enhancers2022-01-055503/29/2022
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) is a low temperature combustion regime that has demonstrated ultra-low NOx and soot while achieving high thermal efficiency. RCCI uses a low reactivity premixed charge which is ignited via direct injection of a high reactive fuel. The aim is to create a nearly homogeneous charge but maintain control over the combustion timing via the ratio between the premixed and direct injected fuel. RCCI combustion with gasoline as the premixed fuel and diesel as the high reactivity fuel has shown good combustion timing controllability. However, RCCI with alcohol fuels, in which a pure alcohol is the low reactivity premixed fuel and the alcohol doped with a reactivity enhancer is the direct injected high reactivity fuel, has shown a lack of control over the combustion timing, which is undesirable. This study attempts to regain control over the timing of combustion by using the high reactivity fuel (alcohol/reactivity enhancer) as the premixed charge
Chowdhury, Musharrat, Dempsey, Adam
Simulation of the internal flow and cavitation of hydrous ethanol-gasoline fuels in the multi-hole direct injector2022-01-061103/29/2022
Hydrous ethanol not only has the advantages of high-octane number and valuable oxygen content, but also reduce the energy consumption in the production process. However, little literature investigated the internal flow and cavitation of hydrous ethanol-gasoline fuels in the multi-hole direct injector. In this simulation, a two-phase fuel flow model in injector is established based on the multi-fluid model of Euler-Euler method, and the accuracy of model is verified. On the basis of this model, the flow of different hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends is calculated under different injection conditions, and the cavitation, flow rate, and velocity at the outlet of the nozzle are predicted. Meanwhile, the influence of temperature and back pressure on the flow is also analyzed. The results show that the use of hydrous ethanol reduces the flow rate, weaken the cavitation in injector, and reduces the turbulent kinetic energy. In addition, with the increase of fuel temperature, the flow velocity
Shi, Xiuyong, Qian, Weiwei, Liao, Yansu, Jiang, Yixiao, Wang, Qiwei, Ni, Jimin
Development of GDI engine injector correction algorithm in small flow2022-01-061003/29/2022
Advanced combustion strategies for direct injection gasoline engines require high performance fuel injectors. They must perform precise fuel metering, enhanced linear flow range and multi-pulse injection cycles in order to meet tight emission limits, and they work in their “ballistic” region, where the correlation between coil energizing time and injected fuel amount becomes highly not linear. And their performance may vary due to the impact of production tolerances and aging. We developed the algorithm that in real time without installing a special sensor, measure and correct two characteristics: the opening delay time and the flow quantity. The injector's opening delay time was defined as the time between the occurrence of a control signal and the moment of the valve's starting to move. The injector's flow quantity was defined as the injected fuel mass from the opening to the closing. Results showed that the proposed logic has the potential to increase the minimum fuel injection
Hong, Dongchune
Ducted Fuel Injection: An Experimental Study on Optimal Duct Size2022-01-054303/29/2022
Ducted fuel injection (DFI) was implemented in a constant flow High Temperature Pressure Vessel (HTPV) at 60bar ambient pressure, 800-1000K ambient temperature, 21% oxygen. The ducts were 14mm long and placed approximately 3mm away from the orifice exit. The duct diameters ranged from 1.6-3.2mm and had a rounded inlet and a tapered outlet. Diesel fuel was used in a single-orifice fuel injector operating at a rail pressure of 250MPa, where the orifice diameters ranged from 150-219µm. The objective of this work was to study soot reduction for various combinations of orifice diameter in relation to duct diameter. Several combinations of orifice and duct diameters were tested. A complete data set was taken using the 150µm orifice. The results clearly show that soot reduction peaks at an optimal duct size of 2-2.25mm and is reduced as the duct diameter is increased or decreased. A smaller number of test points were also taken using the 169 and 219µm orifices, showing similar trends
Svensson, Kenth, Fitzgerald, Russell, Martin, Glen
Discharge Coefficients under High Pressure Conditions in Small Orifice Diameters2022-01-060303/29/2022
Due to the enhanced requirements for internal combustion engines in terms of emissions and fuel consumption as well as the range of alternative fuels it is necessary to assure detailed understanding of the development of the injection system. Especially the hydraulic behavior is essential to pre-calculate components of the injection system. Remaining questions are related to the fuel behavior under high pressure conditions up to 300 MPa in orifices with small diameter between 200 to 400 microns. The occurring dynamic fluid flow effects like cavitation and temperature rising effects should be investigated under realistic injection system boundary conditions. Therefore, the target of this study is to evaluate the deviations of the flow coefficient from the currently used coefficients in hydraulic 1D-simulations. Up to now the used flow discharge coefficients referring to literature as well as experimental results are only available for a limited range of pressure and temperature
Stegmann, Richard
A methodology for the design optimization through integration: FCU bracket and FIP housing integration and achieving the system targets2022-01-076603/29/2022
The increasing demand for higher specific power and the need for weight reduction and decrease of emissions have become the driving factors of product development in automotive market today. Substitution of high-density materials and more precise adjustment of material parameters help in significant weight decrease, but it is accompanied by undesirable cost increase and manufacturing complexity. One of the approaches to optimize the design is through the process of integration which involves integrating the functional elements of two or more components into one and achieving a reduction in weight and cost without impacting required performance. This paper explains a similar approach followed as a part of Design and Development of 1.5 L, 3 Cylinder CRDI Diesel Engine for a new vehicle platform, developed for automotive passenger car application. Two components of the fuel injection system - fuel injection pump (FIP) housing and fuel control unit (FCU) bracket are integrated into one
vinaya murthy, vijayendra, Rengaraj, Chandrasekaran, Dharan R, Bharani
Numerical simulation of multicomponent diesel fuel spray surrogates using real-fluid thermodynamic modelling 2022-01-059103/29/2022
Computational models widely employed for predicting the dispersion of fuel sprays in combustion engines suffer from well-known drawbacks associated with the utilization of case-dependent empirical phase-change models, describing the conversion of liquid into vapour during fuel injection. The present work couples the compressible Navier-Stokes and energy conservation equations with a thermodynamic closure approximation covering pressures from 0 to 2000bar and temperatures that expand from compressed liquid, vapor-liquid equilibrium to trans/supercritical mixing, and thus, cover the whole range of P-T values that diesel fuel undergoes during its injection into combustion engines. The model assumes mechanical and thermal equilibrium between the liquid, vapour and surrounding air phases and thus, it avoids utilization of case-dependent empirical phase-change models for predicting in-nozzle cavitation and vaporization of fuels. Model development is based on the recent works reported for one
Justino Vaz, Marilia Gabriela, Geber, Evangelos, Koukouvinis, Foivos, Karathanassis, Ioannis K., Mouokue, Gerard, Gavaises, Manolis
A Simulation Study on the Transient Behavior of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine under Cold Start Conditions2022-01-047803/29/2022
The cold start process is critical to control the emissions in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. However, the optimization is very challenging due to the transient behavior of the engine cold start. A series of engine simulations using CONVERGE CFD™ were carried out to show the detailed process in the very first firing event of a cold start. The engine operating parameters used in the simulations such as the transient engine speed and the fuel rail pressure (FRP) came from companion experiments. The cold start pressure trace in the simulation was compared with experiments first to verify the simulation model. Then the effects of these transient parameters were presented, including the rapidly changing engine speed, the slowly vaporized fuel due to the cold walls, and the low FRP. It was shown that the injection-induced tumble ratio in the cylinder varied in different engine speed cases, resulting in a better fuel distribution in the low engine speed case. A relatively high
Li, Delong, Hu, Jinghu, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron
Effect of different Fuels Characteristics for Cavitation of Vaporous Clusters of Bubbles Close to a Wall assessed with Real Fluid Thermodynamics 2022-01-046803/29/2022
High-pressure fuel injection may lead to an optimized combustion process, high efficiency, and low emission formation for Dual-Fuel engines. In such systems, fuel heating/cooling and phase-change are inherent phenomena. Furthermore, cavitation inside injectors could lead to erosion damage and, thus, jeopardize the performance of the injector. Usually, simple thermodynamic equations of states (EoS) are the most employed to model such phenomena and predict where and how they appear, especially for their simplicity and computational cost trade-off. The most popular is the barotropic EoS, where thermal effects are not considered. In the current work, we aim to examine the pressure peaks and thermal effects for the collapse of a vaporous cluster of bubbles using a real thermodynamic EoS. Thus, the closure of the numerical framework is achieved by using a structured table and a simple algorithm that performs a linear reconstruction of the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid. Its
BELLINI, Raffaele
H2-ICE Technology Options of the Present and the Near Future2022-01-056803/29/2022
At present, the hydrogen combustion engine has gained renewed interest from the heavy-duty internal combustion engine (ICE) industry as an enabler for fast decarbonization of well-to-wheel emissions and reinforced by the vast commitment of key stakeholders to establish a green hydrogen infrastructure. Past studies have often focused on partial substitution of the primary hydrocarbon fuel by hydrogen in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Furthermore, the studied 100% hydrogen combustion engines are mostly of the premixed spark ignition type. However, the development of robust hydrogen ICE solutions for different heavy-duty applications will benefit from considering additional options. In this study, a wider look at other hydrogen ICE concepts has been taken that may bear high potential to overcome some of the limitations of using hydrogen for high power applications. The studied concepts vary from port injection to direct injection of hydrogen and from spark ignition to
Bekdemir, Cemil, Doosje, Erik, Seykens, Xander
Effect of Ethanol Reforming Gas Combined with EGR on Lean Combustion Characteristics of Direct Injection Gasoline Engine2022-01-052103/29/2022
Ethanol reforming gas combined with EGR technology can not only improve thermal efficiency, but also reduce pollutant emission under lean combustion condition. In this paper, the effects of ethanol reforming gas and EGR on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection gasoline engine under lean combustion are further discussed by means of experiment and simulation. The results find that compared with pure gasoline, the combustion speed of 20% hydrous ethanol is significantly faster, the combustion duration is shortened by 6 CA, the cylinder pressure and heat release rate are slightly increased, as well as the CO and HC emissions are reduced, based on the experiments. Moreover, the influence of ethanol reforming gas on the performance of a direct injection gasoline engine under rarefied combustion condition is investigated and analyzed by GT-Power and CONVERGE simulation. The results show that the increase of excessive air coefficient leads to the decrease of
Shi, Xiuyong, Qian, Weiwei, Duan, Yifei, Jiang, Yixiao, Wang Sr, Haoyu, Ni, Jimin
Engine-Out Measurements and In-Cylinder Imaging of Cold-Start Particulate and Gaseous Emissions in a Single-Cylinder DISI Engine 2022-01-052203/29/2022
Strategies to mitigate cold-start emissions are critical to meet stringent standards for particulate and regulated gaseous emissions from direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines. The objective of the current work was to establish an experimental protocol for cold-start studies and to identify the in-cylinder phenomena important during engine warming in terms of engine power and stability and engine-out particulates, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Metal-engine experiments were conducted at T = 20 oC to quantify the sensitivity of the performance of a single-cylinder engine to timing of a strategy using two injection events per power cycle and late spark ignition. The results showed strong sensitivity to the timing of the second injection event and weak sensitivity to the timing of the first injection. Complementary high-speed imaging experiments were conducted with the same engine where the fuel spray and combustion characteristics were visualized during cold-start
Gutierrez, Luis G., Wooldridge, Margaret S., Petersen, Benjamin R., Wooldridge, Steven T.
High Efficiency HD Hydrogen Combustion Engines: Improvement Potentials for Future Regulations2022-01-057003/29/2022
Hydrogen engines offer the possibility of a carbon neutral transportation – a focal point of current propulsion development activities especially for EU and US future concepts. From today's point of view, hydrogen can play an important role in this regard as it is a carbon-free fuel, no CO2 emissions are produced during its combustion process. Besides, it can be well used for lean burn combustion leading to very low NOx emissions, a key benefit in combination with an optimized after-treatment system for future ultra-low NOx legislations of heavy-duty (HD) engines. Comprehensive investigations using single-cylinder tests and model-based development approach are performed aiming the definition of a high efficiency hydrogen engine concept. An optimization regarding compression ratio and engine calibration (regarding AFR, EGR rates and optimal combustion phase) is carried out while considering knocking. In a next step, efficiency improvements potentials resulting from the turbocharger
Rezaei, Reza, Kovacs, David, Hayduk, Christopher, Delebinski, Thaddaeus
Development and validation of an EHN mechanism for fundamental and applied chemistry studies2022-01-054603/29/2022
Autoignition enhancing additives have been used for years to enhance the ignition quality of diesel fuel, with 2-ethylexyl nitrate (EHN) being the most common additive. EHN also enhances the autoignition reactivity of gasoline, which has advantages for some low-temperature combustion techniques, such as Sandia’s Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) with Additive-Mixing Fuel Injection (AMFI). LTGC-AMFI is a new high-efficiency and low-emissions engine combustion process based on supplying a small, variable amount of EHN into the fuel for better engine operation and control. However, the mechanism by which EHN interacts with the fuel remains unclear. In this work, a chemical-kinetic mechanism for EHN was developed and implemented in a detailed mechanism for gasoline fuels. The combined mechanism was validated against shock-tube experiments with EHN-doped n-heptane and HCCI engine data for EHN-doped regular E10 gasoline. Simulations showed a very good match with experiments. EHN
Lopez Pintor, Dario, Dec, John
On predictive nozzle simulations with advanced equations of state and pressure boundary conditions2022-01-060503/29/2022
The reduction of harmful emissions is a key challenge for fighting climate change and global warming. Besides battery electric vehicles (BEVs), improved engine efficiency and alternate fuels, such as e-fuels or biofuels, are options to improve the emission budget of the transportation sector. To accelerate this development, predictive simulations can be utilized as these avoid scientists to rely on slow manufacturing processes. As the properties of alternative fuels can change drastically compared to classical fuels, even engine parameters, such as the mass flow rate, need to be reevaluated and optimized. However, often simulation frameworks rely on mass flow rates as input quantity and thus a prediction is not possible. This paper gives accurate pressure based boundary conditions for multi-phase system. It focuses on equation of states employed in homogeneous equilibrium models (HEMs). Additionally, a dual-density approach is introduced to correct for modeling errors which are
Bode, Mathis
Effects of Thermodynamic Conditions and Nozzle Geometry on the Methane Direct Injection Process in Internal Combustion Engines2022-01-060603/29/2022
It's known direct injection of gaseous methane can involve the presence of under-expanded jets. Understanding the physics of such process is imperative for developing Direct Injection (DI) internal combustion engines fueled indeed by gaseous fuels. The paper presents an experimental-numerical characterization of the spray issued from an innovative multi-hole injector designed for application in heavy-duty engines. The experimental characterization of the jet evolution was recorded by means of schlieren imaging technique and then, using such measurements for the validation, a numerical simulation procedure was assessed. A high-order and density-based solver, capable of reproducing the most relevant features of the under-expanded jets, was developed within OpenFOAM framework. Both early and late injection configurations were investigated. They lead, during the engine cycle, to completely different upstream-to-downstream pressure ratios and so two representative Net Pressure Ratios (NPR
Duronio, Francesco, Montanaro, Alessandro, Allocca, Luigi, Ranieri, Stefano, De Vita, Angelo
“Freedom from the soot/NOx tradeoff: Opportunities for MCCI of small-molecule fuels”2022-01-064703/29/2022
Air quality considerations continue to require increasingly strict limits on tailpipe emissions from heavy-duty vehicles across all sectors. In addition to more effective aftertreatment systems, lowering levels of engine-out NOx, soot, and other pollutants remains a priority. For diesel fuel, the traditional soot-NOx tradeoff is well known, as are the the soot- and NOx-forming regions on a plot of local temperature vs local equivalence ratio. These regions make managing simultaneous reduction of soot and NOx during mixing-controlled combustion of diesel fuel challenging However, the soot- and NOx-producing regions in a local temperature vs. local equivalence ratio plot are fuel-dependent. The soot-producing region is especially fuel-dependent, with fuels like methanol, ethanol, DME, and E85 producing very low amounts of soot even under the range of equivalence ratios present during mixing-controlled combustion. This change in contours of the soot-NOx tradeoff regions creates additional
Blumreiter, Julie
Fuel Injector selection in diesel engine for BS6 emission upgradation2022-01-053003/29/2022
For meeting the stringent BS VI emissions in a 3 cylinder diesel engine the Exhaust after treatment system was upgraded from a single brick DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst) to 2 brick DOC+sDPF configuration. To meet the demands of emission regulation and sDPF requirements, changes were also required in the Fuel injection system. Major changes were done in the fuel injector and fuel pump. This paper primarily discuses on the Fuel injector change from 1.1 to 2.2 family with changes in nozzle geometry, Nozzle tip protrusion and injector cone angle and the effects on the emission and performance parameters. The various design values of NTP, cone angle and Sac values are tested in actual engine to meet the require power , torque and verified to meet NOx, HC , PM values as required by new BS VI regulation. Other boundary conditions are also checked – BSFC, temperature etc. The design change that was needed for the injector upgradation – Cylinder head interface, injector clamp , fuel pump and
vinaya murthy, vijayendra
A Study of Emission Durability and Ash Accumulation of “Advanced Three-Way Catalyst Integrated on Gasoline Particulate Filter” for BS6 (Stage2) Applications2021-26-018209/22/2021
India BS6 Stage2 (2023) regulations demands all Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles to meet particulate number emissions (PN) below 6x10+11# per km. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are a proven technology and enable high PN filtration efficiencies throughout the entire vehicle lifetime. One challenge for GPF applications could be the changing emission performance characteristics as a function of mileage due to collected ash and/or soot deposits with implications on back pressure losses and well due to aging of active catalytic components like PGM and Washcoat. The main objective of this technical contribution is to study the above-mentioned challenges while applying Indian driving conditions and typical Indian climate and other ambient conditions. The substrate technology selected for this study is a high porosity GPF designed to enable the integration of a Three-Way functionality into the GPF, commonly described as coated GPF. In this study, the entire Three-Way Catalyst (TWC
Rose, Dominik, Tao, Tinghong, Kataria, Rohit, Boger, Thorsten, Kuehn, Nikolas, Kunert, Susanne, Richter, Joerg Michael, Magar, Avinash
An Innovative Approach towards Low-emission and Improved-Performance of Diesel Engine with Conventional Fuel Injection Equipment (Non-Electronic Injectors and E-Governed In-Line Fuel Injection Pump)2021-26-006009/22/2021
The conventional internal combustion engines continue to dominate many fields like transportation, agriculture and power generation. Moreover, apprehension over oil price restriction has created an unprecedented demand for fuel economy. Diesel engine is mostly preferred for its higher thermal efficiency, high-torque and outstanding longevity. In recent days with flooded technologies, Uniqueness and the Differentiation of Product play vital role for a successful business in Auto Industry. However, there is always demand for low cost solutions and the product should be easily acceptable the end-user. The present development study is related to the Challenges of Design and Development of Internal Combustion Engine to meet the stringent Emission and Performance requirements (BS-IV and upgradable for BS-VI) with Diesel Fuel and more particularly to achieve the targets with conventional Fuel Injection Systems (Non-electronic Fuel Injectors, In-Line Fuel Injection Pump-Governed Electronically
Jayagopal, S, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Mahesh, P, Bolar, Yogesh, satyavishnu, satyavishnu, M, Sathyanandan, Venkat, Harish
Development of an all speed governed Diesel-CNG dual fuel engine for farm Applications2021-26-010109/22/2021
This paper discusses the development of an all speed governed diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine for agricultural farm tractor. A 45 hp, 2.9 liters diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine with a novel closed loop secondary fuel injection system was developed. A frugal approach was followed for conversion, without any modification of the base mechanical diesel fuel injection system. The overall cost impact due to dual fuel conversion was kept minimum, while meeting performance and emissions at par with base diesel operation. Additional cost on gas injection system is redeemed by cost savings on diesel fuel. The dual fuel technology developed by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., substitutes on an average approximately 40% of diesel with compressed natural gas, while meeting the mandated agricultural tractor emission norms for dual fuel and meeting all application requirements. The governing performance of the tractor was found to be superior than base diesel tractor. A prototype dual fuel tractor
Raj, Ashwin S, Nagarajan, Vigneshwaran, NISSANGI, JOY KUMAR, Elango, Viknesh, Rajamani, Parthiban, S K, RAVINDRA
Adopting the features of Digital Rate Shaping (DRS) with Multiple injections strategy on small 2 Cylinder Common Rail BSVI engine to improve FE2021-26-006109/22/2021
The Common Rail Fuel Injection System (CRS) has completely changed the whole diesel engine combustion cloud dynamics and enhanced the applicability of diesel engines further with a motto of providing a more cleaner sky and greener earth. The most cutting-edge technological developments made in CRS and EGT system enables OEMs to achieve further more stringent emission norms and adopt the environmental protection compliances. Today’s CRS systems are the most advanced generation fuel injection systems providing further high injection pressures, wide multiple injections capability with shorter dwell periods enabling real smoother Digital Rate Shaping (DRS) benefits and Smart thermal management of exhaust systems while meeting stringent emission compliances and achieving future CO2 reductions goal. Initial DRS I system developments were tried with a dwell period up to 500us-800us due to injector durability life limitations. DRS II system is such an advanced system developed in recent years
Yarsam, Pravin, Athawale, abhijit, kapadnis, Vaibhav
Optimization of Simultaneous Control of High Pressure EGR and Turbocharger Variable-Geometry during Diesel Engine Speed and Load Transients2021-01-117809/21/2021
Modern diesel engines incorporate increasingly complex subsystems such as electronically-controlled high-pressure fuel injection, exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR), variable-geometry turbochargers (VGT) and elaborate after-treatment devices. The challenge to control such devices escalates significantly when they function interactively. Simultaneous control of high-pressure EGR (HPEGR) and VGTs becomes particularly challenging within transient speed and load change events because the turbo geometry change correspondingly changes the exhaust back pressure which drives the EGR flow across the control valve. HPEGR, where the exhaust gas is extracted upstream of the turbine inlet and recirculated downstream of the compressor exit, is desirable because it eliminates the flow of corrosive and sooty exhaust through the compressor and reduces the losses associated with expanding and recompressing the recirculated exhaust gasses. Variable-geometry turbocharging can help with both NOx reduction and
Pennington PhD, Justin, Puzinauskas, Paulius V., Cook, James
The Effect of Temperature on the Molecular Compositions of External and Internal Gasoline Direct Injection Deposits2021-01-118809/21/2021
The increased severity and prevalence of insoluble deposits formed on fuel injectors in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines precipitates negative environmental, economic and healthcare impacts. A necessary step in mitigating deposits is to unravel the molecular compositions of these complex layered materials. But very little molecular data has been acquired. Mass spectrometry shows promise but most techniques require the use of solvents, making them unsuited for analyzing insoluble deposits. Here, we apply the high mass-resolving power and in-situ analysis capabilities of 3D OrbitrapTM secondary ion mass spectrometry (3D OrbiSIMS) to characterize deposits formed on the external tip and internal needle from a GDI injector. This is the first application of the technique to study internal GDI deposits. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present up to higher maximum masses in the external deposit. Lubricating oil derived sulfonates are more intense in the internal deposit
Edney, Max K., Smith, Emily F., Wilmot, Edward, Reid, Jacqueline, Barker, Jim, Alexander, Morgan R., Snape, Colin E., Scurr, David J.
Evolution and Future Development of Vehicle Fuel Specification in China2021-01-120109/21/2021
Fuel quality has a significant influence on the combustion engine operation. In recent years the increasing concerns about environmental protection, energy saving, energy security and the requirements of protecting fuel injection and aftertreatment systems have been major driving forces for the Chinese fuel specification evolution. The major property changes in the evolution of Chinese national gasoline and diesel standards are introduced and the reasons behind these changes are analyzed in this paper. The gasoline fuel development from State I to State VI-B involved a decrease of sulfur, manganese, olefins, aromatics and benzene content. The diesel fuel quality improvement from State I to State VI included achieving low sulfur fuels and a cetane number (CN) increase. Provincial fuel standards, stricter than corresponding national standards, were implemented in economically developed areas in the past. Currently only Beijing is still implementing regional standards with national
Guo, Zexian, Liu, Zemin, Shuai, Shijin
Effect of Blend Fuel Properties on Combustion Improvement Under Heterogeneous Combustion Field by Using Multi-Impinging Injection System2021-01-119409/21/2021
To solve the engine performance deterioration and emission problems caused by fuel spray impingement on combustion chamber wall from direct injection internal engines, we bring out the new fuel injection concept, which we call it the impinging injection method. The impinging injection method uses two opposite injectors and tries to achieve spray atomization effect from the fuel sprays collision. A constant volume combustion chamber was used to confirm the spray characteristics and the combustion improvements. Previous study confirmed a significant reduction of spray/wall impingement and combustion improvements. Therefore, in this study, from the aspect of surrogate fuel, we investigated the spray and combustion characteristics of n-butanol addition blend with iso-octane and n-hexadecane, respectively, by using impinging injection and multi-impinging injection with different injection timing conditions. The n-butanol addition ratio ranged from 0% to 50%. Since the blend fuels have
Liu, Jinru, Kawakami, Tadashige
Correlating GDI and Diesel Soot with Carbon Black Surrogates: An MTM-SLIM Study2021-01-121309/21/2021
Legislations aimed at reducing CO2 emissions are driving significant changes in passenger car engine hardware and lubricants. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines generate combustion soot which can drive wear which is characteristically different to that observed in diesel engines. The increasing market share of GDI engines has encouraged the auto OEMs and the oil suppliers to study this challenge in more depth and seek improvements which do not compromise the innate efficiency benefits of the GDI platform This study compares soot abrasiveness by measuring the abrasive removal of Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear films and resultant wear by GDI sooted oils and traditional Diesel sooted oils in the MTM-SLIM equipment. A three-way correlation has been developed between a carbon black soot surrogate, GDI sooted oils and Diesel sooted oils. Diesel sooted oils were found to be more abrasive and resulted in more severe wear than gasoline sooted oils at the same level of % soot
Desai, Priyanka, Taheraly, Mourtaza, Ogunsola, Oluwaseyi, Mainwaring, Robert
Autoignition characterization of wet isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol blends for ACI2021-24-004409/05/2021
In this work, two blends of isopropanol, n-butanol, and ethanol (IBE) that can be produced by metabolically engineered clostridium acetobutylicum are studied experimentally in advanced compression ignition (ACI). This is done to determine whether these fuel blends have the right fuel properties to enable thermally stratified compression ignition, a stratified ACI strategy that using the cooling potential of single stage ignition fuels to control the heat release process. The first microorganism, ATCC824, produces a blend of 34.5% isopropanol, 60.1% n-butanol, and 5.4% ethanol, by mass. The second microorganism, BKM19, produces a blend of 12.3% isopropanol, 54.0% n-butanol, and 33.7% ethanol, by mass. The sensitivity of both IBE blends to intake pressure, intake temperature, and cylinder energy content (fueling rate) is characterized and compared to that of its neat constituents. Both IBE blends behaved similarly with a reactivity level between that of ethanol and n-butanol. The ethanol
Gainey, Brian, Moser, Sean, Lawler, Benjamin
Analysis of the Interaction between Soft Particles and Fuel Filter Media04-14-03-001008/16/2021
The transportation industry is currently in a transition toward the use of zero-emission vehicles; however, reaching it will take a considerable amount of time. In the meantime, a diesel powertrain will remain the workhorse for most heavy-duty transportation. In order to reduce the engine’s environmental impact, biofuels, such as biodiesel, are used as drop-in fuels or fuel blends. The use of drop-in fuels may create challenges for the fuel system since sticky deposits can precipitate and cause injector malfunctioning or premature fuel filter plugging. It has been concluded in the past that these deposits have been caused by soft particles. In this article, soft particles created through the degradation of biodiesel and their effect on filters are studied. The article aims to analyze fuel filters and investigate the materials responsible for soft particle separation. The study includes three pre filters and three main filters that are commercially available truck filters. Different
Csontos, Botond, Bernemyr, Hanna, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik
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