Browse Topic: Fuel control

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Fuel Level Point SensingAIR6325 (Current)11/30/2020
This report is intended to identify the various existing technologies used for a fuel level sensing system. In addition to sensing technologies, it describes the basic architecture of fuel level sensing systems and their association with fuel gauging system to increase integrity of fuel measurement and management. As the fuel level sensing system is generally based on electrical components within fuel tanks, a specific focus is made on fuel tank explosion safety protection. An overview of the capacitive fuel gauging operation can be found in AIR5691.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Water Load Determination Approach in Two Wheeler Exhaust System2018-32-007510/30/2018
Future emission norms in India (BS6) necessitates the 2 wheeler industry to work towards emission optimization measures. Engine operation at stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) would result in a good performance, durability and least emissions. To keep the AFR close to stoichiometric condition, an Oxygen sensor is placed in the exhaust system, which detects if air-fuel mixture is rich (λ<1) or lean (λ>1) and provides feedback to fuel injection system for suitable fuel control. O2 sensor has a ceramic element, which needs to be heated to a working temperature for its functioning. The ceramic element would break (thermal shock) if water in liquid form comes in contact with it when the element is hot. To counter this, oxygen sensor is either fully heated only when all the water in the exhaust system is evaporated, which results in delayed closed loop control, or is capable to withstand higher amount of water in the exhaust system by for example being applied with thermal shock protection and a protective tube. It’s a challenge to control the HC emissions during first 100 seconds of engine start, as the catalyst is not functioning during this duration. Also, the system runs in open loop for first 50 seconds, as the lambda sensor is not functioning. Hence, determining the amount of water present in exhaust and having a protective layer for lambda sensor against water would enable early start of sensor functioning. The present paper explains an approach to determine the maximum water droplet size and water flow rate using a special Liquid sensor mounted in the exhaust pipe. Test cases are defined at various engine and exhaust gas temperatures to determine an appropriate set up and methodology for measurement on a 2Wheeler. The test cases are repeated on various 2wheelers available in the Indian market and influence of different exhaust configurations, mounting location of the Lambda sensor are analysed. The information of water droplet size and water flow rate are driving factors for the design and application of lambda sensor. With thermal shock protection over lambda sensor a full heater voltage can be applied to sensor even before all the water has evaporated in the exhaust system. An early sensor readiness results in a quick closed loop control of the fuel mixture thus reducing emissions.
Meena, Ranjana Kumari, Krusch, Andrea, Meister, Konrad, Holzknecht, Christopher
LEVER ENDS - FUEL AND POWER CONTROLAS56D (Current)9/19/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
ATTACHMENT POINTS, ENGINE, REMOTE TRIMMING MAIN FUEL CONTROLAS848A (Current)2/12/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Development of New Hydrogen Fueling Method for Fuel Cell Motorcycle2017-01-11843/28/2017
A new hydrogen fueling protocol named MC Formula Moto was developed for fuel cell motorcycles (FCM) with a smaller hydrogen storage capacity than those of light duty FC vehicles (FCV) currently covered in the SAE J2601 standard (over than 2kg storage). Building on the MC Formula based protocol from the 2016 SAE J2601 standard, numerous new techniques were developed and tested to accommodate the smaller storage capacity: an initial pressure estimation using the connection pulse, a fueling time counter which begins the main fueling time prior to the connection pulse, a pressure ramp rate fallback control, and other techniques. The MC Formula Moto fueling protocol has the potential to be implemented at current hydrogen stations intended for fueling of FCVs using protocols such as SAE J2601. This will allow FCMs to use the existing and rapidly growing hydrogen infrastructure, precluding the need for exclusive dispensers or stations.
Handa, Kiyoshi, Yamaguchi, Shigehiro, Minowa, Kazuya, Mathison, Steven
Adaptive Algorithm for Engine Air – Fuel Ratio Control with Dual Fuel Injection Systems2017-01-05883/28/2017
Dual fuel injection systems, like PFI+DI (port fuel injection + direct injection system) are being increasingly used in gasoline engine applications to increase the engine performance, fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. At a given engine operating condition, the air/fuel error is a function of the fraction of fuel injected by each of the fuel systems. If the fraction of fuel from each of the fuel system is changed at a given operating condition, the fuel system error will change as well making it challenging to learn the fuel system errors. This paper aims at describing the adaptive fueling control algorithm to estimate the fuel error contribution from each individual fuel system. Considering the fuel injection system slope errors to be the significant cause for air-fuel errors, a model structure was developed to calculate the fuel system adaptive correction factor as a function of changing fraction of fueling between the fuel systems. A recursive least squares estimation strategy was used to accurately estimate the individual fuel system correction factors and the same was implemented in real time on 3.5L GTDI engine. Algorithm was validated on different applications of dual fuel injection systems by inducing known amount of fueling errors on individual fuel systems (40% lean to 40% rich fueling faults). The results describe offline validation of the fueling correction model and the real time validation of the strategy. This real time estimation and control of the fueling errors from individual fuel system, significantly improves the air-fuel control of the dual fuel injection engines. This methodology additionally helps diagnose and separate each fuel system failure.
Ranga, Adithya P Reddy, Surnilla, Gopichandra, Thomas, Joseph, Sanborn, Ethan, Linenberg, Mark
ST-Lib: A Library for Specifying and Classifying Model Behaviors2016-01-06214/5/2016
Test and verification procedures are a vital aspect of the development process for embedded control systems in the automotive domain. Formal requirements can be used in automated procedures to check whether simulation or experimental results adhere to design specifications and even to perform automatic test and formal verification of design models; however, developing formal requirements typically requires significant investment of time and effort for control software designers. We propose Signal Template Library (ST-Lib), a uniform modeling language to encapsulate a number of useful signal patterns in a formal requirement language with the goal of facilitating requirement formulation for automotive control applications. ST-Lib consists of basic modules known as signal templates. Informally, these specify a characteristic signal shape and provide numerical parameters to tune the shape. We propose two use-cases for ST-Lib: (1) allowing designers to classify design behaviors based on user-defined numerical parameters for signal templates, and (2) automatic identification of worst-case values for the signal template parameters for a given closed-loop model of an embedded control system. We show how ST-Lib can be used to improve user productivity by demonstrating its effectiveness on two case studies.
Kapinski, James, Jin, Xiaoqing, Deshmukh, Jyotirmoy, Donze, Alexandre, Yamaguchi, Tomoya, Ito, Hisahiro, Kaga, Tomoyuki, Kobuna, Shunsuke, Seshia, Sanjit
Beyond Euro VI - Development of A Next Generation Fuel Injector for Commercial Vehicles2014-01-14354/1/2014
Delphi Diesel Systems (DDS) - Heavy Duty Business is developing a new range of Ultra High Pressure Common Rail Fuel Injectors with the functionality to allow the combustion heat release to be heavily adapted during operation. This allows the injector performance to be simultaneously optimised across a broad range of engine conditions, removing the constraints of having to select a single rate shape type for all operating conditions. This new technology range builds on the performance of Delphi's 2700 bar Fuel Systems of F2E, F2P and F2R, whilst adding in new levels of injector control, beyond what is available in the current market. In addition to this new functionality, Delphi's new Heavy Duty Injector range also demonstrates greatly reduced leakage and improved accuracy of fuel control. This paper reviews the benefits and possibilities of this new injector technology.
Graham, Mark S., Crossley, Stephen, Harcombe, Tony, Keeler, Nathan, Williams, Tony
Development of an Improved Residuals Estimation Model for Dual Independent Cam Phasing Spark-Ignition Engines2013-01-03124/8/2013
Estimating internal residual during engine operation is essential to robust control during startup, steady state, and transient operation. Internal residual has a significant effect on combustion flame propagation, combustion stability and emissions. Accurate residual estimate also provides a better foundation for optimizing open loop fuel control during startup, while providing a basis for reducing emissions during closed loop control. In this paper we develop an improved model to estimate residual gas fraction by means of isolation and characterization of the physical processes in the gas exchange. Examining existing residuals model as the base, we address their deficiencies making changes to appropriate terms to the model. Existing models do not work well under wide angle dual independent cam phasing. The improved residual estimation model is not limited by the initial data set used for its calibration and does not need cylinder pressure data. The model can work with different valve lift profiles and compression ratios. The model is calibrated by using two datasets, a single cylinder engine simulation dataset comprising of a range of speeds from 180 to 6000 rpm and loads from an existing validated model; and simulation dataset from a validated multi-cylinder engine model. Simplified real-time ECU implementation is also discussed.
Kale, Vaibhav, Yeliana, Yeliana, Worm, Jeremy, Naber, Jeffrey
Dual-Fuel Effects on HCCI Operating Range: Experiments with Primary Reference Fuels2013-01-16734/8/2013
Results from a large set of HCCI experiments performed on a single-cylinder research engine fueled with different mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane are presented and discussed in this paper. The experiments are designed to scrutinize fuel reactivity effects on the operating range of an HCCI engine. The fuel effects on upper and lower operating limits are measured respectively by the maximum pressure rise rate inside the cylinder and the stability of engine operation as determined by cycle-to-cycle variations in IMEP. Another set of experiments that examine the intake air heating effects on HCCI engine performance, exhaust emissions and operating envelopes is also presented. The effects of fuel reactivity and intake air heating on the HCCI ranges are demonstrated by constructing the operating envelopes for the different test fuels and intake temperatures. The paper discusses, in the light of the results, how the nonlinearity in fuel effects makes the dual fuel control approach less effective in extending the lower end of the HCCI load range. It also discusses how intake air heating affects the engine operation stability at low loads, and how varying fuel reactivity and intake heating can complement each other as an integrated control approach to extend both ends of the HCCI load range.
Aldawood, Ali, Mosbach, Sebastian, Kraft, Markus, Amer, Amer
The Potential of Fuel Metering Control for Optimising Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions in Diesel Low Temperature Combustion2013-01-08944/8/2013
Low temperature combustion (LTC) in diesel engines offers attractive benefits through simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxides and soot. However, it is known that the in-cylinder conditions typical of LTC operation tend to produce high emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO), reducing combustion efficiency. The present study develops from the hypothesis that this characteristic poor combustion efficiency is due to in-cylinder mixture preparation strategies that are non-optimally matched to the requirements of the LTC combustion mode. In this work, the effects of three key fuel path parameters - injection fuel quantity ratio, dwell and injection timing - on CO and HC emissions were examined using a Central Composite Design (CCD) Design of Experiments (DOE) method. The experiments were performed on a single-cylinder diesel research engine operating in a high-EGR mixing-controlled LTC mode (EGR ~ 62%, intake O₂ = 8.5%) with a split fuel injection for all conditions. The experiments identified the potential of fuel metering control for optimizing HC emissions in LTC by showing the effects of fuel control parameters on fuel mixing quality and emission formation mechanisms. The experimental results at this high-EGR operating condition were shown to be highly sensitive to the intake oxygen level. Accordingly, the use of DOE methods was found to be essential to this study. The detailed statistical analysis enabled by the experimental design was able to model and correct for the substantial effects of normal variability in the input oxygen mass fraction noted under these high EGR conditions; thus, permitting a reliable comparison of results.
Sogbesan, Oluwasujibomi M., Davy, Martin H., Garner, Colin P.
ATTACHMENT POINTS, ENGINE, REMOTE TRIMMING MAIN FUEL CONTROLAS848 (Historical)11/19/2012
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
A Seamless Implementation of Model-Based Design Applied to a New Fuel Control Feature for an Existing Engine ECU2006-01-06124/3/2006
Bringing a new automotive electronic control unit (ECU) to market is a multi-phase process. Generally speaking, the phases are engineering analysis, rapid prototyping, software implementation, test and calibration. A variety of engineering staff and tools are used as the ECU progresses through the development process. However, the use of different tools may require non-value-added steps to translate data and results from one process phase to another. This lack of integration introduces the potential for errors, adds delay and costs to projects, and makes it difficult to trace the behavior of the final product back to the original requirements. Model-Based Design addresses many of the integration problems through use of executable specification models and automatic code generation. However, connecting the design effectively to the prototype vehicle provides additional integration challenges since it requires specialized hardware interfaces and target-specific software device drivers. This paper describes how two sets of tools used together can meet these challenges and deliver the final product without inefficient transitions through ECU development phases. It is written around the implementation of a fuel control algorithm, from control strategy concept to final in-vehicle calibration. This paper first shows how in-vehicle rapid prototyping helps developers select the best algorithm candidate and then how embedded software can be automatically generated and tested: first in the lab, then on the dyno, then in the vehicle. Finally the paper describes how to calibrate the control system parameters based on the models and generated code.
Erkkinen, Tom, Zwaanenburg, Koos
Engine Control System Architecture for Bi-Fuel Vehicles2002-01-17035/6/2002
This paper describes a new architecture for a bi-fuel vehicle engine control system, which can reduce system cost while improving function. The proposed architecture uses a modified (dual parameter) PCM strategy to control operation on both fuels, with a simpler additional module to drive fuel injectors and interface to other alternative fuel components. It is shown that this architecture results in improved fuel control and lower tailpipe emissions compared to typical aftermarket systems. Impact on the development process and base vehicle wiring are minimized.
Dobryden, Allen, Kuechler, Peter, Lapetz, John
Considerations on Ice Formation in Aircraft Fuel SystemsAIR790B (Historical)10/1/1999
This document suggests and summarizes points that should be considered with respect to the formation of ice in aircraft fuel systems. These summaries represent a cross-section of the opinions of fuel system designers and users.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Recommended Practice for Diagnostic Trouble Code DefinitionsJ2012_199903 (Historical)3/1/1999
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all light-duty and medium-duty passenger vehicles and trucks with feedback fuel control system. Specific applications of this document include diagnostic, service and repair manuals, repair databases, and off-board readout devices. This document focuses on a diagnostic code format and code messages for automotive electronic control systems. The use and appropriate updating of this document is strongly encouraged; however, this document does not prohibit the use of additional codes for additional diagnostics.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Contaminants for Aircraft Turbine Engine Fuel System Component TestingAIR4246A (Historical)11/1/1994
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a guide toward standardization in fluid contamination descriptions and specifications. This document discusses descriptions of fluid contamination products. These contaminants are used for design evaluation and formal component qualification/certification testing. Such tests are routinely performed on candidate aircraft engine fuel and pneumatic system components. Typical of these components are fuel pumps, fuel filters, fuel controls, pressurizing valves, flow dividers, selector valves and combustor nozzles. The purpose of this document is to recommend standard descriptions to be used by specification writers.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
Diagnostic Trouble Code DefinitionsJ2012_199410 (Historical)10/1/1994
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all light-duty and medium-duty passenger vehicles and trucks with feedback fuel control system. Specific applications of this document include diagnostic, service and repair manuals, repair databases, and off-board readout devices. This document focuses on a diagnostic code format and code messages for automotive electronic control systems. The use and appropriate updating of this document is strongly encouraged; however, this document does not prohibit the use of additional codes for additional diagnostics.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Diagnostic Trouble Code DefinitionsJ2012_199401 (Historical)1/1/1994
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all light-duty and medium-duty passenger vehicles and trucks with feedback fuel control system. Specific applications of this document include diagnostic, servce and repair manuals, repair databases, and off-board readout devices. This document focuses on a diagnostic code format and code messages for automotive electronic control systems. The use and appropriate updating of this document is strongly encouraged; however, this document does not prohibit the use of additional codes for additional diagnostics.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
CONSIDERATIONS ON ICE FORMATION IN AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEMSAIR790A (Historical)8/1/1992
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Diagnostic Trouble Code DefinitionsJ2012_199203 (Historical)3/1/1992
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all light duty and medium duty passenger vehicles and trucks with feedback fuel control system. Specific applications of this document include diagnostic, service and repair manuals, repair data bases, and off-board readout devices. This document focuses on a diagnostic code format and code messages for automotive electronic control systems. The use and appropriate updating of this document is strongly encouraged; however, this document does not prohibit the use of additional codes for additional diagnostics.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Atomizing Mechanism and Characteristics of Atomizing Channel Injector9002262/1/1990
The atomizing mechanism and characteristics of the atomizing channel injector are investigated in this paper through the fliud field and initial fuel atomization of the injector. It is shown that there exist a recirculation zone behind the channel and a separated vortex on the outside surface of the channel edge. Unstable atomization of the fuel film of the injector happens when the film turns over from the inside to the outside of the channel under the action of the separated vortex and recirculation zone. The atomizing process of the injector is displayed by pulse holography. Various initial atomizing information obtained at the exit of the injector includes the spray drop size, the spray drop space distribtion, the fuel concentration and the drop size frequency. The effect of injector structure, air velocity and other parameters on atomizing performance of the injector is also discussed in the paper.
Zhigang, Liu, Jiahua, Wang
Designing and Tuning the Digital Controller of an Electronic Fuel Control Unit for Small Gas Turbine Engines8922559/1/1989
To overcome some problems encountered in the design of electronic fuel control units for small gas turbine engines, different digital controllers are analyzed and implemented. A tuning method involving multivariable optimization techniques is formulated. The controllers are realized on a microcomputer which also monitors the experiments and performs the tuning on a specially equipped test bench.
Georgantas, Antonios I., Carrese, Gino, Krepec, Tadeusz
An Integrated Development Environment for Calibration Development Engineers88176511/1/1988
The engine calibration development process has been examined. Based on observations made during the author's 5 years of calibration development experience, a model of the calibration development cycle is presented. Particular attention was paid to the needs of the calibration development engineer during this cycle. To address these needs, we have built an Integrated Development Environment prototype, and present specific examples of the use and potential of this tool.
Carryer, J. Edward, Leifer, Larry J.
X-29 Fuel/Auxiliary Oil Systems Thermal Management8609137/14/1986
The X-29 Fuel/Auxiliary Oil Thermal Management System provides total aircraft accessory oil cooling, including both flight and combined hydraulics, Integrated Drive Generator oil, and Accessory Drive Gearbox oil, with onboard fuel. Fuel cooling rates that are independent of engine demand are achieved through the use of a recirculation loop. Recirculation is minimized by maintaining the engine fuel inlet temperature at the maximum allowable. Fuel cooling results in lower, more uniform subsystem oil temperatures, less ram drag, and smaller, lighter-weight heat exchangers. Initial design studies and laboratory development testing will be discussed, along with comparisons of analytical predictions with flight test results.
Black, Stephen J.
The Effects of Oxygenates on Intermediate Temperature Drivability of 1983/1984 Cars84138210/1/1984
A test program has been completed to evaluate the performance of late model passenger cars using a variety of oxygenated fuel blends. The tests were conducted using the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) intermediate temperature drivability test procedure. The program involved the use of sixteen 1983 and 1984 model vehicles that were selected to represent a variety of engine sizes, fuel system types, emission system configurations, and auto manufacturers. Two trained drivers were used to test these cars with 15 different fuels. The fuels consisted of three volatility classes with each including a hydrocarbon-only gasoline and blends with methanol and ethanol at the 3.7 percent oxygen level. In blends involving methanol, gasoline-grade tertiary butyl alcohol (GTBA) was used as a cosolvent. Statistical analysis of the resulting test data showed that, as a group, the cars tested were insensitive to the addition of this level of oxygenates to the fuels. Also, as a group, the cars followed a trend in later model cars toward improved drivability performance.
Morgan, John R., Zitzow, Uwe
Closed-Loop Engine Fuel System Simulation8213742/1/1982
Naval Air Propulsion Center (NAPC) personnel have implemented a hardware-in-the-loop simulation for the purpose of evaluating engine fuel system components. The objective was to establish a closed-loop test capability that would be cost-effective, easy to use and versatile. The approach uses a hybrid computer with the digital portion providing the data acquisition and display capability and the analog portion providing dynamic engine simulation. The main fuel control metered flow is used as the model driving parameter. An alternative to conventional testing is available through closed-loop testing using the hybrid computer system. The benefits to be gained include the generation of more realistic data (directly relatable to on-engine operation, a powerful trouble-shooting tool and easily automated endurance testing which provides compatibility with advanced hydromechanical and electronic fuel controls.
Horling, James E., Harrer, Rudy E.
Electronic Fuel Controls - Who Needs Them?8106194/1/1981
Electronic fuel controls have been in existence for over twenty years. Microprocessor based controls, however, are just now beginning to make their way into the market place. The flexibility of these controls allow the requirements for many applications to be met with similar hardware, and so it is expected that these controls will have an impact on a large part of the General Aviation Market.
Hawes, David J.
Serviceability in Design8008186/1/1980
Serviceability’s goal of minimizing the cost of repairs to cars can only be attained with designing and engineering help. Products must conform to existing field capabilities and limitations if the Service Industry is to be expected to perform proper repairs. Innovation is needed in design to make it possible to easily diagnose and repair the rapidly developing, very complex devices on cars of the future.
Johnson, T. W.
Diaphragm - Past, Present and Future8002702/1/1980
A brief history of automotive and aircraft diaphragm actuated devices is reviewed. This paper covers the period from 1900 to the present with some broad predictions for the future.
Gatcomb, Gerald L.
Air Flow Sensing8001262/1/1980
Pneumatic pulsation resulting from vortex precession is the advantageous feature being utilized in the adaptation of a precision instrumentational quality flowmeter to vehicular power plant fuel control.
Gau, Leonard P.
THE ROLE OF ELECTRONICS IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE CONTROLS7808402/1/1978
Automotive engine control is one of the fastest growing electronic applications in the industry stimulated by legislative requirements on emissions and fuel economy. All of the systems in use or under development will add cost as compared to historical components used for control of fuel, spark and EGR. As the most complex problem, fuel control offers the best example to suggest some of the directions for cost reductions and the most likely areas where continued development will uncover benefits associated with the more complex but expensive electronic control systems. The availability of low cost, high speed semiconductor electronics and the development of fast response sensors and actuators compatible with feedback control concepts will play an important role in this evolution. The rate of growth for electronic engine control will be limited only by our effectiveness as suppliers in meeting these challenges.
FLANAGAN, CHARLES D.
Integrated Advanced Electronic Display Systems7605222/1/1976
This paper discusses an Advance Electronic Display System (ADADS), built by General Electric, which is representative of the level of present technology which could be utilized to meet an Advanced Integrated Modular Instrumentation System (AIMIS) functional requirements. ADEDS involves very flexible equipment utilizing programmable display processing and generating hardware which is capable of driving multiple displays simultaneously.
Skovholt, R. L.
Failure Survival Aspects of a Digital Fuel Control System7510622/1/1975
The paper concerns the design of an engine mounted, electronic, digital fuel control system for a twin coupled, helicopter engine configuration. The system is described from the point of view of the failure survival requirements, and the paper highlights the contribution of the digital system to the implementation of these requirements, and the environmental design techniques adopted to achieve maximum reliability.
Bussell, J. F.
Evolution of an Electronic Fuel Control for Industrial Gas Turbines7510642/1/1975
The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the 43027 electronic fuel control system, which is designed to service a wide variety of industrial gas turbine users. It also discusses applications of the fuel system.
Ederveen, Jan
Gas Turbine Fuel System Management7106622/1/1971
Distillate fuels are well suited to gas-turbine operation for industrial and marine service. The industrial gas-turbine engine, unlike its aircraft derivative, has operated successfully at high temperatures and high efficiencies on a wide variety of liquid fuels, including naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, burner and diesel fuels, and heavy distillate fuels. The dependable operation and long life of the gas turbine engine can be supported by the management of the complete fuel-handling system. The problem areas and the techniques required for successful fuel system operation are discussed. Industrial fuel specifications are intended to indicate fuels for specific climates and anticipated duty cycles. Specific fuel properties causing reduced gas-turbine life, increased smoke levels, or decreased reliability must be controlled. Many of the flight fuel requirements are not needed for the industrial gas turbines; however, other properties must be specified.
Winkler, Matthew F., Bacher, John F.
A Fluidically Controlled Aircraft Fuel Transfer System7007862/1/1970
Traditional methods of electrical sensing and control in jet aircraft fuel transfer systems have proven expensive, hard to maintain, and sometimes unreliable. This paper presents a new concept in fuel sensing and control using fluidics. The objective was to construct a general three-tank model system for exploring concept feasibility. Although a single medium (fuel) approach was sought, the interim model used a pneumatic logic and sensing system for fuel control. The laboratory model effectively demonstrated fuel level control, diversion of fuel transfer at the command of an automatic logic system, and pilot override. A trade study showed gains in reliability and maintainability over the current method of aircraft fuel transfer control. Advantages were: no dependence on electric or hydraulic power, ease of maintenance, and fail-safe operation.
McGregor, R. W.
Recent Advances in Fuel Management Systems for Business Aircraft7002252/1/1970
The new fuel management system described in this paper provides accurate and comparable measurement and display of fuel quantity on board, fuel flow rate, and flight time remaining at reasonable economy. This system provides the pilot with immediate data concerning his entire fuel system, with an accuracy not previously approached by any commercially available system. The system has been designed for economical manufacture, which makes the system competitive on any aircraft.
Stuart, Douglas
The 747 Fuel System7002762/1/1970
The fuel system installed in the Boeing Model 747 airplane is described in general, and the pressure fueling system treated in detail. The general treatment includes description of fuel tanks, engine fuel feed system, fuel jettison system, defueling system, fuel quantity indicating system, and fueling system. The component parts of the pressure fueling system are described, and performance of the system is evaluated. In the design of the 747 airplane, surge pressures and static electrification, possible problem areas associated with refueling large airplanes, have been minimized. The fuel system of the 747 meets applicable Federal Aviation Regulations and customer requirements.
Ayson, E. D., Dhanani, R. R., Parker, G. A.
Lubricity of Aviation Turbine-Fuels6906672/1/1969
A laboratory test rig has evaluated European jet fuels with regards to lubricity and shows that the more highly refined fuels are poorer in lubricity than the conventionally refined fuels. The addition of a surface active additive such as a corrosion inhibitor improves lubricity. Experience of additive addition to fuel for aircraft of two European airlines in 1968 confirms laboratory results. Highly polar compounds extracted from conventionally treated fuels significantly improve lubricity when added to highly refined fuels. The blending of 10-20% of a conventionally treated fuel to a highly refined fuel improves lubricity to the level of the conventional fuel.
Vere, R. A.
Precise Control of Diesel Generating Sets6805772/1/1968
In speed control of prime movers, precise steady-state and transient control of frequency and close control of electrical load division among paralleled generators are a challenge to the control designer. The inherent adaptability of an electrical device to control these electrical characteristics, makes it a good choice for this type of application. The electrical speed-control system discussed in this paper fulfills these requirements. Components include electrical circuits for sensing speed and load and an electrohydraulic actuator which converts electrical signals from the amplifier into useful mechanical motion for operation of an engine fuel control. This system has been used with all type engine-generator sets. It is also readily adaptable to high speed compressors and pumps. Reliability is a proved feature as its design is very conservative and all components being used are well within their ratings.
Feindt, C. F., Barnes, B. B.
Impact of Maintainability Analysis on SST Inlet Control Design6803522/1/1968
Maintainability analysis incorporated into the initial design of the F-111 air inlet control system has achieved greater dispatch reliability for this aircraft. Experience from this program, together with knowledge gained from today’s commercial jet engine aircraft components, can be used for design and development guidance for the air inlet control for the Supersonic Transport (SST). Air inlet control experience on a supersonic military aircraft is reviewed and applicable commerical jet engine component maintainability data are presented.
Hayes, John J.
Mixture Pre-Treatment for Clean Exhaust - The Zenith “Duplex” Carburation System6704842/1/1967
A carburetor adapted to exploit the control of exhaust emissions through consistency of metering and mixture quality, particularly in conjunction with a dual bore inlet manifold, is discussed against the background problems faced by the European motor industry. The development and incidental research data which determined the design are followed by a description of production and quality assurance techniques, with special reference to the evolution of automatic flow testing apparatus.
Lawrence, G., Buttivant, J., O'Neill, C. G.
Controls for Gas Turbines Driving Centrifugal Compressors6701421/9/1967
Aircraft gas turbines are used to drive free trubine-centrifugal compressor combinations in stationary installations. This combination is used for gas compression and power generation in the natural gas transmission, processing, and utility industry. This article discusses the use of aircraft gas turbines to drive gas compressors. The control design criteria and concepts for the start-up sequence based on the location and load are explained. Safety controls for unattended remote installations are discussed.
Lenz, Hans D.
Microelectronics in Fuel Controls6505292/1/1965
This paper describes the contribution of a microelectronic fuel control in meeting the demanding requirements of an airborne propulsion turbine engine. Trends in requirements such as control parameters, cost, weight, size and availability are shown. A typical control system is illustrated. Advantages of digital and analog methods of implementing the computation and logic are given. Manufacturing techniques of the microelectronics are described together with significant contributions of the microelectronic engine control in meeting rapidly stiffening requirements.
Peck, W. C.
A Statistical Method Useful in the Development of Jet Engine Fuel Controls6505312/1/1965
Since most jet engine fuel control development programs require working to tight schedules, changing engine requirements, and in new areas of technology, the distinction between development and production becomes less apparent and the two activities, for a time, are carried on simultaneously. A development test program must take this into consideration. Many problems encountered during the development period are straightforward and will yield quickly to the technical knowledge and experience of the engineer. When they do not yield to this approach, other more powerful statistical analytical techniques may be required. One such technique is “Random Balance.” It is an experimental design which permits simultaneous study of the effect of many inputs with little added cost or delay in the program. It is a screening experiment that isolates the inputs that have the greatest effect on outputs under study. It assists in sorting the vital few from the trivial many. Furthermore, the technique does not replace the classical statistical experiment, but directs it to those areas where rigorous analysis is required.
Jazwinski, H. J., McCarthy, C. D.
SST Fuels — A Major Airline Concern6402881/1/1964
The recent intensive efforts of manufacturers, airlines, and the FAA in Phase I of the U.S. Supersonic Transport Program has provided the aviation world with a better understanding of many technical and economic problems. One of these problem areas involves the technical and economic impact of SST fuel requirements. The author presents an airline’s analysis of the magnitude of the fuel question and suggests some technical design considerations which could contribute to SST economic success. Emphasis is placed on the responsibility of aircraft and engine designers in attention to detail design and on the petroleum industry to provide adequate quality control and quality improvement.
Sherwood, W. D.
Effects of Fuel Contamination on Corrosion of Aircraft Fuel Systems6203571/1/1962
Turbine fuel contaminants such as surface active agents, saline water, and iron rust provide an ideal environment for extensive growth of microorganisms in fuel, resulting in a serious corrosion problem to aircraft fuel systems. Contamination sources, means of entry into the aircraft, and effects on the fuel system are discussed. Recently developed detection methods and an improved quality control procedure which alleviate the problem are described.
Digman, William J.
The Design and Development of Two New Industrial Gas Turbine Fuel Controls6104711/1/1961
Newburgh, F. W., Ingold, B.
CUMMINS HEW FT FUEL PUMP6004521/1/1960
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