This SAE Standard establishes terminology and the content of commercial literature specifications for self-propelled crawler and wheeled material handlers, pedestal mounted material handlers and their equipment as defined in 3.1. Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been provided to describe the principles to be used in applying this document. (Material handlers share many design characteristics with hydraulic excavators and log loaders; primarily 360 degree continuous rotation of the upperstructure relative to the undercarriage or mounting. They differ in their operating application. Material handlers are used for the handling of scrap material and normally utilize grapples or magnets. Hydraulic excavators are used for the excavation of earth, gravel and other loose material utilizing a bucket. Log loaders are used for the handling of logs and trees and normally utilize

MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery

Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive Dimensions

J744_202510 (Current)

10/1/2025

This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.

CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems

Development and Flight Demonstration of An Active Seat Mount System for Aircrew Whole-Body Vibration Mitigation on NRC Bell-412 Helicopter

F-0080-2024-1041

5/7/2024

Helicopter aircrew are exposed to high levels of whole-body vibration (WBV) in fight operations, which may degrade their ride comfort and performance in the short-term, and contribute to some health issues in the long-term. This paper presents the latest development and flight test demonstration results of an active seat mount system that is designed to reduce helicopter aircrew WBV levels through active cancellation of the N/rev vibration peaks related to the helicopter main rotor speed. A prototype airworthy hardware of the active seat mount system has been developed based on previous bench-top-test designs to meet airframe integrity requirements for installation and flight testing on the Bell-412 helicopter. Extensive experimental results on human occupants using a shaker table facility and flight demonstrations on the NRC Bell-412 helicopter in representative flight conditions are presented and discussed. The active seat mount system has achieved significant reduction to the

Chen, Yong (Eric), Wickramasinghe, Viresh, Fereidooni, Amin

About the Stabilizing Effect of the Torque on Propeller Whirl Flutter

F-0080-2024-1178

5/7/2024

This paper investigates the role of the aerodynamic torque on propeller whirl flutter stability. The generalized force due to the torque is first computed and subsequently included in the equations of motion of a rigid propeller-pylon system. Preliminary evaluations indicate that the torque modifies the real part of the backward and forward modes, providing a stabilizing effect on powered propellers. Analyses are conducted on a 3-bladed propeller driven by an electric motor. Stability predictions are obtained with a simple analytical model and validated by multibody simulations coupled with a mid-fidelity aerodynamic solver, based on a vortex particle method. Furthermore, a simple control law acting on the propeller's collective pitch and rotational speed is presented. The control variables are modified to increase the whirl flutter stability margins, without altering the trim conditions of the aircraft. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, although

Kantzidis, Paul, Muscarello, Vincenzo, Masarati, Pierangelo, Bohnisch, Nils

Geometry, Sizing and Optimization of honeycomb structures along with embedded metal inserts on the floor for Truck-Mounted Container Applications

2024-26-01861/16/2024

With the rise of worldwide trends towards light weighting and the move towards electric vehicles, it is now more important than ever for the automotive industry to develop and implement lightweight materials that will result in significant weight reduction and product improvements. A great deal of research has been done on how to best combine and configure honeycomb cores with the right face sheets for Truck-Mounted Container Applications. Honeycomb structures possess the ability to bring about superior structural rigidity when the core parameters are selected and optimized based on the automotive application requirements. Through a variety of experimental tests for various combinations of the core parameters, the selection of the critical honeycomb core parameters to efficiently increase the compressive strength and panel rigidity of the entire container assembly has been evaluated and compared in order to determine the most effective combination to produce superior results for

phukan, Prerna, Dave, Rajeev

Design optimization of Engine Mount bracket to reduce various gear noises in the passenger car cabin

2024-26-02081/16/2024

With the advancement of regulatory norms in the automobile industry, there is challenging to meet performance efficiency targets, especially with a lightweight platform, while providing a superior driving experience to customers. The shift towards weight optimization makes the vehicle structure more susceptible to transfer a diverse range of noise and vibrations through the body. Although most undesirable noises perceived inside the cabin can be reduced by superior technology engine mounts and NVH packaging, all such solutions lead to cost addition. Intelligent considerations in part design can be used to supplement predictable transfer paths to quell unwanted vibrations. One such case is of the gear whine noise in certain rpm bands caused by inherent gear meshing frequency coinciding with the natural frequency of an engine mounting bracket. This paper demonstrates two methodologies to counter such a phenomenon, either through engine mount bracket natural frequency optimization or

Ghosh, Chiranjit, Agrawal, Adheesh, Karmakar, Sudipto, Srivastava, Shubham, Khan, Aamir

Light Weighting of Tractor Components Using Virtual Optimization Technique

2024-26-03901/16/2024

Usually conventional iterative methods of optimization will consume more time to optimize the given design. Mostly, it becomes very difficult if multiple loads are acting on the structure contradicting each other. CAE based optimization technique becomes more useful in such cases to optimize the given design and achieve weight reduction. Optimization methods provide directions to achieve solutions faster, significantly reducing product development time. Nowadays, optimization became inevitable part among the virtual validation processes of design in industries. Various optimization methods have been successfully utilized to design the tractor components, especially mounting brackets, chassis and skid housing in the large off-road vehicle development process. Depending on the design status, different optimization approaches were followed i.e. size, topology and shape. Design freedom and available analysis time determines the type of optimization approach to be used. In case, the design

Dumpa, Mahendra Reddy, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, PAGARE, NITIN, Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, MANI, SURESH

Determination of the structural member life cycle without undergoing complete testing using CAE input for an improved design after failure correlation

2024-26-03331/16/2024

This case study involves the failure of the wheel arch of a medium duty commercial vehicle. The wheel arch is an important vehicle trim aggregate from both the regulatory perspective (spray suppression) as well as from the aesthetics of the truck. But, the durability of this part is affected by the vehicle architecture, vehicle load capacity as well as the operating conditions. This is more critical due to the nature of the overhang experienced by the mounting bracket assemblies that hold these wheel arches/mud flaps. This generally consist of tubular and sheet metal welded structures bolted on to the main chassis long members. Some premature failures were observed in a legacy vehicle, where very little details of the complete vehicle digital simulation and testing performance were readily available. This paper deals with the a) identification of the root cause of the failure b) simulation of the root cause in CAE c) improvement in design d) CAE evaluation of improved design e

Venkatesh, Srinivasa

OPTIMISED DESIGN SOLUTION FOR FLOOR CONSOLE AND SIMILAR COMPONENTS

2024-26-03201/16/2024

Traditionally floor console design requires structural part inside the assembly to mount surrounding parts to withstand various load cases and functionality. this leads to heavy assembly weight & greater number of parts in assembly. This will also impact on overall cost of the component as well as assembly cycle time, logistics & maintenance cost. In order to address this issue for any floor console or similar component which requires structural part inside for rigidity we thought of redesigning our parts and use of CPSF injection molded parts without impacting aesthetics. Counter pressure structural foam (CPSF) process allows us to design in more structural and thicker parts while still it gives good class a quality. CPSF process is similar to IM process only, but here along with thermoplastic materials in pelletized form and blowing agent is also added in hopper in proper ratio. Components similar like floor console requires more strengthen parts for holding loads & occupant sitting

Kole, Abhinandan, John, Pramod, pena, Geofrey

Optimization of Trim Clips Design for Performance Improvement

2024-26-03671/16/2024

As customers are inching towards adoption of electric vehicles as an alternative to internal combustion engines, automotive OEM's will have to embrace this change and equip with new product development process. When it comes to Electric Vehicle (EV) in comparison with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), NVH plays a major differentiator for vehicle refinement. Squeak and rattles will account for 25% of overall in-cabin noise source in an electric vehicle, most of which is observed from interior trims. Trim is mounted using small plastic clips which act as mounts and play a significant role in part retention and part integrity during normal operation and in case of any transient events. The engineering specifications for selecting a clip is force and it is mostly driven by ease of assembly, serviceability, and durability. A single DOF system with a specimen mass is developed and stiffness and damping are calculated for different options based on transmissibility. In this work, an attempt

Deole, Sameer Shrikant, Mohammed, Riyazuddin

A Study on Traction Battery Mounting Arrangements in Different EV Buses

2024-26-01211/16/2024

This paper provides an overview of the different types of traction battery mounting arrangements available in electric buses globally. The paper describes a key comparison of all the types of traction battery mounting strategies used in EV buses along with their dominance and limitations. In EV buses, bigger sized batteries are used which directly affect vehicle architecture, assembly & serviceability. On the other hand, larger-sized batteries are used in buses which carries heavy mass, which influences vehicle dynamics & performance characteristics such as vehicle ride, handling, braking & NVH. The most important consideration in EV vehicles is safety, which comes in first place, so this paper gives some ideas to carefully design battery mounting arrangements for EV bus applications. There has been seen a very positive adaptation of EV buses in the last few years due to the rise in Co2 and global warming. Many EV bus manufacturers have entered the market with their innovative ideas of

Jain, Gaurav, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang

HARMONIC VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF 2-WHEELER TAIL LAMP TO GET THE PARTICULAR RESPONSE ON THE CENTRE OF LENS AND CORRELATION WITH PHYSICAL TEST RESULTS

2024-26-02831/16/2024

Automotive components undergo various loadings in different conditions during operation. So, every component must be designed according to its assurance of withstanding the certain and uncertain loads as well. Tail lamp is one of the components which may not take any structural forces but must be designed precisely to resist the vibration coming from the engine and road. Harmonic simulation helps to verify the design of tail lamp for given excitation and fixed testing range of frequencies. Apart from this, OEM companies demand the testing of tail lamp to get the particular G level response on the center of lens of the assembly and accordingly the inputs have to be defined. This paper demonstrates the harmonic simulation of the 2-wheeler tail lamp to maintain the 15G acceleration response on the center of lens. For this, calculation of input acceleration for given frequency range is important. This is carried out by using response from the preliminary simulation where constant

Patne, Sachin

NVH Refinement of Structure borne tonal noise in electric vehicle

2024-26-01981/16/2024

Globally all OEMs are moving towards electric vehicle to reduce emission and manage fuel cost. Customers expect highest level of refinement and sophistication in electric vehicle. At present, the customers are sensitive to high pitched tonal noise produced by electric powertrain which gives a lot of challenges to NVH engineers to arrive at a cost-effective solution in less span of time Higher structure borne tonal noise is perceived in electric vehicle at the vehicle speeds of 15 kmph and 60 kmph. The test vehicle is front wheel drive compact SUV powered by motor in the front. The electric powertrain is connected to subframe with help of three mounts. Transfer path analysis (TPA) using blocked forces method is carried out to identify the exact forces of the powertrain. Powertrain mount is characterized by applying the predicted forces and dynamic stiffness at problematic frequency is measured. By reducing the dynamic stiffness of powertrain mounts, the noise levels are reduced by ~ 5

S, Nataraja moorthy, Rao, Manchi, Raghavendran, Prasath, Selvam, Ebinezer

Influence of clean side duct topology on mass air flow for gasoline engine on passenger vehicle

2024-26-03391/16/2024

The need for effective control systems is exacerbated by tighter pollution regulations. Also, there is growing demand for highly efficiently vehicles especially in the passenger segment. The air flow estimation of engine and accordingly controlling the fuel quantity removes many lacunas of the modern gasoline engines. The hot wire type mass air flow sensor is commonly used for air flow measurement, and is generally mounted in clean side piping to prevent damage to air mass flow sensor. The right estimation of air flow is possible by getting uniform flow over the different engine operating speed and load conditions. The placement of air flow sensor becomes critical considering the engine layout and packaging constraints and meeting the sensor mounting requirements. The deviation in mounting of air flow sensor will lead to consequential impact on engine performance and emissions. In our new developed air intake system for passenger vehicle application, torque oscillations were observed

SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Zope, Mahesh, Ghadge, Ganesh, dwivedi, Anil, Jadhav, Aashish

Asymmetric Gear Blank Optimization to Reduce Gear Noise for Electric Drive Units

2025-01-00795/5/2023

Gear whine has emerged as a significant challenge for electric vehicles (EVs) in the absence of engine masking noise. The demand from customers for premium EVs with high speed and high torque density introduces additional NVH risks. Conventional gear design strategies to reduce the pitch-line velocity and increase contact ratio may impact EV torque capacitor or its efficiency. Furthermore, microgeometry optimization has limited design space to reduce gear noise over a wide range of torque loads. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the optimization of transfer gear blanks in a single-speed two-stage FDW electric drive unit (EDU) with the objective of reducing both mass and noise. A detailed multi-body dynamics (MBD) model is constructed for the entire EDU system using a finite-element-based time-domain solver. This investigation focuses on the analysis and optimization of asymmetric gear blank design features with three-slot patterns. A DOE methodology is employed to

He, Song, Bahk, Cheonjae, Li, Bo, Du, Isaac, Patruni, Pavan Kumar, Baladhandapani, Dhanasekar

Road noise analysis using Component TPA and FBS with vehicle component modifications

2025-01-00555/5/2023

Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and mount bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this

Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije

A novel framework for accelerating EDU NVH simulation using scalable transfer functions and evaluating manufacturing defects through space order excitation

2025-01-00445/5/2023

In the ultra-luxury vehicle segment, achieving optimal NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance across a growing range of load cases in drive and regeneration conditions presents significant engineering challenges. As the complexity of load cases escalates with varying torque ripple and transmission errors, traditional time and frequency-domain simulations become computationally inefficient. To address these challenges, an in-house software framework that employs Noise Transfer Functions (NTFs) and Vibration Transfer Functions (VTFs) is developed. The system’s dynamic response is computed once and scaled to various excitation sources, which includes radial and tangential forces derived from EMAG simulations, and gear forces derived from MBS simulation. Speed sweep simulation is performed to systematically characterize the RPM range, allowing for precise scaling of the transfer function against the original forces to obtain the responses in mounts or microphones. The resulting

Sureshkumar, Sanjai, Shaw, Stephen, Qureshi, Manucher, Duclaux de L'Estoille, Nicolas

NVH improvement of the BEV transmission by altering bearing mounting arrangement.

2025-01-01045/5/2023

As per metaphor, “The squeaky wheel gets the grease” the transmission of battery electric vehicle (BEVs) gets topmost attention in terms of NVH improvement. While the engine is getting replaced with an almost silent electric motor, the transmission noise appears persistent and demands more silent transmission. This has raised demand for improvement in design as well as manufacturing quality. Various innovations are being done to drive an improvement in the NVH. Following paper will discuss the improvement in NVH achieved through a design innovation in the way bearings are installed and demonstrated a significant amount of improvement. We have used SMT MASTA used as a simulation tool to predict the expected results and a Transmission Dyno test bench in an anechoic chamber to test the NVH performance on physical sample. The innovation was done on a small single speed two stage reduction gearbox coupled with a 100 NM, 14000 RPM battery electric motor. Though the bearings have

Pingale, Abhijeet, Soni, Jaldeep

Development of high damping powertrain mount using thixotropic fluid

2022-01-07343/29/2022

Vibration isolation performance and damping performance of powertrain mount are important for improving NV and ride comfort performances of the vehicle, respectively. In this research, based on the principle of liquid sealed mounts, we focused on the fact that the ideal fluid viscosity differs depending on the input frequency. By combining the liquid resonance phenomenon and thixotropic fluid, we developed a technology that balances a high level between low dynamic spring rate and high damping, which are trade-off items for liquid sealed mounts. The thixotropic fluid was blended with ethylene glycol aqueous solution as a base solution and smectite nano-cray as a thixotropic agent. From the view point of the viscosity corresponding to the shear rate and the viscosity at the high shear point, the optimum concentration of smectite was shown to be 1.5 wt%. As a result of measuring the dynamic characteristics of the mount unit using this thixotropic fluid, the damping coefficient increased

Takaesu, Keita, Sogawa, Naoki, Kuwahara, Hiroki, HAYAKAWA, SEIJI

Flashing Emergency Lights: Influence of Intensity, Flash Rate and Synchronization on Driver Visibility, Comfort and Confidence

2022-01-09673/29/2022

Flashing emergency lights are critical elements of public safety and traffic control during roadway incidents. These lights should not only alert drivers to the presence of hazards, but also should inform them of who and what is present on the scene, and should manage the responses of drivers as they navigate past the incident. First responder and driver safety depends upon all three of these functions. A full-scale outdoor field study was carried out during daytime, during nighttime on dry pavement and during nighttime on wet pavement, using a mock-up scene consisting of three police vehicles parked adjacent to each other. The lights on the vehicles were adjusted to produce different levels of intensity, flash rate, and synchronization of lights across all three vehicles. Upon viewing each combination of these factors, observers in stationary vehicles were asked to identify the location of a silhouette of a police officer randomly placed within the scene and to rate the conspicuity of

Bullough, John D., Miller, Bradley D., Baker, Douglas V., Rea, Mark S.

A study on editing method of road load spectrum of automobile rubber isolator using time-frequency domain methods

2022-01-03143/29/2022

In order to enhance the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) method and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force which is acquired by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on the accumulative power spectral density, the threshold value was proposed to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and then the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the already existed time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to edit the force load spectrum to shorten the length of the spectrum, and the editing effects of the

Zhu, Xijun, Shi, Wei, Qian, Xuepeng, Wang , Fei

Modeling and analysis of hydraulic bushings/mounts considering frequency and amplitude dependence

2022-01-03273/29/2022

The dynamic characteristics of hydraulic bushings/hydraulic mounts are related to their excitation amplitude and frequency, which are often not reflected in existing models. Based on the lumped parameter model of hydraulic bushings/mounts, this paper compares and analyzes the similarity of the working mechanism of hydraulic bushings and hydraulic mounts, and deduces the unified mechanical analog model. Based on the derived unified mechanical analog model, a nonlinear damping element is introduced at the concentrated mass of the liquid in the pipe to reflect the amplitude dependence of the resonance of the hydraulic bushings/mounts dynamic stiffness curve.At the same time, Maxwell element and Berg friction damping element are introduced at the equivalent spring element representing the upper chamber stiffness, so as to reflect the amplitude dependence of the dynamic stiffness curve of the hydraulic bushings/mounts in high frequency band caused by the nonlinear stiffness of the upper

jiang, jian, Yin, Zhihong, Shangguan, Wenbin

Design of Engine mount bracket for impact load requirement

2022-01-09153/29/2022

The primary function of a powertrain mounting bracket is to support the powertrain system in all road conditions. Since it is impossible to change the supporting locations and types of support at a later stage of the development after the powertrain is packaged, the mounting brackets must be verified for all kinds of requirements like NVH, crash, durability and impact strength at the early design stage. Generally, all car manufacturers ensure powertrain mount bracket design through CAE against road load data (RLD), corresponding damage for cumulative strain or stress against specified service life requirements. However, it is challenging to simulate the impact load through CAE, which requires highly complex input data. The energy absorption characteristics of the powertrain mounting bracket are mainly influenced by two variables, the material and the design. Though a bracket may be sound in design for durability, there is a chance of failure due to impact loading. This paper outlines

Hazra, Sandip

The Study of Time-frequency Domain Accelerated Editing Method for Road Load Spectrum of Automobile Rubber Isolator

2022-01-07383/29/2022

In order to improve the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) theory and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force collected by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on this, the threshold value was set to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the existing time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to accelerate the editing of the force load spectrum, and the editing effects of the three time-frequency domain editing methods were compared and analyzed from four

Zhu, Xijun

Finite Element Model Updating of the Mount Bracket Based on Modal Test

2022-01-03603/29/2022

The mount bracket is an important part of t he mount system, its dynamic characteristics will affect dynamic characteristics of the mount system, and then affect NVH of the vehicle. Based on the large error between the test result and the finite element analysis（FEA） result, the dynamic finite element model of the mount bracket is revised from the material parameters of the bracket and the equivalent boundary of the bolt joint. This paper presents a method to identify the parameters of the mount bracket model by combining modal test, FEA and the mathematical optimization model. Firstly,based on HyperStudy platform, the optimization objective is minimizing the natural frequency error between FEA and free mode test, and the material parameters of the bracket to be identified are used as design variables to build the optimization function. The global response surface method is used for iteration to complete the identification. Then, considering the important influence of dynamic

Kang, Yingzi, Lu, Gang, Shen, Dongming, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Aerospace Fluid System Standards, Metric, National and International

AIR2000F (Current)

3/25/2022

The purpose of this aerospace information report is to provide a listing of national and international metric standards for use in aerospace fluid systems with their equivalent SAE inch, International ISO, and European AECMA standards.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies