Browse Topic: Mountings

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Sound quality refinement and vibration reduction during Horn Application in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0338To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper focuses on the cabin sound quality refinement and the tactile vibration reduction during horn application in the electric vehicle. Horn cracking sound is perceived in the cabin while pressing the horn. Higher vibrations are also perceived in accelerator pedal during the particular event. Sound diagnosis is carried out to identify the frequencies contributing to cracking noise. Transfer path analysis is conducted to identify the nature of noise and the predominant path through which forces transfer. Based on finding from TPA, various recommendations are evaluated which reduced the noise to a certain extent. Operational Deflection Shape(ODS) is conducted on the horn, horn mounting bracket and on the body to identify the component having higher deflection at the problematic frequencies . Based on the outcome of ODS, recommendations like dynamic stiffness improvement on the horn bracket and the body is assessed and the effect of each outcome is discussed. With all the
S, Nataraja Moorthy
Optimization of Electric Drive Unit Mounting for Vibration Isolation in EV Powertrains Using Multibody Dynamics2026-26-0080To be published on 01/16/2026
With growing significance of electric vehicles (EVs), their powertrains—while naturally quieter than internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains—pose new NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) challenges. These are triggered mainly from high-frequency disturbances caused by electric motors and gear interactions. Isolation of such excitations is essential for securing cabin refinement and customer expectations for acoustic comfort. This paper offers a simulation-based approach to optimal placement of the electric drive unit (EDU), which houses the electric motor and gearbox, with the objective of reducing vibration transfer to the chassis of the vehicle. The methodology explores the effect of spatial mount repositioning under actual dynamic load conditions through multibody dynamics (MBD) modeling and integrated optimizer using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The suggested workflow helps in effective investigation of mount positioning within packaging
Mane, Prashant, Shah, Swapnil, Back PhD, Arthur, Pinjari, Abrar, Emran, Ashraf, Mane PhD, Shrikala
UNIQUE HYBRID PANORAMIC HEADLINER CLIP WITH HIGH TOLERANCE TO REPLACE DUAL LOCK FASTENERS2026-26-0299To be published on 01/16/2026
Mounting strategies for vehicles with panoramic sunroofs remains a challenge owing to its high complexity to balance cost, performance and assembly efficiency. Achieving efficient and reliable headliner mounting solutions is one of the conundrums where cost optimization must go together with uncompromised performance. Traditional methods like Dual Lock Fasteners (DLFs), have set high benchmarks for robustness but at the cost of increased manufacturing complexity and expense. In pursuit of a more economical and production-friendly alternative, various plastic clip designs were explored. However, these solutions posed significant challenges during validation due to the stringent requirements for mounting feasibility, tolerance management, and long-term durability This paper introduces a novel hybrid plastic-metal clip solution that addresses those challenges comprehensively. The new design achieves precise tolerance control, ensuring reliable headliner installation under varying Body-in
D, GOWTHAM, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, Shoeb, Mohd, Chauhan, Aarti
A Noval methodology of compact cooling unit design for Truck applications by using CAE CFD simulation2026-26-0460To be published on 01/16/2026
The implementation of AC unit on truck as compulsory as per government guideline demands the AC supplier to design a compact and modular AC unit within the available package space. The installation of AC unit inside the vehicle helps the driver to drive safely due to better cabin comfort. This will reduce fatigue due to the long driving of the truck drivers. Thereby the safety of the truck and driver will be saved with the implementation. But there are challenges for AC manufactures to design the compact size AC unit. The challenges like performance, durability, cost and less noise to be met as per customer requirement. To overcome the issue of design at the early stage and compact AC unit within small space is possible with the support of simulation software. AE and CFD plays a major role in this regard. So first unit level CAE and CFD analysis conducted to predict the result. AE used for checking the strength of the mounting bracket of cooling unit and CFD used for verifying the air
Parayil, Paulson
An investigation into the Structural Impacts of Off-Road Manoeuvres on Rear Axle upper Link Mounting Bracket2026-26-0490To be published on 01/16/2026
Multi-link rigid axle suspension is widely used as a rear suspension system for body-on-frame SUVs. The upper link in a multi-link rear suspension plays a critical role in managing the vertical and longitudinal positioning of the axle, while the lower link ensures stability by regulating the axle's movement in the horizontal plane. This coordinated functionality of upper and lower link allows for controlled axle dynamics during compression and rebound, significantly enhancing ride comfort and improving vehicle handling characteristics. This study examines the failure of an upper link mounting bracket on the rear axle of an SUV during off-road events, despite no failures observed in other durability tests. Root cause analysis is conducted on failed samples to determine the specific reasons for failure only in off-road conditions. Additionally, the investigation focuses on understanding the dynamic loads experienced by the upper link during vehicle operation across various durability
J, Akhil, Senthil Raja, T, Ghumare, Dheeraj, Chilakala, Raghavendra, Kundan, Lal, Mohapatra, Durga Prasad
Machine Learning based Engine Mount NVH Life Health Monitoring System2026-26-0359To be published on 01/16/2026
Refinement for NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance, and long-term vehicle reliability are rapidly evolving in today’s automotive industry. Engine mounts play a central role in isolating powertrain-induced vibrations; their deterioration can significantly affect cabin comfort, powertrain integrity, and customer satisfaction. Prior work in this area has primarily focused on direct mount sensors and physical inspection at service centre after failure. While effective in controlled environments, such methods are not scalable, add system complexity, and increase vehicle cost due to sudden breakdowns—challenges that restrict practical OEM deployment. This paper introduces a novel indirect health monitoring method that leverages a driver seat rail-mounted accelerometer to capture driver specific vibrational responses. By analyzing these signals using machine learning models and domain-specific analytical features, engine mount health is inferred without requiring sensors on the
Iqbal, Shoaib, Dusane, Mangesh
Optimization of Propeller shaft design to eliminate Launch Undulation (Lateral shake) and Vibration level2026-26-0334To be published on 01/16/2026
During vehicle launches in 1st gear, a lateral shake (undulation) and a pronounced metallic hitting noise were observed in the underbody. The noise was identified as the propeller shaft's second universal joint (UJ) yoke striking the fuel tank mounting bracket. Sensitivity to these issues varied with acceleration inputs: light pedal input during a normal 1st gear launch on a flat road resulted in minimal undulation, whereas wide open throttle (WOT) conditions in 1st gear produced significant lateral shake and intensified hitting noise. Further investigation revealed that the problem persists across all gears and occurs consistently during normal driving conditions, with continuous impact between the propeller shaft yoke and the fuel tank mounting bracket. Extensive experimental measurements at the vehicle level indicated that these issues were primarily caused by the center-mounted propeller shaft joint deviating from its central position and rotating eccentrically under torque. This
Sanjay, L, S, Manickaraja, Kumar, Sarvesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Senthil Raja, T, B, Prem Prabhakar, M, Kiran
Tailgate Stiffness Mitigation and Engineering Strategy for Y-to-Y Tailgate-Mounted Tail Lamp Integration2026-26-0494To be published on 01/16/2026
The tailgate, as the rearmost vehicle opening, plays a pivotal role in defining the rear aesthetic theme while ensuring structural durability and maximizing luggage space. Contemporary automotive design trends highlight an increasing demand for Y-to-Y tailgate-mounted tail lamp configurations, which deliver a bold and dynamic visual appeal. Enhanced by animated lighting features, these designs cater to the preferences of Gen Z customers, becoming a decisive factor in purchasing decisions. However, integrating these complex tail lamp structures introduces significant engineering challenges, including increased X-dimension volume, reduced design space, and intricate mounting schemes constrained by stamping limitations. These factors necessitate the development of innovative joinery strategies and structural definitions to maintain durability targets, including achieving 25,000–30,000 slam cycles without failure, while preserving luggage space. This paper explores a comprehensive approach
Beryl, Joshua, Mohanty, Abhinab, Unadkat, Siddharth, Selvan, Veera
Packaging the HPTS Airbag in a Second-row bench seat2026-26-0033To be published on 01/16/2026
Seats of modern cars should necessarily meet the regulatory safety norms along with aesthetics and comfort. In the existing passenger cars prevailing across the Indian subcontinent, the measure of safety has been a challenging one. The stringent regulatory norms thereby make the Airbag very promising. In the domain of automotive safety, certain features hold exceptional importance, with airbags taking a forefront position. Their fundamental objective is to provide an advanced level of safety for both the driver and passengers in the unfortunate event of a collision. This is accomplished through the automatic deployment of an inflatable airbag, engineered to swiftly respond during a crash and furnish the necessary sophisticated cushioning to enhance overall passenger safety. The technology has been practiced widely upon a many vehicles seat. However, the present work highlights a novel approach of packaging the HPTS air bag in second row seat. This Air bag unit is fitted in the seat
Buradkar, Rajat Ramkrishna, BOSE, KARTHIK, JADHAV, DEEPIKA, Balakrishnan, Gangadharan
Adaptive Control Algorithms for Active Mounts on Diesel Powertrains in Passenger Cars2026-26-0324To be published on 01/16/2026
Diesel powertrains are inherently characterized by high vibration levels and low-frequency excitations, which are extremely demanding for passenger comfort and vehicle refinement. Conventional passive engine mounts often fall short in mitigating such vibrations effectively across a wide range of operating conditions. Passive mounts are inadequate for effectively isolating vibrations in powerful, lightweight vehicles or those without a balancer shaft 3-cylinder engine ordiesel engines. Consequently, this has prompted the consideration of active engine mounts as an alternative solution for solving NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness)-related issues. This paper explores the application of adaptive control algorithms in active engine mount systems for diesel powertrains in passenger vehicles. Through the integration of real-time feedback loops with smart control strategies the system adaptively controls mount stiffness and damping to minimize engine-induced vibrations. The study presents
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava, more, Vishwas
Contradictions of Automotive NVH with other Vehicle Performance and TRIZ tools for Innovative problem solving2026-26-0347To be published on 01/16/2026
For safety towards Automotive engineering often faces design contradictions, particularly in Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) optimization. Traditional approaches rely on trade-offs, but TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) offers a structured methodology to resolve contradictions innovatively. This paper explores in depth the TRIZ-based solutions for 2 key NVH challenges: (1) exhaust systems requiring noise reduction while maintaining low engine back-pressure, (2) engine mounts requiring both softness for vibration isolation and hardness for durability& vehicle stability. By applying principles such as segmentation, dynamization, parameter change, cheap short living objects or mechanics substitution, the novel solutions are proposed to achieve superior performance without traditional compromises. Tuneable valves in the path of the exhaust gas flow and the power-train mounting focused on its Torque Roll Axis were shown to exemplify the TRIZ problem solving effectiveness
A, Milind Ambardekar
An Engineering Perspective on Cradle and Saddle Mount Configurations2026-26-0313To be published on 01/16/2026
The evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) demands optimized powertrain mounting systems to achieve superior Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance. This study presents a comparative evaluation of cradle-type and saddle-type mounting systems in EV applications. Experimental modal analysis and vehicle-level vibration testing were conducted to assess structure-borne and airborne noise transmission across operating conditions. Key factors such as mount stiffness, isolation efficiency, and dynamic load distribution were analyzed. Cradle systems exhibited better low- to mid-frequency isolation, whereas saddle systems offered advantages in packaging flexibility, high-frequency noise control, and reduced load distribution on supporting structures. These findings provide valuable guidance for selecting optimal mount strategies to enhance occupant comfort and acoustic quality in future EV designs. Recommendations for mount system improvements considering evolving EV architectures are
Hazra, Sandip, more, Vishwas, Naik, Sarang Pramod
Material Handler Nomenclature and SpecificationsJ2506_202511 (Current)11/25/2025
This SAE Standard establishes terminology and the content of commercial literature specifications for self-propelled crawler and wheeled material handlers, pedestal mounted material handlers and their equipment as defined in 3.1. Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been provided to describe the principles to be used in applying this document. (Material handlers share many design characteristics with hydraulic excavators and log loaders; primarily 360 degree continuous rotation of the upperstructure relative to the undercarriage or mounting. They differ in their operating application. Material handlers are used for the handling of scrap material and normally utilize grapples or magnets. Hydraulic excavators are used for the excavation of earth, gravel and other loose material utilizing a bucket. Log loaders are used for the handling of logs and trees and normally utilize
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202510 (Current)10/01/2025
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Geometry, Sizing and Optimization of honeycomb structures along with embedded metal inserts on the floor for Truck-Mounted Container Applications2024-26-018601/16/2024
With the rise of worldwide trends towards light weighting and the move towards electric vehicles, it is now more important than ever for the automotive industry to develop and implement lightweight materials that will result in significant weight reduction and product improvements. A great deal of research has been done on how to best combine and configure honeycomb cores with the right face sheets for Truck-Mounted Container Applications. Honeycomb structures possess the ability to bring about superior structural rigidity when the core parameters are selected and optimized based on the automotive application requirements. Through a variety of experimental tests for various combinations of the core parameters, the selection of the critical honeycomb core parameters to efficiently increase the compressive strength and panel rigidity of the entire container assembly has been evaluated and compared in order to determine the most effective combination to produce superior results for
phukan, Prerna, Dave, Rajeev
Design optimization of Engine Mount bracket to reduce various gear noises in the passenger car cabin2024-26-020801/16/2024
With the advancement of regulatory norms in the automobile industry, there is challenging to meet performance efficiency targets, especially with a lightweight platform, while providing a superior driving experience to customers. The shift towards weight optimization makes the vehicle structure more susceptible to transfer a diverse range of noise and vibrations through the body. Although most undesirable noises perceived inside the cabin can be reduced by superior technology engine mounts and NVH packaging, all such solutions lead to cost addition. Intelligent considerations in part design can be used to supplement predictable transfer paths to quell unwanted vibrations. One such case is of the gear whine noise in certain rpm bands caused by inherent gear meshing frequency coinciding with the natural frequency of an engine mounting bracket. This paper demonstrates two methodologies to counter such a phenomenon, either through engine mount bracket natural frequency optimization or
Ghosh, Chiranjit, Agrawal, Adheesh, Karmakar, Sudipto, Srivastava, Shubham, Khan, Aamir
Light Weighting of Tractor Components Using Virtual Optimization Technique2024-26-039001/16/2024
Usually conventional iterative methods of optimization will consume more time to optimize the given design. Mostly, it becomes very difficult if multiple loads are acting on the structure contradicting each other. CAE based optimization technique becomes more useful in such cases to optimize the given design and achieve weight reduction. Optimization methods provide directions to achieve solutions faster, significantly reducing product development time. Nowadays, optimization became inevitable part among the virtual validation processes of design in industries. Various optimization methods have been successfully utilized to design the tractor components, especially mounting brackets, chassis and skid housing in the large off-road vehicle development process. Depending on the design status, different optimization approaches were followed i.e. size, topology and shape. Design freedom and available analysis time determines the type of optimization approach to be used. In case, the design
Dumpa, Mahendra Reddy, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, PAGARE, NITIN, Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, MANI, SURESH
Determination of the structural member life cycle without undergoing complete testing using CAE input for an improved design after failure correlation2024-26-033301/16/2024
This case study involves the failure of the wheel arch of a medium duty commercial vehicle. The wheel arch is an important vehicle trim aggregate from both the regulatory perspective (spray suppression) as well as from the aesthetics of the truck. But, the durability of this part is affected by the vehicle architecture, vehicle load capacity as well as the operating conditions. This is more critical due to the nature of the overhang experienced by the mounting bracket assemblies that hold these wheel arches/mud flaps. This generally consist of tubular and sheet metal welded structures bolted on to the main chassis long members. Some premature failures were observed in a legacy vehicle, where very little details of the complete vehicle digital simulation and testing performance were readily available. This paper deals with the a) identification of the root cause of the failure b) simulation of the root cause in CAE c) improvement in design d) CAE evaluation of improved design e
Venkatesh, Srinivasa
OPTIMISED DESIGN SOLUTION FOR FLOOR CONSOLE AND SIMILAR COMPONENTS2024-26-032001/16/2024
Traditionally floor console design requires structural part inside the assembly to mount surrounding parts to withstand various load cases and functionality. this leads to heavy assembly weight & greater number of parts in assembly. This will also impact on overall cost of the component as well as assembly cycle time, logistics & maintenance cost. In order to address this issue for any floor console or similar component which requires structural part inside for rigidity we thought of redesigning our parts and use of CPSF injection molded parts without impacting aesthetics. Counter pressure structural foam (CPSF) process allows us to design in more structural and thicker parts while still it gives good class a quality. CPSF process is similar to IM process only, but here along with thermoplastic materials in pelletized form and blowing agent is also added in hopper in proper ratio. Components similar like floor console requires more strengthen parts for holding loads & occupant sitting
Kole, Abhinandan, John, Pramod, pena, Geofrey
Optimization of Trim Clips Design for Performance Improvement2024-26-036701/16/2024
As customers are inching towards adoption of electric vehicles as an alternative to internal combustion engines, automotive OEM's will have to embrace this change and equip with new product development process. When it comes to Electric Vehicle (EV) in comparison with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), NVH plays a major differentiator for vehicle refinement. Squeak and rattles will account for 25% of overall in-cabin noise source in an electric vehicle, most of which is observed from interior trims. Trim is mounted using small plastic clips which act as mounts and play a significant role in part retention and part integrity during normal operation and in case of any transient events. The engineering specifications for selecting a clip is force and it is mostly driven by ease of assembly, serviceability, and durability. A single DOF system with a specimen mass is developed and stiffness and damping are calculated for different options based on transmissibility. In this work, an attempt
Deole, Sameer Shrikant, Mohammed, Riyazuddin
A Study on Traction Battery Mounting Arrangements in Different EV Buses2024-26-012101/16/2024
This paper provides an overview of the different types of traction battery mounting arrangements available in electric buses globally. The paper describes a key comparison of all the types of traction battery mounting strategies used in EV buses along with their dominance and limitations. In EV buses, bigger sized batteries are used which directly affect vehicle architecture, assembly & serviceability. On the other hand, larger-sized batteries are used in buses which carries heavy mass, which influences vehicle dynamics & performance characteristics such as vehicle ride, handling, braking & NVH. The most important consideration in EV vehicles is safety, which comes in first place, so this paper gives some ideas to carefully design battery mounting arrangements for EV bus applications. There has been seen a very positive adaptation of EV buses in the last few years due to the rise in Co2 and global warming. Many EV bus manufacturers have entered the market with their innovative ideas of
Jain, Gaurav, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
HARMONIC VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF 2-WHEELER TAIL LAMP TO GET THE PARTICULAR RESPONSE ON THE CENTRE OF LENS AND CORRELATION WITH PHYSICAL TEST RESULTS2024-26-028301/16/2024
Automotive components undergo various loadings in different conditions during operation. So, every component must be designed according to its assurance of withstanding the certain and uncertain loads as well. Tail lamp is one of the components which may not take any structural forces but must be designed precisely to resist the vibration coming from the engine and road. Harmonic simulation helps to verify the design of tail lamp for given excitation and fixed testing range of frequencies. Apart from this, OEM companies demand the testing of tail lamp to get the particular G level response on the center of lens of the assembly and accordingly the inputs have to be defined. This paper demonstrates the harmonic simulation of the 2-wheeler tail lamp to maintain the 15G acceleration response on the center of lens. For this, calculation of input acceleration for given frequency range is important. This is carried out by using response from the preliminary simulation where constant
Patne, Sachin
NVH Refinement of Structure borne tonal noise in electric vehicle2024-26-019801/16/2024
Globally all OEMs are moving towards electric vehicle to reduce emission and manage fuel cost. Customers expect highest level of refinement and sophistication in electric vehicle. At present, the customers are sensitive to high pitched tonal noise produced by electric powertrain which gives a lot of challenges to NVH engineers to arrive at a cost-effective solution in less span of time Higher structure borne tonal noise is perceived in electric vehicle at the vehicle speeds of 15 kmph and 60 kmph. The test vehicle is front wheel drive compact SUV powered by motor in the front. The electric powertrain is connected to subframe with help of three mounts. Transfer path analysis (TPA) using blocked forces method is carried out to identify the exact forces of the powertrain. Powertrain mount is characterized by applying the predicted forces and dynamic stiffness at problematic frequency is measured. By reducing the dynamic stiffness of powertrain mounts, the noise levels are reduced by ~ 5
S, Nataraja moorthy, Rao, Manchi, Raghavendran, Prasath, Selvam, Ebinezer
Influence of clean side duct topology on mass air flow for gasoline engine on passenger vehicle2024-26-033901/16/2024
The need for effective control systems is exacerbated by tighter pollution regulations. Also, there is growing demand for highly efficiently vehicles especially in the passenger segment. The air flow estimation of engine and accordingly controlling the fuel quantity removes many lacunas of the modern gasoline engines. The hot wire type mass air flow sensor is commonly used for air flow measurement, and is generally mounted in clean side piping to prevent damage to air mass flow sensor. The right estimation of air flow is possible by getting uniform flow over the different engine operating speed and load conditions. The placement of air flow sensor becomes critical considering the engine layout and packaging constraints and meeting the sensor mounting requirements. The deviation in mounting of air flow sensor will lead to consequential impact on engine performance and emissions. In our new developed air intake system for passenger vehicle application, torque oscillations were observed
SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Zope, Mahesh, Ghadge, Ganesh, dwivedi, Anil, Jadhav, Aashish
Road noise analysis using Component TPA and FBS with vehicle component modifications2025-01-005505/05/2023
Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and mount bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this
Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije
A novel framework for accelerating EDU NVH simulation using scalable transfer functions and evaluating manufacturing defects through space order excitation2025-01-004405/05/2023
In the ultra-luxury vehicle segment, achieving optimal NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance across a growing range of load cases in drive and regeneration conditions presents significant engineering challenges. As the complexity of load cases escalates with varying torque ripple and transmission errors, traditional time and frequency-domain simulations become computationally inefficient. To address these challenges, an in-house software framework that employs Noise Transfer Functions (NTFs) and Vibration Transfer Functions (VTFs) is developed. The system’s dynamic response is computed once and scaled to various excitation sources, which includes radial and tangential forces derived from EMAG simulations, and gear forces derived from MBS simulation. Speed sweep simulation is performed to systematically characterize the RPM range, allowing for precise scaling of the transfer function against the original forces to obtain the responses in mounts or microphones. The resulting
Sureshkumar, Sanjai, Shaw, Stephen, Qureshi, Manucher, Duclaux de L'Estoille, Nicolas
NVH improvement of the BEV transmission by altering bearing mounting arrangement.2025-01-010405/05/2023
As per metaphor, “The squeaky wheel gets the grease” the transmission of battery electric vehicle (BEVs) gets topmost attention in terms of NVH improvement. While the engine is getting replaced with an almost silent electric motor, the transmission noise appears persistent and demands more silent transmission. This has raised demand for improvement in design as well as manufacturing quality. Various innovations are being done to drive an improvement in the NVH. Following paper will discuss the improvement in NVH achieved through a design innovation in the way bearings are installed and demonstrated a significant amount of improvement. We have used SMT MASTA used as a simulation tool to predict the expected results and a Transmission Dyno test bench in an anechoic chamber to test the NVH performance on physical sample. The innovation was done on a small single speed two stage reduction gearbox coupled with a 100 NM, 14000 RPM battery electric motor. Though the bearings have
Pingale, Abhijeet, Soni, Jaldeep
Asymmetric Gear Blank Optimization to Reduce Gear Noise for Electric Drive Units2025-01-007905/05/2023
Gear whine has emerged as a significant challenge for electric vehicles (EVs) in the absence of engine masking noise. The demand from customers for premium EVs with high speed and high torque density introduces additional NVH risks. Conventional gear design strategies to reduce the pitch-line velocity and increase contact ratio may impact EV torque capacitor or its efficiency. Furthermore, microgeometry optimization has limited design space to reduce gear noise over a wide range of torque loads. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the optimization of transfer gear blanks in a single-speed two-stage FDW electric drive unit (EDU) with the objective of reducing both mass and noise. A detailed multi-body dynamics (MBD) model is constructed for the entire EDU system using a finite-element-based time-domain solver. This investigation focuses on the analysis and optimization of asymmetric gear blank design features with three-slot patterns. A DOE methodology is employed to
He, Song, Bahk, Cheonjae, Li, Bo, Du, Isaac, Patruni, Pavan Kumar, Baladhandapani, Dhanasekar
Development of high damping powertrain mount using thixotropic fluid2022-01-073403/29/2022
Vibration isolation performance and damping performance of powertrain mount are important for improving NV and ride comfort performances of the vehicle, respectively. In this research, based on the principle of liquid sealed mounts, we focused on the fact that the ideal fluid viscosity differs depending on the input frequency. By combining the liquid resonance phenomenon and thixotropic fluid, we developed a technology that balances a high level between low dynamic spring rate and high damping, which are trade-off items for liquid sealed mounts. The thixotropic fluid was blended with ethylene glycol aqueous solution as a base solution and smectite nano-cray as a thixotropic agent. From the view point of the viscosity corresponding to the shear rate and the viscosity at the high shear point, the optimum concentration of smectite was shown to be 1.5 wt%. As a result of measuring the dynamic characteristics of the mount unit using this thixotropic fluid, the damping coefficient increased
Takaesu, Keita, Sogawa, Naoki, Kuwahara, Hiroki, HAYAKAWA, SEIJI
Flashing Emergency Lights: Influence of Intensity, Flash Rate and Synchronization on Driver Visibility, Comfort and Confidence2022-01-096703/29/2022
Flashing emergency lights are critical elements of public safety and traffic control during roadway incidents. These lights should not only alert drivers to the presence of hazards, but also should inform them of who and what is present on the scene, and should manage the responses of drivers as they navigate past the incident. First responder and driver safety depends upon all three of these functions. A full-scale outdoor field study was carried out during daytime, during nighttime on dry pavement and during nighttime on wet pavement, using a mock-up scene consisting of three police vehicles parked adjacent to each other. The lights on the vehicles were adjusted to produce different levels of intensity, flash rate, and synchronization of lights across all three vehicles. Upon viewing each combination of these factors, observers in stationary vehicles were asked to identify the location of a silhouette of a police officer randomly placed within the scene and to rate the conspicuity of
Bullough, John D., Miller, Bradley D., Baker, Douglas V., Rea, Mark S.
A study on editing method of road load spectrum of automobile rubber isolator using time-frequency domain methods2022-01-031403/29/2022
In order to enhance the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) method and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force which is acquired by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on the accumulative power spectral density, the threshold value was proposed to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and then the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the already existed time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to edit the force load spectrum to shorten the length of the spectrum, and the editing effects of the
Zhu, Xijun, Shi, Wei, Qian, Xuepeng, Wang , Fei
Modeling and analysis of hydraulic bushings/mounts considering frequency and amplitude dependence 2022-01-032703/29/2022
The dynamic characteristics of hydraulic bushings/hydraulic mounts are related to their excitation amplitude and frequency, which are often not reflected in existing models. Based on the lumped parameter model of hydraulic bushings/mounts, this paper compares and analyzes the similarity of the working mechanism of hydraulic bushings and hydraulic mounts, and deduces the unified mechanical analog model. Based on the derived unified mechanical analog model, a nonlinear damping element is introduced at the concentrated mass of the liquid in the pipe to reflect the amplitude dependence of the resonance of the hydraulic bushings/mounts dynamic stiffness curve.At the same time, Maxwell element and Berg friction damping element are introduced at the equivalent spring element representing the upper chamber stiffness, so as to reflect the amplitude dependence of the dynamic stiffness curve of the hydraulic bushings/mounts in high frequency band caused by the nonlinear stiffness of the upper
jiang, jian, Yin, Zhihong, Shangguan, Wenbin
Design of Engine mount bracket for impact load requirement2022-01-091503/29/2022
The primary function of a powertrain mounting bracket is to support the powertrain system in all road conditions. Since it is impossible to change the supporting locations and types of support at a later stage of the development after the powertrain is packaged, the mounting brackets must be verified for all kinds of requirements like NVH, crash, durability and impact strength at the early design stage. Generally, all car manufacturers ensure powertrain mount bracket design through CAE against road load data (RLD), corresponding damage for cumulative strain or stress against specified service life requirements. However, it is challenging to simulate the impact load through CAE, which requires highly complex input data. The energy absorption characteristics of the powertrain mounting bracket are mainly influenced by two variables, the material and the design. Though a bracket may be sound in design for durability, there is a chance of failure due to impact loading. This paper outlines
Hazra, Sandip
The Study of Time-frequency Domain Accelerated Editing Method for Road Load Spectrum of Automobile Rubber Isolator2022-01-073803/29/2022
In order to improve the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) theory and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force collected by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on this, the threshold value was set to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the existing time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to accelerate the editing of the force load spectrum, and the editing effects of the three time-frequency domain editing methods were compared and analyzed from four
Zhu, Xijun
Finite Element Model Updating of the Mount Bracket Based on Modal Test2022-01-036003/29/2022
The mount bracket is an important part of t he mount system, its dynamic characteristics will affect dynamic characteristics of the mount system, and then affect NVH of the vehicle. Based on the large error between the test result and the finite element analysis（FEA） result, the dynamic finite element model of the mount bracket is revised from the material parameters of the bracket and the equivalent boundary of the bolt joint. This paper presents a method to identify the parameters of the mount bracket model by combining modal test, FEA and the mathematical optimization model. Firstly,based on HyperStudy platform, the optimization objective is minimizing the natural frequency error between FEA and free mode test, and the material parameters of the bracket to be identified are used as design variables to build the optimization function. The global response surface method is used for iteration to complete the identification. Then, considering the important influence of dynamic
Kang, Yingzi, Lu, Gang, Shen, Dongming, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Aerospace Fluid System Standards, Metric, National and InternationalAIR2000F (Current)03/25/2022
The purpose of this aerospace information report is to provide a listing of national and international metric standards for use in aerospace fluid systems with their equivalent SAE inch, International ISO, and European AECMA standards.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Aerospace Fluid System Standards, Metric, National and InternationalAIR2000F-TEST-REC (Historical)03/25/2022
The purpose of this aerospace information report is to provide a listing of national and international metric standards for use in aerospace fluid systems with their equivalent SAE inch, International ISO, and European AECMA standards.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202110 (Historical)10/08/2021
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202110-TEST-REC (Historical)10/08/2021
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
TEST METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR MULTIPURPOSE BRACKET VALIDATION FOR HCV APPLICATION2021-26-046709/22/2021
In the modern automotive sector, durability and reliability are two terms of utmost importance and relevance. The ever improving standards and cut throat competition has led to customers expecting highly reliable products at low costs. Any product that fails within its useful life leads to customer dissatisfaction and affects the OEM’s reputation. To eradicate this, all automotive components undergo stringent validation protocol, either in proving ground or in lab. The multipurpose bracket is one of the most important and critical aggregate in the vehicle assembly. It encompasses various mounting components such as FUPD bracket, steering mounting bracket, front spring front bracket, cab mount bracket, cab tilt cylinder mounting bracket, front cross member, footstep bracket, FSM and bumper. All these components experience various degrees of vibration and fatigue during its running period. The multipurpose bracket has to be designed and tested to withstand these multi-dimensional forces
G, Manthiramoorthy, K, Karthick, N, Gopi Kannan, Narasimman, Obuli Karthikeyan, R, Suresh
Effect of engine mount stiffness on joint integrity and durability of mounts.2021-26-051409/22/2021
Powertrain mounts location and stiffness in vehicle plays very important role in improving vehicle noise and vibration which is caused by engine firing forces and road disturbances. Once locations are finalized based on initial calculation and packaging, then it is very much critical to play with mount stiffness to achieve required NVH level in vehicle. This paper describes the effect of mount stiffness on the bolted joint integrity. Stiffness fine tuning is done to improve vehicle level NVH and various iteration are done with change in stiffness values of A, B and C mounts. When stiffness specs are finalized it is recommended to do aquire road load data on the finalized stiffness mount and check for bolted joint integrity since load signature is varying significantly on mount w.r.t stiffness change. If we change mount stiffness value from 128N/mm to 98N/mm then loads on that particular mount is getting increased from 4500N to 6500N in one of the track testing. This paper clearly
Deshmukh, Sagar, Hazra, Sandip, Soundarrajan, Hariprasad
Design Improvement on Condenser Assembly under Dynamic Behaviour through Vibro-Acoustic Analysis2021-01-106508/31/2021
The automotive air-conditioning (AC) components fitted on passenger car having high vibration make significant impact on vehicle noise and harshness inside the cabin. Hence, it is necessary to reduce the vibrations within the permissible limit. This can be done by improving dynamic behavior of the assembly under vehicle fitments. The present paper explains about design improvement carried out on the condenser assembly to increase strength of the mounting brackets as well as to reduce the noise level by reducing the vibrations. Modal frequency response analysis has been performed on the existing condenser and found that there was relatively high vibration on the assembly due to low stiffness of the bracket. From the acoustic analysis, it was observed that the noise is occurring due to high vibration at resonance condition. By doing the design changes on the assembly, modal frequency increased relatively. Accordingly, noise level also reduced. The Vibro-acoustic analysis predicted the
Bora, Dipankar, Parayil, Paulson, Meena, Avadhesh
Challenges and Approaches of Electric Vehicles Powertrain Mount System Optimization for NVH, Buzz Squeak Rattle and Durability2021-01-108508/31/2021
In electric vehicles, the powertrain mounting system design has challenges different from conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains. Due to the absence of source noise, the customer predominantly experiences the buzz, squeak and rattle (BSR) noise. The 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) modal frequency target is less stringent than a three-cylinder or four-cylinder ICE powertrain. The durability loads in EV also differ due to less powertrain weight. In this paper, a study has been carried out about balancing all three main performance parameters of modal decoupling, BSR and durability through powertrain mount design optimization. The article shows that a carryover ICE powertrain mount has typical issues in Electric Vehicle (EV). A case study has discussed in detail how to manage those issues. Finally, it is concluded that a particular focus is required during an early stage of mount design to address these challenges for an EV.
Hazra, Sandip, K, Janardhan Reddy
A Comparative Study of Cradle and Sub Frame Type Powertrain Mounting System on Electric Vehicle2021-01-102208/31/2021
The growing demand of fuel and cost saving on vehicle, today’s vehicle manufacturer are working on various weight reduction initiative in EV. Lighter weight vehicle have bigger challenges to meet NVH requirement. There are two types of EV called modified and adopted EV’s are commonly in use. The sub frame type of EV system comes under the category of modified EV. In this paper, a mounting system is studied and compared for a cradle type EV as well as sub frame or saddle type EV. MATLAB based optimization tools are used for parameter optimization. The focus is put on the optimization of mounting system location and stiffness for energy optimization, CoG and TRA-EA optimization. The best engine mounting system is compared and adopted based on simulation. 12 DOF studied to address high frequency resonance issues for a sub frame type EV. Finally robustness of the system is checked based on various simulation and optimization.
Deshmukh, Sagar, Hazra, Sandip
Systematic Approach to Overcome Cavitation Noise Issue in Decoupled Hydraulic Mount2021-01-102708/31/2021
NVH refinement of passenger vehicle is very much essential to level that customer did not find any irritation. Engine mounting selection and design is critical to achieve targeted NVH performance. Most of OEM’s are using properly tuned hydromount to have best idling NVH performance. Hydro-mount design should be tuned at problematic frequency where we can get the very low dynamic stiffness and can get the required performance. Hydromount should be designed carefully otherwise there will be abnormal noise due to cavitation effect. Cavitation noise is such a noise which is very difficult to identify that it is coming from mount. Cavitation is the formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a working fluid when local static pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the working fluid. Systematic approach is presented in this paper to detect cavitation noise from hydraulic mount and how to overcome the same.
Deshmukh, Sagar
Basic Pneumatic CircuitsTBMG-3956608/01/2021
Pneumatics have been used in automated machines for well over 100 years, with pneumatic technology developing and evolving for over 1,000 years in some form or another; for example, as boat sails.
CONNECTOR, RECEPTACLE, ELECTRIC THRU BULKHEAD, WALL MOUNTING FLANGE, SERIES I (CLASS E)AS31391 (Current)06/22/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
CONNECTOR, RECEPTACLE, ELECTRIC THRU BULKHEAD, WALL MOUNTING FLANGE, SERIES I (CLASS E)AS31391-TEST-REC (Historical)06/22/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Fiber Optic Harsh Environment Test Methods Cross Reference DocumentAIR6282A (Current)06/10/2021
This report provides cross reference matrices detailing current test methods used in the qualification processes of fiber optic connectors, termini and cables for aerospace, telecommunications, and naval applications. The cross-reference allows the end user to select the test methods most suitable for qualifying a component, or to identify alternative test methods where a specific test is not defined in a referenced document. The report also provides information on what area each type of referenced document has been developed for.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Fiber Optic Harsh Environment Test Methods Cross Reference DocumentAIR6282A-TEST-REC (Historical)06/10/2021
This report provides cross reference matrices detailing current test methods used in the qualification processes of fiber optic connectors, termini and cables for aerospace, telecommunications, and naval applications. The cross-reference allows the end user to select the test methods most suitable for qualifying a component, or to identify alternative test methods where a specific test is not defined in a referenced document. The report also provides information on what area each type of referenced document has been developed for.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
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