This SAE Aerospae Recommended Practice (ARP) covers visible surface defects on aerospace hose assemblies which have been installed and are functioning within a working environment at the time of visual inspection. This document is intended to help those who are conducting periodic visual inspections of hose assemblies used in aerospace systems and ground servicing equipment to determine time for replacement by condition of hose assemblies at time of inspection. This practice is intended to augment existing procedures for replacement of hose assemblies based on service time. A constant surveillance of all hose assemblies for visible wear, defects, and/or damage shall be routine at all times of maintenance. When wear, defects, or damage to installed hose assemblies is detected, the hose assemblies shall be tagged or replaced in accordace with Section 4 of this document.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Motor Vehicle Brake Fluid

J1703_202511 (Current)

11/21/2025

This SAE Standard covers motor vehicle brake fluids of the nonpetroleum type, based upon glycols, glycolethers, and appropriate inhibitors, for use in the braking system of any motor vehicle such as a passenger car, truck, bus, or trailer. These fluids are not intended for use under arctic conditions. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM).

Brake Fluids Standards Committee

Effect of environmental factors on the function of an Automotive Luggage Cover of a passenger vehicle – A case study

2024-26-022801/16/2024

Abstract: - Automobile OEMs, universally, have always given high priority to the Luggage Area of the vehicle. Luggage Area primarily includes a Load Floor (the load bearing part), Side & Rear garnishes & the Luggage Shelf (or the Parcel Tray) for covering the luggage. The Parcel Tray makes the Luggage Area look neat and aesthetically appealing & is occasionally also used for carrying small items like files, papers, cushion, tissue box etc. The article under consideration in this paper is a Luggage Cover made from thermoplastic composite such as PP-Compounds (with Glass-fiber or Wood-powder), with rotating hinges towards the cabin side. Such types of Covers are predominantly in use in many markets including India. In the vehicle, the Luggage shelf is suspended on the Side Trims or Garnishes & has an elastomer interface with the back Door. The back door tends to be opened and closed in frequent intervals and the elastomer tends to harden with time. This leads to increased load on

Sreejith, M P, Khandelwal, Lokesh, Sandilya, Arnab, Natu, Mandar R, Ray, Amulya Kali, Handa, Rajat

Airless tyres in the LEON-T project: How can they be modelled?

2024-26-037501/16/2024

For more than a century, pneumatic (air-inflated) tyres have totally dominated the market for road vehicle tyres. However, in the recent two decades, interest has grown in developing airless tyres. Some of the authors were involved in design of an early version in composite material 15-30 years ago for passenger cars. Presently, the EU project LEON-T includes a part in which prototypes for innovative heavy goods vehicle (HGV) tyres are developed, with the main purpose to reduce noise emission by 6 dB. To reduce noise that much it is believed that airless tyres are needed. A special challenge is to get a durable design able to carry typical truck tyre loads. This paper introduces the principal design of airless tyres. Airless tyre prototypes are intended to be developed by partner Euroturbine, in cooperation with mainly Applus+ IDIADA, VTI and subcontractor Lightness by Design. The tyre consists of a rim, load-carrying spokes, composite belt and rubber tread. The primary focus is on the

Anantharamaiah, Bharath, Fragerberg, Linus, Sandberg, Ulf, Hansson, Hans-Erik, Garcia, Juan J.

Effect of Ceramifiable Silicone Rubber Composite based Thermal Insulators in Battery Packs

2024-26-035101/16/2024

Silicone and rubber composite, often called Ceramifiable Silicone Rubber (CSR) has proven to show excellent mechanical and thermal properties. CSR materials have been mainly used in industrial applications like electrical insulating cables, decorations, and fire-proof materials. The mechanical and ceramifiable properties of CSR can be altered by changing the silicone rubber matrix and by adding the right additives or fillers. In this work, we prove the potential of CSR composites as thermal insulating materials in battery packs. Specifically, we explore the usage of CSR inside the battery pack to improve safety during thermal events. We also characterize the material properties before and after exposing the CSR composite to elevated temperatures and flame. Finally, we investigate the effectiveness of the CSR composite sheet in preventing or delaying cell-to-cell thermal propagation during a thermal runaway event inside the battery pack. Our experiments show that the CSR composite sheet

Nambisan T M, Praveen Kumar, H, Manjunatha, R, Pavan, P, Hari Prasad Reddy, G M, Bharath, Kulkarni, Mukund Aravind, Sundaram, Saravanan

A UNIVERSAL STEERING GROMMET DESIGN APPROACH TO ENHANCE THE PASSENGER CABIN NVH PERFORMANCE

2024-26-020201/16/2024

As a car OEM, we continuously strive to set the bar for competitors with every product. Consumer travel experiences are enhanced by increasing passenger cabin silence. There is only one steering system opening in the firewall panel, which is used for allowing intermediate shaft's fitment on the pinion shaft of the steering gear. The steering grommet is the sole component that covers the firewall cut-out without disrupting steering operations, which has a substantial impact on the NVH performance of the vehicle. It is typically used in cars to eliminate engine noise and dust entering to passenger compartment. The part is assembled inside the vehicle where the steering intermediate shaft passing through BIW firewall panel. We use a bearing, plastic bush, or direct rubber interference design in the steering grommet to accommodate the rotational input the driver provides to turn the automobile. However, occasionally noise may be produced due to uneven bearing or plastic bush loading or a

J, Sadhish, Vijayarangan, Deepak

Designing Rubber Flaps for Resonance Management: High-Frequency Tuning in Electric Vehicles Using AI/ML Approaches

2025-01-012505/05/2023

High-frequency whine noise in electric vehicles (EVs) poses a significant challenge, affecting customer perception and the overall vehicle experience. One primary source of this undesirable noise is the interaction between motor pole resonance and the resonance of the engine mount rubber. This paper presents an innovative method for predicting and tuning the frequency response of engine mounts by precisely adjusting the dimensions of rubber flaps, specifically their length and width. The proposed solution employs a dual approach: fine-tuning rubber flap dimensions and utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques. An ML model, trained on historical data, predicts how varying flap dimensions impact frequency response, providing a data-driven foundation for optimization. This prediction capability is enhanced by a Python program that automates the optimization process using a linear combination formula, efficiently addressing resonance issues. By integrating ML insights with the linear

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip

Road noise analysis using Component TPA and FBS with vehicle component modifications

2025-01-005505/05/2023

Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and mount bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this

Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije

Reducing LiDAR Cabin Noise with Damped Elastomers: a Novel Method for Predicting Performance and Durability

2025-01-011405/05/2023

Mechanical LiDAR units utilize spinning lasers to scan surrounding areas to enable limited autonomous driving. The motors within the LiDAR modules create noise that can leak into the cabin of a vehicle. Decoupling the module from the body of the vehicle with highly damped elastomers can reduce the acoustic noise in the cabin and improve the driving experience. Damped elastomers work by absorbing the vibrational energy and dispelling it as latent heat, which creates challenges in an unpredictable automotive environment. Throughout the development process with vehicle OEMs and LiDAR ODMs, highly damped elastomers were able to effectively reduce the noise created by the scanning LiDAR modules in a laboratory environment. It was unproven that these elastomers would be as effective in extreme heat, cold, or humid environments. Extensive bench and vehicle tests were conducted, but confidence was low without a model to predict behavior at edge-cases. By creating a unique test method to model

Russell, Casey, Masterson, Peter, O'Connell, Kerry

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Sustainable Rubber Hits the Road

1337902/03/2023

When the rubber hits the road, one tire company stands out among the rest. From raw material traceability to supply chain transparency, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is not only helping to do what's good for business, but what's good for the planet, too. Driven by an ambitious sustainability strategy, Goodyear has set goals to develop a tire made of 100% sustainable materials by 2030 and using only renewable energy in its manufacturing facilities and operations by 2040. The company is even working to develop a domestic source of natural rubber from a specific species of dandelion in collaboration with the Department of Defense, the Air Force Research Lab, BioMADE and Farmed Materials. To learn more about Goodyear's impressive sustainability journey, we sat down with Ellis Jones, Vice President and Chief Sustainability Officer. He discusses the company's uniquely strong culture, the importance of working collaboratively with small farms, and the development of new sustainable tire

Hineman, Marcie

Natural rubber life estimation through an extreme learning machine

2022-01-029703/29/2022

In engineering applications, rubber isolators are subjected to continuous alternating loads, resulting in fatigue failure. Although some theoretical models are used for the fatigue life estimation of rubber materials, they do not comprehensively consider the influences of multiple factors. In the present study, a model based on the extreme learning machine (ELM) is established to estimate fatigue life of natural rubber (NR) specimens. The mechanical load (engineering strain peak), ambient temperature (23℃, 60℃ and 90℃) and shore hardness (N45 and N50) of NR specimens are used as the input variables while the measure average fatigue life as the output variable of the ELM. The regression results and predicted life distribution of the established ELM model are encouraging. For comparison, the back propagation neural network (BPNN) model and the support vector machine (SVM) model are also implemented. It is concluded that the ELM model is superior to the other two ML models in accuracy and

Liu, Xiangnan

A study on editing method of road load spectrum of automobile rubber isolator using time-frequency domain methods

2022-01-031403/29/2022

In order to enhance the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) method and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force which is acquired by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on the accumulative power spectral density, the threshold value was proposed to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and then the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the already existed time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to edit the force load spectrum to shorten the length of the spectrum, and the editing effects of the

Zhu, Xijun, Shi, Wei, Qian, Xuepeng, Wang , Fei

A fatigue life prediction method of rubber material for Automobile vibration isolator under road load spectrum

2022-01-029103/29/2022

Automobile rubber isolator was subjected to random load cycle for a long time in the service process, and its main rubber material for vibration isolation was prone to fatigue failure. Since the traditional Miner damage theory overlooked the load randomness, it had a prediction error problem. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of rubber fatigue life, the traditional Miner damage theory was modified by random uncertainty theory to predict the rubber fatigue life under random load. Firstly, the rubber dumbbell-shaped test column, which was vulcanized from rubber materials commonly used in vibration isolators, was taken as the research object. The uniaxial fatigue test of rubber under different strain amplitudes and strain mean values was carried out. Then the fatigue characteristic curve of rubber with equivalent strain amplitude as the damage parameter was established. Secondly, the load spectrum of the rubber mount of an automobile powertrain was collected from different road

Zhu, Xijun

The Study of Time-frequency Domain Accelerated Editing Method for Road Load Spectrum of Automobile Rubber Isolator

2022-01-073803/29/2022

In order to improve the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) theory and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force collected by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on this, the threshold value was set to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the existing time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to accelerate the editing of the force load spectrum, and the editing effects of the three time-frequency domain editing methods were compared and analyzed from four

Zhu, Xijun

FEA based methodology to optimize sealing performance in Fuel vapor emission valves

2021-26-020309/22/2021

As per current global trends, low tailpipe and evaporative pollutant emissions is major focus area in automotive development. This has led to imposing stringent emission limits on both tailpipe and evaporative emission norms. In field of evaporative emissions, the fuel valves must meet zero-leak of fuel to canister requirement under different operating conditions. Corresponding sealing design iterations and evaluating the performance thru lab testing is time and cost consuming. Present study considers FEA based sealing analysis considering elastomeric-plastic interface using ANSYS. The designs are evaluated by comparing surface contact of seal with valve orifice. In present study, different combinations of shape, size of plastic and elastomeric parts, material stiffness, axis position of elastomeric & plastic parts and use of supporting structure for elastomeric parts are evaluated. A methodology is provided to optimize seal design to meet zero-leak of fuel requirement by using right

Pote, Mayur, Pethe, Anushri, Ostrosky, James, Mohite, Sanjay

Experimental investigations on material compatibility of a methanol fuel supply system of a spark ignition engine

2021-01-118909/21/2021

Material compatibility of fuel supply system comprised of different materials including elastomers (nitrile, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nitrile, chloroprene, natural rubber and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)), aluminium and fuel filter (outer tin coated circular plate and paper) with methanol was studied. The specimens of the parts of the fuel supply system were immersed in methanol for a period of ninety days under atmospheric conditions. The properties of the specimens such as physical changes using scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surfaces and mechanical properties including tensile strength and strain at break were studied. It was observed from the images that the coating over the circular plate of fuel filter eroded while elastomers developed a whitish coat on their surfaces. SEM images indicated surfaces of EPDM, chloroprene and natural rubber were damaged significantly. Diffusion of methanol inside the elastomers negatively impacted on the increased mass of

Nidhi, Nidhi, Subramanian, K.A.

Suitable Test Sizes for O-ring Specifications

ARP3050A (Current)09/08/2021

There are many tests that have been developed to characterize rubber O-rings. Many of these tests are independent of the size of the O-ring being tested. However, there are some tests, specifically, stress/strain properties, that are a function of the O-ring’s size. The purpose of this report is to provide guidelines for specifying O-rings that would be considered “suitable for testing” when writing O-ring material specifications.

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Interior Floor Engineering: Acoustic vs. Compression Performance

2021-01-112908/31/2021

The interior floor of a vehicle cabin occupies a significant amount of surface area in proportion to the cabin as a whole, and as such provides a prime opportunity for acoustic treatment. Generally speaking, floor materials must be relatively limp to achieve high acoustic performance. However, the tactile quality of a vehicle floor is very important. The end customer has an expectation for how it should feel to step onto the floor of a vehicle: a carpet should “give” slightly, but not compress fully, under pressure. A carpet that is too stiff or not stiff enough may be perceived as indicative of low quality. Thus, acoustic targets and stiffness targets tend to be at odds. A vehicle interior floor is a trim component which consists of different layers and which can have different pile-up configurations. Such a pile-up typically consists of a soft layer, called a decoupler, and a top layer. Previous work has shown how CAE tools can predict part-level compression behavior during design

Frey, Andrea, Koeske, Ben, Li, Wanlu, Wichmann, Brandon

Clamp, Loop Style, Cushioned, With Wedge, High Temperature, Metric

MA2150/3A08/18/2021

SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Reduced Heat Leakage Improves Wearable Health Device

TBMG-3961708/01/2021

Researchers have enhanced a flexible body heat harvester by preventing heat leakage. The harvesters use heat energy from the human body to power wearable technologies. The technology relies on the same principles governing rigid thermoelectric harvesters that convert heat to electrical energy.

Stretchable Thermoelectric Generators

TBMG-3959908/01/2021

A soft and stretchable organic thermoelectric module has been created that can harvest energy from body heat. The breakthrough was enabled by a new composite material that may have widespread use in smart clothing, wearable electronics, and electronic skin.

CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL, BUSHING STRIP CATEGORY 7 (FOR USE WITH AS85049/118, /120, /121, /123, /124, /126)

AS85049/127B (Current)07/30/2021

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

HOSE ASSEMBLY, PTFE, CRES REINFORCED, 3000 PSI, 400 °F, 45 TO 90°, FLARELESS, LIGHTWEIGHT

AS119K (Current)

05/19/2021

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

HOSE ASSEMBLY, PTFE, CRES REINFORCED, 3000 PSI, 400 °F, 45 TO 90°, FLARELESS, LIGHTWEIGHT

AS119K-TEST-REC (Historical)05/19/2021

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Rolls Forward with the Future of Mobility

1301305/04/2021

Not just your grandfather's tire company, Goodyear is now shaping how people move in the future. On this episode, Erin Spring, Senior Director, New Ventures at The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, shares how the company is leading the way in predictive vehicle servicing to keep car and trucks safer, serviced and ready to GO!

Hineman, Marcie

Simulation and Optimization Method of High Frequency Dynamic Characteristics of Rubber Mount

2021-01-066304/06/2021

A non-linear viscoelastic constitutive model composed of Mooney-Rivlin model and multiple Maxwell models is used to calculate the high frequency dynamic characteristics of rubber mounts. The equivalent mechanical model of the rubber vibration mount is established and the difference between the drive-point dynamic stiffness and the cross-point dynamic stiffness is analyzed. The analysis shows that the use of the cross-point dynamic characteristic test method can eliminate the influence of the additional inertial force in the test, which is suitable for rubber mounts’ high-frequency dynamic characteristics test; at the same time, a finite element model of the rubber mount is built to analyze its cross- point dynamic stiffness and drive-point dynamic stiffness. The analysis results are compared with the experimental results which verifies the finite element model and the correctness of the mechanical model. This article gives the identification method and results of hyperelastic

Peng, Jie, Wang, Minghui, Jiang, Yongfeng, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Modelling of High-Frequency Dynamic Stiffness of Double-Isolation Rubber Isolators

2021-01-065404/06/2021

For traditional rubber isolators, the dynamic stiffness increases significantly with the increase of excitation frequency and will have a peak value, which is called "internal resonance" phenomenon. This paper investigates a double-isolation rubber isolator, which consist of two rubber bushings and additional mass. It can be applied to improve the NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) performance at high frequency of electric vehicles. The equivalent mechanical model and mathematical model of the double-isolation rubber isolator are established. Then, the finite element analysis (FEA) model is established, and we calculate the drive point dynamic stiffness and cross point dynamic stiffness of the inner bushing, outer bushing and the entire double-isolation rubber isolator. The dynamic stiffness and additional mass of the inner and outer bushings are substituted into the mathematical model, and the derived dynamic stiffness of the double-isolation rubber isolator is consistent with the

Bao, Bida, Zheng, YaWei

Wearable Electronics for Continuous Cardiac, Respiratory Monitoring

TBMG-3854702/01/2021

A highly sensitive wearable sensor for cardiorespiratory monitoring could potentially be worn continuously by cardiac patients or others who require constant monitoring.

Flexible Material Helps Buildings Withstand Energy Waves

TBMG-3848102/01/2021

Even though they are miles from the epicenter of an earthquake, buildings can collapse when an earthquake’s energy makes the ground shake and rattle. Engineers have designed a flexible material that can help buildings withstand multiple waves of energy traveling through a solid material including the simultaneous forward-and-backward and side-to-side motions found in earthquakes.

CLAMP, LOOP, CUSHIONED, ELONGATED, METRIC

MA14272A (Current)

12/29/2020

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

CLAMP, LOOP, CUSHIONED, ELONGATED, METRIC

MA14272A-TEST-REC (Historical)12/29/2020

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

3D Printed Biomimetic Tongue Surface

TBMG-3814912/01/2020

Scientists have created synthetic soft surfaces with tongue-like textures for the first time using 3D printing. This opens new possibilities for testing dry mouth therapies and other applications.

Self-Healing, Recyclable, Shape Memory Polymers

TBMG-3798411/01/2020

By tweaking the chemistry of a single polymer, researchers have created a family of synthetic materials that ranges in texture from ultra-soft to extremely rigid. The materials are 3D-printable, self-healing, recyclable, and naturally adhere to each other in air or underwater. These characteristics make them suited for more realistic prosthetics and soft robotics as well as broad military applications such as agile platforms for air vehicles and futuristic, self-healing aircraft wings.

Metal-Ion Breakthrough Leads to New Biomaterials

TBMG-3806211/01/2020

Engineers have developed a new framework that makes elastomer design a modular process, allowing for the mixing and matching of different metals with a single polymer. They incorporated copper into a vascular graft because of its role in inducing angiogenesis — the process by which new blood vessels grow from existing ones.

O-Ring Molded from AMS7272 Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber (NBR)

AS3551A (Current)

10/09/2020

This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings molded from AMS7272 NBR rubber. It shall be used for procurement purposes.

A-6C2 Seals Committee