Browse Topic: Sodium

Items (50)

Stable, Efficient, Anode-Free Sodium Battery

TBMG-3960508/01/2021

The challenges of energy storage — which require the capacity to bank an intermittent and seasonally variable supply of solar energy — have kept the technology from being economically competitive. Researchers have used low-cost materials to create rechargeable batteries that will make energy storage more affordable. These materials could also provide a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to lithium-ion batteries that currently dominate the market but are slow to charge and have a knack for catching fire.

Wood-Based Technology Creates Electricity from Heat

TBMG-3460806/01/2019

Researchers have transformed a piece of wood into a flexible membrane that generates energy from the same type of electric current (ions) on which the human body runs. This energy is generated using charged channel walls and other unique properties of the wood’s natural nanostructures. With this new wood-based technology, a small temperature differential can be used to efficiently generate ionic voltage.

Ingestible, Expanding Pill Monitors the Stomach for Up to a Month

TBMG-3462406/01/2019

An ingestible pill was developed that, upon reaching the stomach, quickly swells to the size of a soft, squishy ping-pong ball big enough to stay in the stomach for an extended period of time. The inflatable pill is embedded with a sensor that continuously tracks the stomach's temperature for up to 30 days. If the pill needs to be removed from the stomach, a patient can drink a solution of calcium that triggers the pill to quickly shrink to its original size and pass safely out of the body.

Specialty Metals Make Sophisticated Medical Devices Possible

TBMG-1720609/01/2013

Around the world, people are living longer, more active lives thanks to continuing advancements in medical technology. This evolution in technology stems from the development of metals and alloys that are finding new uses in internal and external medical applications. From improvements in diagnostic guide wires to new alloys for permanent implants in the body, metals continue to find new uses.

Lithium Batteries for Medical Applications

TBMG-1511011/01/2012

The element lithium possesses fundamental properties that make it ideal for use as the anode in both primary and rechargeable batteries. Vendors have paired the popular lithium anode with a variety of cathode and electrolyte materials, resulting in the wide choice of different chemistries available today. This article discusses the types of primary lithium batteries commonly used for medical applications and introduces a new type based on recent innovations in materials and manufacturing processes. Information about the basic properties, advantages, and disadvantages are provided for each battery type.

Study Of Chemical Analysis Of Oil Applying Data Mining Techniques

2012-36-041210/02/2012

The study of the wear track oil analysis is a technique commonly used in industrial, preventive and predictive maintenance of mechanical systems that suffer during the process of deterioration in service. This technique allows to study the behavior of the elements suspended in the lubricating oil. The paper proposes developing maps representing the wear of diesel analyzing the chemical analysis of the lubricating oil by the correlation of the chemical elements with the alloys of the mechanical components of the system. The methodology of this study was based on using data mining techniques for obtaining the data clustering of chemical analyzes, using the MATLAB 6.5 to obtain the maps. The software allows the display of trend curves, graphic correlation between the elements that have convergent or divergent behavior, interpolation and curve fitting as well as the clustering of elements in a map of wear on the engines examined.

Marinho, E. S. J., Silva Neto, R. D. A., Medeiros, J. S., Assis, L., Pantaleon, E.

Saliva Preservative for Diagnostic Purposes

TBMG-1423708/01/2012

Saliva is an important body fluid for diagnostic purposes. Glycoproteins, glucose, steroids, DNA, and other molecules of diagnostic value are found in saliva. It is easier to collect as compared to blood or urine. Un for tunately, saliva also contains large numbers of bacteria that can release enzymes, which can degrade proteins and nucleic acids. These degradative enzymes destroy or reduce saliva’s diagnostic value. This innovation describes the formulation of a chemical preservative that prevents microbial growth and inactivates the degradative enzymes. This extends the time that saliva can be stored or transported without losing its diagnostic value. Multiple samples of saliva can be collected if needed without causing discomfort to the subject and it does not require any special facilities to handle after it is collected.

Imidazolium-Based Polymeric Materials as Alkaline Anion-Exchange Fuel Cell Membranes

TBMG-1423208/01/2012

Polymer electrolyte membranes that conduct hydroxide ions have potential use in fuel cells. A variety of polystyrenebased quaternary ammonium hydroxides have been reported as anion exchange fuel cell membranes. However, the hydrolytic stability and conductivity of the commercially available membranes are not adequate to meet the requirements of fuel cell applications. When compared with commercially available membranes, polystyrene-imidazolium alkaline membrane electrolytes are more stable and more highly conducting. At the time of this reporting, this has been the first such usage for imidazolium-based polymeric materials for fuel cells.

Convention Center Expands LED Lighting Retrofit

TBMG-1442107/01/2012

As part of its preparations to host the London 2012 Olympic Games, the ExCeL London International Exhibition & Convention Centre expanded its efforts to convert the facility to greener, more energy-efficient LED lighting, replacing 35 existing 400W high-pressure sodium (HPS) fixtures with Dialight’s new 150W 14,000-lumen High Bay LEDs to better illuminate the north side exterior of the massive structure in the loading dock and traffic marshaling areas.

Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with DEP-FFF

TBMG-1073908/01/2011

A process using a modified dielectrophoresis device separates single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) according to their polarizability in electric fields. This depends on the size and dielectric constant of individual nanotubes and easily separates metallic from semiconducting nanotubes. Separation by length has also been demonstrated. Partial separation (enrichment) according to bandgap (which is linked to polarizability) has also been shown and can be improved to full separation of individual types of semiconducting SWNTs with better control over operational parameters and the length of SWNT starting material. This process and device can be scaled affordably to generate useful amounts of semiconducting SWNTs for electronic device development and production.

Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with DEP-FFF

TBMG-TB-01073908/01/2011

Simultaneous type and diameter separation of SWNTs is achieved by using flow injection dielectrophoresis. A process using a modified dielectrophoresis device separates single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) according to their polarizability in electric fields. This depends on the size and dielectric constant of individual nanotubes and easily separates metallic from semiconducting nanotubes. Separation by length has also been demonstrated. Partial separation (enrichment) according to bandgap (which is linked to polarizability) has also been shown and can be improved to full separation of individual types of semiconducting SWNTs with better control over operational parameters and the length of SWNT starting material. This process and device can be scaled affordably to gener- ate useful amounts of semiconducting SWNTs for electronic device development and production.

Technology Eliminates the Need for Pre-Wetting Cartridge Filters

TBMG-1045107/01/2011

There has been a long-term need in the filtration industry — particularly for a variety of life science applications — to eliminate the need for pre-wetting cartridge filters with alcohol before sending them to customers. It is not only an expensive, time-consuming process, but it also increases the risk of bacterial contamination.

Shopping Plaza Parking Lot Lighting-Retrofit

TBMG-1434602/01/2011

A Manchester, NH T.J.Maxx shopping plaza parking lot has been retrofitted with BetaLED luminaires. CBT Development of Greenland, NH was incurring high costs for parking lot maintenance from frequent lamp replacement in high pressure sodium (HPS) and metal halide (MH) fixtures. While poor power quality was causing the premature lamp failure, the developer was ready to replace the 25-year old luminaires with new, efficient technology. The parking lot covers approximately 151,000 square feet and has 385 parking spaces.

Compact, Lightweight Electromagnetic Pump for Liquid Metal

TBMG-830508/01/2010

A proposed direct-current electromagnetic pump for circulating a molten alkali metal alloy would be smaller and lighter and would demand less input power, relative to currently available pumps of this type. (Molten alkali metals are used as heat-transfer fluids in high-temperature stages of some nuclear reactors.) The principle of operation of this or any such pump involves exploitation of the electrical conductivity of the molten metal: An electric current is made to pass through the liquid metal along an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the flow channel, and a magnetic field perpendicular to both the longitudinal axis and the electric current is superimposed on the flowchannel region containing the electric current. The interaction between the electric current and the magnetic field produces the pumping force along the longitudinal axis. The advantages of the proposed pump over other such pumps would accrue from design features that address overlapping thermal and

Custom Assembly Helps Create Medical-Grade Saline in Space

TBMG-804206/01/2010

BioConnect® bag and tubing assemblies Cole-Parmer Instrument Vernon Hills, IL 800-323-4340 www.coleparmer.com

System for Removing Pollutants From Incinerator Exhaust

TBMG-342712/01/2008

A system for removing pollutants — primarily sulfur dioxide and mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx) — from incinerator exhaust has been demonstrated. The system is also designed secondarily to remove particles, hydrocarbons, and CO. The system is intended for use in an enclosed environment, for which a prior NOx-and-SO2-removal system designed for industrial settings would not be suitable. The incinerator exhaust first encounters a cyclone separator, a primary heat exchanger, and a fabric filter that, together, remove particles and reduce the temperature to 500 °C. The exhaust then passes through a porous bed, maintained at ≈ 450 °C, that contains Na2CO3, which absorbs SO2.

System for Removing Pollutants From Incinerator Exhaust

TBMG-541912/01/2008

A system for removing pollutants — primarily sulfur dioxide and mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx) — from incinerator exhaust has been demonstrated. The system is also designed secondarily to remove particles, hydrocarbons, and CO. The system is intended for use in an enclosed environment, for which a prior NOx-and-SO2-removal system designed for industrial settings would not be suitable. The incinerator exhaust first encounters a cyclone separator, a primary heat exchanger, and a fabric filter that, together, remove particles and reduce the temperature to 500 °C. The exhaust then passes through a porous bed, maintained at ≈ 450 °C, that contains Na2CO3, which absorbs SO2.

Colorimetric-Solid Phase Extraction (C-SPE): In-Flight Methodologies for the Facile Determination of Trace Level Indicators of Water Quality

2008-01-220106/29/2008

At present, spacecraft water quality is assessed when samples collected on the International Space Station (ISS) are returned to Earth. Several months, however, may pass between sample collection and analysis, potentially compromising sample integrity by risking degradation. For example, iodine and silver, which are the respective biocides used in the U.S. and Russian spacecraft potable water systems, must be held at levels that prevent bacterial growth, while avoiding adverse effects on crew health. A comparable need exists for the detection of many heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, and microorganisms. Lead, cadmium, and nickel have been found, for instance, in the ISS potable water system at amounts that surpass existent requirements. There have been similar occurrences with hazardous organic compounds like formaldehyde and ethylene glycol. Microorganism counts above acceptable limits have also been reported in a few instances. The delays in analyzing potable water suspend

Porter, Marc D., Siperko, Lorraine M., Nordling, John, Hazen-Bosveld, April A., Shih, Chien-Ju, Lipert, Robert J., Fritz, James S.

Shielding Effectiveness of Sodium Alanate and Ammonia Borane for Galactic Cosmic Ray and Solar Energetic Particle Event Environments

2008-01-216306/29/2008

Estimates of the effectiveness of the high-hydrogen containing materials, sodium alanate and ammonia borane, are made by calculating dose and dose equivalent for the 1977 solar minimum and 1970 solar maximum galactic cosmic ray spectra and for the large solar particle event spectra from the space era event of August 1972 and comparing their shielding effectiveness with that of polyethylene.

Townsend, Lawrence W., Yancey, David, Thomas, Peter, Atwell, William

Fabricating Nanodots Using Lift-Off of a Nanopore Template

TBMG-286106/01/2008

A process for fabricating a planar array of dots having characteristic dimensions of the order of several nanometers to several hundred nanometers involves the formation and use of a thin alumina nanopore template on a semiconductor substrate. The dot material is deposited in the nanopores, then the template is lifted off the substrate after the dots have been formed. This process is expected to be a basis for development of other, similar nanofabrication processes for relatively inexpensive mass production of nanometer- scale optical, optoelectronic, electronic, and magnetic devices.

Mixed Conducting Electrodes for Better AMTEC Cells

TBMG-TB-00114702/07/2007

These electrodes conduct both electrons and sodium cations. Electrode materials that exhibit mixed conductivity (that is, both electronic and ionic conductivity) have been investigated in a continuing effort to improve the performance of the alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC). These electrode materials are intended primarily for use on the cathode side of the sodium-ion-conducting solid electrolyte of a sodium-based AMTEC cell. They may also prove useful in sodium-sulfur batteries, which are under study for use in electric vehicles.

Bonding-Compatible Corrosion Inhibitor for Rinsing Metals

TBMG-165112/01/2005

A corrosion-inhibiting mixture of compounds has been developed for addition to the water used to rinse metal parts that have been cleaned with aqueous solutions in preparation for adhesive bonding of the metals to rubber and rubberlike materials. Prior to the development of this corrosion inhibitor, the parts (made, variously, of D6AC steel and 7075-T73 aluminum) were rinsed by deionized water, which caused corrosion in some places on the steel parts — especially in such occluded places as sealing surfaces and threaded blind holes.

Trace Level Determination of Lead(II) in Water by Colorimetric-Solid Phase Extraction

2005-01-288907/11/2005

Preliminary results on the development of quick, simple analytical method for the low level of lead(II) in water samples are described. The method concentrates lead(II) on a small solid-phase extraction disk, which is then quantified directly on the disk by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). This method, termed colorimetric solid-phase extraction (C-SPE), requires only 1–2 min for complete workup and is suitable for use in a wide range of applications, including the microgravity environment on the International Space Station. The procedure first adds an excess of potassium iodide to a 10.0 mL sample at a pH of 3.0–3.5 to produce the anionic PbI42− colored complex, which is exhaustively extracted by the disk that was previously impregnated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The amount of complex extracted is then determined at 420 nm by a hand-held DRS instrument. A linear calibration plot was obtained for lead(II) concentrations from 0.02–2.50 ppm, with a detection limit of

Dias, Neil C., Fritz, James S., Porter, Marc D.

Passivating Stainless Steel Parts

TBMG-198207/01/2004

Maximizing the natural corrosion resistance of parts and components machined from stainless steels. It can make the difference between satisfactory performance and premature failure. Incorrectly performed, passivation can actually induce corrosion.

Annealing Would Improve β" — Alumina Solid Electrolyte

TBMG-114803/01/2003

A pre-operational annealing process is under investigation as a potential means of preventing a sudden reduction of ionic conductivity in a β"—alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) during use. On the basis of tests described below, the sudden reduction of ionic conductivity, followed by a slow recovery, has been found to occur during testing of the solid electrolyte and electrode components of an alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC) cell. This conductivity reduction may be observed quite infrequently; at lower operating temperatures, T<1,073 K, it is not usually observed at all, while at T=1,123–1,173 K, hundreds of hours may pass before conductivity reduction occurs. Only on tests running at higher operating temperatures for thousands of hours is this phenomenon regularly exhibited. The reduction of ionic conductivity would degrade the performance of an AMTEC cell. A pre-operational annealing process would help to sustain performance.

Mixed Conducting Electrodes for Better AMTEC Cells

TBMG-114702/01/2003

Electrode materials that exhibit mixed conductivity (that is, both electronic and ionic conductivity) have been investigated in a continuing effort to improve the performance of the alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC). These electrode materials are intended primarily for use on the cathode side of the sodium-ion-conducting solid electrolyte of a sodium-based AMTEC cell. They may also prove useful in sodium-sulfur batteries, which are under study for use in electric vehicles.

Steel Carburizing and Nitriding, Processes for

AMSS6090A (Historical)11/21/2002

This specification presents requirements for the carburizing and nitriding of carbon and alloy steels to produce the mechanical properties specified by drawings, detail metal specifications, or other applicable specifications (see 6.3).

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Macroextraction for Purification of Nucleic Acids

TBMG-734205/01/2001

A technique for extracting samples of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for use in diagnosing and studying infectious and genetic diseases has been developed. The technique enables the concentration and purification of nucleic acids from large (in comparison with older techniques) volumes of bodily fluids or digested tissues, with minimal nuclease activity and minimal loss of the nucleic acids.

Electrodeposition of Strong Glassy Metals

TBMG-2962911/01/2000

Thin-walled structures made of strong glassy nickel and glassy nickel-cobalt alloys, with tailorable low residual stresses, and with high resistance to permanent plastic deformation, can be formed by use of an electrodeposition process. This process was developed to enable the fabrication of lightweight, high-quality x-ray mirrors that do not undergo unacceptably large distortions when differential thermal contraction upon cooling is used to release the mirror deposits from their electrodeposition mandrels. This process supplants an older pure-nickel electrodeposition process where it was necessary to form relatively thick deposits in order to make them strong enough to resist distortion in the presence of stresses imparted during release.

Sulfur Lamp With CaBr₂ Additive for Enhanced Plant Growth

TBMG-217607/01/2000

Calcium bromide can be added to the sulfur filling in a sulfur lamp to increase the emission of red light for enhanced growth of plants. Red light is more efficacious for plant growth than is visible light at shorter wavelengths. The addition of CaBr2 increases the emission at wavelengths in the vicinity of 625 nm, where the quantum efficiency for photosynthesis is close to 1.

Lifetimes of AMTEC Electrodes: Rhodium-Tungsten and Titanium Nitride

1999-01-270408/02/1999

The lifetime of an AMTEC electrode is predicted from the rate of grain growth in the electrode. The rate of growth depends on several physical characteristics of each material, including the rate of diffusion of the material on itself. Grain growth rates for rhodium-tungsten and titanium nitride electrodes have been determined, and have been used to predict operating lifetimes of AMTEC electrodes. For lifetimes of 10 years or more, RhxW electrodes may be used at any operating temperature supportable by the electrolyte. TiN electrodes may be used in AMTEC cells only at operating temperatures under 1150 K.

Ryan, M. A., Shields, V. B., Cortez, R. H., Lara, L., Homer, M. L., Williams, R. M.

Slow Reversible and Quasi-Reversible Performance Changes in AMTEC Electrodes and Electrolytes

1999-01-270508/02/1999

This paper reports several slow reversible and quasi-reversible processes which occur in the porous electrode/solid electrolyte combination at AMTEC operating temperatures. These processes help to elucidate the evolution of the electrode and electrolyte characteristics with time. They also demonstrate that the atomic constituents of the electrode/electrolyte engage in significant dynamic motion. We report the stability of the sodium beta“-alumina phase in low pressure sodium vapor at 1173K up to 3000 hours, and the decomposition of the sodium meta-aluminate (NaAlO2) phase present at about 1% in the BASE ceramic, which gives rise to transient local increases in the solid electrolyte resistivity due to local micro-cracking. We also report slow apparent morphological changes, possibly surface or grain boundary reconstruction, in TiN and RhW electrodes driven by changes in the local sodium activity.

Williams, R. M., Ryan, M. A., Homer, M. L., Cortez, R. H., Lara, L., Kisor, A., Manatt, K., Shields, V. B.

Potassium AMTEC Cell Performance

1999-01-270208/02/1999

AMTEC systems have historically been operated with sodium as the working fluid, in large part because fabrication of beta”-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) membranes has been substantially easier with sodium than with potassium or other alkali metals1. It has been anticipated that because potassium has a substantially higher vapor pressure for a given temperature, and because the best K-BASE conductivity falls only marginally below that for Na-BASE, potassium AMTEC cells could produce higher power at a given temperature or comparable power at a lower temperature than similar sodium cells. Operation at lower temperatures can reduce materials lifetime or compatibility problems, and for severely heat input constrained systems it could enhance efficiency by reducing parasitic thermal conduction losses. Recently K-BASE tubes have become available as a commercial product2 and conventional experiments to evaluate the performance of complete KAMTEC cells have become much more feasible

Barkan, A., Hunt, T. K., Thomas, B.

Steel Carburizing and Nitriding, Processes for

AMSS6090 (Historical)04/01/1998

This specification presents requirements for the carburizing and nitriding of carbon and alloy steels to produce the mechanical properties specified by drawings, detail metal specifications, or other applicable specifications (see 6.3).

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Removable Fillers for VPS Fabrication of Closed Channels

TBMG-3225503/01/1998

An improved process has been devised for making closed channels (e.g., coolant channels) in a heat-exchanger liner or a similar metal object. The process involves the following steps: First, grooves destined to become closed channels are machined into the object from one surface. Next, a ceramic filler material is troweled into the grooves, made flush with the surface, and allowed to harden by evaporation of water. Next, vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) is used to deposit metal on the exposed metal and filler surface areas to cover the grooves and thereby form closed channels (see figure). Finally, the filler material is removed from the channels. This process satisfies a need for making the channels at lower cost and in less time than is possible by an older process in which the grooves are filled with wax, then a thin layer of copper is electroplated on the exposed metal and wax surface areas, then a thick nickel structural jacket is deposited on the copper.

Thermal Modelling of an AMTEC Recirculating Cell

92914308/03/1992

A modeling program was developed to determine the impact of various design parameters on the operation of an AMTEC system. Temperature profiles generated by the modeling program were compared to actual experimental data to verify the model accuracy. The model was then extended to predict the impact of device design on operational performance. The effect of heat loss from the liquid sodium supply end was studied for this paper.

Suitor, J. W., Williams, R. M., Underwood, M. L., Ryan, M. A., Jeffries-Nakamura, B., O'Connor, D.

Efficiency of an AMTEC Recirculating Test Cell, Experiments and Projections

92914208/03/1992

The alkali metal thermal to electric converter (AMTEC) is an electrochemical device for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy with efficiencies potentially near Carnot. The future usefulness of AMTEC for space power conversion depends on the efficiency of the devices. Systems studies have projected from 15% to 35% thermal to electric conversion efficiencies, and one experiment has demonstrated 19% efficiency for a short period of time. Recent experiments in a recirculating test cell (RTC) have demonstrated sustained conversion efficiencies as high as 10.2% early in cell life and 9.7% after maturity. Extensive thermal and electrochemical analysis of the cell during several experiments demonstrated that the efficiency could be improved in two ways. First, the electrode performance could be improved. The electrode for these tests operated at about one third the power density of state of the art electrodes. The low power density was caused by a combination of high series

Underwood, M. L., O'Connor, D., Williams, R. M., Jeffries-Nakamura, B., Ryan, M. A.

Reversible Thermodynamic Cycle for AMTEC Power Conversion

92914408/03/1992

The thermodynamic cycle appropriate to an AMTEC (alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter) cell is discussed for both liquid- and vapor-fed modes of operation, under the assumption that all processes can be performed reversibly. In the liquid-fed mode, the reversible efficiency is greater than 89.6% of Carnot efficiency for heat input and rejection temperatures (900-1300 K and 400-800 K, respectively) typical of practical devices. Vapor-fed cells can approach the efficiency of liquid-fed cells. Quantitative estimates confirm that the efficiency is insensitive to either the work required to pressurize the sodium liquid or the details of the state changes associated with cooling the low pressure sodium gas to the heat rejection temperature.

Vining, Cronin B., Williams, Roger M., Underwood, Mark L., Ryan, M. Amy, Suitor, Jerry W.

Utilization of Innovative Technology for Zinc Removal from Transmission Plant Wastewater

92018802/01/1992

An innovative technology has been utilized for precipitating zinc from industrial oily wastewater. A solids contact clarifier, consisting of a cylindrical top section and cone bottom with its compact design, offers effective metal removal and the advantage of indoor operation.

Lynn Garrett, D., Doran, Thomas M.

Performance Data from an Improved Sodium/Nickel Chloride Cell

91191509/01/1991

Sodium nickel chloride batteries have been tested in electric cars over the past three years. Although the performance of the cars was satisfactory, reliability was inadequate and it became apparent that the cells needed to tolerate repeated discharges to 100% depth of discharge. A new cell design with an improved sodium electrode was developed and tests with 26 Volt modules of these cells have shown that it will tolerate hundreds of cycles to 100% depth of discharge. The capacity and resistance stability of the new cell design are described and the feasibility of rapid charging is discussed.

Sudworth, J.L., Böhm, H.

On-Line Monitoring of Water Quality and Plant Nutrients in Space Applications Based on Photodiode Array Spectrometry

91136107/01/1991

Significant needs exist for on-line real-time monitoring of water quality and hydroponic plant nutrients in regenerative life support systems. Toxic metals and organic pollutants in recirculated water are more effectively controlled by on-line monitoring. Biomass production of various crops may be enhanced by optimal control of plant nutrients. A new on-line fiber optic spectrometer is in development that uses a combination of ultraviolet-visible absorption measurements in combination with liquid atomic emission spectra to assay a wide variety of chemical compounds and ions in solution. Problems created by interfering, overlapping spectra are solved through the use of pattern recognition methods for multicomponent chemical analysis. This analytical instrument has been successfully applied to the analysis of 15-component plant nutrient solutions.

Schlager, Kenneth J.

Resolving White Spotting Problems (NUBBING) on Electrogalvanised Metal During Metal Pretreatment

86011702/01/1986

During the chemical surface treatment of electrogalvanized metal, the formation of white spots or “nubs” can seriously affect the smoothness of the cathodic electropaint, necessitating sanding prior to the final application of top-coat. Contrary to common belief, these white spots are not always produced in the zinc phosphate stage of the metal pretreatment process. They are frequently produced from the interaction of the electrogalvanized surface with the cleaners used in the body shop, pre-wipe stations and alkali cleaning stages prior to phosphating. The chemical nature of the white spots is dependent upon cleaner formulation and their formation is greatly accelerated by surface contamination of microparticulate iron (from metal finishing operations). This paper documents some work to date in resolving such problems in an assembly plant.

Wyville, Robert D., Cape, Thomas W.

Treating Mixed Metal Wastewaters

02/01/1985

In view of the disposal charges for electroplating waste treatment sludges, clean effluent water is only part of the waste treatment problem. US Air Force laboratory studies have shown the chromium reduction chemical used in treatment can drastically effect the volume of sludge produced. Ferrous and sulfide, when properly proportioned, have a catalytic effect which can reduce the volume of sludge from hexavalent chromium reduction reactions by 70-percent compared to acidic reduction with ferrous sulfate. Also, sodium borohydride has successfully reduced the sludge produced from mixed metal wastewater treatment by nearly 80-percent (e.g. 985 mg/1 to 220 mg/1). Both technologies are curently being tested in a 10-gallon per minute demonstration plant at an Air Force maintenance center.

Aldrich, James R.

Dezincification Corrosion and Its Prevention for Copper/Brass Radiators

83182912/05/1983

The use of a corrosion inhibited arsenical brass alloy for copper/brass radiator tubes has been identified as an effective means to protect the radiator tubes from external dezincification attack, which is generally caused by an exposure to excessive road salts in the regions such as Montreal and Toronto in Canada. Laboratory test methods, their results and field data verifying improved radiator life are presented.

Newly Developed Ni-Zn Alloy Plated Steel Sheet “SZ” and Its Application to Automotive Usages

82033202/01/1982

Recently, it has become more important to improve the corrosion resistance of automotive body panels, and the amount of coated steel sheets has been increasing for this application. Several types of coated steel sheet, such as Zincrometal, hot-dip galvanized steel sheets, galvannealed steel sheets and electrogalvanized steel sheets are widely available. Sumitomo Metal Industries have studied new coated steel sheets for automotive body panels, and have succeeded in the development of the new NiZn alloy plated product “SZ”, the deposit of which includes about 13% nickel. This paper discusses the plating conditions, production process, properties and performance of SZ.

Noumi, Ryoichi, Nagasaki, Hajime, Foboh, Yoshihiko, Shibuya, Atsuyoshi

Materials Availabilities in the 80’s

80011302/01/1980

Substantial portions of U.S. supplies of mineral materials are utilized in manufacturing motor vehicles. Motor vehicles in turn play important roles in the national security, mining, agriculture, and many other sectors of our economy. Improving motor vehicle efficiency, safety, and lessening environmental impacts is putting increasing pressure upon high-performance special property materials. At the same time, aerospace and energy needs also are focusing upon many of the same materials. Many materials used in motor vehicles are classified as strategic and are imported from foreign sources of varying degrees of reliability. The U.S. maintains a stockpile of strategic materials, but this stockpile is intended for defense purposes. Consequently, motor vehicle manufacturers must pay increasing attention to assuring that production schedules are not disrupted by foreseeable and preventable materials shortages.

Morgan, John D.

Reducing Costs for Electroplaning Zinc Die Casting by Conserving Nickel

71019702/01/1971

The cost of electroplating zinc die castings can be reduced by employing microcracked or microporous chromium in place of conventional chromium; the former is more effective in improving corrosion performance while conserving nickel. Exposure data are examined and specifications for nickel and chromium content are presented.

Safranek, W. H., Miller, H. R., Cook, A. R.

PLATING MAGNESIUM FOR SOLDERABILITY Zinc Immersion Process

AMS2421A (Historical)05/01/1968

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

METALLURGY OF FOREIGN AUTOMOTIVE MATÉRIEL

45020801/01/1945

DETAILED technical knowledge of enemy weapons is useful not only because of the tactical benefits involved, but also because of improvements in design that may be used to advantage and because of the indication such knowledge gives of the availability to the enemy of essential materials. The Ordnance Department, consequently, has taken great pains to collect and test a considerable number of German and Japanese weapons. Col. Frye has based this paper on these studies, discussing the raw materials supply situation of both Germany and Japan, and then analyzing the parts and processes involved in producing several of their weapons.

“CHARACTERISTICS OF TOMORROW'S LUBRICANTS; SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY OF SUPER-LUBRICANTS”.

38006401/01/1938

FOSTER, ARCH L.

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