Browse Topic: Rare earth metals

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SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - The Trouble With EV Mineral Sourcing134575/29/2024
From human rights abuses to detrimental environmental impacts, mineral sourcing for EV batteries and electric motors has a dark side. Listen in as Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sits down with Tim Stevens, a freelance journalist who recently wrote an article for Motor Trend about the troubling side of EV mineral sourcing. Listen in as they discuss what Tim's research uncovered, potential solutions like the battery passport and electric motors without rare earth minerals, and how we can ensure more accountability throughout the EV supply chain. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There you can read about how lithium-ion batteries continue to be the best bet for some EV applications and that the technology around these batteries continues to evolve.
Hineman, Marcie
Multi-parameter Optimization of 400V e-Compressor Motor using Magnet Sizing and Flux Barrier Topology using JMAG Simulation2024-26-02801/16/2024
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) for 400V Compressor uses a rare earth magnet (NdFeB). Rare earth magnets have the advantage of high torque, high power density and high efficiency, however, pose a challenge of increased motor cost.. The requirement is to use less quantity of magnet in the motor design, which should serve the purpose of providing the needed starting torque at the worst case operating temperature scenario (-40 deg C). The objective of the present work is to design a PMSM with optimal design of magnets and to evaluate its performance. Also, to generate an efficiency map for the optimized PMSM compressor capable of achieving an efficiency of 92% at the rated operating point.The PMSM should be covering all the peak and continuous operating regions within the specified limit of peak line current consumption. JMAG Designer® is used to parameterize the rotor, stator and coil profile and to perform the efficiency analysis at speed priority mode. The JMAG tool helped to
Gurudevan, Vinothini, KHANCHOUL, Mohamed, Elumalai, Ilakya
Sunlight Converts Emissions into Useful MaterialsTBMG-3800511/1/2020
The rapidly growing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth’s atmosphere is one of the most urgent issues humanity must address to avoid a climate catastrophe. Thanks to greenhouse gases like CO2, the heat from the Sun is remaining trapped in the atmosphere, warming the planet. Researchers developed a method to break CO2 apart and convert the greenhouse gas into useful materials like fuels or consumer products ranging from pharmaceuticals to polymers.
Risk Mitigation for Pb-Free Solders Used Internally to PartsARP6537 (Current)10/19/2020
This document provides risk mitigation for Pb-free solders used internal to parts used in Aerospace and Defense applications. It will include mitigations applicable to encapsulated and cavity devices as the needs arise in industry. Currently this revision only addresses devices with encapsulation or underfill. Mitigations for open cavity devices are still being discussed, and will be addressed in future revisions. Microbumps with Thermal Compression Bonding (TCB) are not addressed by the mitigations in this document. The use of Pb-free microbumps with TCB are considered out of scope at this time. It is expected that this document will be primarily used by Control Levels 3 and 2C (as defined in GEIA-STD-0005-2 for programs that do not allow use of Pb-free tin or only allow its use on an exception basis). It may be used by other levels, or by applications not using GEIA-STD-0005-2.
G-24 Pb-free Risk Management Committee for ADHP
Risk Mitigation for Pb-Free Solders Used Internally to PartsARP6537-TEST-REC (Historical)10/19/2020
This document provides risk mitigation for Pb-free solders used internal to parts used in Aerospace and Defense applications. It will include mitigations applicable to encapsulated and cavity devices as the needs arise in industry. Currently this revision only addresses devices with encapsulation or underfill. Mitigations for open cavity devices are still being discussed, and will be addressed in future revisions. Microbumps with Thermal Compression Bonding (TCB) are not addressed by the mitigations in this document. The use of Pb-free microbumps with TCB are considered out of scope at this time. It is expected that this document will be primarily used by Control Levels 3 and 2C (as defined in GEIA-STD-0005-2 for programs that do not allow use of Pb-free tin or only allow its use on an exception basis). It may be used by other levels, or by applications not using GEIA-STD-0005-2.
G-24 Pb-free Risk Management Committee for ADHP
Laser Spark Distribution and Ignition SystemTBMG-3782110/1/2020
Current emission regulations relating to NOx require reciprocating engines to operate at very lean fuel/air mixtures. The excess air keeps the combusting gases cooler and limits thermal NOx development. At the same time, the lean mixture requires much more energy to be delivered to the spark plug for successful ignition. The higher energy flowing through the spark plug electrodes increases erosion to the point that the spark plugs last only hundreds of hours; they also cost more than $100 each because of the rare earth metals used to extend their life. The resulting maintenance costs are very high, especially for natural-gas-fueled energy generation engines that must run continuously for thousands of hours.
Light-Emitting Nanoparticles for Imaging Living CellsTBMG-374378/1/2020
Light-emitting nanoparticles have been demonstrated to see deep into living tissue. The specially designed nanoparticles can be excited by ultra-low-power laser light at near-infrared wavelengths considered safe for the human body. They absorb this light and emit visible light that can be measured by standard imaging equipment.
Room-Temperature Magnon SwitchTBMG-374498/1/2020
Researchers have demonstrated a potentially new way to make switches inside a computer’s processing chips, enabling them to use less energy and radiate less heat. The practical technique controls magnons, which are essentially waves that travel through magnetic materials and can carry information. To use magnons for information processing requires a switching mechanism that can control the transmission of a magnon signal through the device.
The Benefits of Tungsten CableTBMG-362423/1/2020
There is no one-size-fits-all material when producing mechanical cable. The material chosen to produce wire rope can vary from one application to the next, because commonly, no two applications place the same demands on the stranded cable. Consider tungsten, for instance. Also known as Wolfram (W, atomic number 74), tungsten possesses the highest melting temperature of all metals. For this reason, this rare earth metal is commonly found in light bulb filaments, x-ray tubes, and arc-welding electrodes. Because of such unique mechanical properties, tungsten has become an integral component in the manufacturing of many of today’s cutting-edge medical devices, including surgical robots.
Going Beyond the Basics: Innovative Step Motor Designs Give Machine Designers More Options for Motion ControlTBMG-360022/1/2020
Machine and system designers now have greater options in choosing a motor to meet motion control requirements. While basic step motors with open-loop control schemes abound in the marketplace, different motor and drive designs offer interesting solutions for smarter, faster, quieter operations with more torque. Some incorporate smart drives for higher-level streaming commands or onboard motion control, while others add encoders for greater torque and accuracy. These options can offer better solutions as applications become more sophisticated and demanding, while companies address initiatives for greener operations. This article outlines different step motor options available on the market and considerations for their use.
Titanium Alloy, Round Bar and Wire 3Al - 8V - 6Cr - 4Mo - 4Zr Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated and Cold DrawnAMS4957G (Current)1/14/2020
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of round bar and wire, 0.625 inch (15.88 mm) and under in nominal diameter or thickness.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Recovery of Mercury and Rare Earth Elements from Fluorescent Lamp PhosphorsTBMG-358031/1/2020
All fluorescent lights contain small amounts of mercury and rare earth metals. There is a need to safely remove and recycle mercury and rare earth elements from used fluorescent lamps in order to keep the valuable and potentially poisonous metals out of the environment and aid the domestic recovery of critical materials.
National Energy Technology LaboratoryTBMG-349278/1/2019
The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory — with sites in Anchorage, AK; Albany, OR; Morgantown, WV; and Pittsburgh, PA — that produces technological solutions to America's energy challenges. For more than 100 years, NETL — and its predecessor facilities — has advanced technology to provide clean, reliable, and affordable energy to the American people.
Shear Assisted Processing and ExtrusionTBMG-347547/1/2019
Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE™) allows creation of wire, bar, and tubular extrusions that show significant improvement in material properties; for example, magnesium extrusions have been manufactured with unprecedented ductility (how far the material can stretch before it breaks) and energy absorption (how much energy can be absorbed during compression of a tubular extrusion) over conventional methods.
Rotary Electrical ContactTBMG-346206/1/2019
Researchers have developed a fundamentally new type of rotary electrical contact that addresses the two limitations of conventional brush/slip ring technology: 1) short operating lifetime due to sliding-contact wear, and 2) electrical arcing associated with contact bounce.
Chemical Check Analysis Limits Titanium and Titanium AlloysAMS2249J (Current)4/5/2019
This specification defines limits of variation for determining acceptability of the composition of cast or wrought titanium and titanium alloy parts and material acquired from a producer.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Failsafe Linear Magnetic BrakesTBMG-341134/1/2019
Linear permanent magnet brakes, also known as eddy current brakes, are a failsafe, power-free deceleration system that is used in conjunction with a metal reaction plate. Ceramic or rare earth magnets are bonded to a steel back iron plate; no input power is required.
Facility Focus: Ames LaboratoryTBMG-3340812/1/2018
Ames Laboratory is a government-owned, contractor-operated national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), operated by and located on the campus of Iowa State University in Ames, IA. For more than 70 years, Ames Laboratory has successfully partnered with Iowa State University and is unique among the DOE laboratories in that it is physically located on the campus of a major research university.
2018 Create the Future Design Contest: Automotive/Transportation Category WinnerTBMG-3331911/1/2018
Toward Material Efficient Vehicles: Ecodesign Recommendations Based on Metal Sustainability Assessments05-11-03-00219/17/2018
Current End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) recycling processes are mainly based on mechanical separation techniques. These methods are designed to recycle those metals with the highest contribution in the vehicle weight such as steel, aluminum, and copper. However, a conventional vehicle uses around 50 different types of metals, some of them considered critical by the European Commission. The lack of specific recycling processes makes that these metals become downcycled in steel or aluminum or, in the worst case, end in landfills. With the aim to define several ecodesign recommendations from a raw material point of view, it is proposed to apply a thermodynamic methodology based on exergy analysis. This methodology uses an indicator called thermodynamic rarity to assess metal sustainability. It takes into account the quality of mineral commodities used in a vehicle as a function of their relative abundance in Nature and the energy intensity required to extract and process them. This method is
Ortego, Abel, Valero, Alicia
Sustainability and Production Economics of Titanium for Engine Valve: India Perspective2018-28-00027/9/2018
Automotive industry is looking to have breakthrough for utilization of titanium in vehicles with cost effective solution. This is due to the relative cost factor and for titanium it is 20 and 2.9 times greater than steel and aluminium respectively. Looking at Today’s scenario of multi material vehicle, it weighs approximately 221 kg on usage of conventional materials i.e. aluminium 37%, steel 42% and composites 21%. also Indian government has taken bold decision to meet BS VI norms directly by 2020 and to achieve the same it is required to meet NOx level of 0.06 g/km for gasoline vehicles and 0.080 g/km for diesel vehicle along with EGR rates of 35% at full load at which conventional materials like steel, aluminium has to withstand for high temperature cycles and high compressed air pressure at outlet. Hence positive progress of implementation of titanium by proving its production economy and sustainability for leading automotive components like exhaust system, valve train and
Garud, Vikrant, Bhoite, Sanjiwan, Patil, Sagar, Ghadage, Suraj, Rawandale, Shitalkumar
Ferroelectric Material Improves UltrasoundTBMG-289455/1/2018
Development of a theoretical basis for ultrahigh piezoelectricity in ferroelectric materials has led to a new material with twice the piezo response of any existing commercial ferroelectric ceramics.
Pros & Cons of Advanced Lightweighting MaterialsTBMG-285493/1/2018
Although cars have been around for more than a century, the material they are made of (steel) has mostly stayed the same. It has only been in the past few decades that advanced materials ranging from aluminum and magnesium alloys, to carbon fiber composites, have made their way into mass-produced passenger cars.
Automotive Ductile Iron Castings for High Temperature ApplicationsJ2582_201801 (Current)1/9/2018
This SAE Standard covers the hardness, chemical analysis and microstructural requirements for ductile iron castings intended for high temperature service in automotive and allied industries. Commonly known as SiMo ductile iron, typical applications are in piston-engine exhaust manifolds and turbocharger parts. Castings may be specified in the as-cast or heat treated condition. For design purposes, the Appendix provides general information on the application of high temperature ductile iron castings, their processing conditions, chemical composition, mechanical properties and microstructure.
Metals Technical Committee
Magnesium Wrought AlloysJ466_201801 (Current)1/9/2018
This SAE Standard covers the most common magnesium alloys used in wrought forms, and lists chemical composition and minimum mechanical properties for the various forms. A general indication of the usage of the various materials is also provided.
Metals Technical Committee
Magnesium Casting AlloysJ465_201801 (Current)1/9/2018
This document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards Board Format This SAE Standard covers the most commonly used magnesium alloys suitable for casting by the various commercial processes. The chemical composition limits and minimum mechanical properties are shown. Over the years, magnesium alloys have been identified by many numbering systems, as shown in Table 1. Presently, SAE is recommending the use of the use of the UNS numbering system to identify those materials. Other equally important characteristics such as surface finish and dimensional tolerances are not covered in this standard.
Metals Technical Committee
Magnesium Casting AlloysJ465_201801-TEST-REC (Historical)1/9/2018
This document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards Board Format This SAE Standard covers the most commonly used magnesium alloys suitable for casting by the various commercial processes. The chemical composition limits and minimum mechanical properties are shown. Over the years, magnesium alloys have been identified by many numbering systems, as shown in Table 1. Presently, SAE is recommending the use of the use of the UNS numbering system to identify those materials. Other equally important characteristics such as surface finish and dimensional tolerances are not covered in this standard.
Metals Technical Committee
Magnesium Wrought AlloysJ466_201801-TEST-REC (Historical)1/9/2018
This SAE Standard covers the most common magnesium alloys used in wrought forms, and lists chemical composition and minimum mechanical properties for the various forms. A general indication of the usage of the various materials is also provided.
Metals Technical Committee
Chemical Check Analysis Limits Nickel, Nickel Alloys, and Cobalt AlloysAMS2269F (Historical)12/5/2017
This specification defines limits of variation for determining acceptability of the composition of cast or wrought nickel, nickel alloy, and cobalt alloy parts and material acquired from a producer.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Chemical Check Analysis Limits Titanium and Titanium AlloysAMS2249H (Historical)6/21/2017
This specification defines limits of variation for determining acceptability of the composition of cast or wrought titanium and titanium alloy parts and material acquired from a producer.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Recovering Metals from Electronic WasteTBMG-270326/1/2017
End-of-life electronic devices such as smartphones, computers, televisions, and other electronics contain significant amounts of valuable metals including base metals (zinc, tin, lead, nickel, and copper), precious metals (silver, gold, and palladium), and rare earth magnets (neodymium, yttrium, samarium). Some electronic scrap is currently landfilled or incinerated, and there is a need to develop more effective processes to capture these valuable metals along with keeping them out of the environment.
Development of Chemical Process for Recovering High-quality Rare-earth Oxides from HV Motor Magnets2017-01-12783/28/2017
In the automobile industry, interest in the prevention of global warming has always been high. The development of eco cars (HV, EV etc.), aimed at reducing CO2 emissions during operation, has been progressing. In the announcement of its "Toyota Environmental Challenge 2050", Toyota declared its commitment to creating a future in which people, cars, and nature coexist in harmony. In this declaration, Toyota committed to reducing CO2 emissions not only during operation but also over the entire life cycle of vehicles, and to using resources effectively based on a 4 R’s approach (refuse, reduce, reuse, and recycle). Although eco cars decrease CO2 emissions during operation, most of them increase CO2 emissions during manufacturing. For example, the rare-earths (Nd, Dy etc.) used in the magnets of driving motors are extracted through processes that produce a significant amount of CO2 emissions. The common process for recycling the rare-earths used in magnets can recover high-purity rare
Isomura, Keisuke
Magnetic Form of Heavy Rare-Earth Free Motor for Hybrid Electric Vehicle2017-01-12213/28/2017
As heavy rare earth elements are become less prevalent, because one-tenth as often in ore deposits as light rare earth elements. Future usage of need to be reduces heavy rare earth, because of resource risks and costs. As such, a method was developed to recover reductions in coercive force and prevent demagnetization temperature from reducing without adding any heavy rare earth elements. First, a heavy rare-earth-free magnet was developed by hot deformation, which limits growth of crystal grain size, and relationships were clarified between coercive force and optimal deforming temperatures, speed, and total rare earth amounts for heavy rare-earth-free magnets. Second, it was made clear that the permeance coefficient can be increased by reshaping the flux barriers, and that the developed hot deformed magnet can be adopted. In this study, a new motor was developed using heavy rare-earth-free hot deformed magnets with performance and marketability equal to or higher than those of traction
Soma, Shingo, shimizu, Haruhiko, Shirado, Eiji, Fujishiro, Satoshi
Self-Excited Wound-Field Synchronous Motors for xEV2017-01-12493/28/2017
Compact, high efficiency and high reliability are required for an xEV motor generator. IPM rotors with neodymium magnets are widely applied for xEV motors to achieve these requirements. However, neodymium magnet material has a big impact on motor cost and there is supply chain risk due to increased usage of these rare earth materials for future automotive xEV’s. On the other hand, a wound-field rotor does not need magnets and can achieve equivalent performance to an IPM rotor. However, brushes are required in order to supply current to the winding coil of the rotor. This may cause insulation issues on xEV motors which utilize high voltage and high currents. Therefore, it is suggested to develop a system which supplies electric energy to the rotor field winding coil from the stator without brushes by applying a transformer between stator coil and rotor field winding. Specifically, add auxiliary magnetic poles between each field winding pole and wind sub-coils to these poles. The
Seguchi, Masahiro
Synchronous Motor with Silicon Steel Salient Poles Rotor and All Coils Placed on the Stator2017-01-16063/28/2017
In this paper, we consider a new design of synchronous motor with salient poles rotor and all coils placed on the stator. This design, uses a laminated silicon steel rotor, which is not so expensive as a rotor with super strong permanent magnets. This design of machine eliminates copper rings on the rotor and brushes which is used in regular synchronous motors, and eliminates disadvantages involved with these arrangements. In an earlier publication, authors considered the opportunity realization of synchronous mode operation in the machine with salient pole rotor and DC stator excitation. Now, we consider the new synchronous mode operation with individual DC excitation of each the alternative current (AC) windings for realization the first, second and third phase synchronous machines. In theoretical basics of analyses and design of synchronous motors we pay more attention to the single-phase motor because it is the basis for design polyphase synchronous machines. In the paper, we
Gladyshev, Sergey P., Gladyshev, Pavel, Okrainskaya, Irina
Aerospace & Defense Technology: December 201616AERP1212/1/2016
Additive Manufacturing How 3D Printing Will Transform the A&D Support Chain Advances in Lightweight Electronics Protection Conformal Coatings Increase Reliability of Aerospace and Military Assemblies Powering Outer Space An In-Depth Look at Aerospace Battery Technology Using High Bandwidth Oscilloscopes to Analyze Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems Bio-inspired Airborne Infrastructure Reconfiguration (BioAIR) EMI Analysis Software Helps Telescope Group Simulate RFI Mitigation Epitaxial Growth of Rhenium with Sputtering Processing and Characterization of Polycrystalline YAG (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) Core-Clad Fibers Multi-Scale Analysis of Deformation and Failure in Polycrystalline Titanium Alloys Under High Strain Rates Abrasion Testing of Products Containing Nanomaterials Spectrum Fatigue of 7075-T651 Aluminum Alloy under Overloading and Underloading
Multi-Phase Ceramic SystemTBMG-2550010/1/2016
Bearing surfaces are typically either metal-on-metal (MOM), ceramic-on-ceramic (COC), or metal-on-polyethylene (MOP). MOM and MOP couplings have the drawback that metallic or polyethylene particles can sometimes separate from the couplings, which can cause significant problems, particularly in a hip or joint replacement. COC couplings are less likely to lose particles due to wear, which makes them more biocompatible, but they are more susceptible to fracture. COC couplings also have a tendency to squeak as they move. Innovators at NASA’s Glenn Research Center have developed a technique using rare earth elements to fabricate a dual-phase ceramic composite that combines a wear-resistant phase and a solid-state lubricant phase. The result is a coupling material that, compared to currently used materials, exhibits a tenfold reduction in the friction coefficient, a sixfold reduction in wear, and a significant reduction in debris caused by wear. Glenn’s groundbreaking rare-earth aluminate
Honda's new e-motor slashes expensive rare-earth content16AUTP09_109/1/2016
Honda Motor Co. and Daido Steel Ltd. recently scored a strategic win when they announced the first production application of a new magnet material for electrified vehicle motors. The material-hot deformed neodymium-is being used first in a new permanent-magnet traction motor powering Honda's 2017 Freed Sport Hybrid compact minivan. Significantly, the material is not a “heavy” rare-earth metal, one that requires “doping” with dysprosium or terium rare earths to achieve high heat-resistance characteristics. Yet it has the high magnetic and thermal performance necessary for use in EV and hybrid vehicle e-motors, according to the companies.
Brooke, Lindsay
Titanium Alloy, Round Bar and Wire 3AI - 8V - 6Cr - 4Mo - 4Zr Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated and Cold DrawnAMS4957F (Historical)7/11/2016
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of round bar and wire, 0.625 inch (15.88 mm) and under in nominal diameter or thickness.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
The New Generation Front Wheel Drive Hybrid System2016-01-11674/5/2016
Introducing all-new front wheel drive hybrid system installed in the 2016 Toyota Prius. This system was completely re-designed to maximize the potential of THS-II (Toyota Hybrid System-II). This system was designed to be able to minimize the mechanical and electrical losses from the previous generation system, improve environmental performance, and also tried to reduce size and weight. We’d like to take this opportunity to introduce the new technology of each component, and hybrid system performance.
Fushiki, Shunsuke
Effect of Thermal Exposure Time on the Relaxation of Residual Stress in High Pressure Die Cast AM602016-01-04234/5/2016
Magnesium alloys are becoming more commonly used for large castings with sections of varying thicknesses. During subsequent processing at elevated temperatures, residual stresses may relax and become a potential mechanism for part distortion. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of thermal exposure on residual stresses and relaxation in a high pressure die cast magnesium (AM60) alloy. The goal was to characterize relaxation of residual stresses at temperatures that are commonly experienced by body components during a typical paint bake cycle. A residual stress test sample design and quench technique developed for relaxation were used and a relaxation study was conducted at two exposure temperatures (140°C and 200°C) over a range of exposure times (0.25 to 24 hours). The results indicate that a significant amount of residual stress relaxation occurred very rapidly during exposure at both exposure temperatures.
Hill, Haley, Zindel, Jacob, Godlewski, Larry
Lightweight Materials for Automotive Applications: A Review2015-36-02199/22/2015
Today, in order to optimize the resources usage and reduce the air pollution, the automobile industry is facing new challenges, with the necessity to improve engines fuel economy, enhance vehicles autonomy and reduce the CO2 emission. One of the solution, which is being much researched, is the car components weight reduction. There is a range of new materials that have been developed to attend the new weight standards. Together with lightweight these materials must also deliver acceptable mechanical properties, easy to manufacture and to assembly capability, good appearance, high durability, good cost-benefit relation and in some cases also acceptable impact energy absorption. This paper presents a review of some of the lightweight materials that are being applied in automobiles, like Carbon Fiber, Aluminum Alloy, Magnesium Alloy, Hybrid Material and Polymer Composites. The physical characteristics, applicability in automotive components, manufacturability and relative cost are shown
Haber, Daniel
Recycling opportunities for hybrid/electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries15MEIP09_029/1/2015
With limited reserves and strict environmental regulations, recyclers look to established extraction means to reuse, recycle, and dispose of the used batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred energy storage systems for electric vehicles due to their inherent advantages in energy and their power density characteristics. As more lithium batteries are generated, the topic of reuse, recycling, and disposal is critical to comply with the disposal norms of waste batteries. As lithium reserves are also limited, proper recycling methods would be of use to extract the same energy out of used batteries. Extractive metallurgy offers an excellent path for selective extraction and refining of a variety of metals from various sources, including naturally occurring ores, minerals, man-made products, etc. In a broader sense, it allows recyclers to selectively separate and refine the metals from various sources irrespective of their nature. However, the extraction process may vary with respect
DC TransformerTBMG-225488/1/2015
A component-level DC transformer was developed in which no alternating currents or voltages are present. It operates by combining features of a homopolar motor and a homopolar generator, both DC devices, such that the output voltage of a DC power supply can be stepped up (or down) with a corresponding step down (or up) in current. The DC transformer should be scalable to low-megawatt levels, but is more suited to high-current than high-voltage applications.
Supply of High-Tech Metals at RiskTBMG-222246/1/2015
Comparative Corrosion Assessment of Coated Alloys for Multi-Material Lightweight Vehicle Architectures2015-01-07384/14/2015
The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative corrosion assessment of alloys and coating schemes of interest for the fabrication of multi-material lightweight vehicle architectures. Alloys considered for this application included galvanized high strength low alloy steel, aluminum alloy AA6111 and magnesium alloy ZEK100. The coating scheme considered for corrosion protection included a layered paint top-coat scheme that was applied to a pre-treated surface. The pre-treatments included an alloy-specific commercial conversion coating (CC) and a plasma electrolytic deposition (PED) process that was applied only to the ZEK100 material. The corrosion assessment of the scribed coated alloy panels was conducted after 1000 h exposure in the ASTM B117 salt fog environment. Characterization of the mode and extent of corrosion damage observed and the role played by the exposed alloy microstructure utilized both light optical microscopy and electron microscopy. The results of this
Kish, Joseph R., Cano, Zach, Kobylecky, Alexandra, McDermid, Joseph, Skszek, Timothy
DOE Focuses on Developing Materials to Improve Vehicle Efficiency2015-01-04054/14/2015
The U.S. Department of Energy Vehicles Technology Office developed requirements and identified technology gaps for lightweight and propulsion materials for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. This paper provides examples of research under development that address the highest priority technology gaps. These examples are synergistic with the Multi-Material Lightweight Vehicle demonstration project, which will be covered in detail in subsequent papers. The purpose of this paper is to show other developments in progress that have the potential to help address technology gaps identified by the demonstration project.
Schutte, Carol
Low Er-Doped Yttrium Gallium Garnet (YGG) as Active Media for Solid-State Lasers at 1651 nmTBMG-218074/1/2015
The typical approach for producing laser output at the 1651-nm wavelength is via nonlinear frequency conversion. Lasers based on nonlinear conversion are complex, and it is very difficult to provide stability over time and over a wide range of operating temperatures. The efficiency of such optical sources is also low. A much more promising approach is the use of active media that allows for the development of solid-state lasers (SSL) with spectral emission at 1651 nm. An important requirement for this active medium is the ability to support in-band pumping with a low quantum defect since this approach leads to significant improvement in efficiency of SSLs and excellent beam characteristics due to low thermal stress of the active media.
Effect of Aluminum on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Automotive Grade Gray Cast Iron2015-26-00661/14/2015
Mechanical and wear properties of Al alloyed gray cast iron (0.5% and 1.0%) were compared with that of Mo (1.0%) and Cu (0.77%) alloyed gray cast iron in this investigation. All the alloys showed pearlitic microstructure. The graphite morphology varied due to varying chemistry. The fracture surface showed “cabbage” like dimpled morphology indicating the predominant ductile fracture. It was found that the Mo containing cast iron show 25 to 30% higher strength and 6 to 7 times better wear resistance compared to Al containing cast irons. The worn surface showed oxide formation during sliding.
Vadiraj, Aravind, Tiwari, Shashank, Dasare, Ashutosh
New Metal Alloy as Strong as TitaniumTBMG-2123212/17/2014
Materials scientists from North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, and Qatar University have developed a new high-entropy metal alloy that, they say, has a higher strength-to-weight ratio than any other existing metal material. High-entropy alloys consist of five or more metals in roughly equal amounts. The researchers say that strong, lightweight materials, may be very useful in prosthetic devices, as well as many other uses.
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