Browse Topic: Potassium

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Potassium-Oxygen Battery Stores Clean EnergyTBMG-3569212/01/2019
Researchers have developed a more efficient, more reliable potassium-oxygen battery with a cathode that stores the energy produced by a chemical reaction in a metal-oxygen or metal-air battery. The battery could make renewable energy sources like solar and wind more viable options for the power grid through cheaper, more efficient energy storage.
Aluminum Electroplating Using Bromide SaltsTBMG-2831402/01/2018
Corrosion of structural materials is a serious problem for industrial and civil infrastructure worldwide, costing billions of dollars, and hampering gross domestic product. Corrosion also presents a threat to the environment and public safety, with highways and bridges losing structural integrity, and hazardous materials leaching into soils, waterways, and aquifers.
New Device Helps Diagnose and Treat Neurodegenerative DiseasesTBMG-2813301/01/2018
École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
Corrosion-Resistant Steel Parts: Sampling, Inspection and Testing for Surface PassivationAMSSTD753B (Current)04/04/2017
This standard describes general and detailed methods of sampling and testing for surface passivity of corrosion-resistant steel parts. These tests may also be useful to determine if there is a need for passivation.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Corrosion-Resistant Steel Parts: Sampling, Inspection and Testing for Surface PassivationAMSSTD753B-TEST-REC (Historical)04/04/2017
This standard describes general and detailed methods of sampling and testing for surface passivity of corrosion-resistant steel parts. These tests may also be useful to determine if there is a need for passivation.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
MIO - A Cost Efficient and High Quality Raw Material for Brake Pads2014-01-248309/28/2014
Fierce competition demands more and more consideration for raw materials that are price competitive without the sacrifice of technical results. High and very often fluctuating raw material costs and availability challenge and complicate the calculation for brake pads raw materials. Therefore there is a strong demand for raw materials with high technical performance at stable predictable costs. For these reasons micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) is evaluated. A case study describes the substitution of two well-established materials Zirconium Silicate and Potassium Titanate by micaceous iron oxide MIO in disk brake pads. MIO is a naturally occurring mineral with lamellar particle shape. The study compares the addition of 3 wt-% and 6 wt-% of Zirconium Silicate, Potassium Titanate and of MIO in a low-metallic formulation for disk brake pads. Regarding technical performance several properties are evaluated. Tests for friction coefficients are carried out according to the AK-Master SAE J2522. The
Mayer, Veronika, Richards, Brian
Wearable Electrolyte Sensor Provides Instant ReadingsTBMG-2007707/01/2014
Electrolytes, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and other salts are essential in carrying nerve impulses that tell the heart and other muscles when to contract or relax. A proper balance of them in the human body is required for the normal function of cells and organs. Realizing that laboratory analyses can be expensive, and that patients, athletes, and soldiers would prefer a pain-free, wrist-worn diagnostic device that can analyze, continuously record, and even remedy low electrolyte levels, researchers at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, have developed and are patenting a prototype model that can analyze various electrolyte levels on the spot, yet fit in a palm or be worn on a wrist. The device, when commercially available, could decrease the time users would spend in emergency rooms, lab testing facilities, or doctors’ offices.
Sodium Contamination of Diesel Fuel, its Interaction with Fuel Additives and the Resultant Effects on Filter Plugging and Injector Fouling2013-01-268710/14/2013
Diesel fuel distilled from crude oil should contain no greater than trace amounts of sodium. However, fuel specifications do not include sodium; there is a limit of five parts per million for the amount of sodium plus potassium in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as biodiesel. Sodium compounds are often used as the catalyst for the esterification process for producing FAME and sodium hydroxide is now commonly used in the refining process to produce ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) fuel from crude oil. Good housekeeping should ensure that sodium is not present in the finished fuel. A finished fuel should not only be free of sodium but should also contain a diesel fuel additive package to ensures the fuel meets the quality standards introduced to provide reliable operation, along with the longevity of the fuel supply infrastructure and the diesel engines that ultimately burn this fuel. There has recently been an upsurge in reported field problems due to fouling of the fuel injection
Barker, Jim, Cook, Stephen, Richards, Paul
De-Icer Quantification and Phase Transition Detection by Raman Spectroscopy2013-01-210109/17/2013
Winter maintenance is based on the intervention of operating services, as well as the use of deicers. Each year, in France, thousands of tons of deicers are spread through runways and taxiways. On the airport sector, the main deicers are sodium or potassium acetates and formates. All these deicers aim to prevent ice formation (preventive strategy) and/or improve the ice melting of snow residual film (curative strategy) at temperatures below 0°C. The operating principle of these compounds is based on the lowering of the solution's freezing point once dissolved in water. The phase diagram's knowledge is predominant to determine the deicer's amount to be applied on the surface. It provides a way to optimize their amounts applied with respect to weather conditions, present or forecasted. The Center for Technical Studies of Equipment in East of France (CETE de l'Est) developed and implemented a method based on Raman spectroscopy to characterize aqueous solutions of airport de-icers. This
Durickovic, Ivana, Marchetti, Mario, Poissonnier, Stephanie, Casteran, Guillaume, Mansour, Rachel, Schweigert, Nathalie, Mars, Benoit
Functional Electrical Stimulation Technique May Improve Neural ImplantsTBMG-1392906/01/2012
Electrical implants that shut down excessive activity in brain cells hold great potential for treating epilepsy and chronic pain. Likewise, devices that enhance neurons’ activity may help restore function to people with nerve damage.
Corrosion-Resistant Steel Parts: Sampling, Inspection and Testing for Surface PassivationAMSSTD753A (Historical)04/16/2012
This standard describes general and detailed methods of sampling and testing for surface passivity of corrosion-resistant steel parts. These tests may also be useful to determine if there is a need for passivation.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Thermionic Power Cell To Harness Heat Energies for Geothermal ApplicationsTBMG-1223912/01/2011
A unit thermionic power cell (TPC) concept has been developed that converts natural heat found in high-temperature environments (460 to 700 ºC) into electrical power for in situ instruments and electronics. Thermionic emission of electrons occurs when an emitter filament is heated to “white hot” temperatures (>1,000 ºC) allowing electrons to overcome the potential barrier and emit into the vacuum. These electrons are then collected by an anode, and transported to the external circuit for energy storage.
Compact, Lightweight Electromagnetic Pump for Liquid MetalTBMG-830508/01/2010
A proposed direct-current electromagnetic pump for circulating a molten alkali metal alloy would be smaller and lighter and would demand less input power, relative to currently available pumps of this type. (Molten alkali metals are used as heat-transfer fluids in high-temperature stages of some nuclear reactors.) The principle of operation of this or any such pump involves exploitation of the electrical conductivity of the molten metal: An electric current is made to pass through the liquid metal along an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the flow channel, and a magnetic field perpendicular to both the longitudinal axis and the electric current is superimposed on the flowchannel region containing the electric current. The interaction between the electric current and the magnetic field produces the pumping force along the longitudinal axis. The advantages of the proposed pump over other such pumps would accrue from design features that address overlapping thermal and
Finned Carbon-Carbon Heat Pipe With Potassium Working FluidTBMG-TB-00795805/01/2010
The heat pipe can be used in terrestrial power plants. This elemental space radiator heat pipe is designed to operate in the 700 to 875 K temperature range. It consists of a C–C (carbon-carbon) shell made from poly-acrylonitride fibers that are woven in an angle interlock pattern and densified with pitch at high process temperature with integrally woven fins. The fins are 2.5 cm long and 1 mm thick, and provide an extended radiating surface at the colder condenser section of the heat pipe. The weave pattern features a continuous fiber bath from the inner tube surface to the outside edges of the fins to maximize the thermal conductance, and to thus minimize the temperature drop at the condenser end. The heat pipe and radiator element together are less than one-third the mass of conventional heat pipes of the same heat rejection surface area.
Colorimetric-Solid Phase Extraction (C-SPE): In-Flight Methodologies for the Facile Determination of Trace Level Indicators of Water Quality2008-01-220106/29/2008
At present, spacecraft water quality is assessed when samples collected on the International Space Station (ISS) are returned to Earth. Several months, however, may pass between sample collection and analysis, potentially compromising sample integrity by risking degradation. For example, iodine and silver, which are the respective biocides used in the U.S. and Russian spacecraft potable water systems, must be held at levels that prevent bacterial growth, while avoiding adverse effects on crew health. A comparable need exists for the detection of many heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, and microorganisms. Lead, cadmium, and nickel have been found, for instance, in the ISS potable water system at amounts that surpass existent requirements. There have been similar occurrences with hazardous organic compounds like formaldehyde and ethylene glycol. Microorganism counts above acceptable limits have also been reported in a few instances. The delays in analyzing potable water suspend
Porter, Marc D., Siperko, Lorraine M., Nordling, John, Hazen-Bosveld, April A., Shih, Chien-Ju, Lipert, Robert J., Fritz, James S.
Micromachined Slits for Imaging SpectrometersTBMG-286006/01/2008
Slits for imaging spectrometers can now be fabricated to a precision much greater than previously attainable. What makes this possible is a micromachining process that involves the use of microlithographic techniques. This micromachining process supplants a prior machine-shop process.
Nanostructures Exploit Hybrid-Polariton ResonancesTBMG-266503/01/2008
Nanostructured devices that exploit the hybrid-polariton resonances arising from coupling among photons, phonons, and plasmons are subjects of research directed toward the development of infrared-spectroscopic sensors for measuring extremely small quantities of molecules of interest. The spectroscopic techniques in question are surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). An important intermediate goal of this research is to increase the sensitivity achievable by these techniques. The basic idea of the approach being followed in this research is to engineer nanostructured devices and thereby engineer their hybrid-polariton resonances to concentrate infrared radiation incident upon their surfaces in such a manner as to increase the absorption of the radiation for SEIRA and measure the frequency shifts of surface vibrational modes.
Nuclear-Spin Gyroscope Based on an Atomic Co-MagnetometerTBMG-256501/01/2008
An experimental nuclear-spin gyroscope is based on an alkali-metal/noblegas co-magnetometer, which automatically cancels the effects of magnetic fields. Whereas the performances of prior nuclear-spin gyroscopes are limited by sensitivity to magnetic fields, this gyroscope is insensitive to magnetic fields and to other external perturbations. In addition, relative to prior nuclear-spin gyroscopes, this one exhibits greater sensitivity to rotation. There is commercial interest in development of small, highly sensitive gyroscopes. The present experimental device could be a prototype for development of nuclear-spin gyroscopes suitable for navigation. In comparison with fiberoptic gyroscopes, these gyroscopes would draw less power and would be smaller, lighter, more sensitive, and less costly.
Trace Level Determination of Lead(II) in Water by Colorimetric-Solid Phase Extraction2005-01-288907/11/2005
Preliminary results on the development of quick, simple analytical method for the low level of lead(II) in water samples are described. The method concentrates lead(II) on a small solid-phase extraction disk, which is then quantified directly on the disk by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). This method, termed colorimetric solid-phase extraction (C-SPE), requires only 1–2 min for complete workup and is suitable for use in a wide range of applications, including the microgravity environment on the International Space Station. The procedure first adds an excess of potassium iodide to a 10.0 mL sample at a pH of 3.0–3.5 to produce the anionic PbI42− colored complex, which is exhaustively extracted by the disk that was previously impregnated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The amount of complex extracted is then determined at 420 nm by a hand-held DRS instrument. A linear calibration plot was obtained for lead(II) concentrations from 0.02–2.50 ppm, with a detection limit of
Dias, Neil C., Fritz, James S., Porter, Marc D.
Treated Carbon Nanofibers for Storing Energy in Aqueous KOHTBMG-38611/01/2004
A surface treatment has been found to enhance the performances of carbon nanofibers as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors in which aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide are used as the electrolytes. In the treatment, sulfonic acid groups are attached to edge plane sites on carbon atoms.
Treatment With Ferrates Eliminates DNA and ProteinsTBMG-743009/01/2001
Ferrate (VI) salts have been proposed for use in sterilizing water (perhaps also in sterilizing air). The iron in ferrate (VI) salts is in its highest oxidation state (VI), and these salts are extremely strong oxidants. In laboratory experiments, it was shown that treatment of DNA solutions with micromolar concentrations of potassium ferrate (VI) irreversibly inhibits further DNA polymerization and polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) synthesis. Such treatment does not produce any toxic wastes; instead, what remains after treatment are iron ions, which can be recycled and which, in some applications, are useful as nutrients.
Self-Sterilizing Properties of Martian Soil: Possible Nature & Implications2000-01-234307/10/2000
As a result of the Viking missions in 1970s, the presence of a strong oxidant in Martian soil was suggested. Here we present a testable, by near-term missions, hypothesis that iron(VI) contributes to that oxidizing pool. Ferrate(VI) salts were studied for their spectral and oxidative properties and biological activities. Ferrate(VI) has distinctive spectroscopic features making it available for detection by remote sensing reflectance spectra and contact measurements via Mössbauer spectroscopy. The relevant miniaturized instrumentation has been developed or is underway, while XANES spectroscopy is shown to be a method of choice for the returned samples. Ferrate(VI) is capable of splitting water to yield oxygen, and oxidizing organic carbon to CO2. Organic oxidation was strongly abated after pre-heating ferrate, similar to the observations with Mars soil samples. Using UV spectra and PCR studies, it was shown that ferrate(VI) destroys genetic material in the form of nucleotides or
Tsapin, A. I., Goldfeld, M. G., Nealson, K. H., Kemner, K. M., Moskowitz, B.
Potassium AMTEC Cell Performance1999-01-270208/02/1999
AMTEC systems have historically been operated with sodium as the working fluid, in large part because fabrication of beta”-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) membranes has been substantially easier with sodium than with potassium or other alkali metals1. It has been anticipated that because potassium has a substantially higher vapor pressure for a given temperature, and because the best K-BASE conductivity falls only marginally below that for Na-BASE, potassium AMTEC cells could produce higher power at a given temperature or comparable power at a lower temperature than similar sodium cells. Operation at lower temperatures can reduce materials lifetime or compatibility problems, and for severely heat input constrained systems it could enhance efficiency by reducing parasitic thermal conduction losses. Recently K-BASE tubes have become available as a commercial product2 and conventional experiments to evaluate the performance of complete KAMTEC cells have become much more feasible
Barkan, A., Hunt, T. K., Thomas, B.
Micronutrient Recovery from Inedible Plant Residues in Activated Sludge Cultures and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Inocula1999-01-206607/12/1999
Micronutrient recovery was investigated in two microbial systems, activated sludge and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium). Hydroponically grown crops, namely, tomato, peanut, wheat and a 50:50 mixture of peanut and wheat were used in the study. The experiments were conducted in shaker flasks on a 1% solids basis at 25°C for all crops and at 25°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C for tomato plant material. The micronutrient content of the leachate was determined initially and after 16, 32, 64, and 128 days of incubation. In order to determine the extent and rate of micronutrient release during the initial stages of incubation, when most of the solids degradation occurs, two separate experiments were conducted in batch reactors for 16 days. The micronutrient content of the batch reactor leachate was monitored on a daily basis. Micronutrients assessed included boron, manganese, iron, magnesium, zinc, copper, calcium, phosphorus and potassium. The effects of biological treatment, biological
Davies,, Kimberley A., Christodoulatos,, Christos, Vaccari, David A., Korfiatis, George P.
Miniature, Tunable, Wide-Band-Pass Optical FiltersTBMG-3206912/01/1998
A proposed miniature, electrically tunable, band-pass optical filter would have a Fabry-Perot configuration, but would be designed to trade the high spectral resolution (narrow-band pass) and small tuning range of a traditional Fabry-Perot filter for low spectral resolution (wide-band pass) and a wide tuning range. Filters like this are candidates to supplant two other types of optical filters used in remote-sensing spectrometers: namely, acousto-optical tunable filters (which are heavy and power-hungry) and liquid-crystal tunable filters (which exhibit low efficiency and work only in narrow temperature ranges).
Improved Process for Scrubbing and Treating NOₓ LiquorTBMG-3232610/01/1998
A new process and equipment have been developed for reducing the emissions of hazardous nitrogen oxides (NOx), and eliminating a hazardous waste stream. In this process, a waste gas stream of nitrogen and NOx, arising from spacecraft-propellant operations, is reacted (scrubbed) with a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide (scrubber liquor). The resulting liquor is treated simultaneously with potassium hydroxide during the scrubbing operation to produce potassium nitrate. The overall effect of the process is to absorb NOx from the waste gas stream into the scrubber liquor where NOx is converted into an aqueous solution of potassium nitrate, which can be used as a fertilizer.
Metal- and Oxide-Containing Carbons Made From Graphite OxideTBMG-3234409/01/1998
Carbon-based materials containing, variously, metals and metal oxides can be synthesized according to a method that involves reactions of metal chlorides with materials of general composition COx. In a typical material synthesized by the present method, the carbon is porous and serves as a substrate for the metal or metal oxide. Depending on the application, the metal or metal oxide could serve, for example, as a catalyst or as an electrode material in a gas sensor or electrochemical power cell. Alternatively, instead of serving as a substrate, the carbon could serve as a template for formation of a porous metal oxide (ceramic), from which the carbon is eventually removed.
Voltage-Tunable Surface-Plasmon Band-Pass Optical FiltersTBMG-3203608/01/1998
Voltage-tunable optical band-pass filters based on surface plasmon waves have been proposed. These filters would function at both visible and infrared wavelengths. Whereas liquid-crystal tunable optical filters now on the market exhibit efficiencies of 20 percent or less, theoretical calculations predict that the efficiencies of the proposed tunable surface-plasmon filters could exceed 60 percent in some cases.
Corrosion-Resistant Steel Parts: Sampling, Inspection and Testing for Surface PassivationAMSSTD753 (Historical)07/01/1998
This standard describes general and detailed methods of sampling and testing for surface passivity of corrosion-resistant steel parts. These tests may also be useful to determine if there is a need for passivation.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Fluid, Deicing/Anti-Icing, Runways and Taxiways Potassium Acetate BaseAMS1432A (Historical)10/01/1991
This specification has been declared "CANCELLED" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of November 1995, and has been superseded by AMS 1535.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
On-Line Monitoring of Water Quality and Plant Nutrients in Space Applications Based on Photodiode Array Spectrometry91136107/01/1991
Significant needs exist for on-line real-time monitoring of water quality and hydroponic plant nutrients in regenerative life support systems. Toxic metals and organic pollutants in recirculated water are more effectively controlled by on-line monitoring. Biomass production of various crops may be enhanced by optimal control of plant nutrients. A new on-line fiber optic spectrometer is in development that uses a combination of ultraviolet-visible absorption measurements in combination with liquid atomic emission spectra to assay a wide variety of chemical compounds and ions in solution. Problems created by interfering, overlapping spectra are solved through the use of pattern recognition methods for multicomponent chemical analysis. This analytical instrument has been successfully applied to the analysis of 15-component plant nutrient solutions.
Schlager, Kenneth J.
Resolving White Spotting Problems (NUBBING) on Electrogalvanised Metal During Metal Pretreatment86011702/01/1986
During the chemical surface treatment of electrogalvanized metal, the formation of white spots or “nubs” can seriously affect the smoothness of the cathodic electropaint, necessitating sanding prior to the final application of top-coat. Contrary to common belief, these white spots are not always produced in the zinc phosphate stage of the metal pretreatment process. They are frequently produced from the interaction of the electrogalvanized surface with the cleaners used in the body shop, pre-wipe stations and alkali cleaning stages prior to phosphating. The chemical nature of the white spots is dependent upon cleaner formulation and their formation is greatly accelerated by surface contamination of microparticulate iron (from metal finishing operations). This paper documents some work to date in resolving such problems in an assembly plant.
Wyville, Robert D., Cape, Thomas W.
PLATING MAGNESIUM FOR SOLDERABILITY Zinc Immersion ProcessAMS2421A (Historical)05/01/1968
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR INCREASED LIFE IN BUS AND TRUCK PARTS - ELECTROPLATING47019201/01/1947
SCHUSTIK, L. J.
POINTERS ON THE EQUIPMENT OF A HARDENING ROOM07000601/01/1907
SCHAEFFERS, JOSEPH
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