Browse Topic: Aluminum

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Predictive Analysis and Risk Management of Nickel-Plated Aluminum Automotive Parts Exposed to Harsh Environmental Conditions2026-26-03051/16/2026
Aluminium is widely used across various industries due to its lightweight properties, high strength-to-weight ratio, and cost-effectiveness. However, its susceptibility to corrosion, particularly in harsh environmental conditions, presents challenges to its long-term durability and performance. To mitigate these issues, nickel plating was applied as a protective measure, creating a barrier to minimize aluminums' direct exposure to corrosive environments and enhance its resistance to degradation. In this study, nickel-plated aluminum was subjected to controlled corrosion testing under simulated real-world conditions, including high humidity, saline atmospheres, and industrial pollutants. The primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and longevity of nickel plating as a corrosion prevention method. Periodic observations and measurements were conducted to monitor material changes, such as surface degradation and corrosion product formation. The findings highlight the critical
NARAIN, ADITYA, Venugopal, Sivakumar, Gopalan, Vijaysankar, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 0.80Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.25Mo (0.49 - 0.55C), Annealed AMS6396H (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft quality, low alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Tubing, Seam-Free, Round, 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130), 95.0 ksi (655 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6374F (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of round, non-welded tubing free from OD surface seams.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Welded Tubing, 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130)AMS6373K (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of welded tubing.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740) AMS6358M (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft quality, low alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.33 - 0.38C) (8735) AMS6357N (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.8Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (4640) AMS6312L (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars and Forgings, 0.18 - 0.23C (SAE 1022) AMS5070L (Historical)11/25/2025
This specification covers a carbon steel in the form of bars up through 3.000 inches (76.2 mm), forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7255-T7751), 8.0Zn - 2.3Cu - 2.0Mg - 0.12Zr, Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and OveragedAMS4463B (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.750 to 1.500 inch, incl ( 19.05 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Magnesium Alloy, Sheet and Plate, 3.0Al - 1.0Zn - 0.20Mn (AZ31B-H24), Cold Rolled, Partially AnnealedAMS4377K (Current)11/21/2025
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sheet and plate.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Alclad Sheet, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (Alclad 2024-O), Annealed, Fine GrainAMS4274C (Current)11/21/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet 0.009 to 0.126 inch (0.23 to 3.20 mm) inclusive, in nominal thickness, alclad.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061-O), AnnealedAMS4160K (Current)11/13/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Plate (2624-T351) 4.1Cu - 1.4Mg - 0.6Mn Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally AgedAMS4464B (Current)9/30/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.500 to 1.500 inch, incl (12.70 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.4).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Lightweight Low-Cost Multifunctional Thermoplastic Composite AirframeF-0081-2025-01625/20/2025
With performance advances proposed for the Future Vertical Lift suite of aircraft and advancements in the electronic battlefield, it is imperative that advanced materials and concepts be included in the vehicle designs to meet the aggressive weight reduction objectives, structural requirements, and operational environment capabilities. Integrating electromagnetic (EM) shielding during the design process offers an opportunity to make progress towards the performance goals. To this end, efforts must be made to minimize the impact of this shielding to platform weight and structural performance. This article presents work to develop a hybrid multifunctional composite material technology that incorporates copper mesh into a carbon fiber and thermoplastic matrix structural composite material to achieve required levels of EM shielding and high levels of structural efficiency while reducing the overall weight of the system. This article focuses on the design of a representative helicopter
Haynes, Robert, Luzetsky, Harry, Phifer, Ellen
BOS and HWA Measurements on Rotor Tip Vortices in a High Pressure Wind TunnelF-0081-2025-02535/20/2025
This study investigates Reynolds number effects on rotor wake vortex development using a hyperbaric rotor facility capable of pressurizing air up to 100 bar. Background-oriented schlieren (BOS) and hot-wire anemometry (HWA) were applied to characterize vortex trajectories, core growth, and circumferential velocity distribution. BOS measurements revealed consistent blade-to-blade trajectory deviations and vortex pairing across all operating conditions, despite that the investigated three-bladed rotor was milled from a single piece of aluminum, ensuring precise manufacturing and a highly symmetric geometry. A statistical scheme was developed to analyze the radial structure of fluctuating tip vortices, which traverse the pointwise fiber-film sensor in a fixed position. With increasing vortex Reynolds number, the tip vortices are more compact with a reduction in core growth. The circulation in the vortices grows with the vortex radial coordinate, and converges at a radial position
Bartzsch, Hauke T., Wolf, C. Christian, Galli, Erica, Raffel, Markus, Braune, Marc, Löhr, Markus
TEE ASSEMBLY, FLARED TUBE, RETAINED NUT ON RUN, FOR SEAL RINGAS4302A (Historical)5/2/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
A review of warm forming for steels: History, Methodology and Emerging trends2025-01-88144/1/2025
Many manufacturing techniques and process modifications have been implemented over the years to improve the formability of sheet metals. Warm forming of sheet metals is one such established method. However, it is more commonly and successfully applied to aluminum grades. The reevaluation of less-used metal forming technologies, such as warm forming and sheet hydroforming for steel, is a response to the challenges posed by competitive processes like large castings and the geometry requirements of new BEV parts. By understanding the effects of elevated temperatures (below recrystallization temperatures) on different steel grades and the impact of various heating methodologies, the industry can adapt and optimize these proven techniques for modern applications. This paper is a comprehensive summary of the effect of elevated temperatures on various grades of steel. Different heating techniques, their cycle times and effects on final forming feasibility is contrasted. The effect of
Kella, Caroline, Wormald, Tom, Gatts, Joshua
Characterization and Aluminum Recovery from Chemical Milling Sludge in Aerospace Industry2025-01-50163/21/2025
The chemical milling process used in the aerospace industry generates substantial metallic residue in the etching bath, referred to as chemical milling sludge (CMS). The direct disposal of CMS into the environment leads to ecological deterioration and economic losses. This study focused on the recovery of aluminum from the aerospace industry CMS, aiming to mitigate environmental harm and enhance resource efficiency. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that the aluminum content in extracted CMS increased significantly to 95.86%, compared to 28.98% in non-extracted sludge. The XRD analysis of the CMS extracted samples also revealed the presence of increased Al2O3. The surface morphology study suggested the irregularly shaped particles with large chunks, and fine granules were observed on CMS. The yield of Al2O3 was observed to be 35.9% (wt) prior to the calcination process followed by 12.1% (wt) after calcination. The phytotoxicity study indicated that the CMS inhibited
Prasad, Jag, Sonwani, Ravi Kumar
Defect based fatigue life predictions for Aluminum Castings using Simulations2024-26-02891/16/2024
Aluminum casting parts generally have inherent internal defects such as porosity which lowers the fatigue strength of such castings. Accounting for such a fatigue strength reduction for Aluminum casted parts is the primary purpose of this paper. Authors have used Murakami et al [1] approach to calculate a ‘porosity correction factor’ for fatigue. The actual material S-N curve is modified using fatigue factors to account for the fatigue strength reduction due to presence of porosity. This approach was then validated on one of the fatigue failure cases on Aluminum casted housing. There was a close match between the test data and proposed approach for fatigue prediction. With this approach, engineers will be able to do fatigue predictions in presence of material defects like porosity with simple porosity correction factor, rather than using complex modeling of porosity in FEA or using detailed fracture mechanics methods. Engineers can also be able to provide acceptable levels of porosity
Kumar, Rohit, Gawture, Majnoo M
test 03/01auto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-078071/3/2023
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Mutagaana, Festo
abc test 30/12auto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-0780612/30/2022
Mutagaana, F., "QE Testing 11/2-10 jms edit," SAE MobilityRxiv™ Preprint, submitted November 2, 2022, https://doi.org/10.47953/SAE-PP-07790.
Mutagaana, Festo
Local Thermomechanical Processing for Improving Formability of High Strength Aluminum Sheets2022-01-02783/29/2022
Limited room temperature formability hinders the wide-spread use of high strength aluminum alloys in structural body-in-white parts. Stamping or extrusion at warm temperatures or from softer tempers are the current solutions. In this work, our approach is to start with age- and work-hardened sheets from 7xxx, 6xxx, and 5xxx family of alloys and improve their formability using local thermomechanical processing only in the regions demanding highest ductility in the forming processes. The processes used were friction stir processing (FSP) and roller bending-unbending. In both the methods sheets were locally deformed and heated simultaneously without any change in the final sheet geometry or chemistry. Initial results indicated significant deformation in the processed zones with minimal sheet distortion. FSP also resulted in dynamically recrystallized, fine grained (d <5 µm) microstructures in the processed regions with textures significantly different from the base material. This resulted
Nasim, Wahaz, Das, Hrishikesh, Kulkarni, Shank, Rohatgi, Aashish, HERLING, DARRELL, Grant, Glenn, Upadhyay, Piyush, Efe, Mert
High Strength Aluminum Bearing Alloy with Increased Fatigue Resistance2022-01-04113/29/2022
Aluminum-tin alloy lined bimetals have traditionally been utilized in rod and main bearing applications in light duty gasoline engines due to their combination of strength with soft-phase properties, such as embeddability and conformability. The load carrying capability of aluminum-tin alloys can be further increased by applying a polymer overlay, but recent advances in engine design, to improve efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions, have resulted in maximum specific load requirements beyond the performance limits of current aluminum-tin products. In these instances, the standard option would be to specify a lead-free bronze-based bearing solution, which has increased strength, but necessitates greater weight and brings a significant cost disadvantage over aluminum products. To address these problems, MAHLE have developed a high strength aluminum lined bimetal for use with a polymer coating, which offers a significant advantage in load carrying capability over traditional aluminum-tin
Campbell, Sylvia, Morais, Paulo, Stearns, John
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.2Cr - 2.0Ni - 0.45Mo (0.27 - 0.33C)AMS6407L (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.2Cr - 2.0Ni - 0.45Mo (0.27 - 0.33C)AMS6407L-TEST-REC (Historical)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Automotive Engineering: September 202121AUTP099/1/2021
Weaving a new future for composites In a shift perhaps as prolific as steel to aluminum, woven plastics may finally bring the magic of composites to cost-effective mass-production. New composites target EV applications No longer a low-volume play, the latest composite materials offer EV developers new options for lightweighting, thermal management and structures. Acura TLX is Honda's new body-build benchmark All-new for 2021, Acura's midsize sport sedan gets an exclusive platform to go with its structural, materials and dynamic advancements. Body development leader Jeremy Lucas explains. Schaeffler builds an e-motor powerhouse Armed with state-of-the-art manufacturing and a history of innovation, Schaeffler Group is attacking the e-mobility space, says Daniel Sayre. Editorial EV bafflers, surprises and ironies Altair honors weight-saving innovations Finding failure inside lithium-metal batteries GM puts its new 2023 Corvette V8 on a different 'plane' SAE Standards News New ISO-SAE
Impact of Mode Shapes on Experimental Loss Factor Estimation in Automotive Joints2021-01-11108/31/2021
This paper presents the experimental work carried out on single-lap joints fastened together with bolts and nuts to investigate the contribution of mode shapes, and the effect that bolt sizes has in dissipating energy in built-up structures. Five different bolt sizes are chosen to assemble five single-bolted single-lap joints using aluminum plates. An analogous monolithic solid piece carved from the same aluminum material is used to determine the material damping and compare it against the damping from bolted joints. The dynamic response of all structures is captured under free-free boundary conditions, and the common modes are analyzed to understand the contribution and primary source of damping in the same range of the sampling frequency. This investigation has revealed that the source of damping in the joints is heavily linked to the mode shapes of the structure and structural damping (also referred to as material damping) contributes more during specific mode shapes compared to the
Sanjeev, Shaan, O'Boy, Dan J., Cunningham, Paul, Fisher, Steve
Development Work for a New Damping Standard SAE J31302021-01-11228/31/2021
Standards organizations develop standards depending on the need in the market place. With the change in vehicle design, lightweighting structures, and body panels made out of aluminum and composites, SAE’s Acoustical Materials Committee is developing a new damping standard. This standard is also very suitable in determining the damping performance of materials used in the off-highway applications, where the thickness of the steel body panel is much greater than in the automotive application. The general methodology of this standard is based on the mechanical impedance measurement method and has been developed with the general consensus of automotive engineers, suppliers, and independent test laboratories. This method is essentially based on the fact that a bar is excited at the center by a shaker. The force exerted by the shaker and the corresponding vibration is measured at that point to determine the frequency response function of the mechanical impedance signal. This paper discusses
Saha, Pranab
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620)AMS6274S (Current)7/23/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Product Analysis - Permissible Variations from Specified Chemical Analysis of a Heat or Cast of SteelJ409_202107 (Current)7/15/2021
Supplementary to the heat or cast analysis, a product analysis may be made on steel in the semifinished or finished form. For definitions and methods of sampling steel for product chemical analysis, refer to SAE J408. A product analysis is a chemical analysis of the semifinished or finished steel to determine conformance to the specification requirements. The range of the specified chemical composition is normally expanded to take into account deviations associated with analytical reproducibility and the heterogeneity of the steel. Individual determinations may vary from the specified heat or cast analysis ranges or limits to the extent shown in Tables 1 through 5. The several determinations of any element in a heat or cast may not vary both above and below the specified range except for lead. Tables 1 through 5 provide permissible limits for various steel forms and composition types. For rephosphorized and resulfurized steels, the product analysis tolerance limits are not applicable
Metals Technical Committee
Product Analysis - Permissible Variations from Specified Chemical Analysis of a Heat or Cast of SteelJ409_202107-TEST-REC (Historical)7/15/2021
Supplementary to the heat or cast analysis, a product analysis may be made on steel in the semifinished or finished form. For definitions and methods of sampling steel for product chemical analysis, refer to SAE J408. A product analysis is a chemical analysis of the semifinished or finished steel to determine conformance to the specification requirements. The range of the specified chemical composition is normally expanded to take into account deviations associated with analytical reproducibility and the heterogeneity of the steel. Individual determinations may vary from the specified heat or cast analysis ranges or limits to the extent shown in Tables 1 through 5. The several determinations of any element in a heat or cast may not vary both above and below the specified range except for lead. Tables 1 through 5 provide permissible limits for various steel forms and composition types. For rephosphorized and resulfurized steels, the product analysis tolerance limits are not applicable
Metals Technical Committee
Aluminum Bronze Bars, Rods, and Forgings 87Cu - 9Al - 3Fe Stress RelievedAMS4635H (Current)7/7/2021
This specification covers one type of aluminum bronze in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Novel Multi-Physics-based Modeling of a Quenching Process with Thermal-Metallurgical-Mechanical Interactions in Aluminum ComponentF-0077-2021-169025/10/2021
ABSTRACT
Lua, Jim, Karuppiah,  Anand, Li,  Peipei, Stuebner,  Michael, Yan, Jinhui, Zhao,  Ze
Aluminum Alloy Die Forgings 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T73) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4141H (Current)4/28/2021
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 6 inches in thickness and forging stock of any size ordered to inch/pound units (see 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Die Forgings 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T73) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4141H-TEST-REC (Historical)4/28/2021
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 6 inches in thickness and forging stock of any size ordered to inch/pound units (see 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Wafer-Scale Membrane Release ProcessTBMG-384762/1/2021
Precise measurements utilizing sensitive instruments may require thermally managed detectors; therefore, thermal insulation of the detector is essential to its performance. To maintain critical signal-to-noise ratio, there is a need for larger thermal isolation structures. Due to high detector filling fraction limits, these isolation structures may be thinner, less mechanically robust, and more prone to breakage during fabrication.
CLAMP, LOOP, CUSHIONED, ELONGATED, METRICMA14272A (Current)12/29/2020
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
CLAMP, LOOP, CUSHIONED, ELONGATED, METRICMA14272A-TEST-REC (Historical)12/29/2020
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Electricity-Free Radiative Cooling SystemTBMG-3798111/1/2020
Engineers have designed a system that can help cool buildings in crowded metropolitan areas without consuming electricity — an important innovation at a time when cities are working to adapt to climate change.
Steel Bars and Forgings, 0.25Mo (0.35 - 0.40C) (SAE 4037)AMS6300H (Current)10/19/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Bars and Forgings, 0.25Mo (0.35 - 0.40C) (SAE 4037)AMS6300H-TEST-REC (Historical)10/19/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Rust Is Not a Must. Improvement of Discs Corrosion Resistance by Tuning of Grey Cast Iron Alloying Elements and Microstructure2020-01-162410/5/2020
The manuscript reports about the corrosion performance of a series of grey cast iron specimens including an increasing concentration of Aluminum as alloying element. An improved corrosion resistance for %Al >1%wt is demonstrated and a reasonable corrosion mechanism is proposed as well. Electrochemical techniques allow to calculate a particularly high corrosion potential (Ecorr) for the sample including 4%wt Al, equals to -572 mV vs. Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). The manuscript is aimed at demonstrating that the fine tuning of alloying elements in cast iron is a particularly effective method in order to improve its corrosion resistance, thus allowing the development of future disc-brake rotors with a prolonged operating life.
Bertasi, Federico, Dudzik, Bozena, Mancini, Alessandro, Bandiera, Marco, Biondo, Simone, Bonfanti, Andrea
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.33 - 0.38C) (8735)AMS6357M (Historical)8/24/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.33 - 0.38C) (8735)AMS6357M-TEST-REC (Historical)8/24/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Aluminum Bronze Bars, Rods, and Forgings 90.5Cu - 7.5Al - 1.9Si Stress RelievedAMS4634D (Current)8/20/2020
This specification covers an aluminum bronze alloy in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Bronze Bars, Rods, and Forgings 90.5Cu - 7.5Al - 1.9Si Stress RelievedAMS4634D-TEST-REC (Historical)8/20/2020
This specification covers an aluminum bronze alloy in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Vanadium A Green Metal Critical to Aerospace and Clean Energy20AERP08_028/1/2020
In the 1960s, the world's leading aerospace engineers at Lockheed's Skunk Works facility faced an extraordinarily difficult engineering challenge: how to design a successor to the U-2 spy aircraft, which had proven increasingly vulnerable to advanced Soviet anti-aircraft systems. Among other capabilities, the next-generation aircraft they were to design required an ability to cruise at a sustained speed of Mach 3+, operate at altitudes exceeding 80,000 feet, and feature as low a radar cross section as possible. Given the technologies of the day - slide rules were still used by engineers for most calculations - it was a daunting task. One of the key hurdles was designing and machining components of the jet's outer skin such that it could handle temperatures from aerodynamic friction and continuous engine operation as high as 1,050 °F. The answer: titanium-based alloys that contained the metal vanadium. When added to titanium, vanadium helps to create alloys with the best strength-to
Terminology for Titanium MicrostructuresAS1814F (Current)7/16/2020
This list of terms, with accompanying photomicrographs where appropriate, is intended as a guide for use in the preparation of material specifications.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Rings 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130)AMS6370R (Historical)7/7/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Rings 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130)AMS6370R-TEST-REC (Historical)7/7/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
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