Browse Topic: Silicon alloys

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Guide for Achieving Plating/Finishing Compatibility with Connectors and Accessories used in Electrical Wiring Interconnect Systems (EWIS)ARP6903A (Current)08/29/2018
The intent of this ARP is to provide guidance to assist users in choosing compatible component finishes/platings to achieve the best corrosion resistance performance for compatible components/couples. This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. A galvanic compatibility table is provided to assist with the compatible plating/finish selection. Specific plating performance parameters for each individual plating and each connector/accessory specification have also been provided to assist the product user with compatible plating/finish selection.
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Recommended Practice
Key Factors for Choosing Silicone Solutions in Medical Device LubricationTBMG-2875204/01/2018
In working with various medical equipment such as needles, syringes, trocars, cannulas, guide-wires, catheters, and valves, medical device designers must account for friction in the form of insertion, drag, and break-loose forces. A biocompatible silicone lubricant can significantly reduce friction at interfaces between components and between components and human tissue.
Magazine Article
Bearing and Bushing AlloysJ459_201801 (Current)01/10/2018
The bearing performance of steel backed half bearings, bushings, and washers is dependent on the properties and thickness of the lining alloy, the strength and dimensional stability of the steel backing (usually SAE 1010) and the strength of the bond between the lining alloy and the backing. This SAE Information Report is primarily concerned with the properties of the lining alloys used in automotive applications, in particular, the crankshaft bearings of the internal combustion engine.
Metals Technical Committee
Information Report
Wrought and Cast Copper AlloysJ461_201801-TEST-REC (Historical)01/09/2018
For convenience, this SAE Information Report is presented in two parts as shown below. To avoid repetition, however, data applicable to both wrought and cast alloys is included only in Part 1. Part I—Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys Types of Copper (Table 1) General Characteristics (Table 3) Electrical Conductivity Thermal Conductivity General Mechanical Properties (Table 10) Yield Strength Fatigue Strength Physical Properties (Table 2) General Fabricating Properties (Table 3) Formability Bending Hot Forming Machinability Joining Surface Finishing Color Corrosion Resistance Effect of Temperature Typical Uses (Table 3) Part II—Cast Copper Alloys Types of Casting Alloys Effects of Alloy Elements and Impurities General Characteristics (Table 11) Physical Properties (Table 12) Typical Uses (Table 11)
Metals Technical Committee
Technical Standard
Wrought and Cast Copper AlloysJ461_201801 (Current)01/09/2018
For convenience, this SAE Information Report is presented in two parts as shown below. To avoid repetition, however, data applicable to both wrought and cast alloys is included only in Part 1. Part I—Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys Types of Copper (Table 1) General Characteristics (Table 3) Electrical Conductivity Thermal Conductivity General Mechanical Properties (Table 10) Yield Strength Fatigue Strength Physical Properties (Table 2) General Fabricating Properties (Table 3) Formability Bending Hot Forming Machinability Joining Surface Finishing Color Corrosion Resistance Effect of Temperature Typical Uses (Table 3) Part II—Cast Copper Alloys Types of Casting Alloys Effects of Alloy Elements and Impurities General Characteristics (Table 11) Physical Properties (Table 12) Typical Uses (Table 11)
Metals Technical Committee
Technical Standard
Magnesium AlloysJ464_201712 (Current)12/20/2017
This report on magnesium alloys covers those alloys which have been more commonly used in the United States for automotive, aircraft, and missile applications. Basic information on nomenclature and temper designation is given. Design data and many characteristics covered by a purchase specification are not included.
Metals Technical Committee
Information Report
Design of As-Cast High Strength Al-Si-Cu-Ni-Sr Alloys Using the Taguchi Method2017-01-500909/30/2017
In the present study, a design of experiment (DOE) technique, the Taguchi method, was used to develop as-cast high strength aluminum alloys with element additions of Si, Cu, Ni and Sr. The Taguchi method uses a special design of orthogonal arrays to study all the designed factors with a minimum of experiments at a relatively low cost. The element factors chosen for this study were Si, Cu, Ni and Sr content in the designed aluminum-based alloys. For each factor, three different levels of weight percentages were selected (Si: 6, 9, 12%, Cu: 3, 5, 7%, Ni: 0.5, 1, 1.5% and Sr: 0.01, 0.02, 0.03%). Tensile properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation at failure were selected as three individual responses to evaluate the engineering performance of the designed alloys. The results of the factor response analysis were used to derive the optimal level combinations. The alloy with the optimal composition had an average UTS of 267.00 MPa, an elongation at failure of
Fang, Li, Hu, Henry, Nie, Xueyuan, Tjong, Jimi, Zhang, Xuezhi
Technical Paper
Guide for Achieving Plating/Finish Compatibility with Connectors and Accessories used in Electrical Wiring Interconnect Systems (EWIS)ARP6903 (Historical)03/17/2017
The intent of this ARP is to provide guidance to assist users in choosing compatible component finishes/platings to achieve the best corrosion resistance performance for compatible components/couples. This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. A galvanic compatibililty table is provided to assist with the compatible plating/finish selection. Specific plating performance parameters for each individual plating and each connector/accessory specification have also been provided to assist the product user with compatible plating/finish selection.
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Recommended Practice
High Performance Aluminum Casting Alloys for Engine Applications2016-32-001911/08/2016
In the early 1980's, some promising research and development efforts focused on powder metallurgy revealed that aluminum alloys containing 4 wt% cerium exhibit high temperature mechanical properties exceeding those of the best commercial aluminum casting alloys currently in production. Cerium oxide is an abundant rare earth oxide that is often discarded during the refining of more valuable rare earths such as Nd and Dy. Therefore, the economics are compelling for cerium as an alloy additive. In this paper, we report select results obtained during an investigation of the castability of aluminum-cerium alloys and determine compositional modifications that may be required to ensure the compatibility of the alloy with near net shape casting methods such as advanced sand casting, die casting, permanent mold casting and squeeze casting. Al-Ce alloys were cast in binary composition of 6-16 wt% Ce. Commercially pure aluminum ingots were melted and held at approximately 785°C. Ternary and
Weiss, David
Technical Paper
Aluminum Alloy Die CastingsAMSQQA591B (Current)11/07/2014
This specification covers aluminum alloy die castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy Die CastingsAMSQQA591A (Historical)08/05/2009
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Heat Treatment Cycle Time Reduction of Cylinder Head by Microalloying Aluminium Alloy2006-32-002911/13/2006
Aluminium finds diverse applications in the automotive industry. However, owing to its somewhat poor mechanical properties, the metal is unsuitable for structural applications. The problem is overcome by addition of alloying elements like zinc, copper, silicon, etc. and these alloys on proper heat-treatment show substantial improvement in the mechanical properties. Further enhancement of their mechanical properties can be brought about by the addition of small percentages of zirconium, which helps in the grain refinement of the cast alloy ingots. At present for cylinder head the aluminium alloy used requires to be heat treated for a cycle time of about 15 hours (T6 condition) to achieve the desired mechanical properties. The proposed aluminium alloy, which contain microalloying element, Zirconium of about 0.12 weight %, can achieve the required mechanical properties with about five times reduced cycle time (T5 condition) only. All other properties viz., castability, machinability, wear
Jayamathy, M., Vasanth, R.
Technical Paper
Aluminium Piston Alloy to Retard Age Softening Characteristics in Motorcycle Engines2006-32-003011/13/2006
Pistons for high power output demand its material to possess the properties of low thermal expansion, anti-seizure, wear resistance, high thermal conductivity, high creep and fatigue strength and high strength to weight ratio. Aluminium silicon alloys has excellent characteristics as a piston material. Due to design constraints in engines for heat dissipation and engine temperatures upto 300 ° C, the need for the study on the effect of thermal behaviour of the piston alloy during engine operation becomes important. However a piston operating at 150° C with aluminum silicon alloy gradually loses its attained hardness in T6 condition and is not a constant during engine operation. This decrease in hardness of the alloy due to exposure to temperature and time is due to the phenomena called “age softening”. This phenomena occurs if the equilibrium phase diagram reveals partial solid solubility of the alloying element, at a higher temperature than at lower temperature. Large decrease in
Jayamathy, M., Vasanth, R.
Technical Paper
Silicon Modulator Brings Optical Computing A Step CloserTBMG-647004/01/2006
For decades, silicon has not been considered a favorable material for manipulating light. Electrical Engineering Professor Ray Chen at the University of Texas at Austin and Wei Jiang at Omega Optics in Austin recently developed an electrically driven, compact silicon modulator based on a photonic crystal design that offers significant performance improvements over existing Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)-based silicon modulators.
Magazine Article
Failure Mechanisms in Automotive Exhaust Decouplers2004-01-085803/08/2004
Automotive exhaust decouplers (flexible couplings) are a critical component that must remain leak free in order to meet extended warranty and pollution control requirements. The key component of a decoupler is the bellows, which allows easier fit-up during exhaust system assembly and absorbs vibration during service. This bellows is most often constructed of austenitic stainless steel. Though known for improved corrosion resistance, there are many possible corrosion related failure mechanisms for stainless steels. Nineteen decouplers, taken from standard endurance track tests and from normal highway use, have been destructively examined in order to document which failure mechanisms may cause premature failure and compare the performance of various component materials of construction. As a result of exposure to road salt in track tests and normal winter driving conditions, the decoupler bellows have been found to fail by stress corrosion cracking (SCC), pitting, crevice corrosion, hot
Crum, J. R., Eisinger, N. C., Parsons, R. S.
Technical Paper
Optimizing the Melt Treatment of Piston Alloys Using Thermal Analysis Technique2004-01-102303/08/2004
The effects of Cu-P and Al-Sr master alloys as strong modifiers have been investigated on the microstructure of commercial Al-Si (12-13%Si) alloys. Thermal analysis has been employed to examine the morphological changes of Si particles and identify the optimum concentration of P and Sr to achieve fine and well-distributed eutectic and primary silicon structures. Additions of 0.05% to 0.075% P or Sr have been found to yield the most optimum modification and refining of the structure. The results show that the variation in nucleation temperature of primary phase and the eutectic temperature are the most important parameters.
Nafisi, Shahrooz, Ghomashchi, Reza, Hedjazi, Jalal, Boutorabi, S. M. A.
Technical Paper
Wrought and Cast Copper AlloysJ461_200212-TEST-REC (Historical)12/20/2002
For convenience, this SAE Information Report is presented in two parts as shown below. To avoid repetition, however, data applicable to both wrought and cast alloys is included only in Part 1. Part I—Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys Types of Copper (Table 1) General Characteristics (Table 3) Electrical Conductivity Thermal Conductivity General Mechanical Properties (Table 10) Yield Strength Fatigue Strength Physical Properties (Table 2) General Fabricating Properties (Table 3) Formability Bending Hot Forming Machinability Joining Surface Finishing Color Corrosion Resistance Effect of Temperature Typical Uses (Table 3) Part II—Cast Copper Alloys Types of Casting Alloys Effects of Alloy Elements and Impurities General Characteristics (Table 11) Physical Properties (Table 12) Typical Uses (Table 11)
Metals Technical Committee
Technical Standard
Wrought and Cast Copper AlloysJ461_200212 (Historical)12/20/2002
For convenience, this SAE Information Report is presented in two parts as shown below. To avoid repetition, however, data applicable to both wrought and cast alloys is included only in Part 1. Part I—Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys Types of Copper (Table 1) General Characteristics (Table 3) Electrical Conductivity Thermal Conductivity General Mechanical Properties (Table 10) Yield Strength Fatigue Strength Physical Properties (Table 2) General Fabricating Properties (Table 3) Formability Bending Hot Forming Machinability Joining Surface Finishing Color Corrosion Resistance Effect of Temperature Typical Uses (Table 3) Part II—Cast Copper Alloys Types of Casting Alloys Effects of Alloy Elements and Impurities General Characteristics (Table 11) Physical Properties (Table 12) Typical Uses (Table 11)
Metals Technical Committee
Technical Standard
Ceramics Made From WoodTBMG-223301/01/2002
The term “ecoceramics” (a contraction of “environment-conscious ceramics”) denotes a class of ceramics made partly from wood-based products, which can include natural wood, sawdust, cardboard, and/ or paper. In addition to the environmental advantage of renewability of the carbonaceous ingredients, the concept of ecoceramics offers an advantage of tailorability of the properties of the ceramic end products.
Magazine Article
Attachment of Small SiC Hoops to SiC-Based Ceramics and CompositesTBMG-732105/01/2001
Magazine Article
DHT Alloys: New Self-Lubricating, Wear and Gall Resistant, High-Strength Aluminum Alloys2001-01-041003/05/2001
In 1989 a major development program was initiated to engineer an aluminum silicon alloy to address unique manufacturing, functional requirements and environmental concerns. The result was the family of patented DHT alloys. The DHT alloys are self-lubricating, wear and gall resistant, high strength aluminum alloys. This paper highlights unique properties of these engineered alloys and applications that can take advantage of the beneficial features of these alloys. Detail mechanical and physical property data will be presented (Tables 1&5). Also, photos of microstructures and cast components will be presented. A new breed of engineered alloys designed with due consideration to foundry, manufacturing and functional requirements have been developed and commercialized.
Alabi, Muftau M., Lee, B. K.
Technical Paper
Quality Wheels of Direct- Electrolytic Al-Si Alloy (DEASA)2001-01-082003/05/2001
The microstructure and properties of wheels made from a direct electrolytic Al-Si alloy (DEASA) have been studied. DEASA is characterized by self- modification and structural inheritance upon remelting. A lower level of modifier additive is required relative to conventional Al-Si alloys to produce a fully modified structure, resulting in sound castings. The wheels made from DEASA containing 0.17-0.21 % (wt) Fe have lower cost and excellent impact resistance and endurance limit due to casting soundness.
Wang, Ruyao, Lu, Weihua
Technical Paper
Reactive-Ion Etching of Smooth Vertical Walls in SiliconTBMG-2964910/01/2000
An advanced technique of deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) has been developed for fabricating smooth vertical walls in silicon wafers. These walls are suitable for use as bounding surfaces of optical waveguides in photonic and optoelectronic devices. The roughness of a typical 8-µm-high vertical wall surface of a waveguide made by this technique is <20 nm; by keeping the roughness at such a low level, one helps to ensure that the waveguide is capable of low-loss optical transmission.
Magazine Article
Aluminum Alloy Die CastingsAMSQQA591 (Historical)09/01/2000
This specification covers aluminum alloy die castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Reaction-Forming Method for Joining SiC-Based PartsTBMG-681904/01/2000
Two reports present additional details about the method described in "Reaction-Forming Method for Joining SiC-Based Ceramic Parts" (LEW-16661), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 23, No. 3 (March 1999), page 50. To recapitulate: A carbonaceous mixture (typically a paste) is applied to a joint between parts. The parts are clamped together and heated to a temperature of 115±5 °C for 10 to 20 minutes; this action partly cures the mixture, gluing the parts together with just enough strength that one need not clamp the parts during subsequent processing. Silicon or a silicon alloy in tape, paste, or slurry form is applied to the joint region. The parts are heated to a temperature between 1,250 and 1,425 °C for 5 to 10 minutes, causing the silicon or silicon alloy to melt, infiltrate the joint, and react with carbon. The finished joint, which is typically as strong as the parent material, contains silicon carbide with silicon and other phases. The amounts of the phases can be adjusted, by choice of the
Magazine Article
Manufacturing Feasibility of All-Aluminum Automotive Engines Via Application of High Silicon Aluminum Alloy2000-01-006103/06/2000
Parent bore materials of copper-containing hypereutectic Al-Si alloys have been tried with limited success. Fundamentally the reason for this technology limitation is because copper-containing hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloys precipitate the copper-phase late in the solidification process and hinder the feeding process to make sound castings. As a result, the copper-containing hypereutectic Al-Si alloys that have been used in the past as parent bore materials have been compromises of low silicon content, which has translated into low wear resistances and the need for special surface treatments. This paper presents the new advancements to the old hypereutectic aluminum-silicon technology for linerless parent bore aluminum blocks. The technology is centered around the use of a copper-free hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy parent bore material and a piston coating that has particles of a solid lubricant embedded in the plated coating. Because there are no commercially available
Donahue, Raymond, Fabiyi, Philip A.
Technical Paper
Alternative One-Time-Opening Miniature Isolation ValveTBMG-2983612/01/1999
The figure depicts a proposed miniature, electrically actuated, one-time-opening isolation valve that would be made mostly of silicon, by use of micromachining techniques. Isolation valves are needed in systems in which fluids must be stored for long times until use, with no leakage or contamination prior to release. Miniature isolation valves like this one could serve to control the release of propellant liquids or gases in microspacecraft, or of stored chemical reagents in portable in situ chemical-analysis apparatuses. Eventually, such apparatuses may include one-time-use biochemical-analysis chips.
Magazine Article
Low Cost and Lightweight Amorphous Silicon Alloy Solar Array for Space Application1999-01-255308/02/1999
The constellation of satellites to be launched in the next few years to provide rapid global access to information needs low-cost and lightweight solar arrays. Multijunction thin-film amorphous silicon (a-Si) alloy solar cells deposited on lightweight and flexible substrates are ideal to meet this challenge. a-Si alloy is radiation hard, and has superior high temperature performance. We present results on fabrication of a-Si alloy solar cells on 0.5-mil-thick stainless steel using a low-cost production technology to achieve high efficiency under AM0 condition and their space qualification.
Boelens, F. J., Oomen, G., Guha, S., Yang, J., Banerjee, A., Nath, P., Call, J., Glatfelter, T.
Technical Paper
Reaction-Forming Method for Joining SiC-Based Ceramic PartsTBMG-2996503/01/1999
A process that involves reaction bonding makes it possible to form strong joints, with tailorable thicknesses and compositions, between high-temperature-resistant structural parts made of SiC-based ceramic materials. These parts and materials are being developed for use as engine components, radiant-heater tubes, heat exchangers, components of fusion reactors, furnace linings, furnace bricks, and components for diffusion processing in the microelectronics industry. The process can be used to join simply shaped parts to make complexly shaped structures, and to repair such parts and structures.
Magazine Article
Computer Code for Analysis of Stress in Silicon WafersTBMG-3206212/01/1998
The MacWafer™ code computes gravitational and thermal stresses in silicon wafers and uses these results to determine the maximum allowable temperature variation across a wafer, maximum processing temperatures, and maximum allowable heating and cooling rates. This information is of particular interest in the case of processing 300-mm wafers coupled with fast ramp technologies. The program runs interactively on Apple Macintosh, IBM PC, and PC clones, and workstation computers as well. Execution time is typically about 20 seconds on a Motorola 68040 processor operating at 33 MHz.
Magazine Article
Oil-Tempered Chromium--Silicon Alloy Steel Wire and SpringsJ157_199806 (Current)06/01/1998
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the mechanical and chemical requirements of oil-tempered chromium silicon alloy steel wire used for the manufacture of springs requiring resistance to set when used at moderately elevated temperatures. It also covers the processing requirements of springs fabricated from this wire.
Metals Technical Committee
Technical Standard
Joining of SiC-Based Ceramic and Fiber-Reinforced Composite PartsTBMG-3225905/01/1998
A process that involves reaction forming has been devised to enable the joining of high-temperature-resistant structural parts made of SiC-based materials. These materials include SiC-based ceramics and composites reinforced by fibers that are made of various component materials and are woven, wound, or otherwise arranged in various configurations. The technique can be used to join simply shaped parts to make complexly shaped structures, and to repair such parts and structures.
Magazine Article
Fabrication of Arrays of Large Step-Free Regions on Si(100)TBMG-3227705/01/1998
When a silicon wafer is cut from an ingot, it is essentially impossible to align the cut perfectly with the crystal structure. Therefore the surface contour of the wafer will be a flat plane on which terraces consisting of additional atomic layers will be scattered. An atomic step will be found on the surface where each additional layer is encountered. At elevated temperatures, these atomic steps will migrate, but they cannot be eliminated. At the current level of device technology, the effects of steps on the wafer surface can be largely ignored. In future generations of integrated circuits, however, the sizes of these steps will become comparable to some device feature sizes and will affect circuit performance and yields.
Magazine Article
New Aluminum Piston Alloy with Increased Fatigue Strength at High Temperatures98068702/23/1998
A new piston alloy was developed by combining the chemical compositions of copper and silicon rich aluminum alloys. Copper increases fatigue strength at low and intermediate temperatures of up to 250 °C whereas the increased amount of intermetallics raises fatigue strength at high temperature of 340 °C or beyond. Casting difficulties can be handled by grain refinement of the α-aluminum. Engine tests show an increase of the lifetime of the thermally and mechanically highly loaded bowl rims of DI-Diesel pistons by a factor of four.
Technical Paper
Influence of Microstructure on the Static and Thermal Fatigue Properties of 319 Alloys97070502/24/1997
Modern architectures for diesel cylinder heads, especially high performance, direct injection heads for passenger cars and light trucks, require an optimized combination of design and material properties. In aluminium castings, microstructural gradients and associated fatigue and mechanical properties can result from the process selection, e. g. gravity or low pressure, and from the variable cooling rates which have to be applied to the different parts of the casting in order to get a progressive solidification and a sound part. It is thus essential to understand the relationship between the microstructure resulting from the combination of process, material choice and heat treatment, and the properties of the material. As the most widely used material for aluminium diesel as well as gasoline cylinder heads, the 319 alloy has been selected for its superior strength. We have carried out tensile testing and thermo - mechanical fatigue testing on a range of materials. The effect of
Meyer, Ph., Massinon, D., Guerin, Ph.
Technical Paper
Influence of Surface Finishing and Chemical Composition on Fatigue Strength of Steel Wire for Valve Springs97071102/24/1997
Environmental concerns have led to the development of automobile engines that are lightweight yet powerful. In consequence, the industry is now demanding an engine valve spring with higher fatigue strength and higher sag resistance. To meet the demands, the authors studied the influence of surface finishing and chemical compositions in Chromium-Silicon Alloy Steel on fatigue strength of steel wire for valve springs. The authors confirmed that the addition of silicon improves softening resistance while tempering, and electropolishing which eliminates surface flaws on wire are effective.
Matsumoto, Sadamu, Yamao, Norihito, Murai, Teruyuki, Yoshioka, Takashi
Technical Paper
Silicon Bronze Tubing, Seamless 96cu 3.2si, AnnealedAMS4665B (Current)09/01/1996
Primarily for hydraulic pressure lines. This specification has been 'CANCELLED' by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of September 1996. Alloy: C65500 UNS Number: C65500
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Prefluxed Aluminum Tube for Brazed Automotive Heat Exchangers95011602/01/1995
Provision of a thin layer of zinc on aluminium to provide the fillets during brazing has been described previously [1]. The process for zinc coating of the extruded aluminium multiport tubes has been further enhanced by utilisation of the zinc layer to carry flux for subsequent brazing operations, thereby making it possible to produce brazed heat exchanger assemblies utilising the thin zinc layer, without the need for a separate fluxing operation prior to brazing. The flux is applied directly onto the molten zinc coating where it becomes mechanically locked in position when the zinc freezes. Because of this action, the flux cannot be easily dislodged, unlike other techniques where powdered flux has been sprayed directly upon the aluminium tube surface or a fused flux has been applied to the tube surface. The prefluxed product can readily be handled and subjected to simple forming operations without dislodging the flux. Flux can be adhered to zinc coatings as thin as two micrometers and
Morley, E. J., Börjeson, R.
Technical Paper
Low Water Tolerant Brake FluidsJ1705_199412 (Historical)12/01/1994
This SAE Recommended Practice was prepared by the Motor Vehicle Brake Fluids Subcommittee of the SAE Hydraulic Brake Systems Actuating Committee to provide engineers, designers, and manufacturers of motor vehicles with a set of minimum performance standards in order to assess the suitability of silicone and other low water tolerant type brake fluids (LWTF) for use in motor vehicle brake systems. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM). In the development of the recommended requirements and test procedures contained herein, it is concluded that the LWTFs must be functionally compatible with existing motor vehicle brake fluids conforming to SAE J1703 and with braking systems designed for such fluids. To utilize LWTFs to the fullest advantage, they should not be mixed with other brake fluids. Inadvertent mixtures of LWTFs
Brake Fluids Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Oil-Tempered Chromium--Silicon Alloy Steel Wire and SpringsJ157_199406 (Historical)06/01/1994
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the mechanical and chemical requirements of oil-tempered chromium silicon alloy steel wire used for the manufacture of springs requiring resistance to set when used at moderately elevated temperatures. It also covers the processing requirements of springs fabricated from this wire.
Metals Technical Committee
Recommended Practice
New Materials for Automotive Pistons92144911/01/1992
The methodology for the search for new materials for automotive pistons is presented. It led to the ascertain of the manufacturing feasibility of two materials with forecasted medium-term availability and competitive cost. Some manufacturing features as well as materials and pistons bench tests results are presented. This on going research determined that a rapidly solidified alloy has the best potential trade-off between piston cost and engine benefit.
Sarabanda, José Valentim L., Rosas, Everthon, Lorente, Gustavo Ferran
Technical Paper
BEARING AND BUSHING ALLOYSJ459_199110 (Historical)10/01/1991
The bearing performance of steel backed half bearings, bushings, and washers is dependent on the properties and thickness of the lining alloy, the strength and dimensional stability of the steel backing (usually SAE 1010) and the strength of the bond between the lining alloy and the backing. This SAE Information Report is primarily concerned with the properties of the lining alloys used in automotive applications, in particular, the crankshaft bearings of the internal combustion engine.
Metals Technical Committee
Information Report
Composition and Performance of an Improved Magnesium AS41 Alloy89020502/01/1989
Standard salt spray corrosion tests have been used with die cast AS41 samples of controlled purity to define the critical iron, nickel, and copper contaminant levels, up to which excellent corrosion performance can be obtained, and beyond which the corrosion rates accelerate rapidly. As previously observed with magnesium alloys AZ91 and AM60, the critical iron content is dependent upon the manganese content of the alloy, so that the critical factor is the iron:manganese ratio rather than the iron alone. While the iron:manganese tolerance is lower for the AS41 alloy, the tolerance for the nickel and copper contaminants lie between those of AZ91 and AM60. When each of the contaminants is less than the critical level, the salt spray corrosion performance was found to be equal to or better than that of die cast 380 aluminum. This represents a dramatic improvement over that normally associated with AS41 alloy in the past. Creep tests were also conducted which confirm the improved
Hillis, James E., Shook, Scott O.
Technical Paper
Oil-Tempered Chromium--Silicon Alloy Steel Wire and SpringsJ157_198812 (Historical)12/01/1988
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the mechanical and chemical requirements of oil-tempered chromium silicon alloy steel wire used for the manufacture of springs requiring resistance to set when used at moderately elevated temperatures. It also covers the processing requirements of springs fabricated from this wire.
Metals Technical Committee
Recommended Practice
Low Water Tolerant Brake FluidsJ1705_198810 (Historical)10/01/1988
This SAE Recommended Practice was prepared by the Motor Vehicle Brake Fluids Subcommittee of the SAE Hydraulic Brake Systems Actuating Committee to provide engineers, designers, and manufacturers of motor vehicles with a set of minimum performance standards in order to assess the suitability of silicone and other low water tolerant type brake fluids (LWTF) for use in motor vehicle brake systems. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM). In the development of the recommended requirements and test procedures contained herein, it is concluded that the LWTFs must be functionally compatible with existing motor vehicle brake fluids conforming to SAE J1703 and with braking systems designed for such fluids. To utilize LWTFs to the fullest advantage, they should not be mixed with other brake fluids. Inadvertent mixtures of LWTFs
Brake Fluids Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Cold Scuff Evaluation of 3HA - The Engine Alloy Developed in Australia87120311/08/1987
Although the use of aluminium alloys in the automotive industry is gaining impetus, their generally poor wear resistance has required the use of hard metal inserts in critical wear areas. A new engine technology package, based on Comalco's recently developed 3HA casting alloy, eliminates the need for cylinder liner inserts in engine block applications. This paper outlines, in summary form, the properties of 3HA and describes the engine testing carried out on the alloy.
Barresi, J., Giannini, R., Clarsen, B.J.
Technical Paper
Improved Aluminium Alloy for Engine Applications86055803/01/1986
Comalco Research has examined the wear mechanisms occurring in aluminium alloys under a variety of conditions and various alloy structures. The knowledge gained from these investigations has been used to develop a new high strength wear resistant alloy designated 3HA. Although the properties of the alloy make it suitable for a variety of wearing applications, it is especially suited to the production of unlinered aluminium engine blocks. To fully establish the suitability of the alloy for this application, dynamometer tests of both two-stroke and four-stroke engines have been carried out, Initial results of these tests have been extremely encouraging, with a set of 3HA four-stroke cylinder liners lasting over four times the prescribed duration of the severe cold scuff test.
Legge, R. A., Smith, D. M., Henkel, G.
Technical Paper
Low Water Tolerant Brake FluidsJ1705_198503 (Historical)03/01/1985
This SAE Recommended Practice was prepared by the Motor Vehicle Brake Fluids Subcommittee of the SAE Hydraulic Brake Systems Actuating Committee to provide engineers, designers, and manufacturers of motor vehicles with a set of minimum performance standards in order to assess the suitability of silicone and other low water tolerant type brake fluids (LWTF) for use in motor vehicle brake systems. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM). In the development of the recommended requirements and test procedures contained herein, it is concluded that the LWTFs must be functionally compatible with existing motor vehicle brake fluids conforming to SAE J1703 and with braking systems designed for such fluids. To utilize LWTFs to the fullest advantage, they should not be mixed with other brake fluids. Inadvertent mixtures of LWTFs
Brake Fluids Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Properties and Applications of a New Aluminium Foundry Alloy84012302/01/1984
As a rule, specialist aluminium foundry alloys do not have the combination of properties necessary to ensure both ease of manufacture and excellent in-service performance. This is because one or two of the properties have been maximised, generally at the expense of the others. Accordingly, Comalco has developed an alloy in which a range of important properties has been optimised. This alloy, presently called 3HA, has excellent wear resistance, machinability, strength, castability and corrosion resistance. As a result, it has potential for use in a large number of demanding applications.
Eady, J. A., Smith, D. M.
Technical Paper
Reynolds 390 Engine Technology83001002/01/1983
The Reynolds’ 390 engine technology eliminates the need for iron bore liners in aluminum engines. This allows casting of the cylinder block and bores as an integral unit. The technology is a three-part system consisting of the hypereutectic 390 aluminum-silicon alloy, compatible pistons and a special cylinder bore finish. When properly applied, it can produce a lightweight, strong, compact and relatively low-cost aluminum engine block.
Jorstad, John L.
Technical Paper
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