This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the abrasion resistance testing of decorative tapes, graphics, and pin striping. It may also have relevance to certain vehicle labels and plastic wood grain film. The resistance to abrasive damage is judged qualitatively by its effect on the legibility, pattern, and color of the graphic marking. This recommended practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering the use of this recommended practice.

Materials, Processes and Parts Council

Experimental Study of Tread Rubber Compound Effects on Tire Performance on Ice

02-13-02-0006

06/16/2020

Mechanical and thermal properties of the rubber compounds of a tire play an important role in the overall performance of the tire when it is in contact with the terrain. Although there are many studies conducted on the properties of the rubber compounds of the tire to improve some of the tire characteristics, such as the wear of the tread, there are a limited number of studies that focused on the performance of the tire when it is in contact with ice. This study is a part of a more comprehensive project looking into the tire-ice performance and modeling. In this study, to understand the effect of different rubber compounds on the tire performance, three identical tires from the same company have been chosen. The tires’ only difference is the material properties of the rubber. Two approaches have been implemented in this study. For the first approach, several tests were conducted for the chosen tires at Terramechanics, Multibody, and Vehicle Systems (TMVS) laboratory at Virginia Tech to

Mousavi, Hoda, Sandu, Corina

Solenoid Valve Health Monitor

TBMG-3700506/01/2020

The Solenoid Valve Health Monitor System (SVHMS) was developed to remotely monitor the health of solenoid valves, lowering operational costs and increasing reliability by predicting valve failures before they occur. The system measures and analyzes steady state and transient components of the magnetic field and indirectly, the electric current in a solenoid valve during normal operation. It enables continuous monitoring of the integrity and operational status of solenoid valves without the need for interrupting their operation to conduct frequent inspections.

Advances in Drilling with PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond)

2020-01-003503/10/2020

PCD properties were optimized to drill stacks of CFRP/Ti using an accelerated wear test milling gray cast iron. The optimized PCD was then used to prepare PCD drills. Tests were made to determine the best drilling conditions for the optimized PCD. The results yielded a significant improvement in cycle times as compared to earlier studies using PCD drills. Notched PCD cutting edges were found to eliminate oversizing of the CFRP near the interface of the two materials.

Bunting, Jeremy, Bunting, John

Advances in Drilling with PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond)

2020-01-003503/10/2020

Bunting, Jeremy, Bunting, John

Acoustic Interactions Change Materials at the Atomic Level

TBMG-3579801/01/2020

When exposed to stress and strain, materials can display a wide range of different properties. Using sound waves, scientists have begun to explore fundamental stress behaviors in a crystalline material that could form the basis for quantum information technologies. These technologies involve materials that can encode information in a number of states simultaneously, allowing for more efficient computation.

Analysis of Metal Pick-Up Formation Process within Automotive Brake Pad

05-13-01-000311/19/2019

Metal Pick-Up (MPU) is a problematic phenomenon in automotive disc brakes. MPU generally forms as some metal lumps on the surface of the brake pad. If brake pads have MPU, during braking they would cause grooving of the disc rotor, generating brake noise and deteriorating the performance of the brake. The previous literature has so far reported that the source of the MPU is an Fe component from a disc rotor or brake pads. However, only a few of the generation mechanisms of MPU have been proven. We investigate MPU to completely elucidate the mechanism of MPU generation by using different analyses than the previous literature. First, to find out the source of MPU generation, we focus on the chemical reaction of a certain component with wear debris during braking, and some of the verification experiments are conducted under the conditions of simulated friction interface. Second, to clarify the change in the form of the MPU growth process, the crystal structure of MPU is analyzed in detail

Noda, Hirokazu, Takei, Takahiro

Patterns of O-Ring Failures

AIR1707C (Current)11/19/2019

The information presented herein describes the commonly observed patterns of O-ring failure by means of both text and illustration. Possible causes and corrective actions are indicated for alleviating the problem.

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Shallow Cryogenically Treated EN19 Alloy Steel

2019-28-010010/11/2019

Tensile and axial fatigue tests were conducted on shallow cryogenically treated EN19 medium carbon alloy steel to investigate its mechanical behavior. The test samples were conventionally heat treated then oil quenched at room temperature. Followed by the samples were kept for shallow cryogenic treatment to -80°C for 8 hours using liquid nitrogen. Then the samples were tempered in a muffle furnace to relieve the induced residual stresses. Tensile and axial fatigue test were carried out on both treated and non-treated samples to measure its tensile strength and fatigue behavior respectively. Microscopic examination also had done to compare the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment on its microstructure. The results exposed that there is an increase in the tensile strength and reduction in fatigue life of shallow cryogenically treated samples over base metal and improved wear resistance.

Sekar, Loganathan, Raj, Rajendran, Arasan, Tamil

Environmental Degradation of Textiles

AIR1490C (Current)04/24/2019

Since cargo restraint devices made with textiles should have a predictable service life, there should be data available so that predictions can be made. This document compiles available information on textiles of the types used in air cargo restraint devices and reviews the degradation characteristics of each. Textiles are used primarily in cargo restraint nets on air cargo pallets and nonstructural containers, restraint nets installed in cargo aircraft, and similar applications.

AGE-2 Air Cargo

Volumetric Rating of Excavator Mounted, Bucket Linkage Operated Grapples

J2754_201904 (Current)04/15/2019

MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery

Wear-Resistant Platinum Gold Alloy

TBMG-3417204/01/2019

From cellphones to satellites, industry spends millions on traditional gold alloy electrical contact coatings. While gold and other metal alloys have been an industry standard to protect metal components from wear due to metal-on-metal contact, they still experience deterioration over time. Using a novel synthesis approach, Sandia researchers developed an ultra-wear-resistant platinum gold (Pt-Au) alloy that can replace gold alloys for improved durability, longevity, and reduced costs in electronic devices.

Self-Lubrication Improves Standard Braking Systems

TBMG-3411604/01/2019

By mixing carbon fibers into polymer-based brakes, researchers designed brakes that are self-lubricating. These new and improved brakes can prevent wear-and-tear and have better frictional properties than brakes currently on the market.

Process for Assessment and Mitigation of Early Wearout of Life-Limited Microcircuits

ARP6338A (Current)02/08/2019

This document is intended for use by designers, reliability engineers, and others associated with the design, production, and support of electronic sub-assemblies, assemblies, and equipment used in AADHP applications to conduct lifetime assessments of microcircuits with the potential for early wearout; and to implement mitigations when required; and by the users of the AADHP equipment to assess those designs and mitigations. This document focuses on the LLM wearout assessment process. It acknowledges that the AADHP system design process also includes related risk mitigation and management; however, this document includes only high-level reference and discussion of those topics, in order to show their relationship to the LLM assessment process.

APMC Avionics Process Management

Environmental Degradation of Composite Materials

ARP6287 (Current)10/18/2018

In accordance with § 4.11 of AS36100, materials used in the construction of pallets, nets, and containers shall take into account the effects of environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and UV degradation, expected in service. In accordance with (E)TSO-C90, the applicant shall consider environmental degradation due to aging, ultra-violet (UV) exposure, weathering, etc., for any materials used in the construction of pallets, nets, and containers. The purpose of this Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to provide guidelines for the basic requirements to be considered regarding environmental degradation effects when qualifying composite materials in the design to fulfill the (E)TSO-C90 Minimum Performance Standard. Material qualification is the verifying of a materials attributes and characterizations, which are typically determined through testing. Material variances related to raw materials and manufacturing processes are not part of this Aerospace Recommended

AGE-2 Air Cargo

Aircraft Tire Wear Profile Development and Execution for Laboratory Testing

AIR5797A (Current)08/06/2018

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes the current process for performing comparative wear testing on aircraft tires in a laboratory environment. This technique is applicable to both radial and bias tires, and is pertinent for all aircraft tire sizes. This AIR describes a technique based upon “wear” energy. In this technique, side wear energy and drag wear energy are computed as the tire is run through a prescribed test program. The specifics that drive the test setup conditions are discussed in Sections 4 through 7. In general, the technique follows this process: A test profile is developed from measured mechanical property data of the tires under study. Each tire is repeatedly run to the test profile until it is worn to the maximum wear limit (MWL). Several tires, typically 5 to 10, of each tire design are tested. Wear energy is computed for each test cycle and then summed to determine total absorbed wear energy. An index is calculated for each tire design. This is

A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee

Quick Disconnect for High-Pressure Mate/De-Mate

TBMG-2905306/01/2018

NASA Kennedy Space Center seeks partners interested in the commercial application of the Quick Disconnect for High Pressure Mate/De-Mate. Designed at KSC, this technology is intended for use in dusty environments where dust particles can contaminate high-pressure connectors, resulting in wear on connector surfaces and unreliable connections. The Quick Disconnect (QD) utilizes the gas supplied by the umbilical to spray on, entrain, and remove dust from the connector surfaces prior to mating.

Wearable Biosensor Monitors Exposure to Bacteria, Viruses, and Pollutants

TBMG-2818301/01/2018

Researchers have created biosensor technology for wearable devices that continuously analyzes sweat or blood for different types of biomarkers such as proteins that indicate the possibility of breast cancer or lung cancer. The lab-on-a-chip could be used in handheld or wearable devices to monitor health and exposure to dangerous bacteria, viruses, and pollutants.

Microwave-Based Test Method for Computer Chips

TBMG-2814101/01/2018

A new approach was developed that overcomes the limitation of conventional chip-testing methods on 3D chips, which include many thin horizontal “floors” connected to one another by vertical pathways called through-substrate vias (TSVs). TSVs help 3D chips do three essential things: speed up, shrink down, and cool off. By allowing elements on different floors to communicate with each other, signals no longer need to travel all the way across a comparatively sprawling 2D chip, meaning calculations go faster and electrons heat up far less conducting material as they move.

Effect of Normal Load and Temperature on the Evolution of Topology of Friction Materials

2017-36-014111/07/2017

The friction materials of the drum and disk brakes correspond to one of the most complex materials applied to automotive industry, however, little is known about how this type of material reacts under wear conditions. The aim of this work is to understand the effects of loads and temperatures on the topology of brake's friction materials under wear regime. For this, brake friction material specimens were subjected to wear tests on which procedure was based on the SAE J661 standard. The tests consisted on a sequence of braking and cooling intervals, where friction material specimens were pushed against a rotating drum with controlled velocity. Different test temperatures and normal loads were set. From these tests, the mass loss of each specimen was measured. In order to understand the topological aspects of the materials tested, an optical microscope and confocal microscope were used. The variation of the surface characteristics during the wear process on each specimen was analyzed

Terra, Caroline da Silva, Suetti, André Lima, Travaglia, Carlos Abílio Passos, Silva, Ladário da, Lopes, Luiz Carlos Rolim

Fatigue Performance Improvements of Wheel Bearing Rolling Elements

2017-01-252409/17/2017

Wheel bearings are safety-critical automotive components. For this application, the steel rolling elements are subjected to fatigue failure and therefore play a key role in overall bearing fatigue life performance. This performance is influenced by metallurgical, mechanical, and physical properties obtained by precise manufacturing process parameters. These properties are continuously analyzed and are evolving at all bearing manufacturing companies. Last year, the Precision Bearing Components (PBC) Group of NN Inc., a global supplier of steel rolling elements for wheel bearings, developed a non-conventional heat treatment process for 100Cr6 (SAE 52100) rolling element steel for improved fatigue performance. The results of wheel bearing rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests showed the importance of rolling element dimensional stability. As retained austenite transformed to the martensite phase, rolling element volume increase occurred, leading to fatigue failure. The fatigue life of

Rizzo, Sebastiano, Pagliassotto, Stefano

Seal Failure Analysis Method of Wheel Bearing

2017-01-252709/17/2017

The seal structure and key parameters of wheel bearing were introduced. Research on sealing failure diagnosis, abrasive scratch analysis, residual interference, and abrasion reconstruction was carried out for a typical seal structure. Based on these methods of scientific failure analysis, eight causes of seal failure were summarized systematically, which were important for the guidance of seal design and failure analysis of wheel bearings.

Huang, Dejie, Zhou, Xu, Wen, Chao, Liu, Yu, Qian, Peiqing

Performance and Use of Polymer Plan Bearings in Transmission Design Web Seminar RePlay

PD331710ON07/11/2017

As part of a broad transmission design philosophy, the understanding and application of tribological systems is critical. The number of interacting surfaces within a modern automotive transmission continues to increase, while the demands on the system continue to press the limits of traditional technologies. The understanding of each surface interaction within the greater system becomes increasingly important as each component is asked to do more to benefit the overall system. This short course will present the tribological performance of polymeric plain bearings as related to transmission applications. It will deal with the various wear and damage mechanisms that can occur with a polymer bearing in transmissions. The damage mechanisms discussed will include adhesion, abrasion, fatigue and erosion. A brief discussion of relevant lubrication states, boundary lubrication and fluid film formation, will also be included. The course will also address specific mechanical design issues

Wear, Friction and NVH Characterization Using a Laboratory-Scale Tribometer

2017-36-000305/24/2017

The current study presents some testing procedures which have been designed for friction and noise measurements of brake friction materials using a laboratory-scale tribometer. The uncertainties (errors) and precision of the measurements are also described in this paper. Some case studies related to friction, wear and noise related issues in brake friction materials were chosen to show the respective testing procedures. Through the error study, it was shown that the uncertainties of the lab. test bench are mainly associated with 3 variables: torque, force and sliding radius. The combined uncertainty of the friction measurements is less than or equal to ±1%, considering the typical operating range of the machine. The possibility of using two samples from a single brake pad also contributes to the reliability of the machine test and procedures. Finally, the laboratory-scale tribometer and testing procedures discussed in the present paper proved to be adequate to characterize friction

Pavlak, Rafael Paini, Neis, Patric Daniel, Poletto, Jean Carlos, de Barros, Liu Yesukai, Ferreira, Ney Francisco

Automotive Engineering: March 2017

17AUTP0303/02/2017

Thought leadership at WCX17 Lucid Motors' David Moseley: EV or ICE, "It is all physics" New eye on the road One of the industry's hottest tech suppliers is blazing the autonomy trail by crowd-sourcing safe routes and using AI to learn to negotiate the road. Mobileye's co-founder and CTO explains. Hard, slick and ready to roll A tough, self-renewing catalyst coating developed at Argonne National Laboratory provides unprecedented friction and wear protection for vehicle powertrains, the inventors claim. Sensor ICs, semiconductors and safety To achieve ISO 26262 compliance, engineering practices must be taken to a higher level. The following insights may prove valuable for getting there. New VCR targets 40% BTE Variable-compression ratio with VVA from France's MCE-5. Editorial: Nation of Innovation SAE Standards News Sharpening the focus on OBD-II security Supplier Eye Smaller suppliers facing global challenges Chicago auto show: All-new 2018 Ford Expedition gets aluminum body, 10-speed

Low-viscosity Gear Oil Technology to Improve Wear at Tapered Roller Bearings in Differential Gear Unit

2016-01-220410/17/2016

Torque loss reduction at differential gear unit is important to improve the fuel economy of automobiles. One effective way is to decrease the viscosity of lubricants as it results in less churning loss. However, this option creates a higher potential for thin oil films, which could damage the mechanical parts. At tapered roller bearings, in particular, wear at the large end face of rollers and its counterpart, known as bearing bottom wear is one of major failure modes. To understand the wear mechanism, wear at the rolling contact surface of rollers and its counterpart, known as bearing side wear, was also observed to confirm the wear impact on the tapered roller bearings. Because gear oils are also required to avoid seizure under extreme pressure, the combination of a phosphorus anti-wear agent and a sulfurous extreme pressure agent are formulated. Because the latter could cause an antagonistic impact on the former, we focused on control of active sulfur content as well as the treat

Ueno, Kenji, Kuno, Oji, Hiraga, Kotaro, Yuasa, Kazuhiko, Shibata, Shinichiro, Ishikawa, Shinichiro, Mori, Takafumi, Suemitsu, Masanori, Umamori, Nobuharu, Sato, Takehisa, Ogano, Satoshi

NIST Illuminates Transfer of Nanoscale Motion Through Microscale Machine

TBMG-2553610/01/2016

As U.S. industry develops smaller mechanical systems, they face bigger challenges — microscopic parts are more likely to stick together and wear out when they make contact with each other.

Friction Coefficient Variation Mechanism under Wet Condition in Disk Brake (Variation Mechanism Contributing Wet Wear Debris)

2016-01-194309/18/2016

This paper deals with friction under wet condition in the disk brake system of automobiles. In our previous study, the variation of friction coefficient μ was observed under wet condition. And it was experimentally found that μ becomes high when wear debris contains little moisture. Based on the result, in this paper, we propose a hypothesis that agglomerates composed of the wet wear debris induce the μ variation as the agglomerates are jammed in the gaps between the friction surfaces of a brake pad and a disk rotor. For supporting the hypothesis, firstly, we measure the friction property of the wet wear debris, and confirm that the capillary force under the pendular state is a factor contributing to the μ variation. After that, we simulate the wear debris behavior with or without the capillary force using the particle-based simulation. We prepare the simulation model for the friction surfaces which contribute to the friction force through the wear debris. The simulation results

Abe, Kenji, Osawa, Yoshihiro, Akita, Yosuke, Matsumori, Tadayoshi, Goto, Yoshitsugu, Sugiura, Noboru, Wakamatsu, Satoshi, Okayama, Katsuya, Kosaka, Kyoko

A Study of Pad Properties vs. Friction, Wear and Brake Squeal: Processing/Porosity Effects

2016-01-191509/18/2016

As some brake engineers believe that brake squeal can be related to pad hardness, friction coefficient or compressibility while others disagree, a study has been undertaken to develop further insights. Two commercial formulas, one low-copper NAO and the other copper-free NAO, were made into disc pads of varying porosity without an underlayer and they were checked for specific gravity, porosity, hardness (HRS and HRR), natural frequencies, compressibility, friction, wear and squeal. With increasing porosity, the hardness and natural frequencies continue to decrease. The compressibility definitely does not increase, but rather slightly decrease or stays the same. The coefficient of friction decreases for the low-copper along with pad and disc wear reduction, and increases for the copper-free along with pad wear increase with no change in disc wear. No obvious correlation emerges between brake squeal and pad hardness, friction coefficient or compressibility. After the pads were compressed

Sriwiboon, Meechai, Kaewlob, Kritsana, Tiempan, Nipon, Samankitesakul, Rungrod, Sriwiboon, Meechai, Kaewlob, Kritsana, Tiempan, Nipon, Samankitesakul, Rungrod, Rhee, Seong

A Fuzzy Inference System for Understeer/Oversteer Detection Towards Model-Free Stability Control

2016-01-163004/05/2016

In this paper, a soft computing approach to a model-free vehicle stability control (VSC) algorithm is presented. The objective is to create a fuzzy inference system (FIS) that is robust enough to operate in a multitude of vehicle conditions (load, tire wear, alignment), and road conditions while at the same time providing optimal vehicle stability by detecting and minimizing loss of traction. In this approach, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is generated using previously collected data to train and optimize the performance of the fuzzy logic VSC algorithm. This paper outlines the FIS detection algorithm and its benefits over a model-based approach. The performance of the FIS-based VSC is evaluated via a co-simulation of MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim model of the vehicle under various road and load conditions. The results showed that the proposed algorithm is capable of accurately indicating unstable vehicle behavior for two different types of vehicles (SUV and Sedan). The

Hirche, Benjamin, Ayalew, Beshah

Positioning Simulation Using a 3D Map and Verification of Positional Estimation Accuracy in Urban Areas Using Actual Measurement

2016-01-008304/05/2016

Positional accuracy of GPS measurement has been based on simulation and actual measurement due to the difficulty of conducting 24-hour actual running tests. However, the conventional measurement is only based on brief evaluation; hence variability of positional accuracy which varies depending on measurement time and location had been an issue. Thus, it is significant to show the validity by the estimation of positional accuracy, and actual measurement using of lengthy simulation. In this study, actual measurement data in an urban area was obtained for long hours, and a simulation using 3D maps was implemented. A high precision positional measurement system was equipped on a vehicle in order to collect actual measurements and positional data at each measurement time. The data obtained by the measurement system was used as the reference coordinate for both the simulation and the actual measurements. Consequently, comparison between the simulation and actual measurement data on positional

Komatsu, Satoru, Nagao, Akira, Suzuki, Taro, Kubo, Nobuaki

Self-Adjusting Cutting Parameter Technique for Drilling Multi-Stacked Material

2015-01-250209/15/2015

This study investigates the self-adjusted cutting parameter technique to improve the drilling of multi-stacked material. The technique consists in changing the cutting strategy automatically, according to the material being machined. The success of this technique relies on an accurate signal analysis, whatever the process setting. Motor current or thrust force are mostly used as incoming signals. Today, analyses are based on the thresholding method. This consists in assigning lower and upper limits for each type of material. The material is then identified when the signal level is stabilized in between one of the thresholds. Good results are observed as long as signal steps are significantly distinct. This is the case when drilling TA6V-CFRP stacks. However, thrust force level remains roughly unchanged for AA7175-CFRP stacks, leading to overlapping thresholds. These boundary limits may also change with tool geometry, wear condition, cutting parameters, etc. The thresholding method is

Jallageas, Jeremy, Ayfre, Matthieu, Cherif, Mehdi, K'nevez, Jean-Yves, Cahuc, Olivier

Self-Adjusting Cutting Parameter Technique for Drilling Multi-Stacked Material

2015-01-2502-TEST-REC09/15/2015

Jallageas, Jeremy, Ayfre, Matthieu, Cherif, Mehdi, K'nevez, Jean-Yves, Cahuc, Olivier

Comparative Evaluation between Original and Aftermarket Brake Pads

2015-36-002805/13/2015

The current paper addresses the comparative analysis of the performance (friction and wear) produced by original and aftermarket brake pads. The brake pads selected in this study belongs to a large circulation vehicle in Brazil, which also has a high number of sales. An original and 4 others aftermarket brake pads were purchased at Porto Alegre, Brazil. The braking tests were performed on a braking tribometer, which is located on the University facilities. Experimental data of the coefficient of friction produced by each brake pad have been recorded. A precision scale was used to measure the mass loss of the materials subjected to the tests. Results of the performance obtained by the brake pads are evaluated and discussed in this paper. Results have shown that the original brake pad has superior properties in terms of friction performance (magnitude and variation), while aftermarket 1 and aftermaket 2 materials have the lowest vibration magnitudes. The method used for ranking the brake

Neis, Patric Daniel, Ferreira, Ney Francisco, Poletto, Jean Carlos

Application of the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) to Analyze Thermal Performance of Vehicle Underbody Components

2015-01-043804/14/2015

This paper describes the application of the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) method [1] to investigate the effect of uncertainty in design parameters on the thermal system performance of vehicle underbody components. The results from this study will pinpoint the design parameters which offer the greatest opportunity for improvement of thermal system performance and reliability. In turn, this method can save engineering time and resources. An analytical model was developed for a vehicle underbody system consisting of a muffler, heat shield, and spare tire tub. The output from this model was defined as the temperature of the spare tire tub. The majority of the input parameters in this model deviate from their nominal values due to environmental factors, wear and ageing, and/or variation in the manufacturing process. Using MATLAB software package, the model was simulated with input parameters which were simultaneously and sinusoidally varied at distinct frequencies over their

Lehman, Ashley, Stoilov, Vesselin, Sobiesiak, Andrzej

SAE Off-Highway Engineering: October 2, 2014

14OFHD1010/02/2014

QT steels make an impact The use of quenchd and tempered steels for dumper bodies reduces weight and fuel consumption while increasing payload capacity and wear life.

Brake Squeal and Disc Metallurgy Variability: Importance of Disc Wear

2014-01-249109/28/2014

A previous investigation showed that minor variations in alloying elements in gray cast iron disc contributed to measurable differences in friction and disc wear. This investigation was undertaken to find out if and how the increased friction and disc wear might affect brake squeal. The SAE J2522 and J2521 dynamometer procedures as well as an OEM noise dynamometer procedure and a chassis dynamometer noise procedure were used to find out if a correlation between disc wear and brake squeal could be discovered. In all cases, as the wear rate of a disc increases under a given set of test conditions, disc material transfer to the pad surface increases, which results in increased friction and brake squeal. Also a good method to detect disc variability (disc to disc, within a disc) is discussed.

Lee, SeongJoo, Jeong, JooSeong, Kim, ShinWook, Kim, ShinWan, Rhee, Seong

Volumetric Rating of Excavator Mounted, Bucket Linkage Operated Grapples

J2754_201405 (Historical)05/07/2014

MTC C5, Excavators

Complex Geometry Multi-Use Coatings for Abrasion Prevention, Wear Resistance, and Lunar Dust Removal

TBMG-19377

04/01/2014

Two coatings are required to remove/repel lunar dust particles from the mechanism or surface that needs protection. One coating must be a conductor, and one must be a dielectric. Tungsten carbide (WC) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) were found to be best suited as the conductor and dielectric, respectively.

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