Browse Topic: Tribology

Items (174)

Schey’s Tribology in Metalworking: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear

B-ASM-05702/28/2024

Schey’s Tribology in Metalworking—Friction, Lubrication, and Wear is an update to the seminal text Tribology in Metalworking by John Schey, originally published by ASM International in 1983. The 1983 first edition served as a recognized essential resource for researchers in the fields of manufacturing tribology and metal forming for many decades. This 2023 update preserves the essential information in that first edition but provides a thorough update, including a description of the significant advances in tribological research and detailed information for every metal forming process.

Tutorial: Building the Bridge Testing Measurement and Tribology

1335210/12/2022

Different ingredients of the friction material have different effects on its tribological behavior, some of them conflicting and interfering among themselves (abrasives can increase performance, but also reduce lining life and cause overheating�). This tutorial will try to explain some of the features of dyno/vehicle tests that can be affected by friction materials, and what on the contrary is typically out of the scope of its characterization, and more pertinent to caliper, rotor or system functionalities. The goal is to give the audience an overview of how �chemists�, compounders, look at brake testing, and what they can learn when working on new developments. Outline: � Introduction (classes of raw materials, with their main effect & drawbacks to determine the main tribological effects: Friction level, wear, noise, thermals�) � A formulation approach to Design. Overview of design considerations based on the most relevant tests: how are formulators looking at these tests, to define

Schandelmeier, Brandie

Wear and Friction of PTFE and PEEK Coated Cast Iron Piston Ring

2022-01-038003/29/2022

In engine 30% of the total energy is lost due to the friction between piston ring and cylinder liner due to their constant rubbing motion. A piston that reciprocates at high speeds has piston rings that constantly scrape against the wall leading to high frictional losses within the engine. The engine has to work against this resistance to provide the required power, and hence it will consume more fuel. For this reason, material used for these components is more crucial. Reduction of surface friction between moving parts in order to increase overall efficiency can be achieved by suitable coating. The most commonly used piston rings are coated with chromium layers that are electroplated which is being replaced by chrome plating. Low coefficient of friction (COF) and high wear resistance can be achieved by self-lubricating coating of PTFE and PEEK polymer-based composite coatings. Experimental results showed that the PEEK and PTFE coating performed better in terms of friction and wear

Rajendran, R.

A Molecular Dynamics Study of Tribological Properties of Silicon Carbide as a Metal-Free Friction Material

2021-01-128410/11/2021

Friction materials containing metal ingredients used in automotive industry can cause unfavorable environmental impacts. Existing laws and regulations require phase out of heavy metals in brake pads. Substitutions for metals in friction materials, however, may introduce operational safety issues. In the current study, a molecular dynamics model based on LAMMPS has been developed to study the effect of material composition, density and geometric configurations on the tribological, mechanical and thermal properties of silicon carbide under various contact conditions at the atomic level. Successful simulations are performed to predict the elastic modulus, thermal conductivity, wear rate and coefficient of friction, with the incorporation of interfacial contact between surface asperities. The predicted properties can help enhance the performance of engineered metal free friction materials against thermal-mechanical failures. The following factors have been taken into consideration in the

Zhang, Yizhan, LeNeave, Cortney, Yi, Yun-Bo

Effect of Single Layer Thin Film Thermal Barrier Coatings on Mechanical, Thermal and Tribological Characterization of Cast Iron (GJL 300)

2021-28-028510/01/2021

Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) are one of the most promising technologies for reducing heat dissipation through the combustion chamber in internal combustion engines. In this paper, Gadolinium Zirconate (GZ) was chosen as coating material and prepared using a solid-state synthesis process. Cast iron (GJL 300) was selected as substrate, which is predominantly used as the cylinder head material, and GZ was deposited using Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Technique (EB-PVD). The mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties were evaluated as per the ASTM standards. Improved hardness and wear resistance is noted on coated substrates. The thermal conductivity and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of the coated substrates were decreased by 2.43% and 6.15% respectively when compared to uncoated substrates. Hence, it is confirmed that thin-film TBCs will also be helpful in retaining some heat inside the combustion chamber of IC engines.

Velusamy, Raja, Swaminathan, Mangudi Rangaswamy, Periyana Pillai, Hariharan, Annamalai, Suresh Babu, Ganapathy, Sakthinathan, Sathishkumar, Dhanalakshmi, Annamalai, Kumarasamy, Venkat, Natarajan, Radhakrishnan PhD, Vignesh, Kumaran, Naveen Kumar, Sharma, Gnanaeshwar

Enhancement in Tribological Properties of Squeeze Casted A356 Alloy with Post Processing Techniques through Heat Treatment and Heat Treated cum Shot Peening Approach

2021-28-026510/01/2021

Primary objective of this research work is to study the effect of heat treatment and heat treated cum shot peening processes on the tribological properties of squeeze casted A356 Alloy. The proposed alloy has wide range of applications in automobile industries due to its appreciable mechanical and tribological properties. Squeeze casting is an efficient economic and promising processing route for fabricating aluminum alloy with improved properties and pore free structure. Further the properties can be improvised through post processing technique like heat treatment and heat treated cum shot peening approach and also residual stresses are removed as a result of heat treatment process. So, this research work aims to investigate the effect of post processing approach on the tribological properties of squeeze casted A356 alloy. A wear and friction characteristics of the prepared samples were tested using pin-on-disc tribometer apparatus under dry sliding condition of load 10, 20, 30 and

A, Sathishkumar, R, Soundararajan, Ganapathy, Sakthivel, Kalidasan, Reshvanth

Tribological evaluation of organic frictional composites filled with various nano- solid lubricants

2021-28-025910/01/2021

Incorporation of organic fibers originate from plants in polymer composite is not new as they provide eco-friendly lighter composite and it have gained attention over a period of time because of the specific applications. The augmenting demanded by automotive sectors for wear and frictional areas where the conservation of energy is concerned is expected one with the addition of nano – solid lubricants. Our aim is to highlight the possibility of organic basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites along with three possible combination of nano – solid lubricants like graphite/graphene/ molybdenum disulfide was chosen and to fabricate tribo-materials through hot press technique. The outcome of the tribological tests (by varying load and sliding velocity) indicates that the responses of these three organic fiber based polymer composites have been effectively modified by nano-solid lubricants leading to significant enhancement as tribo materials is highlighted in higher level of load and

R, Soundararajan, Javid Firnas, Sait, Naveen raj, Nandakumar, pradeep s, sabapathy

Evolution of A356 with flyash composites on metallurgical mechanical and tribological behaviour under dry and wet conditions

2021-28-027210/01/2021

Among all metal matrix composites, A356 is the most applicable matrix due to its low density and exhibits nominal strength with soft nature. This proposed study is concerned with examination of mechanical and tribological behaviour of virgin A356 alloy and A356 reinforcement with 10wt.% power plant waste flyash particles composites were processed by liquid metallurgy stir casting technique. The fabricated composites expose enhanced higher hardness and compare the virgin A356 alloy due to presents of flyash particles in the matrix. The wear and friction behaviour of casted samples was tested in pin on disk tribometer apparatus under dry and wet sliding environment at the presence of lubricant (SAE 80W-90) by varying sliding load of 10N-40N and sliding velocity of 1-3 m/s respectively. Wear rate increase with the increasing load and sliding velocity. The usage of lubricant tends to decrease the wear rate by reducing the friction when compared to dry sliding method. This was ascribed due

R, Soundararajan, A, Sathishkumar, Kalaiarasan, Kaviyarasan, Kumar K, Sathish

Tribological Behavior of Thermal and Mechanical Composite Reinforced Sisal Characteristics and Influence SiC Filling Material

2021-28-027710/01/2021

In order to investigate the possible use of normal capital, we have tried by hand to manufacture sisal fibre polymer composites. Natural fibre composites are reusable, low-cost and biodegradable. Simple source, lesser compactness, superior basic property, lower quality, acceptable physical and mechanical properties, non acidic in environment, make them a good-looking biological substitute for glass, carbon or other artificial fibres. The outcome of SiC on the physical and mechanical properties of organic sisal composite materials is studied in this work. The composite was manufactured with and without SiC, mixing natural sisal fibre with polyester as a reinforcement medium. The investigational results showed that the tensile force of the mixture with 12 % SiC was 2.52 times better than that of the composite devoid of SiC. The collision strength of the 12% SiC merged is 1.72 times higher than that of the SiC pure polyester composite. The physical properties deliberate include thermal

RAJU, GANESAMOORTHY, NATARAJAN, Balaji, Chakaravarthy, Ezilarasan, Samikannu, Poovaragan, R, Soundararajan

Sensitivity Analysis of the Geometrical Dimensions of the Crankpin Bearing on the Tribological Property of an Engine

03-15-03-001809/21/2021

Under high-speed working conditions of an engine, the lubrication and tribological performance (LTP) of the crankpin bearing (CB) are strongly influenced by the oil film pressure (p) and asperity contact in the mixed lubrication regime (MLR) of CB, while these parameters mainly depend on the CB’s geometrical dimensions including the bearing radius (r b), bearing width (B), surface roughness (σ), gap between crankpin and bearing (c), and crankpin speed (ω). To analyze the sensitivity of the dynamic parameters of the r b, B, σ, c, and ω on the CB’s LTP, a hybrid model of the piston-rod-crank dynamic and CB lubrication is proposed to establish the dynamic equations of the CB. An algorithm program written in MATLAB software is then applied to solve the dynamic equations. The effect of the dynamic parameters of the r b, B, σ, c, and ω on the CB’s LTP is simulated and evaluated via the indexes of the p, asperity contact force, friction force, and friction coefficient. The research results

Xu, Shaoyong, Nguyen, Vanliem, Wang, Xiangjie, Zhou, Huaxiang

Investigation of Distribution and Structure of Surface Textures on Improving Tribological Properties of an Engine

03-15-03-001909/17/2021

The elastic hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) region of the crankpin bearing (CB) not only creates the high friction force due to the solid asperity contact but also reduces the CB’s lubrication effectiveness. To improve the CB’s tribological properties, the partial textures (PT) designed on the EHL region are proposed. Based on a new hydrodynamic approach combined between the CB’s lubrication model and the slider-crank-mechanism (SCM) dynamics model, the distribution density of spherical dimples (SDs) and different structures of the SDs, circular-cylindrical dimples (CCDs), square-cylindrical dimples (SCDs), and wedge-shaped dimples (WSDs) are then simulated and assessed for their effectiveness on improving CB’s tribological properties, respectively. The oil film pressure (p), friction force (F f), and friction coefficient (μ) of the CB are selected as the evaluation indexes. Research results show that the SDs of the PT designed on the EHL region has better performance than the SDs of

Hua, Wenlin, Nguyen, Vanliem, Qiang, Jiao Ren

Assessment of Tribological Characteristics of Low-Sulfur and Ultralow-Sulfur Diesel under Practical Load and Temperature Scenarios

03-15-01-000206/10/2021

The lubricating properties of diesel are an imperative aspect for the optimal functioning of fuel injection components. Regulatory standards followed by refineries utilize accelerated wear testing methodologies. These tests provide indicative results for judging the lubricity but are not conclusive for determining wear in functional applications attributed to higher loads and other environmental factors. In the course of this article, a tribological evaluation was carried out on Low-Sulfur Diesel (LSD) and Ultralow Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) by utilizing modified test parameters incorporating higher loads and a more extensive gradient of temperature on High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) tribotester. The variance in the resultant coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar concerning the change in parameters was observed as well as a comparative analysis was drawn between both test fuels. Further to analyze the impact of temperature on the tribological behavior of diesel, a ramp test was

Anil, P. M., Patra, Arka, Thangaraja, J., Samuel, Olusegun D., Abbas, Muhammad Mujtaba

A Study of the Interactions between Phenolic Resin and Metal Sulphides and Their Contribution to PAD Performance and Wear

2020-01-160010/05/2020

In order to keep the coefficient of friction stable, some additives such as metal sulphides, are included in the brake pads formulation. Previous work from RIMSA has shown that oxidation temperature range of the metal sulphides can be one of the key properties to explain their contribution to the performance and wear of a PAD. This new work is a step forward in the interpretation of the mechanism of sulphides as chemically active additives in the brake pads. Phenolic resin is the matrix of the brake pads and starts to decompose around 300 °C in presence of oxygen and temperature. In order to establish a connection on between sulphide oxidation and phenolic resin degradation, several studies based on heat treatment of blends of different metal sulphides (Iron sulphide, Tin sulphide and Composite sulphide) with phenolic resin have been done. Then the material evolution was studied with techniques such as TGA-DSC, XRD, IR and SEM-EDS. The results obtained confirm that there is an

Macías, Gabriela, Lorenzana, Carlos, Fernandez, Javier

Lubricants for Oxygen Use

AIR4071A (Current)07/14/2020

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes two classes of lubricants which, when properly applied, can be used in oxygen systems and components.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

The Influence of the Content and Nature of the Dispersive Filler at the Formation of Coatings for Protection of the Equipment of River and Sea Transport

05-13-01-000601/23/2020

To protect ship equipment of river and sea transport, it is suggested to use polymeric protective coatings based on epoxy diane oligomer ED-20, polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) curing agent and filler, which is a departure from industrial production. Thus the purpose of the work is analysis of major dependency of the properties on the content of fillers that allowed to revealed the critical filler content (furnace black) in composites to form a protective coating with the required set of characteristics. The infrared (IR) spectral analysis was used to investigate the presence of bonds on the surface of particles of the PM-75 furnace black, which allows us to assess the degree of cross-linking of the polymer. The influence of the content of dispersed furnace black on the physicomechanical and thermophysical properties and the structure of the protective coating is investigated. For the formation of the coating with increased adhesive properties, the optimum content of the additive is q

Sapronov, Oleksandr, Buketov, Andriy, Sapronova, Anna, Sotsenko, Vitalii, Brailo, Mykola, Yakushchenko, Serhii, Maruschak, Pavlo, Smetankin, Serhii, Kulinich, Andriy, Kulinich, Viacheslav, Poberezhna, Liubov

Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Shallow Cryogenically Treated EN19 Alloy Steel

2019-28-010010/11/2019

Tensile and axial fatigue tests were conducted on shallow cryogenically treated EN19 medium carbon alloy steel to investigate its mechanical behavior. The test samples were conventionally heat treated then oil quenched at room temperature. Followed by the samples were kept for shallow cryogenic treatment to -80°C for 8 hours using liquid nitrogen. Then the samples were tempered in a muffle furnace to relieve the induced residual stresses. Tensile and axial fatigue test were carried out on both treated and non-treated samples to measure its tensile strength and fatigue behavior respectively. Microscopic examination also had done to compare the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment on its microstructure. The results exposed that there is an increase in the tensile strength and reduction in fatigue life of shallow cryogenically treated samples over base metal and improved wear resistance.

Sekar, Loganathan, Raj, Rajendran, Arasan, Tamil

Mechanical and Corrosion Behaviour of Al 7075 Composite Reinforced with TiC and Al ₂ O ₃ Particles

2019-28-009410/11/2019

Various research regarding new types of fabrication and modifications of Aluminium alloy to improve the existing properties are going on. The wide range application of aluminium alloy is in aerospace and Automobile Industries. The demand for this material improved by mechanical properties with little to zero increment in weight. The current work is based on the fabrication of hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites with the addition of TiC (Titanium Carbide) and Al2O3 (Aluminium Oxide) reinforcement particle using stir casting technique. Three types of hybrid composite samples were prepared based on the weight percentage 5% Al2O3+0% TiC (sample-1), 8% Al2O3 + 12% TiC (sample-2), 20% Al2O3+15% TiC (sample-3). The objective of the study is to analyze the mechanical and corrosion properties of the hybrid composite with the influence of the reinforcement and varying the weight fraction of the particles. Overall, It is observed that a gradual increase in the hardness value in sample-1(83

Jaiswal, Subham, Rajamurugan, Govindasamy, Krishnasamy, Prabu, Shaswat, Yashwardhan, Kaushik, Mishra

Screening of Potential Biomass-Derived Streams as Fuel Blendstocks for Mixing Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion

2019-01-057004/02/2019

Mixing controlled compression ignition, i.e., diesel engines are efficient and are likely to continue to be the primary means for movement of goods for many years. Low-net-carbon biofuels have the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of diesel combustion and could have advantageous properties for combustion, such as high cetane number and reduced engine-out particle and NOx emissions. We developed a list of over 400 potential biomass-derived diesel blendstocks and populated a database with the properties and characteristics of these materials. Fuel properties were determined by measurement, model prediction, or literature review. Screening criteria were developed to determine if a blendstock met the basic requirements for handling in the diesel distribution system and use as a blend with conventional diesel. Criteria included cetane number ≥40, flashpoint ≥52°C, and boiling point or T90 ≤338°C. Blendstocks needed to be soluble in diesel fuel, have a toxicity no worse

Fioroni, Gina, Fouts, Lisa, Luecke, Jon, Vardon, Derek, Huq, Nabila, Christensen, Earl, Huo, Xiangchen, Alleman, Teresa, McCormick, Robert, Kass, Michael, Polikarpov, Evgueni, Kukkadapu, Goutham, Whitesides, Russell A.

Wear-Resistant Platinum Gold Alloy

TBMG-3417204/01/2019

From cellphones to satellites, industry spends millions on traditional gold alloy electrical contact coatings. While gold and other metal alloys have been an industry standard to protect metal components from wear due to metal-on-metal contact, they still experience deterioration over time. Using a novel synthesis approach, Sandia researchers developed an ultra-wear-resistant platinum gold (Pt-Au) alloy that can replace gold alloys for improved durability, longevity, and reduced costs in electronic devices.

Microscale Superlubricity Improves Electromechanical Devices

TBMG-3307310/01/2018

Superlubricity — the state of ultra-low friction and wear — holds great promise for the reduction of frictional wear in mechanical and automatic devices.

Development of friction coefficient controller for E-coat (KTL)

2018-36-020009/03/2018

Global competitiveness increase in the past decades has been a crucial factor for the technological advance and industrial automotive development. Possibility of reducing costs, concentrate knowledge and increase in manufacturing efficiency has lead to development of global automotive platforms. In this scenario, the supply chain needs for adaptations that allow evolution at the same fastness imposed by original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Such demands reflect directly on the fasters market requiring lighter and stronger products. Stronger products are obtained by increasing corrosion resistance and lowering friction coefficient, in order to increase the clamp load and, consequently, reduce the weight without reducing performance. However, increasing corrosion resistance causes, generally, an increase in friction coefficient and, consequently, a decrease in clamp load. To minimize such effects, the surface coating industry has been developing, over the years, friction controllers

Egêa, Renan Barranqueiro, Primolini, Alexandre, Maia, Bruno Inácio da

Plain Bearing Selection for Landing Gear Applications

AIR1594D (Current)04/18/2018

This document is intended to give advisory information for the selection of plain bearings and bearing materials most suitable for aircraft landing gear applications. Information included herein was derived from bearing tests and service experience/reports. Airframe/landing gear manufacturers, commercial airlines, the U.S. Air Force and Naval Air Systems Command provided input for the document. Information is given on bearing installation methods and fits that have given satisfactory performance and service life. Base metal corrosion is a major cause of problems in bearing installations for landing gears. Therefore, methods of corrosion prevention are discussed. Effort is directed toward minimizing maintenance and maximizing life expectancy of landing gear bearings. Lubricated and self-lubricating bearings are also discussed. There are wide ranges of bearing load and motion requirements for applications in aircraft landing gears. For this reason, it is the responsibility of the

A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee

Study on Frictional Behavior of AA 6XXX with Three Lube Conditions in Sheet Metal Forming

2018-01-081004/03/2018

Light-weighting vehicles cause an increase in Aluminum Alloy stamping processes in the Automotive Industry. Surface finish and lubricants of aluminum alloy (AA) sheet play an important role in the deep drawing processes as they can affect the friction condition between the die and the sheet. This paper aims to develop a reliable and practical laboratory test method to experimentally investigate the influence of surface finish, lubricant conditions, draw-bead clearances and pulling speed on the frictional sliding behavior of AA 6XXX sheet metal. A new double-beads draw-bead-simulator (DBS) system was used to conduct the simulated test to determine the frictional behavior of an aluminium alloy with three surface lubricant conditions: mill finish (MF) with oil lube, electric discharge texture (EDT) finish with oil lube and mill finish (MF) with dry lube (DL). The experimental results could be utilized to distinguish the frictional performance of the three different sheets aforementioned

Xu, Wan, Gao, Xinya, Zhang, Boyang, Yang, Lianxiang, Du, Changqing, Zhou, Dajun, Rawya, Bazzi, Szymanski, Michael

Sliding Wear and Friction Studies of Disc/ Pad Materials

2018-01-084004/03/2018

Brake disc provides friction force with minimum weight loss on application of brake. The pad material only experiences more wear and friction. Disc and pad materials are selected to give a stable and high coefficient of friction (0.25-0.40). COF is directly proportional to braking force generated and inversely proportional to the stopping distance. The aim of the study is to identify a new material for replacement of pad material in practice. In this study, wear, hardness and friction properties of E glass fiber with epoxy resin and cashew friction dust composite are studied and compared with brake pad material in practice. The hardness was measured using shore hardness tester. The wear and friction was measured using the pin on disc wear testing machine. The pad material was made as pin with cast iron as the disc material for wear studies. The wear studies were conducted for various load conditions and sliding velocities. It was observed that the wear rate increases with increasing

Rajendran, R., N, Ravikumar, S, Madhan Kumar, Tamilarasan, T.R

Evaluation of the Stability and Ignition Quality of Diesel-Biodiesel-Butanol Blends

2017-01-232010/08/2017

FAME is the most common renewable component of conventional automotive diesel. Despite the advantages, biodiesel is more susceptible to oxidative deterioration and due to its chemical composition as well as its higher affinity to water, is considered to be a favorable substrate for microorganisms. On the other hand, apart from biodiesel, alcohols are considered to be promising substitutes to conventional diesel fuel because they can offer higher oxygen concentration leading to better combustion characteristics and lower exhaust emissions. More specifically, n-butanol is a renewable alcohol demonstrating better blending capabilities and properties when it is added to diesel fuel, as its composition is closer to conventional fuel, when compared ethanol to for example. Taking into consideration the alleged disinfectant properties of alcohols, it would be interesting to examine also the microbial stability of blends containing n-butanol in various concentrations. Based on the

Dodos, George S., Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti E., Zahos-Siagos, Iraklis, Tyrovola, Theodora, Karonis, Dimitrios, Zannikos, Fanourios

Self-Healing, Self-Lubricating Tribofilm

TBMG-2769710/01/2017

Tribologists have developed a diamond-like film that is generated by the heat and pressure of an automotive engine. The ultra-durable, self-lubricating tribofilm — a film that forms between moving surfaces — can be made to develop self-healing, diamondlike carbon (DLC) tribofilms. The film generates itself by breaking down the molecules of the lubricating oil, and can regenerate the tribofilm as it is worn away.

Studies on Friction Mechanism of NAO Brake-Pads Containing Potassium Titanate Powder as a Theme Ingredient

05-11-01-000609/17/2017

Potassium titanate (KT) fibers/whiskers are used as a functional filler for partial replacement of asbestos in NAO friction materials (FMs). Based on little information reported in open literature; its exact role is not well defined since some papers claim it as the booster for resistance to fade (FR), or wear (WR) and sometimes as damper for friction fluctuations. Interestingly, KT fibers and whiskers (but not powder) are proved as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). However, hardly any efforts are reported on exploration of influence of KT powder and its optimum amount in NAO FMs (realistic composites) in the literature. Hence a series of five realistic multi-ingredient compositions in the form of brake-pads with similar parent composition but varying in the content of KT powder from 0 to 15 wt% (in the steps of 3) were developed. These composites were characterized for physical, mechanical, chemical and tribological performance. Composites were

Mahale, Vishal, Bijwe, Jayashree, Sinha, Sujeet

Performance and Use of Polymer Plan Bearings in Transmission Design Web Seminar RePlay

PD331710ON07/11/2017

As part of a broad transmission design philosophy, the understanding and application of tribological systems is critical. The number of interacting surfaces within a modern automotive transmission continues to increase, while the demands on the system continue to press the limits of traditional technologies. The understanding of each surface interaction within the greater system becomes increasingly important as each component is asked to do more to benefit the overall system. This short course will present the tribological performance of polymeric plain bearings as related to transmission applications. It will deal with the various wear and damage mechanisms that can occur with a polymer bearing in transmissions. The damage mechanisms discussed will include adhesion, abrasion, fatigue and erosion. A brief discussion of relevant lubrication states, boundary lubrication and fluid film formation, will also be included. The course will also address specific mechanical design issues

Interference between Tin Sulfides, Graphite and Novolak Oxidation

05-11-01-000903/07/2017

Tin sulfides (SnS and SnS2), represent a safer and greener alternative to other metal sulfides such as copper sulfides, and MoS2 etc. Their behavior is usually associated to that of solid lubricants such as graphite. A mixture of tin sulfides, with the 65 wt% of SnS2, has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In order to investigate the effect of tin sulfides upon two crucial friction material ingredients, two mixtures were prepared: the former was made by mixing tin sulfides with a natural flake graphite and the latter was made mixing tin sulfides with a straight novolak. They were analyzed by TGA and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in both nitrogen and air. Some interferences were detected between tin sulfides and graphite in air. However, the oxidation of tin sulfides was concomitant with that of the novolak so that the resin onset decomposition-oxidation was considerably shifted to higher temperatures allowing the resin to

Dante, Roberto, Sliepcevich, Andrea, Andreoni, Marco, Cotilli, Mario

Efficiency and Durability Predictions of High Performance Racing Transmissions

2016-01-185206/15/2016

Efficiency and durability are key areas of research and development in modern racing drivetrains. Stringent regulations necessitate the need for components capable of operating under highly loaded conditions whilst being efficient and reliable. Downsizing, increasing the power-to-weight ratio and modification of gear teeth geometry to reduce friction are some of the actions undertaken to achieve these objectives. These approaches can however result in reduced structural integrity and component durability. Achieving a balance between system reliability and optimal efficiency requires detailed integrated multidisciplinary analyses, with the consideration of system dynamics, contact mechanics/tribology and stress analysis/structural integrity. This paper presents an analytical model to predict quasi-static contact power losses in lubricated spur gear sets operating under the Elastohydrodynamic regime of lubrication. Tooth Contact Analysis (TCA) is used to predict variations in contact

Fatourehchi, Ehsan, Elisaus, Vishak, Mohammadpour, Mahdi, Theodossiades, Stephanos, Rahnejat, Homer

Applications and Design of Low Temperature Surface Hardened Stainless Steel Components in Automotive Applications

2016-01-042504/05/2016

While the excellent corrosion resistance of austenitic and duplex stainless steels has resulted in wide commercial application, poor tribological behavior, especially low abrasive/adhesive wear resistance and a tendency to fret, has prevented the use of these materials in applications where both corrosion and wear resistance are required. For more than 20 years low temperature carburizing or nitrocarburizing has offered a solution to enhance mechanical properties without altering the corrosion resistance. These thermo-chemical diffusion processes form carbon or nitrogen S-phase while avoiding carbide precipitation that causes sensitization. This paper presents application and design examples of low temperature carburized austenitic stainless steels in kinematic and static parts of automobiles. For example, kinematic components attached to the engine have to resist a relatively high corrosive loading in combination with temperatures exceeding 500°C. Furthermore these kinematics suffer

Karl, Andreas, Beamer, Chad

Impact of E100 Fuel on Bearing Materials Selection and Lubricating Oil Properties

2016-01-102504/05/2016

As emission regulations tighten across various regions of the world there is a growing trend in the use of alternative fuels such as Ethanol being blended with gasoline. A notable case of Ethanol usage is found in South America with the widespread use of E100, which has no gasoline content and can often contain up to 10% water. Engine oil contamination by fuel is of major concern and under certain conditions can have negative effects on the durability of turbocharger components which come into contact with contaminated oil, particularly sliding bearings, but also compressor stage through crankcase ventilation system fed gas. The manner in which this effect takes hold can cause a decrease in the lubrication properties and increase in corrosiveness of the engine oil. This paper demonstrates the results of laboratory tests carried out where critical Turbocharger components were subjected to engine oils of various conditions in order to observe the effect of contaminated and aged oil that

Cempirkova, Daniela, Hadas, Rostislav, Matějovský, Lukáš, Sauerstein, Rolf, Ruh, Matthias

Microstructure and Tribological Behavior of CrN-Cu Nanocoatings Deposited by PVD Systems

2016-01-049204/05/2016

The present study focused on CrN-Cu nanocoatings composed of nano-meter grains with CrN, Cr and Cu functioning low-friction, anti-wear and heat resistance. The coatings were synthesized by hybrid PVD including metal arc source, magentron sputter source and ion-gun source. Although Cu has low hardness, the hardness of CrNCu is not declined because it was composed of below 20nm sized grains of CrN, Cr, and Cu. However, CrN-Cu had lower friction than CrN owing to Cu’s low shear strength. CrN-Cu films optimized using the Reaction Surface Method (RSM) showed the excellent tribological behavior and low coefficient of friction compared with DLC. The tribological properties of the Cr-Cu-N demonstrated superior wear resistance and low friction at normal and high temperature conditions. The CrN-Cu nanocoatings can be used for the downsizing automotive engines working at severe tribological conditions.

Kim, Bokyung

Lightweight Materials for Automotive Applications: A Review

2015-36-021909/22/2015

Today, in order to optimize the resources usage and reduce the air pollution, the automobile industry is facing new challenges, with the necessity to improve engines fuel economy, enhance vehicles autonomy and reduce the CO2 emission. One of the solution, which is being much researched, is the car components weight reduction. There is a range of new materials that have been developed to attend the new weight standards. Together with lightweight these materials must also deliver acceptable mechanical properties, easy to manufacture and to assembly capability, good appearance, high durability, good cost-benefit relation and in some cases also acceptable impact energy absorption. This paper presents a review of some of the lightweight materials that are being applied in automobiles, like Carbon Fiber, Aluminum Alloy, Magnesium Alloy, Hybrid Material and Polymer Composites. The physical characteristics, applicability in automotive components, manufacturability and relative cost are shown

Haber, Daniel

How to Measure, Prevent, and Eliminate Stick-Slip and Noise Generation with Lubricants

2015-01-225906/15/2015

Tribological contacts between plastic or polymer materials can exhibit stick-slip behaviour that generates noise. Tribological properties can be influenced by lubricants such as bonded coatings, greases, and fluids. In this paper, well known theories about polymer friction from the literature will be shown to be useful in the development of new lubricants. Theoretical results have been validated with a Ziegler Stick-Slip Test Rig. The test methods presented in this paper are used in the development of lubricants for automotive applications (in the interior of the car including invisible lubricants developed for Class “A” surfaces).

Zuleeg, Jan

Mechanical, Tribological Properties and Surface Characteristics of Developed Polymeric Materials Reinforced by CNTs

2015-01-069004/14/2015

The aim of this research is to assess and develop a polymeric material consisting of a mixture of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ultra- high- molecular- weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reinforced by carbon-nanotube (CNT) by optimizing the mixing concentration of the three constituents. This optimized mixture is accomplished by using a melt extruder-mixing process. An experimental evaluation for accurate assessment of the developed nanocomposite material characteristics is achieved by using a universal tensile test machine and a plint-tribometer pin-on-disc machine. Moreover, the hardness of the material surface and its surface topography are assessed by a hardness tester machine and SEM technique, respectively. Developed samples for testing are classified into two groups of nanocomposites. The first group is created through mixing two pure polymeric UHMWPE and HDPE with different mass ratios of each. While, the other group is created through mixing three components UHMWPE, HDPE and

Ali, Salah H. R., Azzam, Badr S. N.

Effect of Thermal Bearing Coating on Performance and Emission of Off Road Vehicle

2015-26-006501/14/2015

The performance of internal combustion engines should be improved depending on some technological requirements and rapid increase in the fuel expenses. On the other hand, the improvements in engine materials are forced by using alternative fuels and environmental requirements. Therefore, the performances of engine materials become increasingly important. Experimental research of insulated diesel engine incorporating thermal barrier coating (TBC) has produced controversial result. Some publications report that engine efficiency increases with insulation, while others argue that efficiency decreases. There are reports also presenting a mixed picture. This Paper presents comparative analysis of heat release in base line and insulated (Piston crown with plasma sprayed zirconia coating) diesel engine. The coating system affects the fuel consumption, the power and the combustion efficiency, pollution contents and the fatigue lifetime of engine components. Usually there are several beneficial

Quazi, Muzaffar Ali, Parashar, Shalabh

Effect of Aluminum on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Automotive Grade Gray Cast Iron

2015-26-006601/14/2015

Mechanical and wear properties of Al alloyed gray cast iron (0.5% and 1.0%) were compared with that of Mo (1.0%) and Cu (0.77%) alloyed gray cast iron in this investigation. All the alloys showed pearlitic microstructure. The graphite morphology varied due to varying chemistry. The fracture surface showed “cabbage” like dimpled morphology indicating the predominant ductile fracture. It was found that the Mo containing cast iron show 25 to 30% higher strength and 6 to 7 times better wear resistance compared to Al containing cast irons. The worn surface showed oxide formation during sliding.

Vadiraj, Aravind, Tiwari, Shashank, Dasare, Ashutosh

Statistical Analysis of Kinetic Friction Coefficient for Dry Sliding Plain Bearing on Shaft Test of Polytetrafluoroethylene

2014-36-014509/30/2014

This paper discusses the behavior of kinetic friction coefficient and temperature on contact of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in a dry sliding test against stainless steel. This polymer is widely used in industry for many tribological applications without lubrication. It was performed essential tribological evaluations: the overall shape analysis of kinetic friction coefficient and temperature on contact curves, regions identification with distinct behavior and the mean and the standard deviation of the values obtained. For this purpose, long duration tests were performed (120 minutes) in a kinetic friction machine, developed and built at the UTFPR's Laboratory of Contact Surfaces, in which a PTFE plain bearing slides without lubrication over a stainless steel shaft with monitoring of kinetic friction coefficient and temperature on contact. The test condition simulates the polymer real application as plain bearing. Four normal loading levels were performed, the PV condition, however

do Vale, João Luiz, da Silva, Carlos Henrique

Advanced Materials for Aerospace and Space Applications

2014-01-223309/16/2014

Constant swirls of innovative ideas are starting to push composites and hybrid metal-composite components for use in an ever expanding circle of products. Recent discoveries of Graphene/Au composites have invigorated innovations for its application to aerospace and space products. Attributes such as a low CTE, stiffness, and light weight attract other manufacturers of smaller products to use composites for enhanced performance and durability. The uses and economics of composites is an enormously broad subject. Examples of composite materials will be described in this paper to provide samples of applications selected for their far reaching potential to enhance product performance. Examples will also be presented to explain the application of carbon based composites where the product performance or application would not be possible without special materials. This paper will also describe emerging materials such as graphene and some of its applications to enhance the performance of

Bullen, George Nicholas

Microstructural Contact Mechanics Finite Element Modeling Used to Study the Effect of Coating Induced Residual Stresses on Bearing Failure Mechanisms

2014-01-101804/01/2014

Coatings have the potential to improve bearing tribological performance. However, every coating application process and material combination may create different residual stresses and coating microstructures, and their effect on bearing fatigue and wear performance is unclear. The aim of this work is to investigate coating induced residual stress effects on bearing failure indicators using a microstructural contact mechanics (MSCM) finite element (FE) model. The MSCM FE model consists of a two-dimensional FE model of a coated bearing surface under sliding contact where individual grains are represented by FE domains. Interactions between FE domains are represented using contact element pairs. Unique to this layered rolling contact FE model is the use of polycrystalline material models to represent realistic bearing and coating microstructural behavior. The MSCM FE model was compared to a second non-microstructural contact mechanics (non-MSCM) model. Results show tensile residual

Petrach, Robert V., Schall, David, Zou, Qian, Barber, Gary, Gu, Randy, Guessous, Laila

Investigation on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of alloyed gray cast iron for brake applications

2013-01-288111/27/2013

The strength and wear resistance of four alloyed cast irons with elements like Ni. Mo, Cu, Cr and Al have been compared and analyzed. The increased hardness is reducing the wear resistance of the alloy due to graphite flakes. Higher carbon produces more graphite flakes which act as weak points for reducing strength and wear resistance. The wear rate increases for harder cast iron sample with more graphite flakes. Wear rate drastically increases with increase in carbon equivalent. Strength was found to decrease for samples with higher graphite flakes. The wear debris consisted of graphite flakes in platelet like morphology along with iron particles from the matrix. The presence of carbon at the sliding interface also sometimes decreases wear rate.

Vadiraj, Aravind, Tiwari, Shashank

Ship Systems and Equipment - Materials for Fluid Systems

J1781_201305 (Current)05/30/2013

The scope of this Recommended Practice is to delineate groups of materials for which there is considerable fabrication and operating experience in the sea water environment. In addition, some of the more promising materials for possible future applications are covered.

Ship Fluid Systems Committee

Die Wear Estimation in Automotive Sheet Metal Stamping

2013-01-117104/08/2013

Automotive industry's migration to usage of HSS (High Strength Steels), AHSS (Advance High Strength Steels) from conventional steels for their low weight and high strength properties has had its significant effects on die wear. The unpredictability of die wear can pose manufacturing issues, for example, undesirable tool life. Hence die wear has been gaining immense attention and lot of research work has been carried out to provide a die wear prediction method. This paper focuses on the method of estimating wear mathematically based on the mechanics behind die wear phenomenon. This is also an effort to study wear on die for an automotive component in critical areas for which the amount of wear are calculated. This study is further to be correlated with production data from die maintenance record, explicit measurement of die wear, etc., to validate the estimation.

Balakrishnan, Praveen Balaj, Dev, Sathya, Bhuyan, Deepak, Syed, Parvez, Thokala, Sarin Babu

Effectiveness of Various Phenolic Compounds (Commercial and Non-Commercial) on Biodiesel Oxidation Stability

2013-01-112804/08/2013

This study investigates the effectiveness of seven phenolic compounds, including pyrogallol (PY), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (DTBHQ), 4-tert-Butylcatechol (TBC), 2,5-bis(dimethylaminomethyl) hydroquinone, 2,5-bis(piperidinomethyl) hydroquinone and 2,5-bis(morpholinomethyl) hydroquinone on the oxidation stability of sunflower and soybean oil methyl esters. The seven phenolic compounds were dissolved in the base fuels at the same concentration levels, i.e., 200, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 ppm. The oxidation stability measurements were carried out by employing a Rancimat accelerated oxidation unit according to EN 14214. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the above mentioned compounds was also determined in a RSSOT apparatus (Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test) according to ASTM D7545. Most of the antioxidants that were examined according to the Rancimat and RSSOT methods had a measurable positive impact on the oxidation stability in all concentrations

Deligiannis, Alexandros, Anastasakos, Antonios, Anastopoulos, George, Dodos, George S., Zannikos, Fanourios

Influence of Aramid, Cellulose and Acrylic Fibers in NAO Brake Pad - Effect on Thermal Stability and Frictional Characteristics

2013-26-008101/09/2013

Non-Asbestos organic composite friction materials are increasingly used in automotive brake disc pad applications. The present paper deals with the role of various organic fibers namely Aramid, Acrylic fibers and the Cellulose fibers on the fade and recovery behavior of friction composites. The combination of various organic fibers percentage for thermal behavior is considered using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The temperature raise during brake application will be between 150°C to 400°C and this zone of temperature is very critical to determine the fade characteristics during friction testing. Hence, three different friction composites are developed with same formulation varying only the percentage of Aramid, Cellulose and Acrylic fibers within the formulation. The formulations containing 10%, 12.5% and 15% of these fibers are developed as brake pads and designated as NA01, NA02 and NA03 respectively. Thermal analysis has been conducted using TGA. The tribological properties are

Balaji, M. A. Sai, Kalaichelvan, K.

Study Of Chemical Analysis Of Oil Applying Data Mining Techniques

2012-36-041210/02/2012

The study of the wear track oil analysis is a technique commonly used in industrial, preventive and predictive maintenance of mechanical systems that suffer during the process of deterioration in service. This technique allows to study the behavior of the elements suspended in the lubricating oil. The paper proposes developing maps representing the wear of diesel analyzing the chemical analysis of the lubricating oil by the correlation of the chemical elements with the alloys of the mechanical components of the system. The methodology of this study was based on using data mining techniques for obtaining the data clustering of chemical analyzes, using the MATLAB 6.5 to obtain the maps. The software allows the display of trend curves, graphic correlation between the elements that have convergent or divergent behavior, interpolation and curve fitting as well as the clustering of elements in a map of wear on the engines examined.

Marinho, E. S. J., Silva Neto, R. D. A., Medeiros, J. S., Assis, L., Pantaleon, E.

Chemical Effects of Titanate Compounds on the Thermal Reactions of Phenolic Resins in Friction Materials - Part 2

2012-01-179009/17/2012

Our previous study focused on not only how the physical properties of pad matrix strength and porosity depend on the titanates' crystal structure and shape, but also on the chemical properties of the titanates themselves. As a result, it was found that the reaction that occurs on the friction surface of the titanate and the phenolic resin has an influence on the tribological performance of brakes. Our conclusion was that titanates affect the thermal reaction of phenolic resins. Our newest study uses 1/7-scale dynamometer testing to further investigate the relationship between titanate compounds and phenolic resins. The results make clear that when titanate is added, μ is more stable than when not added. The results of chemical experiments showed that the products of pyrolysis are different when titanate is added or not added. Our conclusion is the property of the products of pyrolysis affects the stability of μ.

Daimon, Emiko, Inada, Kousuke, Nomoto, Takuya, Otsuka, Kenjiro, Kitada, Keiji, O'Doherty, John

Tribological Properties of Sulphur-Free Antiwear Additives Zinc Dialkylphosphates (ZDPs)

2011-01-213208/30/2011

The film-forming, friction, and antiwear properties of zinc dialkylphosphates (ZDPs) were investigated and compared with the corresponding zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs). The primary ZDPs generally show similar friction and antiwear performance to the primary ZDDPs, although some differences are seen between them in film-forming properties. For the secondary ZDP and ZDDP, there are some clear differences in their tribological properties. This indicates that the properties of the primary ZDPs and ZDDPs may be controlled predominantly by adsorbed films consisting the intact additives and/or their decomposition compounds, and that the properties of the secondary ones may be controlled by glassy reaction films consisting zinc/iron polyphosphates.

Hoshino, Koji, Yagishita, Kazuhiro, Tagawa, Kazuo, Spikes, Hugh

Effect of Coating Time on the Performance of Electroless Nickel Coated Steel

2011-01-005704/12/2011

Electroless Nickel (EN) coatings are used in automotive application due to its high hardness, uniform thickness and wear resistance. The study deals with the improvement of surface properties of mild steel by the deposition of Ni-P alloy. The steel specimens were EN coated for various time duration ranging from 0.5 to 3 h. The effect of coating time on thickness, structure, hardness and wear of EN coated steel are investigated. It has been found that the coating thickness is uniform and it increases as the coating time increases. There is no significant change in hardness and wear with increase in coating time. The structure of EN coated steel comprises a surface layer of Ni-P alloy deposit which is instrumental in increase in the hardness. Microhardness of EN coated steel is in the range of 500-540 Hv0.025. The wear rate and coefficient of friction of EN coated steel is found to be low compared to the base metal. EN coated steel could be of use for improving the performance and life

Rajendran, Raj, Venkatesan, Tharanipathy, Elansezhian, Rasu

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