Browse Topic: Heat treatment

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Hydrogen Embrittlement in Galvanized High Carbon Steel Components of Automotive Seat Slider Assembly2026-26-0302To be published on 01/16/2026
This research paper investigates the failure of an isolator clip used in the seat slider assembly, which guides and restricts the sliding motion of the tooth bracket within the seat. The component is made of C80 high-carbon spring steel, known for its high strength. According to the manufacturing process details, zinc plating was applied to the component for corrosion protection, as confirmed by EDS analysis. A fractographic examination of the failed part revealed a brittle, intergranular fracture morphology with visible cracks. Certain areas also exhibited micro-void coalescence, indicating a dimpled fracture surface. The primary failure mode was intergranular (IG) fracture. The delayed fracture was attributed to intergranular fracture mechanisms, micro-void coalescence, and the high strength of the steel, which made the component susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms become trapped along the grain boundaries, where they form hydrogen
Saindane, Mehul Kishor, BALI, SHIRISH
Advancing Welding Excellence through Numerical Simulation Based Approach: A Multi Pass Welding Case Study on Cast Iron Coupons2026-26-0457To be published on 01/16/2026
The Automotive industry extensively uses cast iron for its exceptional mechanical performance and cost-effectiveness. However, repair welding or assembly of cast iron components remain highly challenging due to the material’s high carbon content, inherent brittleness, rapid thermal conductivity, and complex microstructural transformations. Multi-pass welding exacerbates these challenges by subjecting materials to repeated thermal cycling, accumulating residual stress, and inducing distortion – all of which potentially degrade the integrity of welded joints. A comprehensive understanding of welded joint behavior is essential to effectively mitigate these effects. Finite element analysis (FEA) serves as a powerful tool, enabling accurate prediction of thermal profiles, phase transformations, residual stress development, and resulting deformations. These valuable insights are critical for optimizing welding processes and enhancing overall joint quality. This study investigates and
Vidhate, Digambar, Nalawade, Rahul, Dabhadkar, Mandar, Vaidya, Abhijit, AMMASI, VINOTH, Rajagopalan, Sridhar
Hypoid Gear Performance Redefined: Addressing Scoring and Whine Noise Concerns2026-26-0078To be published on 01/16/2026
Rear drive vehicles transfer power to the rear wheels through the Gear Carrier Assembly, which is fit at the central section of the Rear Axle. The Gear Carrier Assembly includes hypoid ring and pinion gears, set at the heart of the system. However, gear scoring and whine noise frequently emerge as critical challenges, leading to reduced durability and compromised performance of the vehicle. This study focuses on the design and process improvements aimed at addressing these concerns while enhancing the overall performance and reliability of hypoid gears. Design enhancements include macro geometry refinements, material upgrades, and modifications in the heat treatment process. These changes improved key mechanical properties such as contact stress, bending strength, impact strength, and motion transmission error (MTE). Process optimizations involved precise control over carburizing, hardening, and quenching temperatures, as well as adjustments in quenching pressure. These measures
Praveen, Abhinav, Deshpande, Praveen, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, Parmar, Mayur, Karle, Nilesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Pagar, Pawan
Hard Anodic Coating of Magnesium AlloysAMS2466D (Current)12/09/2025
This specification covers the requirements for a hard anodic coating on magnesium alloys.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, Permanent Mold, 5.0Si - 1.2Cu - 0.5Mg (355.0-T71), Solution Heat Treated and OveragedAMS4280K (Current)12/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of permanent mold castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Investment Castings, 7.0Si - 0.32Mg (356.0-T6), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4260H (Current)12/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, 7.0Si - 0.55Mg - 0.12Ti (F357.0-T6), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4289A (Current)12/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, Permanent Mold, 5.0Si - 1.2Cu - 0.50Mg (355.0-T6), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4281H (Current)12/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of permanent mold castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Castings 4.7Cu - 0.60Ag - 0.35Mn - 0.25Mg - 0.25Ti (B201.0-T7) Solution Heat Treated and Overaged AMS4242D (Current)12/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Castings 4.5Cu - 0.70Ag - 0.30Mn - 0.25Mg - 0.25Ti (A201.0-T4) Solution Heat Treated and Naturally Aged AMS4223F (Current)12/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, High Strength 4.5Cu - 0.70Ag - 0.30Mn - 0.25Mg - 0.25Ti (A201.0-T7) Solution Heat Treated and Overaged AMS4229H (Current)12/09/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sand, permanent mold, and composite mold castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
AMS120425-1AMS120425-00000000000000000000001 (Current)12/04/2025
AMS120425-1
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Steel, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 5.0Cr - 1.3Mo - 0.50V (0.38 - 0.43C) (H-11) AMS6437L (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 0.80Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.25Mo (0.49 - 0.55C), Annealed AMS6396H (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft quality, low alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Welded Tubing, 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130)AMS6373K (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of welded tubing.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740) AMS6358M (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft quality, low alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.33 - 0.38C) (8735) AMS6357N (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 52.5Ni - 19Cr - 3.0Mo - 5.0Cb - 0.90Ti - 0.50Al - 18Fe Vacuum Induction and Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation HardenableAMS5950E (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of sheet and strip 0.080 inch (2.03 mm) and under in nominal thickness (see 8.8).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, and Rings, 60Ni - 22Cr - 2.0Mo - 14W - 0.35Al - 0.03La, Solution Heat TreatedAMS5891D (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of bars, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging, flash welded rings, or heading.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 62Ni - 21.5Cr - 9.0Mo - 3.7Cb Solution Heat TreatedAMS5869E (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up to 1.000 inch (25.40 mm) in nominal thickness (see 8.7).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars and Forgings 15.5Cr - 4.5Ni - 2.9Mo - 0.10N Consumable Electrode Remelted Solution Heat Treated, Sub-Zero Cooled, Equalized, and Over-Tempered AMS5743L (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock. These products have been used typically for parts requiring oxidation resistance and high strength up to 800 °F (427 °C) and where such parts may require welding during fabrication, but usage is not limited to such applications.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars and Forgings 0.14S - 18Cr - 9.5Ni - 0.50Mo - 0.80Al (303MA) Free-Machining; Swaging or Upsetting Solution Heat TreatedAMS5638H (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a free-machining, corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Iron-Nickel Alloy, Strip, 49Fe - 5.3Cr - 42Ni - 2.5Ti - 0.55Al, Solution Heat Treated, Cold Rolled, 10% ReductionAMS5223H (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an iron-nickel alloy in the form of strip 0.020 to 0.1874 inch (0.51 to 4.760 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.6).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Iron-Nickel Alloy Strip, 49Fe - 5.3Cr - 42Ni - 2.5Ti - 0.55Al, Solution Heat TreatedAMS5221G (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an iron-nickel alloy in the form of strip 0.020 to 0.250 inch (0.51 to 6.35 mm) inclusive, in thickness (see 8.8).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze, Martensitic, Sand, Centrifugal and Continuous Castings, 78Cu - 11Al - 5.1Ni - 4.8Fe, Quench Hardened and Temper AnnealedAMS4881E (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a nickel-aluminum bronze alloy in the form of sand, centrifugal or continuous castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Bronze Alloy, Centrifugal and Continuous-Cast Castings, 81.5Cu - 10.3Al - 5.0Ni - 2.8Fe, Quench Hardened and Temper Annealed (TQ50)AMS4880E (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aluminum bronze alloy in the form of centrifugal and continuous-cast castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, 6.3Cu - 0.30Mn - 0.06Ti - 0.10V - 0.18Zr, Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally Aged (2219 -T31/-T351)AMS4601B (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Cast Aluminum Alloy Composite 4.6Cu - 3.4Ti - 1.4B - 0.75Ag - 0.27Mg (205.0/TiB2/3p-T7P) Sand Cast, Solution, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4482B (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a dilute aluminum/TiB2 metal matrix composite in the form of sand castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Cast Aluminum Alloy Composite, 4.6Cu - 3.4Ti - 1.4B - 0.75Ag - 0.27Mg (205.0/TiB2/3p-T7P), Investment Cast, Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4471C (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a dilute aluminum/TiB2 metal matrix composite in the form of investment castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7255-T7751), 8.0Zn - 2.3Cu - 2.0Mg - 0.12Zr, Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and OveragedAMS4463B (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.750 to 1.500 inch, incl ( 19.05 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Verifying large alternate product code for an AMS document - AMS112425-1AMS112425XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX-1 (Current)11/24/2025
Verifying large alternate product code for an AMS document - AMS112425-1
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Plate (2397-T87), 2.8Cu - 1.4Li - 0.30Mn - 0.12Zr - 0.10Zn, Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, and Artificially AgedAMS4328C (Current)11/21/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 3.000 to 6.000 inch (76.20 to 152.40 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extruded Wide Panel Profiles (7150-T77511), 6.4Zn - 2.4Mg - 2.2Cu - 0.12Zr, Solution Heat Treated, Stress-Relieved, Straightened and OveragedAMS4325B (Current)11/21/2025
AMS4325A prohibits unauthorized exceptions (3.7), revises condition (3.2), properties (3.4.5), quality (3.5.1), reports (4.4.1), and identification (5.1.1), and results from a Five-Year Review and update of this specification.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, Centrifugal 7.0Si - 0.30Mg (356.0-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated AMS4285G (Current)11/21/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of centrifugal castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, Permanent Mold 7.0Si - 0.30Mg (356.0-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated AMS4284L (Current)11/21/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of permanent mold castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Alclad Sheet, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (Alclad 2024-O), Annealed, Fine GrainAMS4274C (Current)11/21/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet 0.009 to 0.126 inch (0.23 to 3.20 mm) inclusive, in nominal thickness, alclad.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Plate, 5.7Zn - 2.2Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.22Cr (7475-T7351), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4202F (Current)11/13/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.250 to 4.000 inch (6.35 to 101.60 mm) inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-O) Annealed; or when specified, “As Fabricated” (2024-F)AMS4035N (Current)11/13/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.010 to 1.750 inch (0.25 to 44.45 mm) in thickness, supplied in the annealed (O temper) condition (see 8.4). When specified, product shall be supplied in the “as fabricated” (F) temper.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Castings, 5.0Si - 1.2Cu - 0.50Mg (C355.0-T6), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4215K (Current)11/13/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sand, permanent mold, composite mold, and investment castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Arresting Hook Installation, Land-Based AircraftARP1538C (Current)11/11/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the recommended criteria and performance requirements for the design and installation of land-based aircraft emergency and operational arresting hooks for use on runway arresting systems. Design criteria for fully operational hooks and for carrier-based aircraft hook installations are contained in specification MIL-A-18717.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings CommitteeNEW
Automated Gaseous Nitrocarburizing Controlled by PotentialsAMS2759/12C (Current)11/10/2025
This specification covers the requirements for producing a continuous white layer with controlled extent of porosity by means of a gaseous process, automatically controlled to maintain set values of the nitriding and carburizing potentials that determine properties of the nitrocarburized surface. Automatic control is intended to ensure repeatability of nitrogen and carbon content of the white layer which influences properties such as wear and corrosion resistance, ductility and fatigue strength.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Carburizing and Heat Treatment of Carburizing Grade Steel PartsAMS2759/7F (Current)11/10/2025
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment covered in AMS2759, establishes the requirements and procedures for three classes of gas, vacuum, liquid, and low pressure (LPC) carburizing and related heat treatment of parts fabricated from carburizing grade steels. Parts made from steels other than those specified in the detail specifications may be heat treated in accordance with the applicable requirements using processing temperatures, times, and other parameters recommended by the material producer unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. This specification does not cover pack carburizing.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Test Publishing DocumentARP090824B (Current)10/13/2025
Test Publishing Document6667
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
Electron-Beam Welding For Fatigue Critical ApplicationsAMS2680D (Current)09/30/2025
This specification defines the procedures and requirements for joining metals and alloys using the electron beam welding process.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7085-T7651) 7.5Zn - 1.6Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.12Zr Solution Heat Treated, Stress-Relieved, and OveragedAMS4329C (Current)09/30/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 4.001 to 7.000 inch, incl. (101.62 to 177.80 mm, incl.) in thickness (see 8.4).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Plate (2624-T351) 4.1Cu - 1.4Mg - 0.6Mn Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally AgedAMS4464B (Current)09/30/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.500 to 1.500 inch, incl (12.70 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.4).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
A Novel Method to Select Hyperparameters of The DBSCAN Algorithm for RADAR Applications2024-26-003001/16/2024
Abstract- As the automotive industry is coming up with various ADAS solutions, RADAR is playing an important role. There are many parameters concerning RADAR detections to acknowledge. Unsupervised Clustering methods are used for RADAR applications. DBSCAN clustering method which is widely used for RADAR applications. The existing clustering DBSCAN is not aligned very well with its hyperparameters such as epsilon (the radius within which each data point checks the density) and minimum points (minimum data points required within a circle to check for core point) for which a calibration is needed. In this paper, different methods to choose the hyperparameters of DBSCAN are compared and verified with different clustering evaluation criteria. A novel method to select hyperparameters of the DBSCAN algorithm is presented with the paper. For testing the given algorithm, ground truth data is collected, and the results are verified with MATLAB-Simulink. Keywords- (clustering, DBSCAN, DBSCAN
Payghan, Vaibhav Santosh, Prajapati, Miit, Chauhan, Abhisha
test 03/01auto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-0780701/03/2023
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Mutagaana, Festo
abc test 30/12auto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testSAE-PP-0780612/30/2022
Mutagaana, F., "QE Testing 11/2-10 jms edit," SAE MobilityRxiv™ Preprint, submitted November 2, 2022, https://doi.org/10.47953/SAE-PP-07790.
Mutagaana, Festo
Effect of Normalizing Heat Treatment on Improvement in Durability and Reliability of Lift Axle Tube of Commercial Vehicle2022-01-024603/29/2022
Lift axles of commercial vehicles are deployed to handle increased payload. These axles of Commercial vehicles are made of low alloy carbon steel materials. Lift axles are designed in hollow condition for weight reduction opportunity. Two types of tube materials are used for the manufacturing of lift axles. These are either Cold Drawn Seamless (CDS) tubes or Hot Finished Seamless (HFS) tube material. The vanadium micro-alloyed steel grade, 20MnV6 is an excellent choice for the manufacturing of lift axles. The 20MnV6 has favorable mechanical properties for lift axles and also offers good weldability. However, lift axles made of 20MnV6 when manufactured in hot-finished condition, shows significant scatter in terms of durability performance. This requires further heat treatment to be deployed for reducing the scatter in the durability performance and thus increasing the reliability of the lift axles. This study was undertaken to develop the heat treatment process for the 20MnV6 lift Axle
Das, Tarpan, Chauhan, Shiv, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran, More, Hemant
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