Browse Topic: Waste disposal

Items (46)

Aerospace Fluid Power - Waste Reduction Practices for Used Phosphate Ester Aviation Hydraulic Fluid

AIR5277B (Current)8/22/2019

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers the generation of used phosphate ester aviation hydraulic fluid (AS1241) that is deemed waste because it does not meet in-service limits for use in aircraft. This document also lists the relevant United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) regulations on used hydraulic fluid that are in force at the time of this report's publication. Regulations of other countries as well as those for states and municipalities should be consulted prior to initiating any of the waste disposal recommendations listed here.

A-6C3 Fluids Committee

3D Printable Sensors Disposed of Without Contaminating the Environment

TBMG-345926/1/2019

Simon Fraser University and Swiss researchers are developing an eco-friendly, 3D printable solution for producing wireless Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors that can be used and disposed of without contaminating the environment.

Organic Compound Turns Toxic Waste into Harmless Byproducts

TBMG-341674/1/2019

Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.

Wet Waste Drying Bag

TBMG-23044

10/1/2015

This invention facilitates collection, storage, concentration, and drying of liquid or mixed liquid/solid waste material. The invention may serve as a portable toilet or may be used to dry biological specimens or concentrate water samples for analysis. It can replace diapers, special plastic bags, and airflow waste disposal systems used in space missions. The resulting products are clean, but not potable, water and dried, compacted, bagged material that may be human waste or other matter. The bag simplifies collection and reduces disposal cost.

Development of the Waste Heat Management System

2015-01-16054/14/2015

Electric powered vehicles rely on electric heater to heat the cabin of the vehicle. These heaters consume electric energy from the battery and cause depletion of the vehicle's range by 20∼40%. In order to extend the range of electric vehicles, we need to increase the efficiency of HVAC. EV has waste heat but the heat power is much lesser than internal combustion engine and heat source is separated physically. In order to utilize waste heat to achieve better efficiency, heat collection, heat insulation, pre-heating are necessary. Based on the new concept system, we examined the effects of fuel efficiency

Park, Hee Sang

Formation of Quantitative and Age Structure of Tractor Park in the Conditions of Limitation of Resources of Agricultural Production

2015-26-01471/14/2015

A feature of the present state of the Russian agricultural industry is that productive resources (tractor pool, arable land area and number of workers involved) are diminishing and the reduction does not have a quantified value. In the prevailing conditions of limited resources, agricultural enterprises are forced to operate tractors beyond their amortization periods on a massive scale, which results in an unpredictable service life. This situation calls for an assessment of the optimal composition of the tractor pool in terms of number and age. By way of a solution to this problem, the given article presents a methodological approach as to the analysis of two opposing factors. On the one hand, it takes into account the fact that the use of tractors beyond their depreciation periods leads to increased costs of their operation and further yield losses related to the poor technical condition factor, which is proportional to the number of tractors with expired depreciation periods. On the other hand, it must take account of the loss of profit resulting from the reduction of the total size of the tractor pool, reduction of arable land area, diminishing number of workers, the shortfall in the harvest due to diminishing arable land area, not observing the time limits of agricultural activities and crop rotation, curtailing the process cycles and all of the losses that should be proportional to the deficit in the number of tractors due to more being scrapped than purchased. The technique developed was used to determine optimal number and age composition of a tractor pool of agricultural enterprises of the Russian Federation as established by the data of the Federal State Statistics Service. The optimization criterion is minimization of aggregate costs. Its value is determined by plotting dependences of budget overrun for the use of tractors with expired depreciation periods and lost profit. After plotting these dependences, the aggregate costs curve is determined by summation. Calculations performed using this method made it possible to determine optimal number and age composition of the tractor pool.

Shevtsov, Vladimir, Lavrov, Alexandr, Izmailov, Andrei, lobachevskii, Yakov

Titanium Alloy Welding Wire 6Al – 4V, Extra Low Interstitial Environment Controlled Packaging

AMS4956F (Historical)4/2/2013

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2013-02-07

13OFHD02072/7/2013

Powdered tires Researchers quantify several environmental benefits associated with using ultra-fine scrap tire rubber powders in virgin and recycled rubber and plastics compounds.

Tools to Prepare Aluminum Surfaces for Bonding

TBMG-1484510/1/2012

Bonding to aluminum can be a difficult task. Many engineers will search for a single and simple remedy in the form of a low-temperature adhesive for making structural joints without welding. A number of manufacturers offer adhesives intended to get the job done. VHB foam tapes have also been studied as a solution, depending upon application requirements such as shear, peel resistance, service temperature, and energy absorption. However, all adhesive-based remedies and their performance specifications will be compromised if surface preparation is overlooked.

Thermal and Frictional Characteristic Comparisons of Friction Linings Made with Varying Elastomeric Modifiers

2012-01-17899/17/2012

Elastomeric modifiers have been commonly used in friction lining compounds to provide resilience, stability of frictional characteristics, reduced wear and improved fade resistance as well as providing some level of noise and vibration dampening. Thermal and frictional characteristics according to SAE J2430 will be compared between friction linings made with a virgin powder of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (P-SBR), a powder of reclaimed Styrene Butadiene Rubber (Tire Scrap) and a highly defined morphology powder of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (DM-NBR). Unique performance advantages of friction linings made with higher loading levels of DM-NBR powder and reduced copper content will also be discuossed.

Hofer, Tom, Dickerhoof, Jeffrey

The Development of the Current Australian Statutory Write-Off Criteria for Damaged Vehicle Repair

2012-01-05764/16/2012

Within Australia there are seven States and two Territories, each with their own Government Authority which were until recently all using slightly different criteria to define the criteria between a Repairable Write-Off (RWO) and a Statutory Write-Off (SWO). Under the national framework for the management of Written-Off Vehicle's (WOV's) developed by the National Motor Vehicle Theft Reduction Council (NMVTRC) any collision, fire, water or weather-event damaged vehicle declared by an insurer to be a total loss must be classified to be either a SWO or RWO. Under the current Australian regime a SWO may only be sold subject to a statutory restriction that it may only be used for parts or scrap metal. A RWO may be repaired and re-registered subject to the vehicle passing specific safety and identification inspections. A set of State and Territory based technical criteria determine when a WOV should be classified an SWO. A national workshop in June 2009 resolved that the pre-2010 criteria were in need of urgent updating to better reflect contemporary vehicle design and fabrication techniques and to make the system more impervious to manipulation by criminal networks. In late 2009 the NMVTRC engaged a group of vehicle engineers to work with stakeholders to develop new criteria to meet the current and future needs. Draft criteria were circulated for comment in May 2010. Stakeholders were briefed on the draft criteria and during the comment period stakeholders made submissions. In general terms, the comments received indicated there was significant consensus about much of the proposed draft criteria and a high level of consistency in comments on those elements which required clarification or re-working. Revised draft criteria were evaluated in the field by a group of experienced assessors to evaluate and gather empirical evidence as to the likely impact of the new criteria on the prevailing ratios of RWOs to SWOs. The trial found that: Application of the draft criteria could shift up to 30% of vehicles currently classified as RWO's to SWO's (i.e. parts or scrap only); With only slight modification the revised draft criteria could effectively remove all classes of damage considered to pose a structural repair risk from the RWO category; The principle of separately counting like areas of unconnected damage in determining whether a vehicle has the three areas of damage required to render it a SWO did not have any undue or disproportionate impacts on the vehicle classification process; and The draft criteria were generally clear, unambiguous and therefore relatively simple to apply once familiar with them. Some refinements to the final criteria were, however, proposed to ensure their consistent application and have been included in the developed SWO criteria. The developed SWO criteria which is being used in Australia to characterise vehicle damage is presented within this paper.

Richardson, Shane, Hughes, Geoff, Pok, Tandy Wei Pei, Josevski, Nikola, Orton, Tia, Jones, Chris

Enhanced Protection for LEDs: Parylene Offers a Clear View into the Future

TBMG-1435911/1/2010

All LEDs, OLEDs, and AMOLEDs (light-emitting diodes, organic LEDs, and active-matrix OLED, respectively) are miniaturized solid-state technologies. Some are moving into the realm of quantum dot nanotechnology. Because they are all highly miniaturized electronic assemblies, they face the same basic challenges faced by all modern electronic nano-assemblies — dense, powerful capabilities designed into a micro-packaged device.

Lift Capacity Calculation Method Scrap and Material Handlers

J2518_200804 (Historical)4/14/2008

This SAE Standard provides a uniform method to calculate the lift capacity of scrap and material handlers, establishes definitions and specifies machine conditions for the calculations. This document applies to scrap and material handlers as defined in SAE J2506 that have a 360 degrees continuous rotating upper structure. It does not apply to equipment that is incapable of lifting a load completely off the ground. This document applies to those machines that are crawler, wheel, rail and pedestal or stationary mounted. Purpose The purpose of this SAE document is to establish a consistent, repeatable means of determining the lift capacity for the types of equipment contained therein. Applicability Lift capacity calculations and the resulting rated lift capacity chart are developed by the equipment manufacturer or the entity that assembles and or modifies basic components to produce the complete machine for each machine model that is produced.

MTC C5, Excavators

Titanium Alloy Welding Wire 6Al - 4V, Extra Low Interstitial Environment Controlled Packaging

AMS4956E (Historical)2/15/2008

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

From Wastefulness to Competitiveness

2007-01-290711/28/2007

The proposal of this paper is to deal with the waste elimination and the continuous improvement management in a productive process to guarantee the passport for the global competition to companies. From a systematic vision of the existing processes, the management of the continuous improvement is a must in all levels of the organization, considering the coordination of activities, the application of problems solving technique and its solution implementation up to the measurement of the achieved results. An efficient form to reduce costs and reach the competitiveness is the application of waste elimination by techniques, methodologies and qualification. The results of successful considered companies for being “Best-in-class” in profitability demonstrate that the success is directly related to processes in the business and therefore offer high quality products, in a short period of time with a relatively lower cost.

Avelino, Ana Cristina, Campos, Sonia Teresa de Castro Coimbra

Preparation and Characterization of Sweetpotato Peels for use as Dietary Fiber Enhancement in Space Foods

2007-01-30537/9/2007

The study prepared and characterized sweetpotato peels (SPP) for use as a dietary fiber supplement in space foods. SPP were fresh, dehydrated, blanched/dehydrated, frozen/dehydrated, freeze-dried, and blanched/freeze-dried. Total fiber, β-carotene, water-, oil-holding and swelling capacity, moisture, ash, protein, water activity and vitamin C were measured. Fresh SPP had 7.8% total fiber, 5.2 and 2.6% being dietary (insoluble) and functional (soluble) fibers, respectively. The total fiber content of the dehydrated SPP was 33.7% with roughly 11% functional fiber. β-carotene contents for the SPP were 23,040, 17,280 and 16,860 µg/100 g for blanched/freeze-dried, blanched, freeze-dried SPP, respectively. The fresh peels contained 4,848 µg/100 g β-carotene. The water holding capacity of the blanched/freeze-dried, blanched and dehydrated SPP were 15.6±1.4, 13.9±0.4 and 11.1±0.6 g/g, respectively. The oil holding capacity of the freeze-dried SPP (8.3±1.1) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than all the others except the blanched/freeze-dried peels. SPP is a potentially good source of dietary fiber for enhancement of space foods.

Bovell-Benjamin, Adelia C., Hathorn, Chellani, Gichuhi, Peter

Verifying the Safety of a Radioactive Waste Container With Simulation Software

TBMG-4957/1/2005

As part of decommissioning the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford Site — an inactive nuclear facility in southeastern Washington — a contaminated apparatus called a glovebox (a steel isolation chamber with built-in gloves that allow personnel to remotely manipulate radioactive materials) needed to be removed and transported to the on-site Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility (ERDF) landfill, and then buried safely without exposing people or the environment to harmful radiation.

Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Hydropiercing

2003-01-288410/27/2003

In this study, hydropiercing after hydroforming and prior to unloading was investigated. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate how the used hydropiercing method and the selected material and process parameters affect the hole quality. Hydropiercing inwards, hydropiercing by folding the ‘scrap’ piece inwards and hydropiercing outwards were tested. The tube material was extruded AA6063-T4. The tube diameter and wall thickness were 107 mm and 2.5 mm respectively. Straight 1110-mm long tubes of this material were first hydroformed at 1300 bar and then hydropierced. Assuming that the largest (in magnitude) acceptable deflection at the hole edge is 0.2 mm, hydropiercing inwards at ≥ 1300 bar yield the best hole quality. However, the remaining scrap piece (in the tube) causes a handling problem that must be solved.

Asnafi, Nader, Lassl, Gunnar, Olsson, Björn, Nilsson, Tomas

Food Service and Food System Logistics at the South Pole: Lessons for a Lunar/Martian Planetary Surface Mission

2003-01-23657/7/2003

Three distinct food system paradigms have been envisioned for long-term space missions. The Skylab, Mir and ISS food systems were based on single-serving prepackaged foods, ready to rehydrate and heat. Bioregenerative food systems, derived from crops grown and processed at the planetary station, have been studied at JSC and KSC. The US Antarctic Program’s Amundsen-Scott South Pole Base uses the third paradigm: bulk packaged food ingredients delivered once a year and used to prepare meals on the station. The packaged food ingredients are supplemented with limited amounts of fresh foods received occasionally during the Antarctic summer, trace amounts of herb and salad crops from the hydroponic garden, and some prepackaged ready to eat foods, so the Pole system is actually a hybrid system; however, it is worth studying as a bulk packaged food system because of the preponderance of bulk packaged food ingredients used. This paper reviews the operation of the South Pole food system, including nutritional goals, menu planning, logistics, waste management and human factors, as a space mission analog. The food waste mass, preparation and cleanup labor requirements and water usage of this system are reported and compared to current data for Shuttle/ISS and the best current estimates for fully bioregenerative systems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the lessons learned from this food service operation and how they can inform the design of a future lunar or planetary base.

Hunter, Jean B., Emanuel, Jon, Drysdale, Alan E.

Lift Capacity Calculation Method Scrap and Material Handlers

J2518_200305 (Historical)5/16/2003

MTC C5, Excavators

Titanium Alloy Welding Wire 6Al - 4V, Extra Low Interstitial Environment Controlled Packaging

AMS4956D (Historical)3/14/2003

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Biostability and Microbiological Analysis of Shuttle Crew Refuse

2002-01-23567/15/2002

Microbiological sampling and analysis was performed on the wet waste returned from the STS-105 and STS-108 shuttle missions servicing the International Space Station (ISS). Samples were collected from a variety of materials including plate waste and associated food packaging (which composed the majority of the collected waste), sanitary waste, and loose liquid inside the waste container. Analyses of the microbial loads cultured on both selective and non-selective media and through total bacterial counts by acridine orange direct count (AODC) methods showed high microbial densities in the waste container liquid. Isolates identified included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli (E.coli). Dry and ash weights were collected for each sample to determine water and organic content of the materials. Wastes from shuttle flights will continue to be monitored for biostability to establish a baseline measure of waste content, labile organics, and microbial load. The objective is to define the waste stream content and possible stabilization and recovery technologies that may be adapted for long duration missions.

Kish, Adrienne L., Hummerick, Mary P., Roberts, Michael S., Garland, Jay L., Maxwell, Sabrina, Mills, Aaron

Laser-Induced Shock Waves Would Lyse Cells for Analysis

TBMG-293767/1/2002

According to a proposal, laser-induced acoustic shock waves would be used to lyse cells as needed for biomolecular investigations, including, for example, diagnosis of diseases, pregnancy tests, analyses of genetic molecular structures, and general analyses of cell chemistry. Heretofore, it has been common practice to suspend cells in liquid buffers and to introduce lysing chemicals into the buffers. While chemical lysis is effective, it contributes to the cost and complexity of analysis and creates a problem of disposal of additional chemical waste, especially in situations in which many samples must be analyzed. By eliminating the need for lysing chemicals, the proposed technique would reduce the cost, complexity, and need for post-analysis waste disposal.

Characterization of Various ASR Streams

1999-01-06703/1/1999

About 11 million vehicles are scrapped each year in the United States. Most of these vehicles are recycled by automotive dismantlers and shredders. Presently, about 95% of the ferrous and non-ferrous metals present in vehicles (75% of the total vehicle weight) are recovered. The remainder of the scrapped vehicles (non-metal portion known as automotive shredder residue-ASR) is landfilled, generating up to 3 million tons of waste per year. In order to increase the efficiency of recovery of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals from the shredded vehicles, numerous developments have been made by the shredders in separation technology recently. This paper is an update of our previous paper and contains in-depth characterization of the various ASR streams.

Klempner, Daniel, Frisch, Kurt C., Pokorski, B., Sendijarevic, Vahid

STEEL, CORROSION AND HEAT RESISTANT, WELDING WIRE 20Cr - 10Ni - 0.75Cb High Ferrite Grade

AMS5790B (Historical)2/1/1997

AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Remote Sites as Analogs for Lunar and Mars Habitat Pilot Studies

9414556/1/1994

Planetary surface exploration and establishment of human habitats are complex tasks requiring a wide variety of capabilities. We currently do not posses these capabilities or experience base necessary for long-duration habitation of other planets. Future exploration can be guided by experiences gained during analogous activities at appropriate sites on Earth. The Antarctic continent is of great analog value to NASA in the area of planetary exploration. The U.S. South Pole Station is of particular relevance to habitat development. The Station offers great fidelity in resemblance to NASA missions, an effective infrastructure is already in place to support activities, and implementation of NASA-derived technologies can improve the quality of life for Station inhabitants and reduce the environmental impact of human activities on the Antarctic continent. These technologies can also address important issues facing remote communities around the globe. The rural towns and villages of Alaska can serve as a valuable analog to guide the transfer of technologies to real world applications with particular attention to impacts on indigenous peoples. The operational, educational, academic, and industrial infrastructure systems of Alaska provide an effective bridge from the laboratory to the village in the remote bush. By teaming NASA with the people of the State of Alaska, and utilizing the experience and expertise already present in Alaska, a method can be developed to guide future transfers to communities around the world lacking in technical support. The methods used by NASA to support communities outside of Earth might be applied to improve the quality of life and the economy of remote communities on Earth. Especially in the case of indigenous people, where induction into the main stream economic systems can threaten the culture and heritage, this approach may enable economic and community development and preserve the culture of the indigenous peoples.

Bubenheim, David L., Flynn, Michael T., Lamparter, Richard

Titanium Alloy, Welding Wire, 6a1 4v, Extra Low Interstitials, Environment Controlled Packaging

AMS4956C (Historical)4/1/1994

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

The Single Anode Machine (SAM) Automation of Brush Plating

9310564/1/1993

The basic concept of brush plating has been adopted in almost every segment of industry from low tech to high tech, and from production to repair. The major drawback for the process has been the high level of operator dependency. The Single Anode Plating Machine (SAM) reduces the operator dependency and enables a computer controlled process. This article covers the details of SAM technology.

Penrose, Robert

Painting TPO

910092

2/1/1991

Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) is used extensively in the automotive industry. Various methods have been used to improve paint adhesion properties. New adhesion promoter technologies offer significant improvements in solvent emissions and final product appearance. These adhesion promoters are designed to allow the use of various topcoat technologies. Waterborne basecoats offer the ultimate appearance with the lowest VOC.

Davis, Kerl Krueger, Clark, Peter D.

Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis for Space Medicine

9012637/1/1990

Analogous to Earth-based medical care facilities, space-based facilities must provide capability for laboratory diagnosis. A clinical laboratory system, based on commercially available devices or technologies, is being designed for space station Freedom that can be used by the crew medical officer to provide analysis of discrete samples of blood and other biological fluids. Clinical chemistry, blood gas analysis, hematology, and microbiology are planned to be available at the space station as components of the Crew Health Care System. As with many space systems, ease of use, compact size and reliability are primary guidelines. Due to the many types of blood and urine analyses that are available, clinical chemistry may be the most frequently used analytical procedure for space medicine. An experimental clinical chemistry analyzer was built by Eastman Kodak Company for the space station Freedom medical care facility, and is being tested in selected clinical settings that may be similar to those that will be encountered at a space station, planetary outpost or transfer vehicle.

McKinley, Bruce A.

Maintenance and Economic Benefits of Non-Painted Aircraft Operations

8922089/1/1989

Alclad aluminum sheet has been used for decades as the material of choice for aircraft fuselage sheet. Producers have developed and improved aluminum alloys that today allow airline companies to fly polished unpainted aircraft that are attractive, unique and instantly identifiable to the traveling public. The use of polished fuselages not only provides an attractive exterior but also offers functional benefits. These include fuel savings by flying with less paint, maintenance savings from reduced down time during C and D checks, reduction in hazardous waste disposal, and improved inspection capabilities. Arguments for both sides of this issue are sound. However the proven advantages of flying non-painted polished aircraft necessitate consideration of the concept of flying non-painted polished fleets for improved economic performance.

Skluzak, Dell F.

The Use of Models to Predict Potential Contamination Aboard Orbital Vehicles

8914927/1/1989

Biological contamination is a real, perhaps inevitable, event aboard inhabited orbital vehicles. A major form of this contamination is fungal growth on exposed surfaces. While numerous models exist for microbial growth on air-water and surface-water interfaces, no models are available for fungal growth on air-solid surfaces and, evidently, none have been developed for a surface that is non-nutritive, e.g. a surface that not agar or a food stuff. We develop and present a model of fungal growth on air-exposed, non-nutritive solid surfaces. A unique feature of this testable model is that the development of a fungal mycelium can facilitate its own growth by condensation of water vapor from its environment directly onto fungal hyphae. The fungal growth rate is limited by the rate of supply of volatile nutrients and fungal biomass is limited by either the supply of non-volatile nutrients or by metabolic loss processes.

Boraas, Martin E., Seale, Dianne B.

Process Material Management in the Space Station Environment

880996

7/1/1988

The Space Station provides a unique facility for conducting material processing and life science experiments under microgravity conditions. These conditions place special requirements on the U.S. Laboratory for storing and transporting chemicals and process fluids, reclaiming water from selected experiments, treating and storing experiment wastes, and providing vacuum utilities. To meet these needs and provide a safe laboratory environment, the Process Material Management System (PMMS) is being developed. Preliminary design requirements and concepts related to the PMMS are addressed in addition to discussing the MSFC PMMS breadboard test facility and a preliminary plan for validating the overall system design. The system contains a fluid handling subsystem which manages process fluids required by each experiment while a chemical storage facility safely stores potentially hazardous chemicals. Several experiments will have water reclaimed from their wastes to reduce resupply requirements. The water will be extracted, purified, and stored in the ultrapure water system which also provides high purity water to experiments which require it. A major function of the PMMS is to safely collect, treat, and store waste effluents from the experiments. Some of these effluents contain hazardous chemicals which present a challenge to designing and selecting hardware and treatment techniques. A vacuum utility is provided by the vacuum vent subsystem. This subsystem serves as a vent for residual process gases as well as an emergency vent for handling any emergency pressure relief situations. The subsystem also provides a high quality vacuum for experiments requiring low pressures. Together, these subsystems provide a safe environment for conducting microgravity science.

Perry, J. L., Humphries, W. R.