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History and Future of VTOL Air FreightF-0080-2024-13775/7/2024
Transporting cargo has been a goal of helicopter operations since the earliest days of development. The concept of carrying passengers and cargo from and to remote locations without a runway was originally exploited by the US military in times of peace and war. Early helicopter designs were limited in fixed useful load after onboarding crew and fuel. The 1940's saw helicopters transporting small, lightweight packages on an as-needed basis. The decade of the 1960's started seeing heavy lift helicopters transporting specialty loads in construction and logistics supply, again on an as-needed basis. Today, several Part 135 helicopter operators offer as needed VTOL cargo services. Blade Air Mobility has developed a successful public company business model in Part 135 passenger transport and is also expanding in carrying parcels. With the advent of transformative VTOL air vehicle designs, there has been increasing emphasis on examining parcel delivery on a regular basis. As omni-channel ecommerce drives the ever-increasing need for same day delivery post order. Retails and distributors need to compete with big box retailers and warehouse companies such as Walmart and Amazon, respectively. This results in reducing or eliminating over-the-road transport delivery. The future of parcel and cargo distribution is proposed to be with VTOL air vehicles. To understand the future of such distribution, it is imperative to examine the development of helicopter size, performance, and operational uses.
Stanzione, Kaydon, Schrage, Daniel
Optimizing Battery Life in Conventional Helicopters: Selection, Charging, Storage, and MaintenanceF-0078-2022-176465/10/2022
ABSTRACT
Neus, Mike, Powell,  Jerome, Zreet,  Collin
BAND INSTALLATION TOOL, HAND, ONE-STEP, FOR AS85049/128 CONNECTOR ACCESSORY CABLE SHIELD TERMINATING BANDSAS81306/1C (Current)4/22/2020
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Relevance of Exhaust Aftertreatment System Degradation for EU7 Gasoline Engine Applications2020-01-03824/14/2020
Exhaust aftertreatment systems must function sufficiently over the full useful life of a vehicle. In Europe this is currently defined as 160.000 km. With the introduction of Euro 7 it is expected that the required mileage will be extended to 240.000 km. This will then be consistent with the US legislation. In order to quantify the emission impact of exhaust system degradation, an Euro 7 exhaust aftertreatment system is aged by different accelerated approaches: application of the Standard Bench Cycle, the ZDAKW cycle, a novel ash loading method and borderline aging. The results depict the impact of oil ash on the oxygen storage capacity. For tailpipe emissions, the maximum peak temperatures are the dominant aging factor. The cold start performance is effected by both, thermal degradation and ash accumulation. An evaluation of this emission increase requires appropriate benchmarks. For this purpose, an analysis of the emission impacts of ambient temperatures, driving modes and particulate filter regenerations follows. The comparison shows the severe impact of very low ambient conditions. Considering the high statistical relevance of catalyst degradation however, full useful life optimization requires special attention for Euro 7 gasoline engine applications.
Sterlepper, Stefan, Claßen, Johannes, Pischinger, Stefan, Görgen, Michael, Cox, Jim, Nijs, Martin, Scharf, Johannes
Extended Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle via Structural Electrical Power Storage and Energy Generation Devices2020-01-00413/10/2020
As the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have increased in the military, commercial and private sectors, special attention has been focused on improving upon high altitude long endurance (HALE) performance. Therefore, under a multi-year, multi-discipline senior project team comprised of Aerospace Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Mechanical engineering, and Chemical Engineering undergraduate teams, investigative and experimental research has begun into the substitution of various aircraft structural components with power storage and power generation devices used also as structure to improve flight endurance and performance capabilities of solar powered UAVs. One viable solution may be found in the reduction of the amount of parasitic weight due to the required power systems on board these types of aircraft. These power systems are usually found in the form of energy storage devices such as lithium polymer batteries and energy generation devices such as solar cells. This path led to the innovation of the ‘Flying Battery’. The ‘Flying Battery’ integrates various free energy generating devices such as structural solar cells, structural energy storage devices, thermo-electric generators, and vibration induced power generators to create a flying structure that will be more efficient overall. By weighting the design factors for the power systems by their structural strengths and stiffnesses, the power-to-weight ratio of the aircraft may be significantly improved in the long run while also enabling a structure that may withstand the various nominal and off-nominal aerodynamic loading conditions experienced during flight. This paper discusses the mission operations, methods of testing and the progress achieved thus far toward achieving potential endurance and efficiency increases in unmanned aerial vehicles. These will be done through laboratory and eventual model flight experiments of novel structural designs for graphene super-capacitors, solar cells, and other power generation devices.
Oetting, Geoffrey Smith
Toyota unveils rear-drive FCEV Mirai, plug-in RAV419AUTP11_1511/1/2019
As part of an electrified stable primed for the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show (LAAS), Toyota will display its all-new Mirai fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV) and the upcoming plug-in hybrid version of its RAV4 compact SUV. The two 2021 models will further pad the Japanese company's already market-leading six hybrid offerings (12 if the premium Lexus brand is included). On top of previously announced plans for a “major battery electric vehicle (BEV) rollout,” Toyota also announced an extension of its hybrid battery warranties. The second-gen Mirai FCEV - unveiled as a “concept” at a recent media event but appearing in near-production form - will debut as a sleek, rear-wheel-drive (RWD), 4-door, 5-passenger sedan. Toyota says it's targeting a 30% increase in driving range compared to the first-gen Mirai, with the additional range achieved via an improved (and quieter) fuel-cell stack and increased hydrogen storage capacity. The current front-wheel drive (FWD), 4-pasenger Mirai launched in 2015, has an EPA-estimated driving range of 312 miles (502 km) and stores 122.4 L (32 gal) of hydrogen in two tanks.
Seredynski, Paul
What M&E Can Teach the AV Industry About Data19AVEP07_057/1/2019
Media & entertainment offers important learnings on data retention, management, scalability and security. At first glance, autonomous vehicles would seem to have little in common with the Media and Entertainment (M&E) industry, beyond action-movie car chases and in-vehicle entertainment screens. But AVs and M&E do have a lot in common when it comes to their data. Both generate hundreds of petabytes of data per year. Both need to manage that data for retrieval and value and both need to store that data with security and protection.
Coari, Jason, Pastor, Mark
Development of an Accelerated Test for Tire Flat-Spotting2019-01-15096/5/2019
Tire flat-spotting occurs when tires remain in a loaded condition without rolling for an extended period of time, and can be temporary or permanent depending on the length of storage, vehicle loading and environmental factors. Tire non-uniformity caused from flat-spots often induce shake and shimmy vibration in vehicles due to increased tire-wheel force variation input into the chassis. This results in increased warranty costs for OEMs and tire suppliers and customer dis-satisfaction in third-party quality surveys such as J. D. Power IQS. Flat-spotting is of particular concern for slow-moving vehicle inventory parked for long periods at plants and/or dealership lots. OEMs often stipulate or recommend inventory storage practices for dealers that require physical movement of vehicles at some set duration to reduce the risk of tires developing permanent flat-spots. OEMs also provide component level flat-spotting requirements to tire manufacturers during sourcing and specification timing to secure their internal requirements and targets. The study in this paper initially determined real-world flat-spotting levels on an actual vehicle during the adverse summer months of Arizona. Tire uniformity measured on a high-speed uniformity machine were used as an indicator of flat-spotting performance. Using an environmental chamber and custom designed loading fixtures, appropriate loads and temperatures were applied simultaneously to develop an accelerated test criteria that duplicated real-world flat-spotting behavior. The study outlined in this paper developed a two-day test using equivalent vehicle loading and elevated temperatures that produced the equivalent tire flat-spotting of a 30-day real-world storage during adverse summer conditions. This accelerated test allows a quick evaluation of tire flat-spotting performance that can be expected in adverse real-world conditions. Over the long term, it is estimated that such testing will generate more precise specifications for tire manufacturers, drive better inventory management and storage practices, reduce warranty costs and improve customer satisfaction.
Kavarana, Farokh, Fritz, Scott
Fabric Alternative to Batteries for Wearable DevicesTBMG-341484/1/2019
Wearable biosensors for health monitoring lack a lightweight, long-lasting power supply. A new method was developed for making a charge-storing system that is easily integrated into clothing for embroidering a charge-storing pattern onto any garment.
Composable Storage Platform for High-Performance ComputingTBMG-339073/1/2019
Large-scale, high-performance computing — supercomputing — is essential to solving both complex and large questions. But storage platforms essential for these advanced computer systems have been stuck in a rigid framework that required users to either choose between customization of features or high availability.
Schaeffler debuts new Mover concept at Detroit symposium18AUTP10_1110/1/2018
As part of its 11th Schaeffler Symposium, the Tier 1 supplier debuted a new urban e-mobility vehicle concept called the “Schaeffler Mover.” The symposium, held once every four years, is a forum for Schaeffler to present its technologies and component forecasts to auto-industry professionals and media. The Mover concept is a flexible and emission-free platform engineered for a range of different low-speed vehicle applications. All the drive and chassis components are integrated in one vertical unit called the “Schaeffler Intelligent Corner Module,” which integrates in-wheel motors with discreet steering capability at each corner to save space and enhance maneuverability. Flexibility was a key engineering goal on the Mover.
Seredynski, Paul
COVER - ENGINE ACCESSORY DRIVE, SQUARE, 127.28 BC, METRIC AMS4424 (UNS M11630) OR AMS4484MA3454B (Current)9/17/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Antiferromagnetic-Based Memory Processes Data at Terahertz SpeedsTBMG-328539/1/2018
Data travels down fiber-optic cables at frequencies of several terahertz. As soon as the data arrives on a PC or television, this speed must be throttled down to match the data processing speed of the device components; this speed currently is in the range of a few hundred gigahertz only. A technology was developed that can process the data up to 100 times faster and close the gap between the transport and processing speeds.
COVER - TYPE XVI, XVII-C, D, E, AND F ENGINE ACCESSORY DRIVEAS3542A (Current)6/20/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Transistor Material Provides Additional Computing Degrees of FreedomTBMG-290286/1/2018
For several decades, improvements in conventional transistor materials have been sufficient to sustain Moore’s Law — the historical pattern of microchip manufacturers packing more transistors (and thus more information storage and handling capacity) into a given volume of silicon. Today, however, chipmakers are concerned that they might soon reach the fundamental limits of conventional materials. If they cannot continue to pack more transistors into smaller spaces, they worry that Moore’s Law would break down, preventing future circuits from becoming smaller and more powerful than their predecessors. Researchers worldwide are seeking new materials that can compute in smaller spaces, primarily by taking advantage of the additional degrees of freedom that the materials offer — using a material’s unique properties to perform more computations in the same space.
Cryo-Fluid Capacitor (CFC)TBMG-290346/1/2018
NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has created the Cryo-Fluid Capacitor (CFC) that capitalizes on the energy storage capacity of liquefied gases, and the relative simplicity of high-pressure gas bottles while limiting the downfalls associated with both methods. By exploiting a unique attribute of nanoporous materials — aerogel, in this case — fluid commodities such as oxygen, hydrogen, methane, etc. can be stored in a molecular surface adsorbed state at densities on par with liquid, at low to moderate pressure, and then supplied as a gas, on-demand, to a point of interest.
Evaluation Method of Thermal Sensation and Comfort for Air Conditioning Performance Reduction2018-01-07754/3/2018
As a method of maintaining thermal sensation and comfort inside a passenger compartment, not only a conventional HVAC system but also a combination of a HVAC system and other devices such as seat heaters, a steering wheel heater, ventilation seats are increasing. This research developed a method to evaluate thermal sensation of a human body when using these various thermal control devices. This method can evaluate the heat balance of the human body by calculating the amount of heat exchange between a human body and the external environment, and it takes into consideration the influence of heat exchange by heat conduction with seats or a steering wheel. The human thermal model is made by dividing a human body into various segments, and it is the model that considers heat transport by blood flow for each segment. As a result of a heat balance of a human body, it is possible to derive the standard environmental temperature which is named the local-body standard new effective temperature (local SET*) for each part of a human body. Local thermal sensation is defined by a model equation that takes into consideration transient changes of a heat balance and an influence of heat storage by a whole body. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate thermal comfort of occupants in a vehicle cabin in transient and non-uniform situation. The authors conducted the experiment using actual vehicles and evaluated how much thermal sensation changes when an air conditioning system is different, using this evaluation method. Energy measurements for maintaining vehicle cabin environment and thermal sensation in the vehicle cabin were simultaneously carried out and the results of thermal sensation evaluation were shown.
ITO, Yusuke, Sakoi, Tomonori, Miyamoto, Takeshi
Experimental and Kinetic Modeling of Degreened and Aged Three-way Catalysts: Aging Impact on Oxygen Storage Capacity and Catalyst Performance2018-01-09504/3/2018
The aging impact on oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and catalyst performance was investigated on one degreened and one aged (hydrothermally aged at 955 °C for 50 h) commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) by experiments and modeling. The difference of OSC between the degreened and aged TWCs was dependent on catalyst temperature. The largest difference was found at 600 °C, at which the amount of OSC decreased by 45.5%. Catalyst performance was evaluated through lightoff tests at two simulated engine exhaust conditions (lean and rich) on a micro-reactor. The aging impact on the catalyst performance was different under lean and rich environments and investigated separately. At the lean condition, oxidation of CO and C3H6 was significantly suppressed while oxidation of C3H8 was relatively less degraded. At the rich condition, the inhibition effect was more pronounced on the aged TWC and inhibiting hydrocarbon species from C3H6 partial oxidation can survive at temperatures up to 450 °C. However, NO reduction activity declined less compared to CO and C3H6 oxidation. More NH3 formed at low temperature and N2O formation was suppressed on the aged TWC. A generic TWC model including a dual-site oxygen storage sub-model and PGM kinetics was developed to predict the aging impact on dynamic OSC and catalyst performance. The PGM kinetics include oxidation of H2, CO, and hydrocarbons as well as water-gas shift (WGS) and hydrocarbon steam reforming. NO reduction kinetics including N2O and NH3 formation and decomposition were also considered. The TWC models were calibrated on the degreened and aged TWCs separately based on experimental data. With the dual-site OSC model and calibrated kinetics, the dynamic OSC and lightoff performance on the fresh and aged TWCs were successfully predicted. The resulting changes of the OSC as well as lightoff performance due to aging were quantified and discussed with the help of the TWC models.
Gong, Jian, Wang, Di, Li, Junhui, Kamasamudram, Krishna, Currier, Neal, Yezerets, Aleksey
A Proposal to Re-architect Automotive OBD Freeze Frame Storage Requirements and the Associated Service-Oriented Freeze Frame Storage Algorithm Design2018-01-08724/3/2018
Automotive OBD freeze frame storage is mandated by regulations since the creation of OBD-II in 1994. The main purpose is to help service engineers to identify the cause of the associated fault. Although OBD regulations [1] have gone through multiple updates and major changes since 1994, the regulations requirements on freeze frame storage, however, remain almost the same. The flexibility to comply with the mandated requirements allows OEMs to come up with very different designs, and potentially would confuse the service engineers when repairing different powertrains and could compromise the main purpose of helping identify the root cause of faults. In 2015, GM fellows [2], together with SAE J1979 committee members, proposed a set of future requirements on the OBD freeze frame storage with the intention to standardize the requirements by mandating the rules what to store and when to store, the minimum number of frames, and the numbering of the frames. The proposal is better than the current requirements in terms of standardization and modernization, but it has several obvious shortcomings. For example, the minimum of four freeze frame storage will dramatically increase OEM’s costs and could potentially force OEMs to update their powertrain control units to have more storage capacity, and the downward compatibility with the current requirements is questionable. In addition, the prohibition of non-emission related faults in the freeze frames is not a service-friendly solution. Finally, the GM’s proposal gives no priority boarding for misfire or fuel system faults, which does not comply with the ARB CCR 1968.2 requirements. This paper proposes to re-architect the OBD freeze frame storage requirements with low cost to OEMs and downward compatibility to current requirements. In addition, a service-oriented freeze frame storage algorithm design is proposed based on the new requirements. This preliminary work offers OEMs an opportunity to extensively review theirs needs from service and designs and potentially will influence CARB to update the associated freeze frame requirements in the next version.
Guo, Yichao, LU, Wei, Terauchi, Kazumichi
Investigation and Development of Underbody Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Devices for Trailer Trucks2018-01-07074/3/2018
It is well known that the underbody region of a tractor-trailer is responsible for up to 30% of the aerodynamic drag. This is the highest drag created by any region of a tractor-trailer. There are a number of underbody drag-reduction devices available on the market but they create a few operational issues, such as low ground clearance and ice collection, which inhibit their mass market appeal. In this paper, a novel concept of an underbody aerodynamic device is developed and investigated. The underbody device is a combination of a ramp and a side skirt; which are optimized simultaneously. In addition, the device is made collapsible to facilitate easy storage when not in use (i.e., city driving). NASA’s Generic Conventional Model (GCM); a 1/8th scale model of a generic class-8 tractor-trailer is used to evaluate and optimize the concept. The GCM allows the concept to be applicable to a wider range of tractor-trailers. The studies were conducted using the RANS based turbulence model, k-ω SST in ANSYS Fluent. The simulations were validated with NASA’s experimental data on the GCM model; which include the surface pressure coefficients and a drag coefficient of the model. The results showed that the underbody device decreased the overall drag coefficient by 4.1%. In addition, the adverse negative pressure region in the wake was significantly reduced.
Ibrahim, Mohamed, Agelin-chaab, Martin
Cold-Start Hydrocarbon Speciation and Trap Materials for Gasoline Engines2018-01-09404/3/2018
Efficient hydrocarbon (HC) trap materials have been developed to trap the major emitting HC compounds from gasoline direct injection engines. Online FTIR measurements on different test cycles and catalytic systems showed that AHC, C5 compounds, and CH4 were the most emitted species at cold-start phase (up to 100 sec). Making AHC and C5 as targets for improving the HC light-off, lab scale reactor set-up was established with toluene and iso-pentane feed pumping system along with propane-propene mixture. TGA screening experiments conducted with ex-situ toluene adsorption and the results revealed that BEA type materials have moderate to higher HC trapping temperature and HC storage capacity. In the present investigation, BEA-HS exhibited outstanding stability and trapping ability even after 850 °C hydrothermal aging. PGM and TM based BEA materials were evaluated for HC-TPD experiments with TWC gas composition. Interestingly, adsorption properties of the samples at various aging temperatures are well correlated with pore size and structure. Functionalized micro-pore materials with transition based metals showed substantial improvement on toluene desorption temperature. Based on these studies and the test results, advanced HC trap catalysts have been designed which demonstrated potential advantage over conventional TWC.
Narayana Rao, Komateedi, Kim, Mi-Young, Song, Jinwoo, Na, SeungChul, Han, Hyun Sik
Range Extension Opportunities While Heating a Battery Electric Vehicle2018-01-00664/3/2018
The Kia Soul battery electric vehicle (BEV) is available with either a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater or an R134a heat pump (HP) with PTC heater combination [1]. The HP uses both ambient air and waste heat from the motor, inverter, and on-board-charger (OBC) for its heat source. Hanon Systems, Hyundai America Technical Center, Inc. (HATCI) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory jointly, with financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy, developed and proved-out technologies that extend the driving range of a Kia Soul BEV while maintaining thermal comfort in cold climates. Improved system configuration concepts that use thermal storage and waste heat more effectively were developed and evaluated. Range extensions of 5%-22% at ambient temperatures ranging from 5 °C to −18 °C were demonstrated. This paper reviews the three-year effort, including test data of the baseline and modified vehicles, resulting range extension, and recommendations for future actions.
Meyer, John J., Lustbader, Jason, Agathocleous, Nicos, Vespa, Antonio, Rugh, John, Titov, Gene
NASA's Autonomous Robot Keeps Manufacturing Floors SafeTBMG-288144/1/2018
A600-pound spider-like robot, called Spidernaut, was part of a prototype robot team built in 2005 to assemble a solar array on the Moon. The goal was not only to have robots do the manual labor, but for them to work cooperatively without human direction.
Cryo-Fluid Capacitor (CFC) for Solid-State Storage and Supply-on-Demand of Cryogenic FluidsTBMG-282952/1/2018
Storage and transfer of fluid commodities such as oxygen, hydrogen, natural gas, nitrogen, argon, etc. are absolute necessities in virtually every industry. These fluids are typically contained in one of two ways: as low-pressure cryogenic liquids, or as high-pressure compressed gases. Cryogenic liquids afford high energy and volume densities, but require complex storage systems to limit boil-off, need constant settling in zero-gravity environments, and are not well suited for overly dynamic situations where the tank orientation can change suddenly (in an airplane or car, for example). Conversely, high-pressure gas storage bottles are not affected by tank orientation, do not require settling, and can be kept at room temperature; they are considerably less complicated pieces of equipment. These vessels, however, are heavy due to the thick walls required to contain the high pressures, and storage densities — even at extreme pressures such as 10,000 psi — are dramatically lower.
DRUMS, METAL - SHIPPING AND STORAGE 16 TO 80 GALLONSAS27683 (Current)11/6/2017
AGE-4 Packaging, Handling and Transportability Committee
DRUMS, METAL - SHIPPING AND STORAGE 3 TO 12 GALLONSAS27684 (Current)11/6/2017
AGE-4 Packaging, Handling and Transportability Committee
Shipping Caps, Covers and PlugsARP5862 (Current)11/6/2017
The primary purpose of the shipping closure is to protect the aircraft parts or system from damage and foreign material ingress/egress (e.g., dust, dirt or other contaminants) during transport and storage. Shipping closures are not airworthy items. Therefore, their usage is defined as preventative for the parts to be protected as opposed to operational. Military and commercial customer requirements for the prevention of damage or contamination to stored parts are generally limited to the generic instructions “all openings should be sufficiently covered to prevent the entrance of dust, dirt, moisture or other foreign contaminants”. This recommended practice outlines basic minimum parameters for suggested item construction and usage. Additionally, this recommended practice provides instruction on how to apply these closures to various openings.
AGE-4 Packaging, Handling and Transportability Committee
Rating of WinchesJ706_201711 (Current)11/3/2017
This SAE Standard applies only to new winches which are primarily designed for intermittent pulls and lifts and whose configuration and condition are the same as when they were shipped by the manufacturer. They are not intended to be used in any manner for the movement of personnel. They may be driven by any power source recommended by the manufacturer and will be capable of being powered in either direction. They will be equipped with an automatic safety brake system to control a load when lowering under power and positively hold a load when power is not being delivered to the winch. A hydraulic flow control valve or similar device may be used in the brake system to control a load when lowering under power. A clutch to release the drum for “free-spooling” may be provided and will be designed not to disengage itself under load. A drag brake may be provided to control “free-spooling,” but will not be relied on to control or hold a load. Power sources, such as hydraulic motors, even though they may be supplied or recommended by the winch manufacturer, are not considered a part of the winch so far as this document is concerned, except to whatever extent they are a part of the brake system.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
The Research of the Heavy Truck’s Warming System2017-01-222110/8/2017
It’s not easy to start the engine in winter, especially in frigid highlands, because the low temperature increases the fuel’s viscosity, decreasing the lubricating oil flow ability and the storage performance of battery. Current electrical heating method can improve the engine starting performance in low temperature condition, but this method adds an external power to the engine, leading to the engine cannot maintain an efficient energy utilization. A warming device using the solar energy is designed to conserve the energy during the daytime, and directly warm up the engine at the time when the engine turns off for a long time, especially during the night. A solar collector installed on the top of the vehicle is used to convert the solar energy to the thermal energy, which is then transferred to the heat accumulator that contain the phase-change medium which can increase the heat storage performance. The solar energy is best used to supply for the engine warming system with the warming device. As a result, it can increase coolant’s initial temperature to reduce the per-heating time, so that prolong the engine’s service-life and decrease engine’s exhaust emission.
Zeng, Peixuan, Zhang, Penghao, Mei, Binyu, Huang, Shiping, Tan, Gangfeng
Exploitation Strategies of Cabin and Galley Thermal Dynamics2017-01-20379/19/2017
The thermal inertia of aircraft cabins and galleys is significant for commercial aircraft. The aircraft cabin is controlled by the Environment Control System (ECS) to reach, among other targets, a prescribed temperature. By allowing a temperature band of ± 2 K instead of a fixed temperature, it is possible to use this thermal dynamic of the cabin as energy storage. This storage can then be used to reduce electrical peak power, increase efficiency of the ECS, reduce thermal cooling peak power, or reduce engine offtake if it is costly or not sufficiently available. In the same way, also the aircraft galleys can be exploited. Since ECS and galleys are among the largest consumers of electrical power or bleed air, there is a large potential on improving energy efficiency or reducing system mass to reduce fuel consumption of aircraft. This paper investigates different exploitation strategies of cabin and galley dynamics using modelling and simulation. Modelica models of the thermal and the electrical system are used to assess and compare these different strategies. Potential impacts on passenger comfort are discussed. Additionally, the gained performance is compared to more conventional storage elements like electrical batteries. Finally, the potential of fuel reduction will be quantified using a reference aircraft model and the optimal strategy is selected.
Schlabe, Daniel, Zimmer, Dirk, Pollok, Alexander
Tamper-Indicating BoltTBMG-275529/1/2017
In storage and/or transport of certain items, the ability to detect tampering with a container or compartment for such items can be necessary and valuable. In the transport of hazardous substances or nuclear materials (including fuels and/or radioactive waste), there are particularly stringent requirements to ensure integrity as well as safe transport and storage of materials. A retailer shipping inventory may need to know whether tampering with the container has occurred during transport to determine if shipment is original and complete.
An Efficient Input Mobility Mapping Computational Method2017-01-18066/5/2017
The input mobility is a crucial structural parameter regarding vibro-acoustic design of industrial objects. Whatever the frequency range, the vibrational power input into a structure -and consequently the average structural-acoustic response- is governed by the input mobility. When packaging structure-borne noise sources, the knowledge of the input mobility at the source connection points is mandatory for noise control. The input mobility is classically computed at the required points as a specific Frequency Response Function (FRF). During an industrial design process, the choice of connection points requires an a priori knowledge of the input mobility at every possible location of the studied structure-borne source, i.e. a mapping of the input mobility. The classical FRF computation at every Degree Of Freedom (DOF) of the considered structure would lead to consider millions of load cases which is beyond current computational limits. This paper presents how to efficiently compute the full map of band-averaged input mobility over a Finite Elements mesh. The proposed method is based upon a modal decomposition of the structural response and analytical frequency integration; consequently, it only requires the modal basis as it is currently computed. The frequency band average allows optimizing the storage size. Since the input mobility is a real quantity, associated to each DOF of a structure, modal display tools can be used without modification. Thus, a meaningful map is provided, allowing efficient structural dynamics analysis over a broad frequency range.
Gagliardini, Laurent
Lean Breakthrough Phenomena Analysis for TWC OBD on a Natural Gas Engine using a Dual-Site Dynamic Oxygen Storage Capacity Model2017-01-09623/28/2017
Oxygen storage capacity (OSC) is one of the most critical characteristics of a three-way catalyst (TWC) and is closely related to the catalyst aging and performance. In this study, a dynamic OSC model involving two oxygen storage sites with distinct kinetics was developed. The dual-site OSC model was validated on a bench reactor and a natural gas engine. The model was capable of predicting temperature dependence on OSC with H2, CO and CH4 as reductants. Also, the effects of oxygen concentration and space velocity on the amount of OSC were captured by the model. The validated OSC model was applied to simulate lean breakthrough phenomena with varied space velocities and oxygen concentrations. It is found that OSC during lean breakthrough is not a constant for a particular TWC catalyst and is dependent on space velocity and oxygen concentration. Specifically, breakthrough time exhibits a non-linear, inverse correlation to oxygen flux. Breakthrough OSC increases slightly with oxygen concentration and increases significantly as space velocity decreases. Moreover, at high space velocities, the majority of breakthrough OSC is from the PGM-ceria surface site (kinetically controlled). At low space velocities, there is a substantial amount of breakthrough OSC from the sub-surface ceria site (diffusion controlled). Correlations of breakthrough time and breakthrough OSC as a function of oxygen concentration and space velocity were established. An alternative methodology of TWC OBD with the use of developed correlations was presented and discussed.
Gong, Jian, Wang, Di, Brahma, Avra, Li, Junhui, Currier, Neal, Yezerets, Aleksey, Chen, Pingen
NO 2 /NOx Ratio and NH 3 Storage Estimation of Automotive SCR Multi-Brick Systems2017-01-09723/28/2017
Many control approaches for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems require knowledge of ammonia storage (NH3 storage) to dose urea accurately. Currently there are no technologies to directly measure internal NH3 storage in a vehicle, so it can only be inferred from hardware sensors located upstream, downstream, or in the catalyst. This paper describes an application of extended Kalman filter (EKF) state estimator used as a virtual sensor for urea injection control of a multi-brick aftertreatment system. The proposed estimator combines mean-value physics-based models of combined SCR and diesel particulate filter (SCR/DPF), SCR and clean-up catalyst (CUC). It uses hardware sensors at the inlet and outlet of the aftertreatment system, and includes no sensors between the catalysts. Performance of the proposed estimator was validated in simulations against a high-fidelity model of the aftertreatment system. The algorithm provides accurate estimates of the dominant gaseous species NOx and NH3 as well as NH3 storage for a feedback model predictive control (MPC) control of urea injection. Moreover, the algorithm is able to estimate upstream NO2/NOx ratio from provided constant reference. The proposed estimator is a link in the model-based control design toolchain aimed for post-EURO 6 RDE-compliant light-duty vehicle design. Together with the MPC controller they are capable of running in real-time on current production hardware.
Figura, Jiri, Pekar, Jaroslav, Krejza, Pavel, Mracek, David, von Wissel, Dirk, Zhang, Tianran
Development of a Kinetic Model to Evaluate Water Storage on Commercial Cu-Zeolite SCR Catalysts during Cold Start2017-01-09683/28/2017
Commercial Cu-Zeolite SCR catalyst can store and subsequently release significant amount of H2O. The process is accompanied by large heat effects. It is critical to model this phenomenon to design aftertreatment systems and to provide robust tuning strategies to meet cold start emissions and low temperature operation. The complex reaction mechanism of water adsorption and desorption over a Cu-exchanged SAPO-34 catalyst at low temperature was studied through steady state and transient experiments. Steady state isotherms were generated using a gravimetric method and then utilized to predict water storage interactions with respect to feed concentration and catalyst temperature. Transient temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments provided the kinetic information required to develop a global kinetic model from the experimental data. The model captures fundamental characteristics of water adsorption and desorption accompanied by the heat effects. Steady state test cell and transient truck data were used as a part of the water storage model verification and validation. The kinetic model predicts water storage well, aiding in system evaluation of level control to understand its impact on cold start emissions.
Srinivasan, Anand, Joshi, Saurabh, Tang, Yadan, Wang, Di, Currier, Neal, Yezerets, Aleksey
The Effects of CO, C 2 H 4 , and H 2 O on the NO x Storage Performance of Low Temperature NO x Adsorbers for Diesel Applications2017-01-09423/28/2017
Model low temperature NOx adsorbers (LTNA) consisting of Pd on a ceria/zirconia washcoat on monoliths were evaluated for low temperature NOx storage under lean conditions to assess their potential for adsorbing the cold-start NOx emissions on a diesel engine during the period before the urea/SCR system becomes operational. A reactor-based transient test was performed with and without C2H4, CO/H2, and H2O to assess the effects of these species on the NOx storage performance. In the absence of C2H4 or CO/H2, H2O severely suppressed the NOx storage of these model LTNAs at temperatures below 100°C, presumably by blocking the storage sites. When C2H4 was included in the feedgas, H2O still suppressed the NOx storage below 100°C. However, the C2H4 significantly increased the NOx storage efficiency above 100°C, attributable to the formation of alkyl nitrites or alkyl nitrates on the catalyst. When the feedgas contained CO/H2, the NOx storage performance was greatly improved below 100°C, even in the presence of H2O. Tests with CO alone and H2 alone indicated that CO was providing the improved NOx storage capability. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analysis on a Pd/ceria powder indicated that NO and CO react to form NCO at low temperatures, which could account for the improved NOx storage in the presence of CO. The formation of alkyl nitrites or nitrates with NO and C2H4 could not be confirmed or denied because the spectra for these species occur in the same range as that of carbonates which form from the C2H4.
Theis, Joseph R., Lambert, Christine
Radio-Frequency-Based Urea Dosing Control for Diesel Engines with Ammonia SCR Catalysts2017-01-09453/28/2017
The radio-frequency (RF) or microwave-based catalyst state determination offers the opportunity to operate an automotive catalyst at its optimal point. This has already been proven for the oxidation state of TWCs, the soot loading state on DPFs/GPFs, and the ammonia storage state of vanadium and zeolite based SCR catalysts. However, the latter has only been demonstrated in laboratory scale with synthetic exhaust using gaseous ammonia. This work presents first results on an engine test bench with a serial-type zeolite-based SCR catalyst, using urea solution and the RF tool to detect the current ammonia loading in real time and to control directly the urea dosing system without any additional sensors. The original catalyst volume was reduced by 50 % to operate deliberately the SCR system under high space velocities and to challenge its function. Stationary conditions and operation points with continuously changing NOx emissions and space velocities were observed. In all tests, high NOx conversion was achieved and the ammonia loading could be detected reproducibly in all states by the RF tool. Furthermore, the RF tool was successfully used with closed-loop control of the urea dosing as a two-point control with and without hysteresis. By varying the controlled ammonia storage window, the operation borders of too high or too low ammonia storage were investigated, and the ideal storage value was found. The performed experiments demonstrate that direct operation on a specific ammonia loading can ensure both maximum NOx conversion and avoid ammonia slip, even with space velocities over 180,000 h-1. Therefore, the control strategy using the RF tool might allow a catalyst volume reduction.
Dietrich, Markus, Steiner, Carsten, Hagen, Gunter, Moos, Ralf
Effect of Transition Metal Ion Properties on the Catalytic Functions and Sulfation Behavior of Zeolite-Based SCR Catalysts2017-01-09393/28/2017
Copper- and Iron- based metal-zeolite SCR catalysts are widely used in US and European diesel aftertreatment systems to achieve drastic reduction in NOx emission. These catalysts are highly selective to N2 under wide range of operating conditions. Nevertheless, the type of transition metal has a significant impact on the key performance and durability parameters such as NOx conversion, selectivity towards N2O, hydrothermal stability, and sensitivity to fuel sulfur content. In this study, we explained the differences in the performance characteristics of these catalysts based on their relative acidic-basic nature of transition metal present in these catalysts using practically relevant gas species present in diesel exhaust such as NO2, SOx, and NH3. These experiments show that Fe-zeolite has relatively acidic nature as compared to Cu-zeolite that causes NH3 inhibition and hence explains low NOx conversion on Fe-zeolite at low temperature under standard SCR conditions. Similarly, relatively basic nature of Cu-zeolite results in more prominent SOx storage and performance deactivation in the presence of acidic contaminant like SOx and required higher temperatures for desulfation as compared to Fe-zeolite.
Kumar, Ashok, Kamasamudram, Krishna, Currier, Neal, Yezerets, Aleksey
Development of a NO x Storage-Reduction Catalyst Based Min-NO x Strategy for Small-Scale NG-Fueled Gas Engines2016-32-007211/8/2016
One promising alternative for meeting stringent NOx limits while attaining high engine efficiency in lean-burn operation are NOx storage catalysts (NSC), an established technology in passenger car aftertreatment systems. For this reason, a NSC system for a stationary single-cylinder CHP gas engine with a rated electric power of 5.5 kW comprising series automotive parts was developed. Main aim of the work presented in this paper was maximising NOx conversion performance and determining the overall potential of NSC aftertreatment with regard to min-NOx operation. The experiments showed that both NOx storage and reduction are highly sensitive to exhaust gas temperature and purge time. While NOx adsorption rate peaks at a NSC inlet temperature of around 290 °C, higher temperatures are beneficial for a fast desorption during the regeneration phase. Combining a relatively large catalyst (1.9 l) with a small exhaust gas mass flow leads to a low space velocity inside the NSC. This enabled long storage periods up to 40 min with purge times of around 40 s. At constant engine power, the NSC system allows reducing tailpipe NOx emissions by up to 92 % (NOx ≈ 22.5 ppm) compared to lean-burn operation at MBT spark timing, while showing a fuel penalty of < 2 %. An oxidation catalyst positioned upstream of the NSC only proved beneficial to reducing HC emissions, while not affecting neither NOx and CO output but increasing fuel penalty due to reduced NOx storage capacity.
Scholl, Fino, Gerisch, Paul, Neher, Denis, Kettner, Maurice, Langhorst, Thorsten, Koch, Thomas, Klaissle, Markus
Oxidation Stability of Diesel-Biodiesel Blends: Impact of Physical-Chemical Properties Over Ageing into Fuel Injection Systems (FIS) and Storage2016-01-226710/17/2016
The increased use of alternative fuels has been linked to deterioration in performance of fuel injection systems as a result of insoluble deposit formation. Here, the impact of Diesel/biodiesel blends formulation and temperature on the oxidation stability was studied based on total acid number (TAN), density, viscosity and surface tension. We have compared fuel oxidation during storage with fuel oxidation into the fuel injection system (FIS) and determined the most important physical-chemical parameters that could be used to follow fuel oxidation on-board. Based on the results obtained, a satisfactory correlation between storage oxidation and fuel on-board degradation was observed. Biodiesel fuel tends to deteriorate during delivery and storage before refueling. Also, fuel ageing on-board is equivalent to 4-5months of storage which means Biodiesel has impact on fuel injection system with long-term storage/parking after high or high-low alternating load operation.
Alves Fortunato, Maira, Starck, Laurie
Lightweight Composite Air Cargo Containers2016-01-21199/27/2016
Air cargo containers are used to load freight on various types of aircrafts to expedite their handling. Fuel cost is the largest contributor to the total cost of ownership of an air cargo container. Therefore, a better fuel economy could be achieved by reducing the weight of such containers. This paper aims at developing innovative, lightweight design concepts for air cargo containers that would allow for weight reduction in the air cargo transportation industry. For this purpose, innovative design and assembly concepts of lightweight design configurations of air cargo containers have been developed through the applications of lightweight composites. A scaled model prototype of a typical air cargo container was built to assess the technical feasibility and economic viability of creating such a container from fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials. The paper is the authoritative source for the abstract.
William, Gergis W., Shoukry, Samir N., Prucz, Jacky C., William, Mariana M.
XDB3 Extension for Equality and Relational OperatorsTBMG-249897/1/2016
While keyword full-text searches work well for textual data, they do not work well for numeric, date, or other more highly structured information. In particular, Netmark/XDB could retrieve any record where the author contained “Knight” in the text, but could not return only those records from Calendar Year 2010 that have “Knight” in their author section. Traditional relational databases allow for rich comparison “relational” operators; for example, one can express a query such as “return all rows where the signature date is on January 1, 2010.” Netmark/XDB, being primarily targeted at XML processing and retrieving XML-structured data, was designed for full-text querying to find keywords. Most other XML indexing and querying systems also are designed with the assumption that content (“CDATA”) is textual or binary data that can be queried against, but not with relational comparison operators like “greater than a value.”
Sulfur Poisoning of a NO x Storage Catalyst - A Comprehensive Modelling Approach2016-01-09644/5/2016
This paper describes the development of a 0-D-sulfur poisoning model for a NOx storage catalyst (NSC). The model was developed and calibrated using findings and data obtained from a passenger car diesel engine used on testbed. Based on an empirical approach, the developed model is able to predict not only the lower sulfur adsorption with increasing temperature and therefore the higher SOx (SO2 and SO3) slip after NSC, but also the sulfur saturation with increasing sulfur loading, resulting in a decrease of the sulfur adsorption rate with ongoing sulfation. Furthermore, the 0-D sulfur poisoning model was integrated into an existing 1-D NOx storage catalyst kinetic model. The combination of the two models results in an “EAS Model” (exhaust aftertreatment system) able to predict the deterioration of NOx-storage in a NSC with increasing sulfation level, exhibiting higher NOx-emissions after the NSC once it is poisoned. Additionally, the so called “deterioration factors”, used to reflect the lower NOx-conversion and higher NO2/NOx-ratio with increasing sulfation, were determined for different sulfur levels. Finally, the impact of sulfur poisoning on the NSC performance was assessed in steady state operating conditions, as well as under dynamic conditions, such as the US06 and the Federal Test Procedure (FTP75). The latter was used to evaluate the quality of the model under transient operating conditions. Thereby, simulated deterioration of NOx-emissions for a sulfured catalyst, compared to a desulfated one, differ only about 2% from the measurement results, representing the high accuracy of the developed model.
Hadl, Klaus, Ratzberger, Reinhard, Eichlseder, Helmut, Schuessler, Martin, Linares, Waldemar, Pucher, Hannes
Automotive Selective Catalytic Reduction System Model-Based Estimators for On-ECU Implementation: A Brief Overview2016-01-09724/5/2016
The amount of ammonia stored on the walls of the catalyst (or ammonia storage) is a parameter with significant impact on NOx reduction efficiency and undesired ammonia slip of Selective Catalytic Reduction catalysts. This makes the ammonia storage interesting for utilization in urea injection control. However, ammonia storage is not directly measurable onboard vehicles, it can only be estimated. Model-based online estimation requires models that are capable of capturing the main phenomena of the SCR and at the same time can be computed onboard vehicle. While the modeling of SCR and model-based control is well present in the literature, it is apparent that few attempts of implementing the models on production ECUs were published. This paper reviews literature on ammonia storage, outlet NH3 and NOx concentration estimation in SCR and SCR/DPF systems-including the estimation of NOx sensor cross-sensitive to NH3-in order to present the state of the art. The discussion includes applications of estimators (virtual sensors), accuracy of estimation, required inputs, computational demands, robustness and sources of error.
Figura, Jiri, Kihas, Dejan, Pekar, Jaroslav, Uchanski, Michael, Khaled, Nassim, Srinivasan, Sriram
Influence of HCCI and SACI Combustion Modes on NH 3 Generation and Subsequent Storage across a TWC-SCR System2016-01-09514/5/2016
Advanced engine combustion strategies, such as HCCI and SACI, allow engines to achieve high levels of thermal efficiency with low levels of engine-out NOx emissions. To maximize gains in fuel efficiency, HCCI combustion is often run at lean operating conditions. However, lean engine operation prevents the conventional TWC after-treatment system from reaching legislated tailpipe emissions due to oxygen saturation. One potential solution for handling this challenge without the addition of costly NOx traps or on-board systems for urea injection is the passive TWC-SCR concept. This concept includes the integration of an SCR catalyst downstream of a TWC and the use of periods of rich or stoichiometric operation to generate NH3 over the TWC to be stored on the SCR catalyst until it is needed for NOx reduction during subsequent lean operation. A laboratory study was performed on a gasoline engine to evaluate the NH3 generation over a TWC and NH3 storage over the SCR catalyst for a TWC-SCR system during lean to rich cycling of advanced combustion and for the purposes of comparison, conventional combustion. The results of this study show that the TWC-SCR after-treatment concept results in NH3 generation and storage for advanced and conventional combustion. However, the following challenges were observed for the TWC-SCR system when used with advanced combustion: 1) NH3 slip upon entering lean HCCI combustion is relatively high despite the lower catalyst temperature, 2) the time in rich engine operation before NH3 formation is observed is higher for rich SACI as compared to rich SI, and 3) NH3 generation over the TWC during rich SACI operation is lower per unit fuel due to the low levels of engine-out NOx.
Easter, Jordan Elizabeth, Bohac, Stanislav V.
The Advanced Data Analytics Platform (ADAPT): Concept, Design, Architecture, and OperationTBMG-238822/1/2016
NASA scientists are uniquely positioned to research and understand the processes affecting the Earth’s climate. To study these important processes, scientists must address the Big Data challenges posed by working with massive amounts of observational and climate model output data. The Advanced Data Analytics Platform (ADAPT) is a cyber infrastructure resource specifically designed to reduce the friction between scientists and data. The system includes a high-performance storage cloud surrounded by large-scale compute resources. A very high-performing network enables fast access to the data stored within ADAPT. Furthermore, the system allows users to bring their applications to the data and define the environment in which those applications run. The science results can then be stored for future analysis or shared through static and dynamic data services within ADAPT without having to move the data or make additional copies. The agility, flexibility, and extensibility of the system make it ideal for NASA scientists to produce science results quickly by analyzing large data sets.
Device Accommodating Volume Expansion and Contraction for Water-Ice Phase Change Material Heat SinksTBMG-2324311/1/2015
This invention accommodates the volume expansion and contraction of water ice as it freezes and thaws, thus enabling the use of water as a phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage. Due to the relatively large volume expansion of water upon freezing, and the relatively large bulk modulus of elasticity of ice, it is imperative to accommodate the volume expansion in order to prevent rupture of the containment vessel. In addition to accommodating the volume expansion associated with the phase change from liquid water to solid ice, this invention is usable at temperatures as low as –150 °C, thus enabling the ice to be super-cooled for additional sensible thermal storage capacity. Finally, this invention operates independent of gravity, enabling its use in space applications.
Software Framework for Control and Observation in Distributed Environments (CODE)TBMG-2304610/1/2015
CODE is a framework for control and observation in distributed environments. The framework enables the observation of resources (computer systems, storage systems, networks, and so on), services (database servers, application execution, servers, file transfer servers, and so on), and applications. Further, the framework provides support for the secure and scalable transmission of this observed information to programs that are interested in it. The framework also supports the secure execution of actions on remote computer systems so that a management program can respond to the observed data that it receives. To assist in writing management programs, the framework interfaces to an existing expert system so that a user can define a set of rules for the expert system to reason on, instead of writing a large amount of code. The framework is modular and can be easily extended to incorporate new sensors to make observations, new actuators to perform actions, new communication protocols, and new security mechanisms. The software also includes several applications that show how the framework can be used.
Design and Construction of Protograph-Based LDPC CodesTBMG-2305410/1/2015
Writing (recording) to a storage device and reading from it can be considered as a noisy channel. A storage device such as magnetic recoding and optical recording can be modeled as a partial response channel. Partial-response techniques are a special case of precoding technique where the intersymbol interference is forced to some known pattern. Thus, read-back data from storage devices may have intersymbol interference.
Reagent and Method of Using a Microfluidic Cytometer for Leukocyte Differential CountTBMG-2304210/1/2015
Leukocytes respond to toxic, infectious, and inflammatory processes to defend tissues and eliminate disease process or toxic challenge. Accurate and prompt counting and differentiation of leukocytes is critical for diagnoses of infection, leukemia, or allergy; monitoring bone marrow function; or monitoring the body’s response to various treatments. White blood cell (WBC), or leukocyte, differential count is a clinical analysis that numerates the total number of leukocytes in per volume blood, and classifies leukocytes into different types, such as lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
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