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SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Future of Hydrogen Fuel: A Distribution Revolution1349112/10/2024
Jules Verne was ahead of his time--and so is a company inspired by his name that recognizes hydrogen's immense potential as a clean energy solution. Verne develops and commercializes a novel technology to store and distribute hydrogen in its densest form, cryo-compressed. This approach maximizes hydrogen density, addressing the limitations of compressed gas and reducing the cost of dense storage -- which is a game-changer for boosting hydrogen adoption. To learn more, we sat down with Ted McKlveen, Co-founder & CEO, Verne, to discuss the company's breakthrough solution to addressing hydrogen storage and transportation and how it can unlock the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy, particularly in sectors like Class 8 trucking. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the
Hineman, Marcie
Dormant Capacity Reserve in Lithium-Ion Batteries DetectedTBMG-5214312/01/2024
Lithium iron phosphate is one of the most important materials for batteries in electric cars, stationary energy storage systems, and tools. It has a long service life, is comparatively inexpensive and does not tend to spontaneously combust. Energy density is also making progress. However, experts are still puzzled as to why lithium iron phosphate batteries undercut their theoretical electricity storage capacity by up to 25 percent in practice. To utilize this dormant capacity reserve, it would be crucial to know exactly where and how lithium ions are stored in and released from the battery material during the charging and discharging cycles. Researchers at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) have now taken a significant step in this direction. Using transmission electron microscopes, they were able to systematically track the lithium ions as they traveled through the battery material, map their arrangement in the crystal lattice of an iron phosphate cathode with unprecedented
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL AUTONOMOUS GUIDED VEHICLE (AGV) WITH WIRELESS NAVIGATION2024-01-343611/15/2024
ABSTRACT Automatic guided vehicles (AGV) have made big inroads in the automation of assembly plants and warehouse operations. There are thousands of AGV units in operation at OEM supplier and service facilities worldwide in virtually every major manufacturing and distribution sector. Although today’s AGV systems can be reconfigured and adapted to meet changes in operation and need, their adaptability is often limited because of inadequacies in current systems. This paper describes a wireless navigated (WN) omni-directional (OD) autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) that incorporates three technical innovations that address the shortfalls. The AGV features consist of: 1) A newly developed integrated wireless navigation technology to allow rapid rerouting of navigation pathways; 2) Omnidirectional wheels to move independently in different directions; 3) Modular space frame construction to conveniently resize and reshape the AGV platform. It includes an overview of the AGVs technical features
Cheok, Ka C, Radovnikovich, Micho, Fleck, Paul, Hallenbeck, Kevin, Grzebyk, Steve, Vanneste, Jerry, Ludwig, Wolfgang, Garner, Robert
Design of Hybrid Air Conditioning System Using Phase Change Material for Commercial Sleeper Vehicles2022-28-044811/09/2022
Many road accident happens due to fatigue & deprive sleep of drivers. Many times driver use AC system for their quick thermal comfort during night with engine ON. This scenario is very critical from human's safety & vehicle functionality point of view. This also consumes additional 10-15% of fuel requirements in AC running condition. So, to address social problems of driver's sleep & pollution free environment by reducing the use of fossil there is a need of alternative techniques for air cooling which works during engine OFF condition. Various alternatives options for air cooling have been reviewed & extensive evaluations are mapped on the various performance parameters. Based on this the phase change material technology can be easily adopted due to its packaging flexibility. Phase change material (PCM) technology available in the market since decades for the use of storing the thermal energy. Perhaps the use of PCM material in controlled manner in not fully known for longer period of
Shalgar, Sandeep, Nagarhalli, Prasanna V, BEDRE, PALLAVI, SRIVASTAVA, SARVESH, Tupe, Akshay
Smart Molecules Act as Computer TransistorsTBMG-4597706/01/2022
Researchers have discovered a single-molecule switch that can act like a transistor and store binary information such as the 1s and 0s used in classical computing. The molecule is around five square nanometers in size — more than one billion of them would fit onto the cross-section of a human hair. The researchers believe that molecules like the ones they have discovered could offer information density of around 250 terabits per square inch, which is around 100 times the storage density of current hard drives.
Murraya koenigii based nano-drone deployment for Titan exploration2022-26-119405/26/2022
Titan is currently been dubbed as a potential home to humanity, owing to its atmosphere and earthlike liquid cycle. Hence, it is important to make a vast study to understand the nature of the largest moon of Saturn. This paper proposes a cluster-based nano-drone deployment. With the main recharging parent drone-flight in between that clutches onto the daughter nano-drones in an opposite-arrangement, these kind of drones can be used for long-range autonomous surveillance purposes. When the entire-flight arrangement system enters the radius of surveillance, the drones detach themselves with a mechanism copied from the plant Murraya Koenigii, using pneumatic technologies. Once they are deployed and their periods are complete, they get back to the parent drone for recharging and relocation purposes. The drones can also be controlled remotely from the earth. The central stem has massive power storage capacity and VTOL capabilities, giving it high maneuverability and control. The recapturing
Giridharan, Nithyaashree
OSC modelling of 3-way automotive catalysts to understand the effect of latent OSC on dynamic OSC performance2022-01-069303/29/2022
A Three-way automotive catalyst's ability to store oxygen is still a crucial performance metric for modern day catalyst applications. With more stringent emissions legalisation, the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) within the catalyst can assist with converting different exhaust gases such as CO, THC and NOx under transient operating conditions. OSC is currently the only onboard catalyst performance metric recorded during a vehicle's useful life. Catalyst performance is correlated to this OSC measurement. OSC in 3-way automotive catalysts can be split into two main OSC types. "Latent OSC" deep within the layers of the washcoat and "dynamic" OSC on the surface layers of the catalyst washcoat. Dynamic OSC is more commonly applied in the evaluation of the activity of the catalyst during practical operation. This paper uses a kinetic OSC model with a layered washcoat approach to analyse OSC test data and show how latent OSC can affect the dynamic OSC performance of a 3-way catalyst. Model
Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Elliott, Matthew, Irwin, Kurtis, Woods, Andrew, Pedlow, Andrew
Detection & Tracking of Multi-Scenic Lane Based on Segnet-LSTM Semantic Split Network2021-01-008304/06/2021
Lane detection is an important component in automatic pilot system and advanced driving assistance system (ADAS). The stability and precision of lane detection will directly determine precision of control and lane plan of vehicles. Traditional mechanical vision lane detection approaches in complicated environment have the deficiencies of low precision and feature semantic description disabilities. But the lane detection depending on deep learning, e.g. SCNN network, LaneNet network, ENet-SAD network have imbalance problems of splitting precision and storage usage. This paper proposes an approach of high-efficiency deep learning Segnet-LSTM semantic segmentation network. This network structure is composed with encoding network and corresponding decoding networks. First, convolution and maximum pooling. The proposal extracts texture details of five images and stores searching position of maximum pooling. Meanwhile, it will implement interpolate processing to the lost points. Then, by up
Ye, Meng, Tan, Gangfeng, Tang, Jingning, Feng, Jiaming, Huang, Xin, Sun, Wenchao
Creation of OBD Limit Motorcycle Catalysts Using Different Ageing Methods2021-01-059804/06/2021
This paper outlines a novel method employed to accurately age catalysts to the required OBD limit for European motorcycles legalisation Euro 5 using a combination of modelling and testing. The method applies several strategies, including thermal ageing and catalyst poisoning, to reduce catalyst activity in order to mirror real-world catalyst ageing. Predictions were made using a combined global and micro kinetic model to specify catalyst activity to a matching light-off condition. The model simulated a motorcycle operating on a WMTC (World Motorcycle Test Cycle) and adjusted catalyst activity (Precious metal and Oxygen Storage Capacity) until tailpipe emissions matched the limits for Euro 5 OBD II. The same model ran a simulated light-off test to predict the light-off point for the catalyst. The catalyst was then aged to match this light-off performance using a RAT ageing cycle with additional poisoning to reach the target deactivation. Performance was checked at interim points to
Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Irwin, Kurtis, Pedlow, Andrew, Stewart, Jonathan, Woods, Andrew, Muehlstaedt, Fabian
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: How Fox Robotics is Transforming Warehouse Logistics for the Better1300603/26/2021
Technology offers a way of taking something imaginary and making it a reality. On the latest episode, we spoke with Peter Anderson-Sprecher, Chief Technical Officer at Fox Robotics, to discuss how his early exposure to computers and technology led to imagining, creating and implementing an innovative robotic system to help reimagine supply chain. Fox Robotics is transforming the world of warehouse logistics. While the supply chain is an invisible process that society takes for granted, Fox Robotics is ensuring the safe and efficient loading and unloading of cargo by combining traditional forklifts with innovative robotic software. Discover how robots are becoming more ubiquitous in the future and how Fox is a part of the process.
Hineman, Marcie
LOGICAL SOFTWARE PART PACKAGING FOR TRANSPORTARINC641-1 (Current)11/16/2020
The purpose of this standard is to provide a method for packaging aircraft software parts for distribution using contemporary media or by electronic distribution. This project intends to standardize and provide guidance for the storage of floppy based software, currently packaged in media set parts. This standard format can be then stored or distributed on a single physical media member (CD-ROM), or by electronic crate. The obsolescence of floppy disks drive an urgent need for this guidance.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
The Variation of Functional Characteristics of a Euro VI Selective Catalytic Reduction Reactor after Ageing2020-01-220509/15/2020
The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides by ammonia is commonly applied as a method of exhaust aftertreatment for lean burn compression ignition (CI) engines. The catalytic reactor of an SCR system, like all catalytic emission control devices, is susceptible to partial deactivation as its operating time progresses. Long-term exposure of an SCR reactor to exhaust gas of fluctuating temperature and composition results in variations of the characteristics of its catalytically active layer. The aim of this study was to observe and investigate the variation of parameters characterizing the SCR reactor as a result of its ageing. Attention was paid to changes in ammonia storage capacity, selectivity of chemical reactions and maximum achievable NOx conversion efficiency. The experimental setup was a heavy duty (HD) Euro VI-compliant engine and its aftertreatment system (ATS). The setup was installed on a transient engine dyno instrumented with emission measurement devices
Dzida, Jakub, Bielaczyc, Piotr, Brzeżański, Marek
Particulate Contamination in Biodiesel Fuel under Long-Term Storage2020-01-214309/15/2020
Many incidents associated with filter plugging have extensively been reported in microbially contaminated diesel and biodiesel fuel systems, especially under long term storage conditions. In this study a quantitative assessment of the undesirable insoluble solids produced in contaminated biodiesel fuels was carried out in order to evaluate their evolution rate during biodeterioration. For this purpose, a series of contaminated biodiesel fuel microcosms were prepared and stored for six months under stable conditions. The quantity of the particulate contaminants was monitored during storage by a multiple filtration technique which was followed at the end by a comparison with the active bioburden per ATP bioluminescence protocol. Additionally, identical microcosms were treated with a commercially available biocide in order to examine the latter’s activity both on solids formation and the microbial proliferation.
Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti, Peppas, Michail, Dodos, George S., Karonis, Dimitrios, Zannikos, Fanourios
“Racetrack Memory” Digital Data StorageTBMG-3747208/01/2020
A team of scientists has created racetrack memory, a new type of enhanced digital data storage. Racetrack memory, which reconfigures magnetic fields, could supplant current methods of mass data storage, such as flash memory and disk drives, due to its improved density of information storage, faster operation, and lower energy use. The team’s focus was on a skyrmion racetrack memory — an undeveloped type of memory that reverses the processes of existing storage.
The Costs and Risks of Overlooking Flash Storage in Medical ApplicationsTBMG-3711906/01/2020
Medical OEMs see value in optimizing the right flash technology to ensure host architecture compatibility while meeting application workload requirements. During the design process, manufacturers of medical products undergo long engagement processes with multiple part suppliers. The purpose of these engagements is to ensure that each embedded part will not only work for the application, but also meet the workload and environmental requirements.
Improving Data Speeds with Laser-Activated MagnetsTBMG-3702506/01/2020
A new magnetic material could boost the storage capacity and processing speed of hard drives used in cloud-based servers. This could enable users of cloud data systems to load large files in seconds instead of minutes.
Protocol Improves Storage Efficiency and Output Speed of Computer SystemsTBMG-3684805/01/2020
Current data storage systems use only one storage server to process information, making them slow to retrieve information to display for the user. A backup server only becomes active if the main storage server fails. A new approach — fast, linearizable, network-accelerated client reads, or FLAIR — optimizes data storage systems by using all the servers within a given network. Therefore, when a user makes a data request, if the main server is full, another server automatically activates to fill it.
BAND INSTALLATION TOOL, HAND, ONE-STEP, FOR AS85049/128 CONNECTOR ACCESSORY CABLE SHIELD TERMINATING BANDSAS81306/1C (Current)04/22/2020
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Optimal Aftertreatment Pre-Heat Strategy for Minimum Tailpipe NO x Around Green Zones2020-01-036104/14/2020
Green zones are challenging problems for the thermal management systems of hybrid vehicles. This is because within the green zone the engine is turned off, and the only way to keep the aftertreatment system warm is lost. This means that there is a risk of leaving the green zone with a cold and ineffective aftertreatment system, resulting in high emissions. A thermal management strategy that heats the aftertreatment system prior to turning off the engine, in an optimal way, to reduce the NOx emissions when the engine is restarted, is developed. The strategy is also used to evaluate under what conditions pre-heating is a suitable strategy, by evaluating the performance in simulations using a model of a heavy-duty diesel powertrain and scenario designed for this purpose. The results show that, for the studied vehicle, pre-heating of the aftertreatment system is an effective strategy to reduce NOx for engine-off events shorter than two hours, and is most effective for engine off events of
Holmer, Olov, Willems, Frank, Blomgren, Fredrik, Eriksson, Lars
Relevance of Exhaust Aftertreatment System Degradation for EU7 Gasoline Engine Applications2020-01-038204/14/2020
Exhaust aftertreatment systems must function sufficiently over the full useful life of a vehicle. In Europe this is currently defined as 160.000 km. With the introduction of Euro 7 it is expected that the required mileage will be extended to 240.000 km. This will then be consistent with the US legislation. In order to quantify the emission impact of exhaust system degradation, an Euro 7 exhaust aftertreatment system is aged by different accelerated approaches: application of the Standard Bench Cycle, the ZDAKW cycle, a novel ash loading method and borderline aging. The results depict the impact of oil ash on the oxygen storage capacity. For tailpipe emissions, the maximum peak temperatures are the dominant aging factor. The cold start performance is effected by both, thermal degradation and ash accumulation. An evaluation of this emission increase requires appropriate benchmarks. For this purpose, an analysis of the emission impacts of ambient temperatures, driving modes and
Sterlepper, Stefan, Claßen, Johannes, Pischinger, Stefan, Görgen, Michael, Cox, Jim, Nijs, Martin, Scharf, Johannes
Extended Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle via Structural Electrical Power Storage and Energy Generation Devices2020-01-004103/10/2020
As the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have increased in the military, commercial and private sectors, special attention has been focused on improving upon high altitude long endurance (HALE) performance. Therefore, under a multi-year, multi-discipline senior project team comprised of Aerospace Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Mechanical engineering, and Chemical Engineering undergraduate teams, investigative and experimental research has begun into the substitution of various aircraft structural components with power storage and power generation devices used also as structure to improve flight endurance and performance capabilities of solar powered UAVs. One viable solution may be found in the reduction of the amount of parasitic weight due to the required power systems on board these types of aircraft. These power systems are usually found in the form of energy storage devices such as lithium polymer batteries and energy generation devices such
Oetting, Geoffrey Smith
Toyota unveils rear-drive FCEV Mirai, plug-in RAV419AUTP11_1511/01/2019
As part of an electrified stable primed for the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show (LAAS), Toyota will display its all-new Mirai fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV) and the upcoming plug-in hybrid version of its RAV4 compact SUV. The two 2021 models will further pad the Japanese company's already market-leading six hybrid offerings (12 if the premium Lexus brand is included). On top of previously announced plans for a “major battery electric vehicle (BEV) rollout,” Toyota also announced an extension of its hybrid battery warranties. The second-gen Mirai FCEV - unveiled as a “concept” at a recent media event but appearing in near-production form - will debut as a sleek, rear-wheel-drive (RWD), 4-door, 5-passenger sedan. Toyota says it's targeting a 30% increase in driving range compared to the first-gen Mirai, with the additional range achieved via an improved (and quieter) fuel-cell stack and increased hydrogen storage capacity. The current front-wheel drive (FWD), 4-pasenger Mirai launched in
Seredynski, Paul
Development of an Accelerated Test for Tire Flat-Spotting2019-01-150906/05/2019
Tire flat-spotting occurs when tires remain in a loaded condition without rolling for an extended period of time, and can be temporary or permanent depending on the length of storage, vehicle loading and environmental factors. Tire non-uniformity caused from flat-spots often induce shake and shimmy vibration in vehicles due to increased tire-wheel force variation input into the chassis. This results in increased warranty costs for OEMs and tire suppliers and customer dis-satisfaction in third-party quality surveys such as J. D. Power IQS. Flat-spotting is of particular concern for slow-moving vehicle inventory parked for long periods at plants and/or dealership lots. OEMs often stipulate or recommend inventory storage practices for dealers that require physical movement of vehicles at some set duration to reduce the risk of tires developing permanent flat-spots. OEMs also provide component level flat-spotting requirements to tire manufacturers during sourcing and specification timing
Kavarana, Farokh, Fritz, Scott
Development of the Next Generation Flexible Tooling System2019-01-136203/19/2019
Flexible Tooling Systems have been developed as a reconfigurable part support system to enable trimming of multiple part geometries utilizing a single router or waterjet. The driver for this development has been improved part quality, elimination of ergonomic issues associated with manually trimming, and the elimination of cost for part number specific hard tooling and the associated cost for manufacturing, maintenance, and storage. This paper will briefly trace the evolution of aerospace parts trimming history. The remainder of the report will focus on the technical objectives associated with the development of the Next Generation Flexible Tooling System, how they were achieved including the process for validation of each support location in aircraft coordinates. This system is designed to increase part holding accuracy with specific support location validation, and significantly reduce system maintenance costs in wet or dry environments.
Kirby, Larry, Weddle, Ronald
Composable Storage Platform for High-Performance ComputingTBMG-3390703/01/2019
Large-scale, high-performance computing — supercomputing — is essential to solving both complex and large questions. But storage platforms essential for these advanced computer systems have been stuck in a rigid framework that required users to either choose between customization of features or high availability.
Schaeffler debuts new Mover concept at Detroit symposium18AUTP10_1110/01/2018
As part of its 11th Schaeffler Symposium, the Tier 1 supplier debuted a new urban e-mobility vehicle concept called the “Schaeffler Mover.” The symposium, held once every four years, is a forum for Schaeffler to present its technologies and component forecasts to auto-industry professionals and media. The Mover concept is a flexible and emission-free platform engineered for a range of different low-speed vehicle applications. All the drive and chassis components are integrated in one vertical unit called the “Schaeffler Intelligent Corner Module,” which integrates in-wheel motors with discreet steering capability at each corner to save space and enhance maneuverability. Flexibility was a key engineering goal on the Mover.
Seredynski, Paul
COVER - ENGINE ACCESSORY DRIVE, SQUARE, 127.28 BC, METRIC AMS4424 (UNS M11630) OR AMS4484MA3454B (Current)09/17/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Technique Boosts Capacity of Computer StorageTBMG-3282409/01/2018
The most dense solid-state memory ever created could soon exceed the capabilities of current computer storage devices by 1,000 times using a new technique. The same technology was used to manufacture atomic-scale circuits, allowing for quickly removing or replacing single hydrogen atoms. The technology enables the memory to be rewritable, meaning it could lead to far more efficient types of solid-state drives for computers.
COVER - TYPE XVI, XVII-C, D, E, AND F ENGINE ACCESSORY DRIVEAS3542A (Current)06/20/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Cryo-Fluid Capacitor (CFC)TBMG-2903406/01/2018
NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has created the Cryo-Fluid Capacitor (CFC) that capitalizes on the energy storage capacity of liquefied gases, and the relative simplicity of high-pressure gas bottles while limiting the downfalls associated with both methods. By exploiting a unique attribute of nanoporous materials — aerogel, in this case — fluid commodities such as oxygen, hydrogen, methane, etc. can be stored in a molecular surface adsorbed state at densities on par with liquid, at low to moderate pressure, and then supplied as a gas, on-demand, to a point of interest.
Transistor Material Provides Additional Computing Degrees of FreedomTBMG-2902806/01/2018
For several decades, improvements in conventional transistor materials have been sufficient to sustain Moore’s Law — the historical pattern of microchip manufacturers packing more transistors (and thus more information storage and handling capacity) into a given volume of silicon. Today, however, chipmakers are concerned that they might soon reach the fundamental limits of conventional materials. If they cannot continue to pack more transistors into smaller spaces, they worry that Moore’s Law would break down, preventing future circuits from becoming smaller and more powerful than their predecessors. Researchers worldwide are seeking new materials that can compute in smaller spaces, primarily by taking advantage of the additional degrees of freedom that the materials offer — using a material’s unique properties to perform more computations in the same space.
Investigation and Development of Underbody Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Devices for Trailer Trucks2018-01-070704/03/2018
It is well known that the underbody region of a tractor-trailer is responsible for up to 30% of the aerodynamic drag. This is the highest drag created by any region of a tractor-trailer. There are a number of underbody drag-reduction devices available on the market but they create a few operational issues, such as low ground clearance and ice collection, which inhibit their mass market appeal. In this paper, a novel concept of an underbody aerodynamic device is developed and investigated. The underbody device is a combination of a ramp and a side skirt; which are optimized simultaneously. In addition, the device is made collapsible to facilitate easy storage when not in use (i.e., city driving). NASA’s Generic Conventional Model (GCM); a 1/8th scale model of a generic class-8 tractor-trailer is used to evaluate and optimize the concept. The GCM allows the concept to be applicable to a wider range of tractor-trailers. The studies were conducted using the RANS based turbulence model, k-ω
Ibrahim, Mohamed, Agelin-chaab, Martin
Range Extension Opportunities While Heating a Battery Electric Vehicle2018-01-006604/03/2018
The Kia Soul battery electric vehicle (BEV) is available with either a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater or an R134a heat pump (HP) with PTC heater combination [1]. The HP uses both ambient air and waste heat from the motor, inverter, and on-board-charger (OBC) for its heat source. Hanon Systems, Hyundai America Technical Center, Inc. (HATCI) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory jointly, with financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy, developed and proved-out technologies that extend the driving range of a Kia Soul BEV while maintaining thermal comfort in cold climates. Improved system configuration concepts that use thermal storage and waste heat more effectively were developed and evaluated. Range extensions of 5%-22% at ambient temperatures ranging from 5 °C to −18 °C were demonstrated. This paper reviews the three-year effort, including test data of the baseline and modified vehicles, resulting range extension, and recommendations for future actions.
Meyer, John J., Lustbader, Jason, Agathocleous, Nicos, Vespa, Antonio, Rugh, John, Titov, Gene
A Proposal to Re-architect Automotive OBD Freeze Frame Storage Requirements and the Associated Service-Oriented Freeze Frame Storage Algorithm Design2018-01-087204/03/2018
Automotive OBD freeze frame storage is mandated by regulations since the creation of OBD-II in 1994. The main purpose is to help service engineers to identify the cause of the associated fault. Although OBD regulations [1] have gone through multiple updates and major changes since 1994, the regulations requirements on freeze frame storage, however, remain almost the same. The flexibility to comply with the mandated requirements allows OEMs to come up with very different designs, and potentially would confuse the service engineers when repairing different powertrains and could compromise the main purpose of helping identify the root cause of faults. In 2015, GM fellows [2], together with SAE J1979 committee members, proposed a set of future requirements on the OBD freeze frame storage with the intention to standardize the requirements by mandating the rules what to store and when to store, the minimum number of frames, and the numbering of the frames. The proposal is better than the
Guo, Yichao, LU, Wei, Terauchi, Kazumichi
Cold-Start Hydrocarbon Speciation and Trap Materials for Gasoline Engines2018-01-094004/03/2018
Efficient hydrocarbon (HC) trap materials have been developed to trap the major emitting HC compounds from gasoline direct injection engines. Online FTIR measurements on different test cycles and catalytic systems showed that AHC, C5 compounds, and CH4 were the most emitted species at cold-start phase (up to 100 sec). Making AHC and C5 as targets for improving the HC light-off, lab scale reactor set-up was established with toluene and iso-pentane feed pumping system along with propane-propene mixture. TGA screening experiments conducted with ex-situ toluene adsorption and the results revealed that BEA type materials have moderate to higher HC trapping temperature and HC storage capacity. In the present investigation, BEA-HS exhibited outstanding stability and trapping ability even after 850 °C hydrothermal aging. PGM and TM based BEA materials were evaluated for HC-TPD experiments with TWC gas composition. Interestingly, adsorption properties of the samples at various aging
Narayana Rao, Komateedi, Kim, Mi-Young, Song, Jinwoo, Na, SeungChul, Han, Hyun Sik
Experimental and Kinetic Modeling of Degreened and Aged Three-way Catalysts: Aging Impact on Oxygen Storage Capacity and Catalyst Performance2018-01-095004/03/2018
The aging impact on oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and catalyst performance was investigated on one degreened and one aged (hydrothermally aged at 955 °C for 50 h) commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) by experiments and modeling. The difference of OSC between the degreened and aged TWCs was dependent on catalyst temperature. The largest difference was found at 600 °C, at which the amount of OSC decreased by 45.5%. Catalyst performance was evaluated through lightoff tests at two simulated engine exhaust conditions (lean and rich) on a micro-reactor. The aging impact on the catalyst performance was different under lean and rich environments and investigated separately. At the lean condition, oxidation of CO and C3H6 was significantly suppressed while oxidation of C3H8 was relatively less degraded. At the rich condition, the inhibition effect was more pronounced on the aged TWC and inhibiting hydrocarbon species from C3H6 partial oxidation can survive at temperatures up to 450 °C. However
Gong, Jian, Wang, Di, Li, Junhui, Kamasamudram, Krishna, Currier, Neal, Yezerets, Aleksey
Evaluation Method of Thermal Sensation and Comfort for Air Conditioning Performance Reduction2018-01-077504/03/2018
As a method of maintaining thermal sensation and comfort inside a passenger compartment, not only a conventional HVAC system but also a combination of a HVAC system and other devices such as seat heaters, a steering wheel heater, ventilation seats are increasing. This research developed a method to evaluate thermal sensation of a human body when using these various thermal control devices. This method can evaluate the heat balance of the human body by calculating the amount of heat exchange between a human body and the external environment, and it takes into consideration the influence of heat exchange by heat conduction with seats or a steering wheel. The human thermal model is made by dividing a human body into various segments, and it is the model that considers heat transport by blood flow for each segment. As a result of a heat balance of a human body, it is possible to derive the standard environmental temperature which is named the local-body standard new effective temperature
ITO, Yusuke, Sakoi, Tomonori, Miyamoto, Takeshi
The Adaptive Cycle Engines2018-01-088304/03/2018
Traditionally, internal combustion engines follow thermodynamic cycles comprising a fixed number of crank revolutions, in order to accommodate compression of the incoming air as well as expansion of the combustion products. With the advent of computer-controlled valve trains, we now have the possibility of detaching compression from expansion events, thus achieving an “adaptive cycle” molded to the performance required of the engine at any given time. The adaptive cycle engine differs from split-cycle engines in that all phases of the cycle take place within the same cylinder, so that in an extreme case the gas contained in all cylinders can be undergoing expansion events, resulting in a large increase in power density over the conventional four-stroke and two-stroke cycles. Key to the adaptive cycle is the addition of a variable-timing “transfer” valve to each cylinder, plus a space for air storage between compression and expansion events. If the air-storing space has sufficient
Ruiz, Francisco
Integrated Lab-on-a-Chip Uses Smartphone to Detect Multiple PathogensTBMG-2814001/01/2018
Infectious diseases remain the world’s top contributors to human death and disability, and with recent outbreaks of Zika virus infections, there is a keen need for simple, sensitive, and easily translatable point-of-care tests. Since Zika virus infection shares symptoms with other diseases such as Dengue and Chikungunya, quick, accurate diagnosis is required to differentiate these infections and determine the need for aggressive treatment or quarantine.
DRUMS, METAL - SHIPPING AND STORAGE 16 TO 80 GALLONSAS27683 (Current)11/06/2017
AGE-4 Packaging, Handling and Transportability Committee
DRUMS, METAL - SHIPPING AND STORAGE 3 TO 12 GALLONSAS27684 (Current)11/06/2017
AGE-4 Packaging, Handling and Transportability Committee
Shipping Caps, Covers and PlugsARP5862 (Current)11/06/2017
The primary purpose of the shipping closure is to protect the aircraft parts or system from damage and foreign material ingress/egress (e.g., dust, dirt or other contaminants) during transport and storage. Shipping closures are not airworthy items. Therefore, their usage is defined as preventative for the parts to be protected as opposed to operational. Military and commercial customer requirements for the prevention of damage or contamination to stored parts are generally limited to the generic instructions “all openings should be sufficiently covered to prevent the entrance of dust, dirt, moisture or other foreign contaminants”. This recommended practice outlines basic minimum parameters for suggested item construction and usage. Additionally, this recommended practice provides instruction on how to apply these closures to various openings.
AGE-4 Packaging, Handling and Transportability Committee
Rating of WinchesJ706_201711 (Current)11/03/2017
This SAE Standard applies only to new winches which are primarily designed for intermittent pulls and lifts and whose configuration and condition are the same as when they were shipped by the manufacturer. They are not intended to be used in any manner for the movement of personnel. They may be driven by any power source recommended by the manufacturer and will be capable of being powered in either direction. They will be equipped with an automatic safety brake system to control a load when lowering under power and positively hold a load when power is not being delivered to the winch. A hydraulic flow control valve or similar device may be used in the brake system to control a load when lowering under power. A clutch to release the drum for “free-spooling” may be provided and will be designed not to disengage itself under load. A drag brake may be provided to control “free-spooling,” but will not be relied on to control or hold a load. Power sources, such as hydraulic motors, even
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
The Research of the Heavy Truck’s Warming System2017-01-222110/08/2017
It’s not easy to start the engine in winter, especially in frigid highlands, because the low temperature increases the fuel’s viscosity, decreasing the lubricating oil flow ability and the storage performance of battery. Current electrical heating method can improve the engine starting performance in low temperature condition, but this method adds an external power to the engine, leading to the engine cannot maintain an efficient energy utilization. A warming device using the solar energy is designed to conserve the energy during the daytime, and directly warm up the engine at the time when the engine turns off for a long time, especially during the night. A solar collector installed on the top of the vehicle is used to convert the solar energy to the thermal energy, which is then transferred to the heat accumulator that contain the phase-change medium which can increase the heat storage performance. The solar energy is best used to supply for the engine warming system with the warming
Zeng, Peixuan, Zhang, Penghao, Mei, Binyu, Huang, Shiping, Tan, Gangfeng
Design and Evaluation of a Novel Hybrid SiC-GaN Based Bidirectional Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter2017-01-203209/19/2017
Efficient, small, and reliable dc-dc power converters with high power density are highly desirable in applications such as aerospace and electric vehicles, where battery storage is limited. Bidirectional full-bridge (FB) dc-dc converters are very popular in medium and high-power applications requiring regenerative capabilities. Full-bridge topology has several advantages such as: Inherent galvanic isolation between input and output as well as high conversion ratio due to the transformer with a turns ratio n. Reduction in passive component sizes due to the increase in inductor current frequency to twice the switching frequency. Reduced voltage stresses on the low-voltage side switches and current stresses on the high-voltage side switches. However, due to the high number of switches, device losses increase. Use of wide-band gap (WBG) devices, such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices, in power electronic converters has shown to reduce device losses and need for
Kondrath, Nisha
Exploitation Strategies of Cabin and Galley Thermal Dynamics2017-01-203709/19/2017
The thermal inertia of aircraft cabins and galleys is significant for commercial aircraft. The aircraft cabin is controlled by the Environment Control System (ECS) to reach, among other targets, a prescribed temperature. By allowing a temperature band of ± 2 K instead of a fixed temperature, it is possible to use this thermal dynamic of the cabin as energy storage. This storage can then be used to reduce electrical peak power, increase efficiency of the ECS, reduce thermal cooling peak power, or reduce engine offtake if it is costly or not sufficiently available. In the same way, also the aircraft galleys can be exploited. Since ECS and galleys are among the largest consumers of electrical power or bleed air, there is a large potential on improving energy efficiency or reducing system mass to reduce fuel consumption of aircraft. This paper investigates different exploitation strategies of cabin and galley dynamics using modelling and simulation. Modelica models of the thermal and the
Schlabe, Daniel, Zimmer, Dirk, Pollok, Alexander
Tamper-Indicating BoltTBMG-2755209/01/2017
In storage and/or transport of certain items, the ability to detect tampering with a container or compartment for such items can be necessary and valuable. In the transport of hazardous substances or nuclear materials (including fuels and/or radioactive waste), there are particularly stringent requirements to ensure integrity as well as safe transport and storage of materials. A retailer shipping inventory may need to know whether tampering with the container has occurred during transport to determine if shipment is original and complete.
An Efficient Input Mobility Mapping Computational Method2017-01-180606/05/2017
The input mobility is a crucial structural parameter regarding vibro-acoustic design of industrial objects. Whatever the frequency range, the vibrational power input into a structure -and consequently the average structural-acoustic response- is governed by the input mobility. When packaging structure-borne noise sources, the knowledge of the input mobility at the source connection points is mandatory for noise control. The input mobility is classically computed at the required points as a specific Frequency Response Function (FRF). During an industrial design process, the choice of connection points requires an a priori knowledge of the input mobility at every possible location of the studied structure-borne source, i.e. a mapping of the input mobility. The classical FRF computation at every Degree Of Freedom (DOF) of the considered structure would lead to consider millions of load cases which is beyond current computational limits. This paper presents how to efficiently compute the
Gagliardini, Laurent
Effect of Transition Metal Ion Properties on the Catalytic Functions and Sulfation Behavior of Zeolite-Based SCR Catalysts2017-01-093903/28/2017
Copper- and Iron- based metal-zeolite SCR catalysts are widely used in US and European diesel aftertreatment systems to achieve drastic reduction in NOx emission. These catalysts are highly selective to N2 under wide range of operating conditions. Nevertheless, the type of transition metal has a significant impact on the key performance and durability parameters such as NOx conversion, selectivity towards N2O, hydrothermal stability, and sensitivity to fuel sulfur content. In this study, we explained the differences in the performance characteristics of these catalysts based on their relative acidic-basic nature of transition metal present in these catalysts using practically relevant gas species present in diesel exhaust such as NO2, SOx, and NH3. These experiments show that Fe-zeolite has relatively acidic nature as compared to Cu-zeolite that causes NH3 inhibition and hence explains low NOx conversion on Fe-zeolite at low temperature under standard SCR conditions. Similarly
Kumar, Ashok, Kamasamudram, Krishna, Currier, Neal, Yezerets, Aleksey
Lean Breakthrough Phenomena Analysis for TWC OBD on a Natural Gas Engine using a Dual-Site Dynamic Oxygen Storage Capacity Model2017-01-096203/28/2017
Oxygen storage capacity (OSC) is one of the most critical characteristics of a three-way catalyst (TWC) and is closely related to the catalyst aging and performance. In this study, a dynamic OSC model involving two oxygen storage sites with distinct kinetics was developed. The dual-site OSC model was validated on a bench reactor and a natural gas engine. The model was capable of predicting temperature dependence on OSC with H2, CO and CH4 as reductants. Also, the effects of oxygen concentration and space velocity on the amount of OSC were captured by the model. The validated OSC model was applied to simulate lean breakthrough phenomena with varied space velocities and oxygen concentrations. It is found that OSC during lean breakthrough is not a constant for a particular TWC catalyst and is dependent on space velocity and oxygen concentration. Specifically, breakthrough time exhibits a non-linear, inverse correlation to oxygen flux. Breakthrough OSC increases slightly with oxygen
Gong, Jian, Wang, Di, Brahma, Avra, Li, Junhui, Currier, Neal, Yezerets, Aleksey, Chen, Pingen
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