Browse Topic: Cooling

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Manufacturing of Transmission Quill Gear by Sinter Hardening2019-26-016501/09/2019
Transmission quill gears are hot forged steel parts often used in constant mesh manual transmissions. The quill gear, which helps to transmit the power from input drive shaft to output shaft through driving gears. It’s having external teeth which is positively engaged with driving gear and sleeve. During gear selection sleeve take load from input shaft and transmit to driven gear. Quill gear directly engaged with driving gears on outer surface and bearing in inner surface which needs to have high strength and durability. These properties can be improved by carburization heat treatment in existing design such processes can lead to increased costs. We have developed quill gear through powder metallurgical process and then cooled rapidly in the furnace to get high strength and wear properties. Material composition are optimized to suit for sinter hardening process conditions. Thus, we have succeeded in the development of quill gears via sinter hardening, thus eliminating the forging and
Gunalan, Magendran, Deshmukh, Rahul, Bane, Uttam
Technical Paper
Compression Molding PressTBMG-3336312/01/2018
Beckwood Press Company Fenton, MO 636-343-4100
Magazine Article
Magnetic Cooling of Nanoelectronic ChipsTBMG-2856403/01/2018
High-tech refrigerators have been used to reach temperatures as close to absolute zero as possible — 0 kelvin or -273.15 °C. Physicists aim to cool equipment to as close to absolute zero as possible, because these extremely low temperatures offer the ideal conditions for quantum experiments, and allow entirely new physical phenomena to be examined.
Magazine Article
Tech Briefs April 201818AERP0202/01/2018
Multi-Domain Command and Control (MDC2) Changing the Face of Modern Warfare Loop Thermosyphons Gravity-Driven Two-Phase Cooling for the 21st Century CompactPCI Serial Space A New Embedded System Specification Takes on Extreme Environments Plain Bearings for Aerospace Applications Additive Manufacturing Materials for RF Components NASA CubeSats: Pushing the Boundaries of Technology Content Addressable Memory (CAM) Technologies for Big Data and Intelligent Electronics Enabled By Magneto-Electric Ternary CAM New associative memory approach based on the propagation of spikes provides ultra-low energy search operations. Natural DNA-Based Nonvolatile Resistive Switching Memory Reliable memory devices can be realized within a single macromolecule based on natural DNA. A Mechanistic Analysis of Oxygen Vacancy Driven Conductive Filament Formation in Resistive Random Access Memory Metal/NiO/Metal Structures Study could lead to more efficient electrically switchable resistive random access memory
Magazine Issue
AVIONICS REFRIGERATION COOLING SYSTEMARINC728 (Current)10/27/2017
This standard provides standards for the in accordance with which aircraft operators and manufacturers can order avionics refrigeration units and can design installations for an ARCS.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Characteristic
Femtosecond Laser Processing of Metal and PlasticsTBMG-2219706/01/2015
While precise and fast, the down side to cutting with microsecond (ms) fiber lasers has been that the parts require a number of post-processing operations after they are cut, which add significantly to part cost, and can also damage mechanically delicate parts.
Magazine Article
Stress Relief of Steel PartsAMS2759/11 (Historical)04/23/2014
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment in AMS 2759, establishes requirements for thermal stress relief treatments of parts manufactured from the following materials: a Carbon and Low Alloy Steels b Tool Steels c Precipitation Hardening, Corrosion-Resistant and Maraging Steels d Austenitic Corrosion-Resistant Steels e Martensitic Corrosion-Resistant Steels
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
CABIN EQUIPMENT INTERFACES PART 7 CABIN EQUIPMENT COOLING GENERAL SPECIFICATIONARINC628P7-2 (Current)06/24/2013
Cabin equipment installations tend to impose loads on aircraft electrical power systems not envisioned in the original airplane design. This standard provides guidance on the design of future aircraft air conditioning and equipment cooling systems. It also describes the environment in which cabin systems, including In-Flight Entertainment equipment are expected to operate.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
CONNECTOR, AIR DUCT HOSE, GROUND COOLING, MALEAS38386/1A (Current)01/07/2013
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
CONNECTOR, AIR DUCT HOSE, GROUND COOLING, FEMALEAS38386/2A (Current)01/07/2013
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Safety & Security Category WinnerTBMG-1205811/01/2011
Magazine Article
Cooling Lasers with Thin-Film Thermoelectric CoolersTBMG-1038107/01/2010
Laser diodes for telecommunications have traditionally used thermoelectric coolers (TECs) for precision temperature control to improve diode output levels and maintain wavelength integrity. A major trend for photonics in telecommunications has been the move to more integrated packaging that is smaller and simpler in structure in order to lower costs. This, in turn, has opened the door for higher volume manufacturing. In the course of this transition, conventional TEC solutions have become increasingly difficult to implement as conventional bulk thermoelectric technology has not kept pace with the size and power density requirements for next generation devices.
Magazine Article
Liquid Cooling/Warming GarmentTBMG-756503/01/2010
The NASA liquid cooling/ventilating garment (LCVG) currently in use was developed over 40 years ago. With the commencement of a greater number of extra-vehicular activity (EVA) procedures with the construction of the International Space Station, problems of astronaut comfort, as well as the reduction of the consumption of energy, became more salient.
Magazine Article
Breathing-Air and Cooling Apparatus for Protective SuitTBMG-TB-00749102/18/2010
Applications can include diving, space, and firefighting suits. The figure schematically illustrates a portable life-support apparatus for any of a variety of protective suits to be worn in hostile environments. A prototype of the apparatus has been fitted to space suits for use underwater. Astronauts wear these suits during training dives in a tank of warm water, using the neutral buoyancy available in the underwater environment to simulate aspects of the zero gravitation of outer space. The apparatus provides breathing air and adjustable cooling in the suit, while maintaining overall neutral buoyancy. The apparatus is readily adaptable to such related applications as conventional diving and space suits, firefighting suits, and protective garments to be worn in hot, toxic, and/or radioactive environments.
Magazine Article
Advanced Liquid-Cooling Garment Using Highly Thermally Conductive SheetsTBMG-660401/01/2010
This design of the liquid-cooling garment for NASA spacesuits allows the suit to remove metabolic heat from the human body more effectively, thereby increasing comfort and performance while reducing system mass. The garment is also more flexible, with fewer restrictions on body motion, and more effectively transfers thermal energy from the crewmember’s body to the external cooling unit. This improves the garment’s performance in terms of the maximum environment temperature in which it can keep a crewmember comfortable.
Magazine Article
Self-Configuring Hybrid Duct System and Attachment Technologies for Environmental Control Systems2009-01-327711/10/2009
Environmental Control Systems (ECS) ducts on airplanes are primarily fabricated from aluminum or thermoset composites, depending on temperature and pressure requirements. It is imperative to fabricate lightweight, cost effective, durable, and repairable systems with minimal tooling. It is also important that the duct systems are easy to assemble even with alignment issues resulting from structural variations, tolerance accumulation, variation from thermal expansion of different materials, and inherent duct stiffness. These requirements create an opportunity and need for a technology that can address all of these issues, while increasing performance at the same time. This report provides a background on current ECS ducting systems. It also introduces a new, innovative duct system technology and self-torquing attachment system for use in high temperature and pressure systems with the following characteristics: less than half the weight of current systems it is replacing, cost effective
Patel, Jayant D., Amorim, Vitor M.
Journal Article
Microfabrication and Testing of a Thermoelectric Device for Generating Mobile Electrical PowerTBMG-554908/01/2009
Several attractive features of thermo-electric (TE) technology include no moving parts, light weight, modularity, covertness, silence, high power density, low amortized cost, and long service life with no required maintenance. Many of the potential uses for mounted/ dismounted power, such as recharging batteries, are therefore ideal for TE technologies. However, these applications will require more interconnected, smaller-scale modular devices than are currently available. Most commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) TE devices are optimized for cooling, not for generating power, so new device structures with materials and geometries better optimized for power generation are needed for broader use of TE technologies.
Magazine Article
Composite Bipolar Plate for Unitized Fuel Cell/Electrolyzer SystemsTBMG-505504/01/2009
In a substantial improvement over present alkaline systems, an advanced hybrid bipolar plate for a unitized fuel cell/ electrolyzer has been developed. This design, which operates on pure feed streams (H2/O2 and water, respectively) consists of a porous metallic foil filled with a polymer that has very high water transport properties. Combined with a second metallic plate, the pore-filled metallic plates form a bipolar plate with an empty cavity in the center.
Magazine Article
Water Mist System for Shipboard Machinery Space FiresTBMG-TB-00508103/30/2009
The water mist system provides an efficient, effective, and non-toxic means to extinguish ship fires. Water mist has been determined to be a preferred alternative to Halon 1301 total flooding to extinguish fires occurring in ship machinery spaces and pump rooms, because it is toxicologically and physiologically inert. Water mist systems produce a drop size distribution with a range of drop sizes under 1000 μm, while the more conventional sprinkler systems produce much coarser particles. The smaller particle sizes have greater cooling efficiencies because evaporation and cooling are controlled by surface area, and the surface area of a large number of small droplets is greater than that of a small number of large droplets of the same total volume.
Magazine Article
Computational Simulation of a Water-Cooled Heat PumpTBMG-319209/01/2008
A Fortran-language computer program for simulating the operation of a water-cooled vapor-compression heat pump in any orientation with respect to gravity has been developed by modifying a prior general-purpose heat-pump design code used at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Al - though it is specific to the design of a high-temperature-lift heat pump for the International Space Station, this program could serve as a basis for development of general-purpose computational software for designing and analyzing liquid-cooled heat-pumps. The ORNL program contained models of refrigerant-fluid-to-air heat exchangers; the main modification consisted in replacing those models with models of plate-type heat exchangers utilizing water as both the cooling and the heating source liquid.
Magazine Article
Innovations Pertaining to Carbon-Based MaterialsTBMG-457704/01/2007
Some notable innovations in the design and manufacture of carbonbased materials have been made in a continuing program of basic research on carbon- based materials for use in propulsion systems of aircraft and spacecraft. The research has ranged over diverse topics that have included fabrication of carboncarbon composite-material components, protection of carbon against oxidation, microelectromechanical devices, and surface- tension phenomena.
Magazine Article
Effect of Temperature on Weld Strength in Chrome Moly Space Frames2006-01-364812/05/2006
Chromium Molybdenum Steel (AISI 4130), commonly referred to as “Chrome Moly”, is one of the most popular materials used in the construction of tubular space frames and chassis components for racing applications. Its high strength, light weight and comparably low material cost make the reasons for its popularity quite obvious. However, there is one problem that is commonly overlooked: maintaining the strength component of Chrome Moly in areas exposed to high levels of heat followed by rapid cooling during welding. This paper seeks to better understand the affects of cooling due to welding on the strength of Chrome Moly tubing.
Wood, Jonathan, Jawad, Badih, Riedel, Chris
Technical Paper
Soymilk And Tofu Processing On Mars: Can We Really Stow It?2004-01-252307/19/2004
The Soymilk, Tofu, Okara and Whey (STOW) Processor Prototype was designated for use in a habitat or extended base [Closed Environment Life Support System (CELSS)] where soybeans will be supplied in bulk or grown locally. Project objectives were to evaluate the STOW Processor’s ability to produce quality soymilk and tofu from the soybean cultivar Hoyt. Hoyt, a small standing, high protein cultivar was selected by the NASA Biomass Production System to be grown hydroponically in the Advanced Integration Matrix (AIM) facility for Mars missions. The quality and yield of the soymilk and tofu from Hoyt was compared to soymilk and tofu produced from three high protein cultivars [Vinton 81 (Gold Standard), C1994, and IA 2032LS]. Composition and characterization of each cultivar was determined using raw soybeans and finished products from small scale stove top systems, large scale steam kettle systems, and STOW simulations. The 2002 field grower Hoyt cultivar had less protein in the bean and
Wilson, Lester A., Zehr, Andy, French, Stephen J., Perchonok, Michele
Technical Paper
Performance Characteristics of MOSFETs Operating at High Power2000-01-362210/31/2000
This paper demonstrates that the on-resistance of a power MOSFET decreases significantly when the operating temperature decreases. The decrease in on-resistance under cryogenic temperature allows the device to operate at a much higher power and current condition. Also, it is demonstrated that the MOSFET device can be effectively kept at cryogenic temperature by spray cooling with liquid nitrogen. Over 80 W of heat generated can be removed continuously with spray cooling.
Lin, Y. R., Sundaram, K. B., Chow, L. C.
Technical Paper
Aspects of Weld Metallurgical Characteristics and Fracture Mechanism in Formability Tests of Non-Vacuum Electron Beam Tailor-Welded AA5754-O temper Aluminum Blanks2000-01-266310/03/2000
This study determines the correlation between microstructure, fracture mechanism and formability of Al tailor-welded blanks (TWBs). It is found that porosity in the welds is detrimental to the formability of non-vacuum electron beam (NVEB) welded AA5754-O temper Al TWBs. It is also found that the degree of influence of the weld characteristics on formability can be minimal in one test condition, but critical in another, depending on the loading condition, strain state (related to blank geometry) and relative position of the weld seam to the major strain during forming. Metallography, microhardness measurement, electron probe chemical analysis and fractography for 1-2 mm NVEB AA5754-O temper of Al TWBs were used to analyze precipitation, porosity, grain structure, microhardness profile and microchemistry profile across the weld of Al TWBs and their fracture mechanisms during forming tests. Formability of the NVEB welded AA5754 Al TWBs has been previously evaluated. In this study
Wang, Hermina, Martin, Pierre, Clarke, Jo Ann, Altshuller, Bernie, Finn, Mark J., Feng, Frank
Technical Paper
Development of alloy cast iron for press die2000-05-019406/12/2000
This paper describes the development of alloy cast iron that can be used for the cutting edges of the trimming die of a press die. Usually, a block of tool steel or steel casting is inserted at the cutting edge of the trimming die of a press die. However, we unified the structure part and the cutting-edge part of a press die with alloy cast iron. As it can''t bear as the cutting edge in this state, the cutting edge is processed by flame-hardening. After the flame- hardening, we developed the alloy cast iron so that enough hardness may be obtained by natural air cooling. Thereby, the machining of the installation seat of the cutting edge decreased and the expense of dies has been reduced.
Shinabe, Masahiro, Nakagawa, Norihiko, Kato, Toru, Nakade, Eiji, Ogawa, Jun, Matsumoto, Tomohiro
Technical Paper
Reducing Methanol Crossover in CH3OH-Fuel-Cell MembranesTBMG-671201/01/2000
Improved polymer electrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cells can be made by impregnating the baseline membrane material with cross-linked polystyrene (a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene). The baseline membrane material is a perfluorosulfonic acid-based hydrophilic, proton-conducting ion-exchange polymer sold under the trade name "Nafion". The principal benefit afforded by the impregnation is a reduction in permeability by methanol; this translates to less crossover of methanol in molecular form (denoted "methanol crossover" for short). Methanol crossover is undesired because it wastes fuel and thereby degrades fuel-cell performance.
Magazine Article
Making Liquid Air in Small, Economical QuantitiesTBMG-258109/01/1999
A mixing apparatus combines liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen to make liquid air in small, convenient quantities. Heretofore, equipment used to make liquid air by mixing was incapable of making batches smaller than 600 gallons (2,300 L). The present mixing apparatus produces liquid air on demand in batches as small as 100 liters; a batch of this size is suitable for filling self-contained breathing apparatuses like those worn by firefighters and others working in hostile environments.
Magazine Article
CONNECTOR, AIR DUCT HOSE, GROUND COOLING, MALEAS38386/1 (Historical)07/01/1999
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
CONNECTOR, AIR DUCT HOSE, GROUND COOLING, FEMALEAS38386/2 (Historical)07/01/1999
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Micromachined Heat Sinks1999-01-140804/06/1999
A silicon micromachined heat sink is presented. The device uses liquid cooling in microchannels to remove high heat fluxes. Deep reactive ion etching and multiple wafer bonding is employed to fabricate high aspect ratio, enhanced heat transfer surfaces and a flow channel network that enhances cooling efficiency and minimizes the pressure drop across the device. Experimental test results are presented. Tests to date indicate that up to 76.5 W/cm2 may be removed by the heat sink based on a 100°C electronic device temperature.
Bang, Christopher A., Pan, Tao
Technical Paper
Metal Flow of a Tailored Blank in Square Cup Deep Drawing98044702/23/1998
The application of tailored blanks to autobody parts has progressed because of its numerous advantages. The forming of tailored blanks has, however, a lot of technical problems. Among the problems, weld-line movement and formability deterioration are the most significant ones in case of deep drawing. The weld-line movement and formability change were examined experimentally as a function of weld-line location in square cup deep drawing. The weld-line movement of tailored blank consists of two sources. One is the geometrical reason, and the other is due to the hardening of weld bead. The formability of tailored blank is inferior to that of an original blank by the existence of hardened weld region. The mode of fracture changes from wall breakage to a fracture adjacent to punch radius when the weld-line was close to the punch corner.
Pak, Suk-Wan, Usuda, Matsuo, Hayashi, Hisashi
Technical Paper
Physical Metallurgy Applications and Enhanced Machinability of Microalloyed V-Ti-N Forging Steels98088402/23/1998
Medium-carbon, microalloyed forging steels represent a cost effective replacement of quenched and tempered grades. Their strength properties are derived from precipitation during cooling from the forging temperature. Because of the relatively high carbon content, vanadium is the most suitable addition to achieve precipitation strengthening. The effectiveness of vanadium is enhanced by the presence of nitrogen. For components subjected to impact loading, improvement in toughness is achieved by refining austenitic grains, pinning their boundaries by means of dispersed titanium nitrides. Precipitation strengthened ferrite-pearlite steels exhibit superior machinability compared to that of quenched and tempered alloy steels. As a result, the total machining costs are substantially reduced compared to the costs of machining heat-treated steels. The frequency of tool breakage and tool changes decrease dramatically, virtually eliminating line scrap and unnecessary downtime. Improved
Banerji, S. K., Glodowski, R. J., Korchynsky, M.
Technical Paper
Interstitial Free Sheet Steel - Applications and Performance72001802/01/1972
Interstitial free sheet steel containing columbium (niobium) has been used in a variety of difficult deep drawing applications in the automotive and appliance industries. Performance data have shown a significant increase in deep drawability for this steel over drawing quality aluminum-killed steel. Breakage rates in difficult deep drawn parts have been reduced, often dramatically. One or more anneals between draws have been eliminated and better finished parts have been formed. Laboratory research trials have shown that one or more drawing steps of a multistage draw can be eliminated in a complex part.
Elias, J. A., Hook, R. E.
Technical Paper
APPLICATIONS OF CURRENT MATERIALS TO HOT AIRFRAME DESIGN59035201/01/1959
Authors discuss the solution of some hot-airframe design problems using currently available materials, properly selected and arranged. Emphasis is placed on designs which do not employ artificial cooling systems, but do exploit radiant cooling and advantageous thermal characteristics of materials. Desired future developments are also discussed.
DUNN, M. B., MUSGROVE, M. D., RITCHIE, O. T.
Technical Paper
DEVELOPMENT OF AIRFRAME MANUFACTURING METHODS56016201/01/1956
BUCEY, BOYD K.
Technical Paper
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