Browse Topic: Fire suppression

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Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-02671/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types—including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles—while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include the use of a transient dynamometer that features an advanced
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Augusta Regional Airport Preparation for Transformative VTOL Air Vehicle OperationsF-0081-2025-01325/20/2025
The emergence of electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) air vehicles is transforming how people and freight are moved in short distances. This transformation has a profound impact on surrounding infrastructure necessary to provide Aircraft On Ground support for eVTOLs. The hover capabilities of eVTOLs have similar operating characteristics within terminal and uncontrolled airspace. However, the need to conserve battery energy via rapid approaches and departures affects terminal airspace management. To attract eVTOL operators, existing airports, landing zones, and vertiports are modifying their infrastructure to include fixed electric charging stations, additional taxiways, upgraded fire suppression systems, separate hangers, and capable MRO facilities. Augusta Regional Airport (KAGS) is the base airport for the annual Masters Golf Tournament which experiences five times the normal airport traffic and some 40,000 commuting patrons. eVTOLs can offset land traffic issues associated
Stanzione, Kaydon, Johnston, Diane
Fire Containment Cover - Operation and UseARP6905 (Current)4/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the effective operation and use of fire containment covers (FCCs). Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) C203 and C90e (and later revisions) incorporate AS6453, and provide the Minimum Performance Standards (MPS) for an FCC design. The net and pallet used with the FCC must be approved using the updated net and flammability requirements in TSO C90e and later revisions. However, fire containment performance also requires this equipment is properly used. Fire safety is compromised when FCCs are used in an inadequate manner.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Fire Containment Cover - Operation and UseARP6905-TEST-REC (Historical)4/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the effective operation and use of fire containment covers (FCCs). Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) C203 and C90e (and later revisions) incorporate AS6453, and provide the Minimum Performance Standards (MPS) for an FCC design. The net and pallet used with the FCC must be approved using the updated net and flammability requirements in TSO C90e and later revisions. However, fire containment performance also requires this equipment is properly used. Fire safety is compromised when FCCs are used in an inadequate manner.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Hydrostatic Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment ChamberTBMG-2349512/1/2015
A hyperbaric chamber has been designed to achieve the goals of maximizing safety, minimizing complexity, and minimizing cost of hyperbaric chamber therapy. This design minimizes the volume of compressed gas in the chamber, and eliminates the need for complex gas mixing, carbon dioxide scrubbing, thermal management, and fire suppression systems. The simple pressurization system affords safe operation by minimally trained personnel. It requires only clean water and small volumes of compressed oxygen, and uses no electrical power. These features allow the chamber to be used in remote, undeveloped locations where hyperbaric oxygen therapy is currently not feasible.
Hydrostatic Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment ChamberTBMG-2304110/1/2015
A hyperbaric chamber has been designed to achieve the goals of maximizing safety, minimizing complexity, and minimizing cost of hyperbaric chamber therapy. This design minimizes the volume of compressed gas in the chamber, and eliminates the need for complex gas mixing, carbon dioxide scrubbing, thermal management, and fire suppression systems. The simple pressurization system affords safe operation by minimally trained personnel. It requires only clean water and small volumes of compressed oxygen, and uses no electrical power. These features allow the chamber to be used in remote, undeveloped locations where hyperbaric oxygen therapy is currently not feasible.
Global Fire Detection ConstellationTBMG-2073010/1/2014
Wildfires that start in backcountry areas sometimes burn for hours before being detected and reported. Satellites offer a vantage point from which infrared sensors can detect fires. Individual satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) offer infrequent overpasses, making the delay from ignition to detection unacceptably long. Geostationary satellites offer a platform from which to maintain a round-the-clock vigil, but lack geographic precision, and cannot detect a rather small fire within a large pixel definitively above noise.
ISS Experiment Studies Flames and Fire Suppression in SpaceTBMG-1492910/1/2012
A combustion experiment jointly designed by scientists and engineers at NASA’s Glenn Research Center (Cleveland, OH) and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) is currently in operation onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The Burning and Suppression of Solids (BASS) experiment will bridge the gap among normal-gravity material flammability screening tests, short-time ground-based microgravity tests, and actual zero-gravity spacecraft conditions. The basic applied hypothesis is that in certain conditions, a material in zero-gravity will be more flammable than it is in normal gravity.
2010 Create the Future Design Contest Safety and Security Category WinnerTBMG-880211/1/2010
(Winner of an HP Workstation)
Fine-Water-Mist Multiple-Orientation-Discharge Fire ExtinguisherTBMG-TB-0066791/14/2010
{ntb_intro_text}A fine-water-mist fire-suppression device developed at John H. Glenn Research Center can be discharged uniformly in any orientation via a high-pressure gas propellant. Research in recent years has shown that fine water mist can be an effective alternative to ozone-destructive Halons.{/ntb_intro_text}
Fine-Water-Mist Multiple-Orientation-Discharge Fire ExtinguisherTBMG-66791/1/2010
A fine-water-mist fire-suppression device has been designed so that it can be discharged uniformly in any orientation via a high-pressure gas propellant. Standard fire extinguishers used while slightly tilted or on their side will not discharge all of their contents. Thanks to the new design, this extinguisher can be used in multiple environments such as aboard low-gravity spacecraft, airplanes, and aboard vehicles that may become overturned prior to or during a fire emergency. Research in recent years has shown that fine water mist can be an effective alternative to Halons now banned from manufacture.
Fire Suppression System Protects Giant Crawler TransportersTBMG-580210/1/2009
Stat-X fire suppression system Fireaway LLC Minnetonka, MN 952-935-9745 http://statx.com
Composite Material Fire Safety Training CourseTBMG-46728/1/2006
AFRL scientists and engineers, working cooperatively with experts from academia and the firefighting community, have developed a Composite Material Fire Safety training program designed to improve the safety and effectiveness of Air Force, Department of Defense (DoD), and civilian firefighters. The team created the program to educate firefighters on the methodologies they need to rapidly and safely extinguish composite materials fires.
Evaluation of Automatic Fire Suppression Systems in Full Scale Vehicle Fire Tests and Static Vehicle Fire Tests2005-01-17884/11/2005
A prototype fire suppression system was tested in one full-scale vehicle crash tests and three static vehicle fire tests. The prototype fire suppression system consisted of 2 Solid Propellant Gas Generators and two optical detectors. These components were installed on the hood of the test vehicle. A vehicle crash test and a series of static vehicle fire tests were performed to determine the effectiveness of this prototype fire suppression systems in extinguishing fires in the engine compartment of a crashed vehicle
Santrock, Jeffrey, Hodges, Steven E.
Verification of ECLS Functions Using CFD: The Columbus Laboratory and ATV Pressurized Module Experience2002-01-24917/15/2002
The verification of the on-orbit performance of the functions constituting a Space Manned System is one of the critical points of the space projects. These activities are generally performed by test on ground facilities using flight models or high fidelity mock-ups. A big effort and some assumption are necessary to make negligible the gravity force effects on the collected results. A verification of the function performances by analysis permits to simplify this task by using a CFD virtual mockup (derived by the CAD models) and mathematically removing the gravitational effects. The verification by CFD analysis is the strategy followed by Alenia Spazio to confirm the performance of both, the Fire Suppression & Air Ventilation for Space Manned Modules when these functions belonging the ECLSS. This paper report the experience gained over the past years in correlating the CFD models on the basis of tests performed on high fidelity mock-up.
Saluzzi, Antonio, De Maio, Biagio
CUPOLA Environmental Control System2000-01-23117/10/2000
The Cupola Environmental Control System (ECS) has the task to ensure the required Cupola internal environment using passive and active control means, in response to the relevant applicable Cupola requirements. The ECS is subdivided into a Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS) and an Environmental & Life Control Subsystem (ECLS). The particular characteristics of Cupola design requires a non standard way to control the internal environment conditions: TCS controls the Cupola primary structures through an High Temperature water Loop (HTL) avoiding shell heaters necessity in the cold cases and representing also an heat sink for the windows assy in the hot cases; ECLS design realizes the air distribution inside the cabin volume using the gap existing between the primary and secondary structure without dedicated ducts. The major ECS functions are: to control the primary and secondary structure temperatures, to homogenize the structural walls temperature using the HTL, to prevent the condensate
Tosi, M. C., De Filippis, P., Saluzzi, A.
MPLM - Environmental Control System Design Evolution9723137/1/1997
The Mini Pressurised Logistics Module (MPLM) has the important job of servicing the Space Station via the National Space Transportation System (NSTS). During the previous and the on-going Alenia design activities, a continous effort is spent to optimize the MPLM performance characteristics with a possible mass reduction. The aim is to reach the best compromise between different needs: the payload requirements, the functional ground and flight operational constraints (three units qualified for 25 flight missions each), the total mass available for the payload. This paper has the objective to document the recent configuration changes and activities of the last couple of years. The two subsystems involved in this evolution are the Thermal Control (TCS) and the Environmental Control (ECLSS). Most of the MPLM equipment has already passed the Critical Design Review (CDR) step and the update situation for each piece of equipment is listed in this paper. Also at S/S level intensive test
D'Auria, R., Antonacci, M., Moscatelli, A.
Columbus APM Environmental Control System Overview: Space Station and APM Restructuring Consequences9413056/1/1994
This paper describes the main changes affecting the APM Environmental Control System (ECS) as a consequence of the Space Station Freedom (SSF) restructuring and Columbus APM overall reconfiguration. The main purposes of this reconfiguration are: minimize the number and complexity of the interfaces with Space Station Freedom (SSF) centralize avionics command and monitoring tasks revisit the failure tolerance concept of some ECS functions unify/standardize similar functions in the two subsystem adjust lifetime requirements and simplify maintenance concept of equipment. The APM ECS consists of the following functions: active thermal control (ATCS) passive thermal control (PTCS) atmosphere pressure and composition control air revitalization and cabin ventilation temperature and humidity control vacuum and venting nitrogen supply fire detection and suppression. The new ATCS configuration provides a cooling capability for a reduced number of P/L racks by means of its moderate loop. No
Gargioli, Eugenio, Balocco, Paolo, Leiseifer, Hans Peter, Sarri, Giuseppe
CFD Modelling on Fire Detection and Suppression in a Columbus Rack9416076/1/1994
The Columbus fire suppression procedure is based on a centralized CO2 distribution system which injects the CO2 stored in a tank into the volume where the fire has to be extinguished. The fire is detected in each volume by means of the so-called REP (Rack Essential Package), which contains a fan and the smoke sensor. In order to assess the Fire Detection and Suppression design concept and to identify possible critical areas, Alenia Spazio - with the support of Flowsolve UK, and on behalf of EUROCOLUMBUS - has performed an analysis using a Computational Fluido-Dynamic (CFD) tool. The rack containing the water pump assembly and other electronic equipment has been chosen for the study. As far as the Fire Detection is concerned, the simulation intends to predict the flow field established in the rack by the ventilation system and the transport of smoke by this velocity field from a supposed point source. The smoke from any fire within the rack must be transported to the sensor so the fire
Veneri, Ruggero, Parodi, Paola
Urea Compound, PowderAMS1731B (Current)3/1/1994
This specification has been designated as "SUPERSEDED" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of May 17, 1993. The requirements of this specification are embodied in the latest issue of AMS 1431.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Comparison Testing of the Space Shuttle Orbiter and Space Station Freedom Smoke Detectors9322917/1/1993
This paper describes the results of a series of tests that were conducted to compare the performance characteristics of the smoke detectors currently used on the Space Shuttle Orbiter and those recently developed and baselined for use on Space Station Freedom. The objective of the tests, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at Johnson Space Center (JSC), was to determine if there were significant improvements in the latest sensing technology being developed for the Space Station program which could benefit the Shuttle program.
Steisslinger, H. R., Hoy, D. M., McLin, J. A., Thomas, E. C.
Urea Compound, PowderAMS1731A (Historical)10/1/1991
G-12 Aircraft Ground Deicing Steering Group
Urea Compound, PowderAMS1731 (Historical)10/15/1979
G-12 Aircraft Ground Deicing Steering Group
Airborne Fire Suppression and Rescue Techniques6204411/1/1962
Helicopters have attained a new stage in rescue operations. From being used primarily to retrieve and transport crash victims, they have now emerged as an integrated airborne crash fire rescue system by virtue of the development of especially designed helicopters, specialized equipment, and refined techniques. This integrated system is presently being used as a primary means of rescuing aircraft crash survivors from post crash fires, especially where surface rescue equipment is not immediately available. Examples of rescues are presented.
Jordon, H. F.
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