Browse Topic: Air supply

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Basic Aircraft Oxygen Systems DesignAIR825/14 (Current)8/11/2021
This slash document collects general reference material related to gaseous oxygen system flow requirements and sizing calculations. This document will assist oxygen system equipment designers and operators to establish systems and equipment requirements. The document consists of charts, tables, system schematics, system requirements, and sample calculations for system sizing.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Collaborative Automation: It's More Than Just the CobotTBMG-3560812/1/2019
Collaborative robots, often called “cobots,” offer opportunities for companies of almost any size to cost-effectively automate processes that were previously out of reach. Cobots are available in a wide range of sizes, payloads, and capabilities but they all share attributes that define the term “collaborative.” The aspect that most people think of first is safety — the ability for cobots to work alongside human workers without bulky, expensive guarding. Cobots include a number of built-in safety mechanisms including rounded edges and softer materials as well as power-and force-limiting technologies that avoid injury and minimize discomfort in case of contact, and sensors that automatically slow or stop the robot arm if a human enters its workspace.
Does Your Coating System Require Climate Control? What to Look For and What to ExpectTBMG-3342212/1/2018
There is one aspect of the paint and coatings finishing business virtually guaranteed to give the budget director heart failure: climate control. There's no way around it – climate control systems are expensive.
Experimental Investigation of the Aerodynamic Benefits of Truck Platooning2018-01-07324/3/2018
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has conducted a series of scaled wind tunnel tests to investigate the aerodynamic benefits of heavy vehicle platooning and the availability of cooling air for trailing vehicles on two- and three-vehicle platoons. To measure the aerodynamic drag, scale models are mounted onto a LLNL designed splitter plate by means of a low-friction linear bearing and a load cell located within each model trailer. In addition to drag, pressure measurements are made with a pitot probe positioned at the center of each model radiator grill. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Infrared Thermography (IRT) measurements are used to map the three-dimensional velocity field and flow structures around the vehicles. Three different vehicle platoon configurations have been tested: two aligned vehicles with separation distances of 5′-320′ with and without trailer boattails; three aligned vehicles with 30′, 40′, and 50′ separation distances between first and second vehicles and 5′-220′ separation distances between the second and third vehicles without trailer boattails; two misaligned vehicles with separation distances of 30′, 50′, and 160′ with a misaligned percentage of 0-50% based on the trailer width with and without trailer boattails. Wind tunnel data is acquired for yaw angles ranging from −9° to 9° in 3° increments to account for crosswind effects. The cooling air supply to the trailing vehicle varies with vehicle spacing and becomes quite small and even negative for spacing less than 15′; however, at 120′ and larger separation distances it asymptotically approaches 70% of the lead vehicle air supply. For separation distances of 30′-50′, the aerodynamic benefit for the two-vehicle platoon ranges from 21% to 23% and 10% to 13% for vehicles with and without trailer boattails, respectively. Increasing the number of vehicles in the platoon increases the overall aerodynamic benefit and an additional benefit is achieved by adding boattails to the platoon vehicles.
Salari, Kambiz, Ortega, Jason
Insights into Engine Knock: Comparison of Knock Metrics across Ranges of Intake Temperature and Pressure in the CFR Engine2018-01-02104/3/2018
Of late there has been a resurgence in studies investigating parameters that quantify combustion knock in both standardized platforms and modern spark-ignition engines. However, it is still unclear how metrics such as knock (octane) rating, knock onset, and knock intensity are related and how fuels behave according to these metrics across a range of conditions. As part of an ongoing study, the air supply system of a standard Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) F1/F2 engine was modified to allow mild levels of intake air boosting while staying true to its intended purpose of being the standard device for American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-specified knock rating or octane number tests. For instance, the carburation system and intake air heating manifold are not altered, but the engine was equipped with cylinder pressure transducers to enable both logging of the standard knockmeter readout and state-of-the-art indicated data. For this study, the engine was operated using primary reference fuel 90 (PRF90) at 600 rpm, first following the procedures of the ASTM D2699 research octane number test protocol in order to define the geometric compression ratio set point for standard knock number. Thereafter, compression ratio sweeps were conducted at intake temperatures ranging from 30 to 150°C and intake air boost extending from 0 to 0.3 bar above ambient. The resulting operating map provided a broad envelope of compressed in-cylinder conditions relevant to modern spark-ignition engines. Detailed analysis of the indicated data highlighted a poor correlation between established knock intensity metrics and the knockmeter reading, which is used to characterize a fuel’s octane number. It was further found that the auto-ignition characteristics of PRF90 could be perturbed by means of intake air boosting and heating without being captured by the knockmeter reading.
Rockstroh, Toby, Kolodziej, Christopher P., Jespersen, Mads C., Goldsborough, S. Scott, Wallner, Thomas
Thermoelectric CoolingTBMG-252458/1/2016
There are many places one can go to get an outline on the pros and cons of different methods for enclosure cooling. Although we will briefly touch on them here, this is really an in-depth article on how to choose a Peltier (thermoelectric) air conditioner, once you have committed to the technology.
THERMOELECTRIC COOLING16AERP08_078/1/2016
How Does It Work? Why Should You Choose It? There are many places one can go to get an outline on the pros and cons of different methods for enclosure cooling. Although we will briefly touch on them here, this is really an in-depth article on how to choose a Peltier (thermoelectric) air conditioner, once you have committed to the technology.
Analysis of Defogging Pattern on Windshield and Ventilation Load Reduction based on Humidity Distribution Control2016-01-02564/5/2016
In the winter, windshield glass fogging must be prevented through the intake of outdoor air into a vehicle. However, the corresponding energy loss via the ventilation system cannot be ignored. In the present study, the defogging pattern on the windshield is evaluated and the water vapor transportation in the flow field in the vehicle is analyzed in order to investigate the ventilation load by means of a numerical simulation. Some examined cases involve new outlet positions. Additionally, a new, energy-saving air supply method for defogging, with so-called “double-layer ventilator”, is proposed. In this method, one air jet layer is obtained via a conventional defogging opening in the vicinity of the windshield, supplying an outdoor air intake. The other jet consists of recirculated air that covers the outdoor air, preventing it from mixing with the surrounding air. The calculation results indicate that the exhaust opening location, from which the internal vehicle air is obtained for recirculation, affects the cabin flow field, the windshield fogging pattern and the ventilation load. The water vapor generated from human occupants did not spread well and that is why there was the humidity gradient in the vehicle. This means that the flow field must be considered in order to achieve efficient defogging, that is done by emitting the water vapor immediately. The double-layer method exhibits the same level of defogging performance as single-layer techniques, even with half the airflow velocity. The energy load can be reduced by approximately 5 % using the appropriate conditions.
Nagano, Hideaki, Tomita, Kenji, Tanoue, Yasuhiro, Kobayashi, Yuji, Kohri, Itsuhei, Kato, Shinsuke
Design and Optimisation of the Propulsion Control Strategy for a Pneumatic Hybrid City Bus2016-01-11754/5/2016
A control strategy has been designed for a city bus equipped with a pneumatic hybrid propulsion system. The control system design is based on the precise management of energy flows during both energy storage and regeneration. Energy recovered from the braking process is stored in the form of compressed air that is redeployed for engine start and to supplement the engine air supply during vehicle acceleration. Operation modes are changed dynamically and the energy distribution is controlled to realize three principal functions: Stop-Start, Boost and Regenerative Braking. A forward facing simulation model facilitates an analysis of the vehicle dynamic performance, engine transient response, fuel economy and energy usage. To identify respectively (1) the maximum overall fuel economy, (2) the maximum amount of air and energy recovered during the braking and (3) the minimum loss of available energy during acceleration, a number of variables in the control strategy are selected in an optimisation process. Three optimisation algorithms are compared in different aspects of the control strategy: (1) using the Pattern Search to optimise the initial air tank pressure for every stop-start event in order to maximize the pressure increment in the air tanks; (2) conducting the Genetic Algorithm optimisation to find out the best gear change strategy during braking in order to maximize the energy recovery to the air tanks; and (3) implementing the multiobjective optimisation to simultaneously minimize the fuel consumption and the loss of available energy in the air flow during acceleration. The rationale for the choice of optimisation methods is explained and recommendations made for the development of energy management strategies in which a variety of different vehicle functions contribute to an overall fuel economy benefit.
Bao, Ran, Stobart, Richard
Station SpacewalkTBMG-2108112/1/2014
The Station Spacewalk game enables players to virtually conduct NASA repair work on the International Space Station, including jobs critical to help power up the space station so it can continue to operate. Players are provided with a limited quantity of oxygen during which they must complete extravehicular activities (EVAs) and return to the airlock before the air supply runs out.
Simulation and Analysis of a Hybrid Pneumatic Engine Based on In-Cylinder Waste Heat Recovery2014-01-23559/30/2014
Internal combustion engine is still expected to be the major power unit to propel vehicles for decades from now on. However, for normal driving conditions, more than half of the consumed fuel energy of engine is wasted, in the form of exhaust heat and coolant heat. In order to recover the waste heat generated in the thermodynamic cycle of internal combustion engine, a novel hybrid pneumatic engine concept is proposed. After combustion process, additional compressed air is injected into the cylinder to absorb the heat released by the fuel, and the expansion process of compressed air is optimized. The model of the hybrid pneumatic engine cycle is established and explored in GT-POWER, and it is then used to analyze the influences of the main design parameters on the cycle dynamic and economic performance. The preliminary simulation results show that engine power and economic performance is mainly related to the compressed air supply, the fuel mass and the engine speed. The pneumatic motor mode is suitable for low engine speed condition, while hybrid motor mode for low load in medium and high speed condition, and combustion motor mode for heavy load in medium and high speed condition.
Li, Daofei, Xu, Huanxiang, Wang, Lei, Fan, Zhipeng, Dou, Wenbo, Yu, Xiaoli
Automotive Engineering International 2012-07-1712AEID07177/17/2012
Breathing life into fuel cells Daimler unit NuCellSys has been making advances in the air supply for fuel-cell stacks, with a new system in the works.
Air Supply System for Automotive Fuel Cell Application2012-01-12254/16/2012
A fuel cell system consists of a stack, a hydrogen fuel supply and an air supply system. This provides the required air flow and pressure which allows the stack to properly react on the cathode side to recombine Oxygen with the Hydrogen's protons and electrons resulting in water and heat. In addition the air flow and pressure are supporting directly or indirectly the water management. In this paper different air supply systems for automotive application developed by NuCellSys are compared: screw compressor and electrical turbo charger. Different technologies and control strategies allow the fuel cell system integrator to find the optimum between performances, weight, volume and cost. The authors describe the challenges and the new frontier of air supply systems for automotive fuel cell system application.
Venturi, Massimo, Sang, Jochen, Knoop, Andreas, Hornburg, Gerald
Fuel-Fired Heaters - Air Heating - for Construction and Industrial MachineryJ1024_201111 (Current)11/30/2011
This standard covers off-road, self-propelled work machines as categorized in SAE J1116. This standard outlines requirements that must be met in order for the heating equipment to perform satisfactorily on construction and industrial machinery.
Common Tests Technical Steering Committee
Safety & Security Category WinnerTBMG-1205811/1/2011
Germs and Flying: Developing Ventilation System Criteria2011-01-269010/18/2011
The development of ventilation and filter design criteria to limit exposures to airborne infectious aerosols requires knowledge of infectious aerosol generation and inhalation rates, ventilation and filtration/kill rates, ventilation efficiency, occupancy spatial volumes and exposure times. This study calculates respirable infectious aerosol exposure and normal at rest inhalation quantities by a group of persons using in-practice values for these spatial and HVAC parameters and an assumed influenza aerosol generation rate from the normally exhaled breath of one ill person for eight settings including both narrow and wide-body aircraft.
Walkinshaw, Douglas Stuart
Nanoparticle Filtration for Vehicle Cabins2008-01-08274/14/2008
A filter system is presented which allows the reduction of the concentration of ultrafine particles in vehicle cabins to very low levels. The original ventilation system is switched to the recirculation mode and all cabin intake air is supplied via a retrofitted filter system. Tests with a variety of different vehicles (from passenger cars to coaches) show the efficiency of the system.
Burtscher, Heinz, Loretz, Siegfried, Keller, Alejandro, Mayer, Andreas, Kasper, Markus, Artley, Richard John, Strasser, Ralph, Czerwinski, Jan
The Application of MFR in Ventilation System Design2007-01-30727/9/2007
To meet crew comfort criteria, remove CO2, control contaminant and so on, the velocities of cabin air are required to be distributed within a specified range. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model of a given space station cabin is built to study the velocity distribution of cabin air, especially when the air flowrate varies. This paper introduces a new conception: the Margin of FlowRate (MFR). The characteristic of the MFR and its application are introduced. The MFR specifies a flowrate range based on the velocity distribution requirements. When air flowrate varies within this range, the velocity distribution of cabin air can always meet the requirement. As the safety is emphasized increasingly, the MFR will be proved useful in designing and qualifying the ventilation system.
Shiming, Fu, Xiaoping, Xu, Jindong, Li, Zengfu, Pan
A Study on Design Factors for the Air Ventilating System of Highway Express Buses2006-01-345510/31/2006
In efforts to prevent airflow noise and conserve heated and/or cooled air, express bus design has favored fixed windows, double glasses and closed structures with lower rates of ventilation. However, because there are many passengers in an express bus at the same time, offensive odor, carbon dioxide and other contaminants may accumulate in the bus's indoor. If sufficient amounts of ambient air are not brought into or distributed throughout the passenger compartment of the bus, in-bus air problems may result. An air ventilating system of the express bus that is properly designed, and that has a good performance of natural ventilation, can promote the air quality of the passenger compartment and the comfort of passengers. In order to design an effective ventilating system of the express buses, some design factors such as air inlet/outlet positions, air distribution, proportion of ambient air, and airflow control are considered computationally and experimentally in this work.
Shin, Seong-kook, Jeong, Byong-man, Lim, Seok-joo
Auxiliary Heating Systems of Conventional and Heat Pump Type: Technology, Performance and Efficiency2005-01-20555/10/2005
A variety of different heating systems of heat-pump-type with refrigerant R744 have been investigated on the test bench for basic functionality, heating performance and efficiency. The experimental results served to validate calculations of Behr's simulation tool BISS that allows calculating the heat-up of different heating systems, considering the characteristics of the heating system, the engine and the passenger compartment. This paper gives an overview of the investigated R744 heating systems including heat pumps with ambient air or engine-coolant as heat source and dissipative heating systems to compare them with conventional systems such as the PTC heater and the fuel-fired heater. The main characteristics of the systems and the results of the heat-up-calculations are discussed.
Feuerecker, Günther, Schäfer, Bernd, Strauss, Thomas
Development and Evaluation of a Multi-Functional Steering Wheel Switch2005-01-04244/11/2005
In this paper we propose a new multi-functional steering wheel switch for HVAC and audio systems. This new switch has five buttons on the front side of the spoke area and one button with vibration on the backside of it. Drivers can operate either HVAC or audio functions with the front switches, and HVAC or audio mode can be alternatively selected by pressing the back switch. Since different vibration modes are assigned for the HVAC and audio mode, drivers can also easily recognize which function can be operated. By changing the assignment of the mode in this way, the switch can operate more than 10 functions with 6 buttons allocated on the spoke area. Several kinds of evaluations were performed in order to develop this multi-functional switch. At first, to optimize the positions of the buttons, the behaviors of thumbs and fingers were measured. Also the physical workload of the thumb motion and middle fingers' postures was evaluated when subjects operated the switches. Secondly, tactile sensibility of humans was investigated, and sensory evaluations concerned with vibration sensitivity were performed to decide the specification of the vibration. Thirdly, functions for operating the HVAC and audio systems with this switch were selected by considering driving situations. Finally, the switch that was developed based on the results of these evaluations was re-evaluated by using a driving simulator to verify the operability of the switch. As a result of this evaluation, it was shown that the new switch with the functions for both the HVAC and audio systems performs well compared to the conventional switches.
Kamiya, Naoki, Takeuchi, Shuichi, Shinzato, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi
Pneumatic Ground Power Supplies for Starting AircraftAIR944C (Current)4/6/2004
The material contained in this report has been simplified to facilitate its use. Specific manufacturers should be contacted for more detailed information. Many of the basic power supplies are available in numerous configurations and some provide shaft power or electrical power in addition to the pneumatic capability. Vehicles for the ground transportation of the power supplies are also varied to fit specific requirements.
AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee
A Computer Model Based Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters of an Automotive Air Conditioning System2004-01-15643/8/2004
The objective of this work is to perform a computer model based sensitivity analysis of parameters of an automotive air conditioning system to identify the critical parameters. Design of Experiment (DOE) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques have been used to identify the critical parameters and their relative effects on the air conditioning system performance. The sensitivity analysis has been verified by running similar tests on an air conditioning system test stand (AC Test Stand).
Rahman, Sadek, Bathla, Pritam S., Singh, Kanwerdip, Sun, Richard L.
DRIVE - 3/4 * GENERATOR-10" BC- FEMALE PILOTAS535 (Current)12/16/2002
AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee
Method for Analyzing Lubricating Oil Contamination of Aircraft Systems2002-01-294211/5/2002
Cabin air quality is of continuing importance [1]. Contamination of air with particulates or vapors has the potential of affecting the health of passengers and flight crew. Therefore, measures are required to maintain acceptable levels of cabin air quality. One potential source of cabin air contamination is lubricating oils used in the engines. Type II oils are required for the main engines, but Type I or Type II oils can be used for the APU, with Type I recommended by some engine manufacturers for its cold-start properties. Southwest Research Institutes (SwRI®) Department of Emissions Research used an internally developed analytical method called Direct Filter Injection/Gas Chromatograph (DFI/GC™) to analyze for volatile fractions of lubricating oil contaminants on Environmental Control System (ECS) components. Samples of two standard Type II aviation turbine lubricating oils were analyzed with the DFI/GC™ method and their spectra examined. Sufficient differences were observed to clearly identify the oils. A sample of accumulated contaminant taken from a part of a failed ECS pack was analyzed and clearly identified as one of the two lubricating oils. An aircraft was set up with one oil in the main jet engines and the other oil in the Auxiliary Power Unit. When a problem occurred with the ECS pack, samples of deposits were analyzed from ECS pack components, and the lubricating oil contaminant source was clearly identified. Therefore, the DFI/GC method was shown to be very useful in identifying the source of oil contamination on ECS pack components. It is believed that the technique has similar usefulness in investigating oil contamination of a variety of aircraft components.
Bartley, Gordon J. J., Anderson, Andy M., Jones, Kenneth B.
iDrive – The New Interaction Concept for Automotive Cockpits2002-21-004210/21/2002
The very first objective of each HMI system is to arrange its handling as intuitive and easy as possible so that the driver can concentrate on the driving, which means driving in a safe manner as well as real fun to drive. Since the arrival of microelectronics, the number of functions in the vehicle which go beyond the straightforward business of driving have been ever increasing. This enormous range of functionality and information should continue to be usable easily and intuitively by the most varied types of driver without diverting the driver's attention from the traffic and putting the safety of the driver and passengers at risk. With the new operation concept iDrive BMW has set a big milestone.
Spreng, Manfred
Energy Efficient Automotive Air Conditioning System2002-01-02293/4/2002
The focus of the present paper is the energy efficient automotive air conditioning system, which ipso facto is also environmentally friendly from the standpoint of global warming impact. Two efficiency enhancement strategies are presented - one entailing the use of judicious amount of recirculated air and another relying on reduction in the amount of reheating of the chilled air employed in the conventional system. The first strategy, referred to as the air inlet mixture strategy, reduces the air conditioning load by mixing proper amount of recirculated air with the outside air. The second strategy, referred to as the series reheat reduction strategy, reduces reheating of chilled air under low to moderate load conditions. Analytical relations are presented for the determination of reduction in air conditioning load due to mixing of outside air with varying amounts of recirculated air as well as due to reduction in the series reheat. Finally, extensive analytical and test results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the two energy efficiency strategies.
Forrest, W. O., Bhatti, M. S.
Drive - 3/4 * Generator - 8" BC - Male PilotAS532A (Current)10/1/2001
AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee
Drive - 3/4 * Generator - 10" BC - Male PilotAS534A (Current)10/1/2001
AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee
Flange - 3/4 Generator - 8" BC - Female PilotAS533A (Current)10/1/2001
AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee
Thermal Comfort, Ventilation Efficiency, Contaminant Removal Effectiveness and Safety in the Columbus Cabin2000-01-22987/10/2000
Columbus is being built as the European contribution to the International Space Station (ISS) Program. The ECLS subsystem is developed by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace/Dornier under a contract from Alenia Aerospazio. This paper will survey the qualification test results of the Columbus cabin ventilation subjective test conduction up to February 2000.
Haidl, Thomas, Lehr, Bernd, Raatschen, Willigert
CUPOLA Environmental Control System2000-01-23117/10/2000
The Cupola Environmental Control System (ECS) has the task to ensure the required Cupola internal environment using passive and active control means, in response to the relevant applicable Cupola requirements. The ECS is subdivided into a Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS) and an Environmental & Life Control Subsystem (ECLS). The particular characteristics of Cupola design requires a non standard way to control the internal environment conditions: TCS controls the Cupola primary structures through an High Temperature water Loop (HTL) avoiding shell heaters necessity in the cold cases and representing also an heat sink for the windows assy in the hot cases; ECLS design realizes the air distribution inside the cabin volume using the gap existing between the primary and secondary structure without dedicated ducts. The major ECS functions are: to control the primary and secondary structure temperatures, to homogenize the structural walls temperature using the HTL, to prevent the condensate formation inside the Cupola, to control the Cupola Internal Pressure, to guarantee a fire protection inside Cupola, to define an air distribution concept, to support a safe, habitable, shirtsleeve environment inside the Cupola. The paper describes also the extensive analysis campaign planned to support the Cupola TCS and ECLS design and verification phases.
Tosi, M. C., De Filippis, P., Saluzzi, A.
An Automotive Hybrid Heating System for Parallel Hybrid Passenger Cars2000-01-12763/6/2000
The advancements in hybrid and electric vehicles require an optimal utilization of the on-board energy sources to increase vehicle fuel economy, provide a safe and comfortable driving environment, and extend heating and cooling capacity range. Recently, the application of parallel propulsion technology to design and build hybrid vehicles has caused new concerns on climate control engineering. This study is the first to address the challenges on developing an innovative heating system for parallel hybrid vehicle applications. This paper presents a hybrid heating system for a parallel hybrid passenger car, in which a conventional coolant heater core loop and a heat pump loop are installed to meet the needs of cabin heating. Thermodynamic characteristics of various subsystems are discussed with respect to the variations of ambient temperature through the experimental and analytical comparisons. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis is applied to evaluate the design and operating effectiveness of the hybrid heating system. To synthesize the operation of the heating system, a hybrid heating concept is proposed and applied to direct the optimal integration and identify the dynamic operating modes through a hypothetical drive simulation. The work reported in this paper is aimed at laying a theoretical and applied foundation to the development of automotive hybrid heating systems.
Zeng, X., Major, G. A., Hirao, T., Imaiida, T.
Requirements for a Flexible and Realistic Air Supply Model for Incorporation into a Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) System Simulation1999-01-29128/17/1999
This paper addresses the critical need to incorporate realistic models of the air supply sub-system in fuel cell system performance analysis. The paper first presents the dominant performance issues involved with the air supply operation in the fuel cell system. The report then goes on to propose a methodology for an air supply model that addresses many of the performance issues. Most importantly, a model is needed with a defined set of performance criteria and data input format, one that can accommodate multiple air supply configurations, and one that realistically and accurately simulates the air supply operation and its effect on the system power and efficiency. The paper concludes that it is possible to compare alternative air supply components under the constraint of maximizing the instantaneous net fuel cell system efficiency for a dynamic vehicle driving cycle under various ambient conditions.
Cunningham, Joshua M., Hoffman, Myron A., Moore, Robert M., Friedman, David J.
Energy Balance of Low Energy House with Ground Source Heat Pump in Hokkaido1999-01-26678/2/1999
This study describes the construction and evaluation of a low energy house which should be in harmony with the environment and also be assisted by hybrid natural energy resources and unused energy. An experimental house with ground source heat pump (GSHP) was built in Hokkaido University, Japan in March, 1997. As a result of experiments, it was shown that approx. 80 % of the total energy was provided from PV modules, solar collectors, underground and exhaust heat. Annual energy consumption was 12.5 % of typical house’s one in Hokkaido. This report describes an outline of the low energy house and experimental energy balance.
Hamada, Yasuhiro, Ochifuji, Kiyoshi, Nakamura, Makoto, Nagano, Katsunori
Experimental Study on Microwave Regeneration Characteristics of Diesel Particulate After-Treatment System1999-01-14705/3/1999
Many efforts have been made to apply the diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system in practical use during the past ten years. In this paper, a diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system with microwave energy as its external regeneration energy source is described, and the microwave regeneration characteristics of the diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system developed are studied. The experimental results show that the regeneration efficiency can reach up to 80% with a wide regeneration window and a suitable regeneration duration. The effect of air supply on filter regeneration is also observed. It is proven that the microwave regeneration technique employed in the system is simple, effective and reliable.
Ning, Zhi, He, Yongsheng
Safety Criteria for Pneumatic Starting SystemsAIR1639A (Current)3/1/1999
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents safety criteria for pneumatic type engine starting system design and component hardware. Included are safety criteria in design of both starter control valves and starters as well as in design of airframe control systems. Safety topics concern starter valve operation and material application, airframe controls and instrumentation installations and starter rotor integrity and containment.
AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee
Comparison of Mated Air Interchange System Performance Model Results and MIR Missions Flight Data9725677/14/1997
A multi-element fixed control volume air interchange system performance computer model was developed and upgraded for the evaluation of atmospheric characteristics inside each habitable volume on the mated Orbiter/Mir-Station. The results from this computer model has been utilized to assess and determine the Orbiter airflow supply capabilities, and to develop mated air interchange system design limitations and requirements. The results from this performance model were also used to predict possible air interchange system operating constraints, such as occupancy limitations in each chamber, during the Orbiter/Mir-Station docking mission. In order to verify the validity of the simulated computer model results, several post Mir missions flight data were obtained and compared. Based on the results of comparison between model results and post flight data, it is concluded that this model can provide an acceptable and reasonable atmosphere prediction and evaluation for assessing all the habitable volumes inside the mated Orbiter/Mir-Station.
Tsai, Ching-Fen, Duong, Kenneth N.
Thermal and Environmental Control of the Crew Transport Vehicle9723147/1/1997
Following the objectives of the European Space Agency, specific studies have been performed concerning a Crew Transport Vehicle (CTV) based on the Ariane 5 launcher. This vehicle is designed to transport a maximum crew of 4 members to/from the International Space Station, with a limited amount of payloads. It is mainly composed of: Crew Module (CM), capable of withstanding the severe environmental conditions of the atmospheric re-entry, offering an adequate habitable environment for the crew all mission time long. Resource Module (RM), where most of provisions and electrical equipment (e.g. batteries) supporting the vehicle orbital life is stored; the truncated cone shape external surface of RM is entirely exploited for mounting dedicated fluid radiators. Transfer Vehicle (TV), a propulsion module designed to supply means and resources for the vehicle orbital manoeuvres and attitude control from launcher separation up to de-orbitation, when the RM + TV composite is jettisoned. The thermal control of the CTV requires the adoption of technical solutions compatible with extremely different environmental conditions (ranging from the cold boundaries of orbital exposure to the high aerothermal fluxes during re-entry) and various operational modes (the vehicle is fully active in free-flying phases, but it is in dormant mode when ISSA docked, with most of equipment switched off). Temperature and humidity in the habitable compartment are controlled by a dedicated section of the Environmental Control and Life Support Subsystem. An air loop is designed to collect the cabin heat loads due to crew metabolism, external environment and part of the spacionics dissipation. These loads are then transferred via a Condensing Heat Exchanger to a couple of hot redundant water loops (Active Section of Thermal Control Subsystem) which also receive the thermal power released by the electronic equipment mounted on cold plates. The resulting global heat loads are transported to the available heat sinks, which may be different depending on the various mission phases. During ascent and re-entry, waste heat dissipated by means of evaporators and / or managed through the vehicle thermal capacitance. In orbital conditions a set of radiators, connected to a low freezing temperature coolant loop, provides the necessary rejection to space. Passive thermal control provisions are complementarily adopted, including Multilayer insulation, foam blankets and heaters. The major design features of the CTV Thermal Control are highlighted, taking into account the interface subsystems (e.g. Electrical Power Supply, DMS / GNC, Thermal Protection), the mission timeline, and the constraints related to the failure tolerance criteria adopted.
Bottacini, M., Fenoglio, F., Ferro, C., Loddoni, G.
Advanced Approach to Simultaneous Monitoring of Multiple Bacteria in Space9724227/1/1997
A novel microarray-based approach to simultaneous detection, quantitation, and identification of multiple microorganisms found in water and air supplies is presented. The rapid DNA/RNA probe-based approach avoids time consuming cell cultivation procedures by utilizing the inherent amplification property of rRNA combined with highly sensitive proximal CCD detection. Specifically, optimal DNA probes for simultaneously capturing Escherichia coli and Vibrio proteolyticus were arrayed in a 4 x 4 matrix using a novel microarray printer capable of depositing hundreds of probes within a single well (1cm2) of a conventional 96 well microtiter plate. Following hybridization of a 16S rRNA microorganism mixture to the DNA microarray, detection, imaging, quantitation and identification was performed within seconds employing the complimentary PC-based proximal CCD detector/imager.
Fox, George E., Willson, Richard C., Maillard, Karine I., Siefert, Janet L., Singh, Narinder, Eggers, Mitchell D., Balch, William J., Mendoza, Leopoldo G., Gangadharan, Ramprasad, Mallik, Arnab K., McMahon, Michael G., Hogan, Michael E., Xaio, Du, Powdrill, Thomas R., Iverson, Bonnie
OZONE PROBLEMS IN HIGH ALTITUDE AIRCRAFTAIR910A (Historical)7/1/1996
The purpose of this report is to provide information on ozone and its control in high altitude aircraft environmental systems. Sources of this information are listed in the selected bibliography appearing at the end of this report, to which references are made throughout.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
In-Situ Analysis of Submarine Atmospheres9614397/1/1996
Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere aboard American submarines is performed using an atmosphere analyzer based on mass spectrometry. The second generation analyzer is installed on US Navy Trident and Seawolf class submarines. A brief description of this analyzer is provided along with examples of the type of data that can be obtained using it. The data is archived on 3.5 inch floppy disks for future off-line analysis.
Wyatt, Jeffrey R., Shadle, Tracy L.
Procedure for Sampling and Measurement of Engine Generated Contaminants in Bleed Air Supplies From Aircraft Engines Under Normal Operating ConditionsARP4418 (Historical)8/1/1995
E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement
Redesign of Node 1 Ducting and Ventilation System to Meet International Space Station Alpha Requirements9516687/1/1995
The International Space Station Alpha (ISSA) Node 1 ducting and ventilation system has been reconfigured from the Space Station Freedom (SSF) configuration to meet new interface requirements and work with a new parasitic air cooling scheme with an adjacent module. The ducting system has been redesigned for sound attenuation and to accommodate different air interfaces at some ports for different stages of Station assembly. This paper describes the Node 1 ducting system in detail, compares SSF cabin air velocity data with ISSA analytical predictions, and shows that overall the Node ventilation system will meet ISSA requirements. Centerline and average cabin velocities are examined for different regions of the Node and the different air supply diffusers used are described.
Schrader, Ted
Sampling of Submarine Atmospheres9516567/1/1995
The Navy uses both real time and retrospective methods to analyze the air in submarines. The methods are described in detail. The reasons for the selection of the methods and their capabilities and limitations are presented. A few recent results are shown to demonstrate these methods.
Wyatt, Jeffrey R., Callahan, John H.
A New Model for Fuel Supply Dynamics in an SI Engine9402083/1/1994
In this paper we introduce an improved model for the fuel supply dynamics in an SI engine. First, we briefly investigate all the thermodynamic phenomena which are assumed to have a significant impact on fuel flow into the cylinder (i.e., fuel atomization, droplet decay, wall-wetting, film evaporation, and mixture flow back). This theoretical analysis results in a basic set of dynamic equations. Unfortunately, these equations are not convenient to use for control purposes. Therefore, we proceed to a simplified formulation. Several unknown parameters remain, describing phenomena which are difficult to quantify, such as heat and material transfer characteristics. These parameters are subject to operating conditions and are not discussed further. In order to validate the model dynamics, we refer to frequency and step response measurements performed on a 4-cylinder, 1.8 liter BMW engine with sequential fuel injection. From the frequency response measurements we first extract the time constants of the oxygen sensor used throughout the experiments. Provided with these parameters we investigate the transient behavior of the model due to both steps in air and in fuel supply. In order to vary fuel supply we control injection time, whereas air supply variations are generated by controlling the throttle set point. For this purpose, the amount of air residing in the cylinder is calculated according to intake manifold pressure, thereby eliminating intake manifold dynamics. We verify that the model proposed is sufficient to describe most of the dynamic phenomena in fuel supply.
Turin, Raymond C., Casartelli, Ernesto G. B., Geering, Hans P.
SAFETY CRITERIA FOR PNEUMATIC STARTING SYSTEMSAIR1639 (Historical)2/1/1994
AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee
Analysis Of Air Quality In Surroundings Occupied By Aircraft93160610/1/1993
The air quality analysis of occupied compartments is of greate interest in aircraft where the air renewal depends on the functioning of several sytems which a failure can develop a hazardous situation. To perform such failure analysis it is necessary to know the ambient gases concetration in relation to time in order to define the failure effect criticality. A method to determine the air degrade in aircraft occupied compartments was developed. This analysis is based on the solution of the transient mass conservation equation over the control volume, where people is treated as sources and sinks of the respiratory process gases. The air inflow/outflow as well as temperuture and altitude are also considered.
Padilha, Acir L. A.
Compressed Air for General Use-Part 1: Contaminants and Quality ClassesJ1649/1_199306 (Historical)6/1/1993
This part of SAE J1649/1 specifies quality classes of industrial compressed air for general use (e.g. for workshops, the construction industry, pneumatic transport, etc.) without consideration of the quality of the air when it is discharged from the compressor. The quality class of compressed air for a particular application has to be based on the mean value of several measurements carried out over a specific period of time and under defined operating conditions.
Manufacturing Division
DRIVE - 3/4 * GENERATOR - 8” BC- MALE PILOTAS532 (Historical)5/1/1993
AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee
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