Of late there has been a resurgence in studies investigating parameters that quantify combustion knock in both standardized platforms and modern spark-ignition engines. However, it is still unclear how metrics such as knock (octane) rating, knock onset, and knock intensity are related and how fuels behave according to these metrics across a range of conditions. As part of an ongoing study, the air supply system of a standard Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) F1/F2 engine was modified to allow mild levels of intake air boosting while staying true to its intended purpose of being the standard device for American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-specified knock rating or octane number tests. For instance, the carburation system and intake air heating manifold are not altered, but the engine was equipped with cylinder pressure transducers to enable both logging of the standard knockmeter readout and state-of-the-art indicated data. For this study, the engine was operated using

Rockstroh, Toby, Kolodziej, Christopher P., Jespersen, Mads C., Goldsborough, S. Scott, Wallner, Thomas

Experimental Investigation of the Aerodynamic Benefits of Truck Platooning

2018-01-073204/03/2018

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has conducted a series of scaled wind tunnel tests to investigate the aerodynamic benefits of heavy vehicle platooning and the availability of cooling air for trailing vehicles on two- and three-vehicle platoons. To measure the aerodynamic drag, scale models are mounted onto a LLNL designed splitter plate by means of a low-friction linear bearing and a load cell located within each model trailer. In addition to drag, pressure measurements are made with a pitot probe positioned at the center of each model radiator grill. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Infrared Thermography (IRT) measurements are used to map the three-dimensional velocity field and flow structures around the vehicles. Three different vehicle platoon configurations have been tested: two aligned vehicles with separation distances of 5′-320′ with and without trailer boattails; three aligned vehicles with 30′, 40′, and 50′ separation distances between first and second

Salari, Kambiz, Ortega, Jason

Advanced Temperature Control in Aircraft Cabins - A Digital Prototype

2017-01-216109/19/2017

For thermal cabin control of commercial aircraft, the cabin is usually divided into a small number of temperature zones. Each zone features its own air supply pipe. The necessary installation space for ducting increases significantly with the number of zones. This requires the number of temperature zones to be low. Factors such as seating layout, galley placement and passenger density result in deviations in heat flux throughout the cabin. These deviations cannot be compensated by the control system, if they occur within the same temperature zone. This work presents a novel temperature regulation concept based on local mixing. In this concept, two main ducts span the complete cabin length, and provide moderately warm and cold air. At each temperature zone, cabin supply air is locally mixed using butterfly valves. In this way, the number of temperature zones can be individually scaled up without any additional ducting, only requiring additional valves for each temperature zone. The

Pollok, Alexander J.

Thermoelectric Cooling

TBMG-2524508/01/2016

There are many places one can go to get an outline on the pros and cons of different methods for enclosure cooling. Although we will briefly touch on them here, this is really an in-depth article on how to choose a Peltier (thermoelectric) air conditioner, once you have committed to the technology.

THERMOELECTRIC COOLING

16AERP08_0708/01/2016

How Does It Work? Why Should You Choose It? There are many places one can go to get an outline on the pros and cons of different methods for enclosure cooling. Although we will briefly touch on them here, this is really an in-depth article on how to choose a Peltier (thermoelectric) air conditioner, once you have committed to the technology.

Design and Optimisation of the Propulsion Control Strategy for a Pneumatic Hybrid City Bus

2016-01-117504/05/2016

A control strategy has been designed for a city bus equipped with a pneumatic hybrid propulsion system. The control system design is based on the precise management of energy flows during both energy storage and regeneration. Energy recovered from the braking process is stored in the form of compressed air that is redeployed for engine start and to supplement the engine air supply during vehicle acceleration. Operation modes are changed dynamically and the energy distribution is controlled to realize three principal functions: Stop-Start, Boost and Regenerative Braking. A forward facing simulation model facilitates an analysis of the vehicle dynamic performance, engine transient response, fuel economy and energy usage. To identify respectively (1) the maximum overall fuel economy, (2) the maximum amount of air and energy recovered during the braking and (3) the minimum loss of available energy during acceleration, a number of variables in the control strategy are selected in an

Bao, Ran, Stobart, Richard

Analysis of Defogging Pattern on Windshield and Ventilation Load Reduction based on Humidity Distribution Control

2016-01-025604/05/2016

In the winter, windshield glass fogging must be prevented through the intake of outdoor air into a vehicle. However, the corresponding energy loss via the ventilation system cannot be ignored. In the present study, the defogging pattern on the windshield is evaluated and the water vapor transportation in the flow field in the vehicle is analyzed in order to investigate the ventilation load by means of a numerical simulation. Some examined cases involve new outlet positions. Additionally, a new, energy-saving air supply method for defogging, with so-called “double-layer ventilator”, is proposed. In this method, one air jet layer is obtained via a conventional defogging opening in the vicinity of the windshield, supplying an outdoor air intake. The other jet consists of recirculated air that covers the outdoor air, preventing it from mixing with the surrounding air. The calculation results indicate that the exhaust opening location, from which the internal vehicle air is obtained for

Nagano, Hideaki, Tomita, Kenji, Tanoue, Yasuhiro, Kobayashi, Yuji, Kohri, Itsuhei, Kato, Shinsuke

Station Spacewalk

TBMG-21081

12/01/2014

The Station Spacewalk game enables players to virtually conduct NASA repair work on the International Space Station, including jobs critical to help power up the space station so it can continue to operate. Players are provided with a limited quantity of oxygen during which they must complete extravehicular activities (EVAs) and return to the airlock before the air supply runs out.

Simulation and Analysis of a Hybrid Pneumatic Engine Based on In-Cylinder Waste Heat Recovery

2014-01-235509/30/2014

Internal combustion engine is still expected to be the major power unit to propel vehicles for decades from now on. However, for normal driving conditions, more than half of the consumed fuel energy of engine is wasted, in the form of exhaust heat and coolant heat. In order to recover the waste heat generated in the thermodynamic cycle of internal combustion engine, a novel hybrid pneumatic engine concept is proposed. After combustion process, additional compressed air is injected into the cylinder to absorb the heat released by the fuel, and the expansion process of compressed air is optimized. The model of the hybrid pneumatic engine cycle is established and explored in GT-POWER, and it is then used to analyze the influences of the main design parameters on the cycle dynamic and economic performance. The preliminary simulation results show that engine power and economic performance is mainly related to the compressed air supply, the fuel mass and the engine speed. The pneumatic motor

Li, Daofei, Xu, Huanxiang, Wang, Lei, Fan, Zhipeng, Dou, Wenbo, Yu, Xiaoli

Automotive Engineering International 2012-07-17

12AEID071707/17/2012

Breathing life into fuel cells Daimler unit NuCellSys has been making advances in the air supply for fuel-cell stacks, with a new system in the works.

Air Supply System for Automotive Fuel Cell Application

2012-01-122504/16/2012

A fuel cell system consists of a stack, a hydrogen fuel supply and an air supply system. This provides the required air flow and pressure which allows the stack to properly react on the cathode side to recombine Oxygen with the Hydrogen's protons and electrons resulting in water and heat. In addition the air flow and pressure are supporting directly or indirectly the water management. In this paper different air supply systems for automotive application developed by NuCellSys are compared: screw compressor and electrical turbo charger. Different technologies and control strategies allow the fuel cell system integrator to find the optimum between performances, weight, volume and cost. The authors describe the challenges and the new frontier of air supply systems for automotive fuel cell system application.

Venturi, Massimo, Sang, Jochen, Knoop, Andreas, Hornburg, Gerald

Fuel-Fired Heaters - Air Heating - for Construction and Industrial Machinery

J1024_201111 (Current)11/30/2011

This standard covers off-road, self-propelled work machines as categorized in SAE J1116. This standard outlines requirements that must be met in order for the heating equipment to perform satisfactorily on construction and industrial machinery.

Common Tests Technical Steering Committee

Safety & Security Category Winner

TBMG-1205811/01/2011

Nanoparticle Filtration for Vehicle Cabins

2008-01-082704/14/2008

A filter system is presented which allows the reduction of the concentration of ultrafine particles in vehicle cabins to very low levels. The original ventilation system is switched to the recirculation mode and all cabin intake air is supplied via a retrofitted filter system. Tests with a variety of different vehicles (from passenger cars to coaches) show the efficiency of the system.

Burtscher, Heinz, Loretz, Siegfried, Keller, Alejandro, Mayer, Andreas, Kasper, Markus, Artley, Richard John, Strasser, Ralph, Czerwinski, Jan

The Application of MFR in Ventilation System Design

2007-01-307207/09/2007

To meet crew comfort criteria, remove CO2, control contaminant and so on, the velocities of cabin air are required to be distributed within a specified range. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model of a given space station cabin is built to study the velocity distribution of cabin air, especially when the air flowrate varies. This paper introduces a new conception: the Margin of FlowRate (MFR). The characteristic of the MFR and its application are introduced. The MFR specifies a flowrate range based on the velocity distribution requirements. When air flowrate varies within this range, the velocity distribution of cabin air can always meet the requirement. As the safety is emphasized increasingly, the MFR will be proved useful in designing and qualifying the ventilation system.

Shiming, Fu, Xiaoping, Xu, Jindong, Li, Zengfu, Pan

A Study on Design Factors for the Air Ventilating System of Highway Express Buses

2006-01-345510/31/2006

In efforts to prevent airflow noise and conserve heated and/or cooled air, express bus design has favored fixed windows, double glasses and closed structures with lower rates of ventilation. However, because there are many passengers in an express bus at the same time, offensive odor, carbon dioxide and other contaminants may accumulate in the bus's indoor. If sufficient amounts of ambient air are not brought into or distributed throughout the passenger compartment of the bus, in-bus air problems may result. An air ventilating system of the express bus that is properly designed, and that has a good performance of natural ventilation, can promote the air quality of the passenger compartment and the comfort of passengers. In order to design an effective ventilating system of the express buses, some design factors such as air inlet/outlet positions, air distribution, proportion of ambient air, and airflow control are considered computationally and experimentally in this work.

Shin, Seong-kook, Jeong, Byong-man, Lim, Seok-joo

Auxiliary Heating Systems of Conventional and Heat Pump Type: Technology, Performance and Efficiency

2005-01-205505/10/2005

A variety of different heating systems of heat-pump-type with refrigerant R744 have been investigated on the test bench for basic functionality, heating performance and efficiency. The experimental results served to validate calculations of Behr's simulation tool BISS that allows calculating the heat-up of different heating systems, considering the characteristics of the heating system, the engine and the passenger compartment. This paper gives an overview of the investigated R744 heating systems including heat pumps with ambient air or engine-coolant as heat source and dissipative heating systems to compare them with conventional systems such as the PTC heater and the fuel-fired heater. The main characteristics of the systems and the results of the heat-up-calculations are discussed.

Feuerecker, Günther, Schäfer, Bernd, Strauss, Thomas

Development and Evaluation of a Multi-Functional Steering Wheel Switch

2005-01-042404/11/2005

In this paper we propose a new multi-functional steering wheel switch for HVAC and audio systems. This new switch has five buttons on the front side of the spoke area and one button with vibration on the backside of it. Drivers can operate either HVAC or audio functions with the front switches, and HVAC or audio mode can be alternatively selected by pressing the back switch. Since different vibration modes are assigned for the HVAC and audio mode, drivers can also easily recognize which function can be operated. By changing the assignment of the mode in this way, the switch can operate more than 10 functions with 6 buttons allocated on the spoke area. Several kinds of evaluations were performed in order to develop this multi-functional switch. At first, to optimize the positions of the buttons, the behaviors of thumbs and fingers were measured. Also the physical workload of the thumb motion and middle fingers' postures was evaluated when subjects operated the switches. Secondly

Kamiya, Naoki, Takeuchi, Shuichi, Shinzato, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi

Pneumatic Ground Power Supplies for Starting Aircraft

AIR944C (Current)04/06/2004

The material contained in this report has been simplified to facilitate its use. Specific manufacturers should be contacted for more detailed information. Many of the basic power supplies are available in numerous configurations and some provide shaft power or electrical power in addition to the pneumatic capability. Vehicles for the ground transportation of the power supplies are also varied to fit specific requirements.

AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee

DRIVE - 3/4 * GENERATOR-10" BC- FEMALE PILOT

AS535 (Current)12/16/2002

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Method for Analyzing Lubricating Oil Contamination of Aircraft Systems

2002-01-294211/05/2002

Cabin air quality is of continuing importance [1]. Contamination of air with particulates or vapors has the potential of affecting the health of passengers and flight crew. Therefore, measures are required to maintain acceptable levels of cabin air quality. One potential source of cabin air contamination is lubricating oils used in the engines. Type II oils are required for the main engines, but Type I or Type II oils can be used for the APU, with Type I recommended by some engine manufacturers for its cold-start properties. Southwest Research Institutes (SwRI®) Department of Emissions Research used an internally developed analytical method called Direct Filter Injection/Gas Chromatograph (DFI/GC™) to analyze for volatile fractions of lubricating oil contaminants on Environmental Control System (ECS) components. Samples of two standard Type II aviation turbine lubricating oils were analyzed with the DFI/GC™ method and their spectra examined. Sufficient differences were observed to

Bartley, Gordon J. J., Anderson, Andy M., Jones, Kenneth B.

Energy Efficient Automotive Air Conditioning System

2002-01-022903/04/2002

The focus of the present paper is the energy efficient automotive air conditioning system, which ipso facto is also environmentally friendly from the standpoint of global warming impact. Two efficiency enhancement strategies are presented - one entailing the use of judicious amount of recirculated air and another relying on reduction in the amount of reheating of the chilled air employed in the conventional system. The first strategy, referred to as the air inlet mixture strategy, reduces the air conditioning load by mixing proper amount of recirculated air with the outside air. The second strategy, referred to as the series reheat reduction strategy, reduces reheating of chilled air under low to moderate load conditions. Analytical relations are presented for the determination of reduction in air conditioning load due to mixing of outside air with varying amounts of recirculated air as well as due to reduction in the series reheat. Finally, extensive analytical and test results are

Forrest, W. O., Bhatti, M. S.

Drive - 3/4 * Generator - 10" BC - Male Pilot

AS534A (Current)

10/01/2001

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Flange - 3/4 Generator - 8" BC - Female Pilot

AS533A (Current)10/01/2001

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Drive - 3/4 * Generator - 8" BC - Male Pilot

AS532A (Current)10/01/2001

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Thermal Comfort, Ventilation Efficiency, Contaminant Removal Effectiveness and Safety in the Columbus Cabin

2000-01-229807/10/2000

Columbus is being built as the European contribution to the International Space Station (ISS) Program. The ECLS subsystem is developed by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace/Dornier under a contract from Alenia Aerospazio. This paper will survey the qualification test results of the Columbus cabin ventilation subjective test conduction up to February 2000.

Haidl, Thomas, Lehr, Bernd, Raatschen, Willigert

CUPOLA Environmental Control System

2000-01-231107/10/2000

The Cupola Environmental Control System (ECS) has the task to ensure the required Cupola internal environment using passive and active control means, in response to the relevant applicable Cupola requirements. The ECS is subdivided into a Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS) and an Environmental & Life Control Subsystem (ECLS). The particular characteristics of Cupola design requires a non standard way to control the internal environment conditions: TCS controls the Cupola primary structures through an High Temperature water Loop (HTL) avoiding shell heaters necessity in the cold cases and representing also an heat sink for the windows assy in the hot cases; ECLS design realizes the air distribution inside the cabin volume using the gap existing between the primary and secondary structure without dedicated ducts. The major ECS functions are: to control the primary and secondary structure temperatures, to homogenize the structural walls temperature using the HTL, to prevent the condensate

Tosi, M. C., De Filippis, P., Saluzzi, A.

An Automotive Hybrid Heating System for Parallel Hybrid Passenger Cars

2000-01-127603/06/2000

The advancements in hybrid and electric vehicles require an optimal utilization of the on-board energy sources to increase vehicle fuel economy, provide a safe and comfortable driving environment, and extend heating and cooling capacity range. Recently, the application of parallel propulsion technology to design and build hybrid vehicles has caused new concerns on climate control engineering. This study is the first to address the challenges on developing an innovative heating system for parallel hybrid vehicle applications. This paper presents a hybrid heating system for a parallel hybrid passenger car, in which a conventional coolant heater core loop and a heat pump loop are installed to meet the needs of cabin heating. Thermodynamic characteristics of various subsystems are discussed with respect to the variations of ambient temperature through the experimental and analytical comparisons. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis is applied to evaluate the design and operating

Zeng, X., Major, G. A., Hirao, T., Imaiida, T.

Requirements for a Flexible and Realistic Air Supply Model for Incorporation into a Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) System Simulation

1999-01-291208/17/1999

This paper addresses the critical need to incorporate realistic models of the air supply sub-system in fuel cell system performance analysis. The paper first presents the dominant performance issues involved with the air supply operation in the fuel cell system. The report then goes on to propose a methodology for an air supply model that addresses many of the performance issues. Most importantly, a model is needed with a defined set of performance criteria and data input format, one that can accommodate multiple air supply configurations, and one that realistically and accurately simulates the air supply operation and its effect on the system power and efficiency. The paper concludes that it is possible to compare alternative air supply components under the constraint of maximizing the instantaneous net fuel cell system efficiency for a dynamic vehicle driving cycle under various ambient conditions.

Cunningham, Joshua M., Hoffman, Myron A., Moore, Robert M., Friedman, David J.

Energy Balance of Low Energy House with Ground Source Heat Pump in Hokkaido

1999-01-266708/02/1999

This study describes the construction and evaluation of a low energy house which should be in harmony with the environment and also be assisted by hybrid natural energy resources and unused energy. An experimental house with ground source heat pump (GSHP) was built in Hokkaido University, Japan in March, 1997. As a result of experiments, it was shown that approx. 80 % of the total energy was provided from PV modules, solar collectors, underground and exhaust heat. Annual energy consumption was 12.5 % of typical house’s one in Hokkaido. This report describes an outline of the low energy house and experimental energy balance.

Hamada, Yasuhiro, Ochifuji, Kiyoshi, Nakamura, Makoto, Nagano, Katsunori

Experimental Study on Microwave Regeneration Characteristics of Diesel Particulate After-Treatment System

1999-01-147005/03/1999

Many efforts have been made to apply the diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system in practical use during the past ten years. In this paper, a diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system with microwave energy as its external regeneration energy source is described, and the microwave regeneration characteristics of the diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system developed are studied. The experimental results show that the regeneration efficiency can reach up to 80% with a wide regeneration window and a suitable regeneration duration. The effect of air supply on filter regeneration is also observed. It is proven that the microwave regeneration technique employed in the system is simple, effective and reliable.

Ning, Zhi, He, Yongsheng

Safety Criteria for Pneumatic Starting Systems

AIR1639A (Current)

03/01/1999

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents safety criteria for pneumatic type engine starting system design and component hardware. Included are safety criteria in design of both starter control valves and starters as well as in design of airframe control systems. Safety topics concern starter valve operation and material application, airframe controls and instrumentation installations and starter rotor integrity and containment.

AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee