The Station Spacewalk game enables players to virtually conduct NASA repair work on the International Space Station, including jobs critical to help power up the space station so it can continue to operate. Players are provided with a limited quantity of oxygen during which they must complete extravehicular activities (EVAs) and return to the airlock before the air supply runs out.

Automotive Engineering International 2012-07-17

12AEID071707/17/2012

Breathing life into fuel cells Daimler unit NuCellSys has been making advances in the air supply for fuel-cell stacks, with a new system in the works.

Fuel-Fired Heaters - Air Heating - for Construction and Industrial Machinery

J1024_201111 (Current)11/30/2011

This standard covers off-road, self-propelled work machines as categorized in SAE J1116. This standard outlines requirements that must be met in order for the heating equipment to perform satisfactorily on construction and industrial machinery.

Common Tests Technical Steering Committee

Safety & Security Category Winner

TBMG-1205811/01/2011

Nanoparticle Filtration for Vehicle Cabins

2008-01-082704/14/2008

A filter system is presented which allows the reduction of the concentration of ultrafine particles in vehicle cabins to very low levels. The original ventilation system is switched to the recirculation mode and all cabin intake air is supplied via a retrofitted filter system. Tests with a variety of different vehicles (from passenger cars to coaches) show the efficiency of the system.

Burtscher, Heinz, Loretz, Siegfried, Keller, Alejandro, Mayer, Andreas, Kasper, Markus, Artley, Richard John, Strasser, Ralph, Czerwinski, Jan

The Application of MFR in Ventilation System Design

2007-01-307207/09/2007

To meet crew comfort criteria, remove CO2, control contaminant and so on, the velocities of cabin air are required to be distributed within a specified range. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model of a given space station cabin is built to study the velocity distribution of cabin air, especially when the air flowrate varies. This paper introduces a new conception: the Margin of FlowRate (MFR). The characteristic of the MFR and its application are introduced. The MFR specifies a flowrate range based on the velocity distribution requirements. When air flowrate varies within this range, the velocity distribution of cabin air can always meet the requirement. As the safety is emphasized increasingly, the MFR will be proved useful in designing and qualifying the ventilation system.

Shiming, Fu, Xiaoping, Xu, Jindong, Li, Zengfu, Pan

A Study on Design Factors for the Air Ventilating System of Highway Express Buses

2006-01-345510/31/2006

In efforts to prevent airflow noise and conserve heated and/or cooled air, express bus design has favored fixed windows, double glasses and closed structures with lower rates of ventilation. However, because there are many passengers in an express bus at the same time, offensive odor, carbon dioxide and other contaminants may accumulate in the bus's indoor. If sufficient amounts of ambient air are not brought into or distributed throughout the passenger compartment of the bus, in-bus air problems may result. An air ventilating system of the express bus that is properly designed, and that has a good performance of natural ventilation, can promote the air quality of the passenger compartment and the comfort of passengers. In order to design an effective ventilating system of the express buses, some design factors such as air inlet/outlet positions, air distribution, proportion of ambient air, and airflow control are considered computationally and experimentally in this work.

Shin, Seong-kook, Jeong, Byong-man, Lim, Seok-joo

Auxiliary Heating Systems of Conventional and Heat Pump Type: Technology, Performance and Efficiency

2005-01-205505/10/2005

A variety of different heating systems of heat-pump-type with refrigerant R744 have been investigated on the test bench for basic functionality, heating performance and efficiency. The experimental results served to validate calculations of Behr's simulation tool BISS that allows calculating the heat-up of different heating systems, considering the characteristics of the heating system, the engine and the passenger compartment. This paper gives an overview of the investigated R744 heating systems including heat pumps with ambient air or engine-coolant as heat source and dissipative heating systems to compare them with conventional systems such as the PTC heater and the fuel-fired heater. The main characteristics of the systems and the results of the heat-up-calculations are discussed.

Feuerecker, Günther, Schäfer, Bernd, Strauss, Thomas

Development and Evaluation of a Multi-Functional Steering Wheel Switch

2005-01-042404/11/2005

In this paper we propose a new multi-functional steering wheel switch for HVAC and audio systems. This new switch has five buttons on the front side of the spoke area and one button with vibration on the backside of it. Drivers can operate either HVAC or audio functions with the front switches, and HVAC or audio mode can be alternatively selected by pressing the back switch. Since different vibration modes are assigned for the HVAC and audio mode, drivers can also easily recognize which function can be operated. By changing the assignment of the mode in this way, the switch can operate more than 10 functions with 6 buttons allocated on the spoke area. Several kinds of evaluations were performed in order to develop this multi-functional switch. At first, to optimize the positions of the buttons, the behaviors of thumbs and fingers were measured. Also the physical workload of the thumb motion and middle fingers' postures was evaluated when subjects operated the switches. Secondly

Kamiya, Naoki, Takeuchi, Shuichi, Shinzato, Takashi, Suzuki, Takashi

Pneumatic Ground Power Supplies for Starting Aircraft

AIR944C (Current)04/06/2004

The material contained in this report has been simplified to facilitate its use. Specific manufacturers should be contacted for more detailed information. Many of the basic power supplies are available in numerous configurations and some provide shaft power or electrical power in addition to the pneumatic capability. Vehicles for the ground transportation of the power supplies are also varied to fit specific requirements.

AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee

DRIVE - 3/4 * GENERATOR-10" BC- FEMALE PILOT

AS535 (Current)12/16/2002

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Method for Analyzing Lubricating Oil Contamination of Aircraft Systems

2002-01-294211/05/2002

Cabin air quality is of continuing importance [1]. Contamination of air with particulates or vapors has the potential of affecting the health of passengers and flight crew. Therefore, measures are required to maintain acceptable levels of cabin air quality. One potential source of cabin air contamination is lubricating oils used in the engines. Type II oils are required for the main engines, but Type I or Type II oils can be used for the APU, with Type I recommended by some engine manufacturers for its cold-start properties. Southwest Research Institutes (SwRI®) Department of Emissions Research used an internally developed analytical method called Direct Filter Injection/Gas Chromatograph (DFI/GC™) to analyze for volatile fractions of lubricating oil contaminants on Environmental Control System (ECS) components. Samples of two standard Type II aviation turbine lubricating oils were analyzed with the DFI/GC™ method and their spectra examined. Sufficient differences were observed to

Bartley, Gordon J. J., Anderson, Andy M., Jones, Kenneth B.

Energy Efficient Automotive Air Conditioning System

2002-01-022903/04/2002

The focus of the present paper is the energy efficient automotive air conditioning system, which ipso facto is also environmentally friendly from the standpoint of global warming impact. Two efficiency enhancement strategies are presented - one entailing the use of judicious amount of recirculated air and another relying on reduction in the amount of reheating of the chilled air employed in the conventional system. The first strategy, referred to as the air inlet mixture strategy, reduces the air conditioning load by mixing proper amount of recirculated air with the outside air. The second strategy, referred to as the series reheat reduction strategy, reduces reheating of chilled air under low to moderate load conditions. Analytical relations are presented for the determination of reduction in air conditioning load due to mixing of outside air with varying amounts of recirculated air as well as due to reduction in the series reheat. Finally, extensive analytical and test results are

Forrest, W. O., Bhatti, M. S.

Drive - 3/4 * Generator - 8" BC - Male Pilot

AS532A (Current)10/01/2001

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Drive - 3/4 * Generator - 10" BC - Male Pilot

AS534A (Current)

10/01/2001

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Flange - 3/4 Generator - 8" BC - Female Pilot

AS533A (Current)10/01/2001

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Thermal Comfort, Ventilation Efficiency, Contaminant Removal Effectiveness and Safety in the Columbus Cabin

2000-01-229807/10/2000

Columbus is being built as the European contribution to the International Space Station (ISS) Program. The ECLS subsystem is developed by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace/Dornier under a contract from Alenia Aerospazio. This paper will survey the qualification test results of the Columbus cabin ventilation subjective test conduction up to February 2000.

Haidl, Thomas, Lehr, Bernd, Raatschen, Willigert

CUPOLA Environmental Control System

2000-01-231107/10/2000

The Cupola Environmental Control System (ECS) has the task to ensure the required Cupola internal environment using passive and active control means, in response to the relevant applicable Cupola requirements. The ECS is subdivided into a Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS) and an Environmental & Life Control Subsystem (ECLS). The particular characteristics of Cupola design requires a non standard way to control the internal environment conditions: TCS controls the Cupola primary structures through an High Temperature water Loop (HTL) avoiding shell heaters necessity in the cold cases and representing also an heat sink for the windows assy in the hot cases; ECLS design realizes the air distribution inside the cabin volume using the gap existing between the primary and secondary structure without dedicated ducts. The major ECS functions are: to control the primary and secondary structure temperatures, to homogenize the structural walls temperature using the HTL, to prevent the condensate

Tosi, M. C., De Filippis, P., Saluzzi, A.

An Automotive Hybrid Heating System for Parallel Hybrid Passenger Cars

2000-01-127603/06/2000

The advancements in hybrid and electric vehicles require an optimal utilization of the on-board energy sources to increase vehicle fuel economy, provide a safe and comfortable driving environment, and extend heating and cooling capacity range. Recently, the application of parallel propulsion technology to design and build hybrid vehicles has caused new concerns on climate control engineering. This study is the first to address the challenges on developing an innovative heating system for parallel hybrid vehicle applications. This paper presents a hybrid heating system for a parallel hybrid passenger car, in which a conventional coolant heater core loop and a heat pump loop are installed to meet the needs of cabin heating. Thermodynamic characteristics of various subsystems are discussed with respect to the variations of ambient temperature through the experimental and analytical comparisons. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis is applied to evaluate the design and operating

Zeng, X., Major, G. A., Hirao, T., Imaiida, T.

Requirements for a Flexible and Realistic Air Supply Model for Incorporation into a Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) System Simulation

1999-01-291208/17/1999

This paper addresses the critical need to incorporate realistic models of the air supply sub-system in fuel cell system performance analysis. The paper first presents the dominant performance issues involved with the air supply operation in the fuel cell system. The report then goes on to propose a methodology for an air supply model that addresses many of the performance issues. Most importantly, a model is needed with a defined set of performance criteria and data input format, one that can accommodate multiple air supply configurations, and one that realistically and accurately simulates the air supply operation and its effect on the system power and efficiency. The paper concludes that it is possible to compare alternative air supply components under the constraint of maximizing the instantaneous net fuel cell system efficiency for a dynamic vehicle driving cycle under various ambient conditions.

Cunningham, Joshua M., Hoffman, Myron A., Moore, Robert M., Friedman, David J.

Energy Balance of Low Energy House with Ground Source Heat Pump in Hokkaido

1999-01-266708/02/1999

This study describes the construction and evaluation of a low energy house which should be in harmony with the environment and also be assisted by hybrid natural energy resources and unused energy. An experimental house with ground source heat pump (GSHP) was built in Hokkaido University, Japan in March, 1997. As a result of experiments, it was shown that approx. 80 % of the total energy was provided from PV modules, solar collectors, underground and exhaust heat. Annual energy consumption was 12.5 % of typical house’s one in Hokkaido. This report describes an outline of the low energy house and experimental energy balance.

Hamada, Yasuhiro, Ochifuji, Kiyoshi, Nakamura, Makoto, Nagano, Katsunori

Experimental Study on Microwave Regeneration Characteristics of Diesel Particulate After-Treatment System

1999-01-147005/03/1999

Many efforts have been made to apply the diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system in practical use during the past ten years. In this paper, a diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system with microwave energy as its external regeneration energy source is described, and the microwave regeneration characteristics of the diesel exhaust particulate after-treatment system developed are studied. The experimental results show that the regeneration efficiency can reach up to 80% with a wide regeneration window and a suitable regeneration duration. The effect of air supply on filter regeneration is also observed. It is proven that the microwave regeneration technique employed in the system is simple, effective and reliable.

Ning, Zhi, He, Yongsheng

Safety Criteria for Pneumatic Starting Systems

AIR1639A (Current)

03/01/1999

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents safety criteria for pneumatic type engine starting system design and component hardware. Included are safety criteria in design of both starter control valves and starters as well as in design of airframe control systems. Safety topics concern starter valve operation and material application, airframe controls and instrumentation installations and starter rotor integrity and containment.

AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee

Advanced Approach to Simultaneous Monitoring of Multiple Bacteria in Space

97242207/01/1997

A novel microarray-based approach to simultaneous detection, quantitation, and identification of multiple microorganisms found in water and air supplies is presented. The rapid DNA/RNA probe-based approach avoids time consuming cell cultivation procedures by utilizing the inherent amplification property of rRNA combined with highly sensitive proximal CCD detection. Specifically, optimal DNA probes for simultaneously capturing Escherichia coli and Vibrio proteolyticus were arrayed in a 4 x 4 matrix using a novel microarray printer capable of depositing hundreds of probes within a single well (1cm2) of a conventional 96 well microtiter plate. Following hybridization of a 16S rRNA microorganism mixture to the DNA microarray, detection, imaging, quantitation and identification was performed within seconds employing the complimentary PC-based proximal CCD detector/imager.

Fox, George E., Willson, Richard C., Maillard, Karine I., Siefert, Janet L., Singh, Narinder, Eggers, Mitchell D., Balch, William J., Mendoza, Leopoldo G., Gangadharan, Ramprasad, Mallik, Arnab K., McMahon, Michael G., Hogan, Michael E., Xaio, Du, Powdrill, Thomas R., Iverson, Bonnie

Thermal and Environmental Control of the Crew Transport Vehicle

97231407/01/1997

Following the objectives of the European Space Agency, specific studies have been performed concerning a Crew Transport Vehicle (CTV) based on the Ariane 5 launcher. This vehicle is designed to transport a maximum crew of 4 members to/from the International Space Station, with a limited amount of payloads. It is mainly composed of: Crew Module (CM), capable of withstanding the severe environmental conditions of the atmospheric re-entry, offering an adequate habitable environment for the crew all mission time long. Resource Module (RM), where most of provisions and electrical equipment (e.g. batteries) supporting the vehicle orbital life is stored; the truncated cone shape external surface of RM is entirely exploited for mounting dedicated fluid radiators. Transfer Vehicle (TV), a propulsion module designed to supply means and resources for the vehicle orbital manoeuvres and attitude control from launcher separation up to de-orbitation, when the RM + TV composite is jettisoned. The

Bottacini, M., Fenoglio, F., Ferro, C., Loddoni, G.

In-Situ Analysis of Submarine Atmospheres

96143907/01/1996

Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere aboard American submarines is performed using an atmosphere analyzer based on mass spectrometry. The second generation analyzer is installed on US Navy Trident and Seawolf class submarines. A brief description of this analyzer is provided along with examples of the type of data that can be obtained using it. The data is archived on 3.5 inch floppy disks for future off-line analysis.

Wyatt, Jeffrey R., Shadle, Tracy L.

OZONE PROBLEMS IN HIGH ALTITUDE AIRCRAFT

AIR910A (Historical)07/01/1996

The purpose of this report is to provide information on ozone and its control in high altitude aircraft environmental systems. Sources of this information are listed in the selected bibliography appearing at the end of this report, to which references are made throughout.

AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee

Procedure for Sampling and Measurement of Engine Generated Contaminants in Bleed Air Supplies From Aircraft Engines Under Normal Operating Conditions

ARP4418 (Historical)08/01/1995

E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement

Sampling of Submarine Atmospheres

95165607/01/1995

The Navy uses both real time and retrospective methods to analyze the air in submarines. The methods are described in detail. The reasons for the selection of the methods and their capabilities and limitations are presented. A few recent results are shown to demonstrate these methods.

Wyatt, Jeffrey R., Callahan, John H.

Redesign of Node 1 Ducting and Ventilation System to Meet International Space Station Alpha Requirements

95166807/01/1995

The International Space Station Alpha (ISSA) Node 1 ducting and ventilation system has been reconfigured from the Space Station Freedom (SSF) configuration to meet new interface requirements and work with a new parasitic air cooling scheme with an adjacent module. The ducting system has been redesigned for sound attenuation and to accommodate different air interfaces at some ports for different stages of Station assembly. This paper describes the Node 1 ducting system in detail, compares SSF cabin air velocity data with ISSA analytical predictions, and shows that overall the Node ventilation system will meet ISSA requirements. Centerline and average cabin velocities are examined for different regions of the Node and the different air supply diffusers used are described.

Schrader, Ted

A New Model for Fuel Supply Dynamics in an SI Engine

94020803/01/1994

In this paper we introduce an improved model for the fuel supply dynamics in an SI engine. First, we briefly investigate all the thermodynamic phenomena which are assumed to have a significant impact on fuel flow into the cylinder (i.e., fuel atomization, droplet decay, wall-wetting, film evaporation, and mixture flow back). This theoretical analysis results in a basic set of dynamic equations. Unfortunately, these equations are not convenient to use for control purposes. Therefore, we proceed to a simplified formulation. Several unknown parameters remain, describing phenomena which are difficult to quantify, such as heat and material transfer characteristics. These parameters are subject to operating conditions and are not discussed further. In order to validate the model dynamics, we refer to frequency and step response measurements performed on a 4-cylinder, 1.8 liter BMW engine with sequential fuel injection. From the frequency response measurements we first extract the time

Turin, Raymond C., Casartelli, Ernesto G. B., Geering, Hans P.

SAFETY CRITERIA FOR PNEUMATIC STARTING SYSTEMS

AIR1639 (Historical)02/01/1994

AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee

Analysis Of Air Quality In Surroundings Occupied By Aircraft

93160610/01/1993

The air quality analysis of occupied compartments is of greate interest in aircraft where the air renewal depends on the functioning of several sytems which a failure can develop a hazardous situation. To perform such failure analysis it is necessary to know the ambient gases concetration in relation to time in order to define the failure effect criticality. A method to determine the air degrade in aircraft occupied compartments was developed. This analysis is based on the solution of the transient mass conservation equation over the control volume, where people is treated as sources and sinks of the respiratory process gases. The air inflow/outflow as well as temperuture and altitude are also considered.

Padilha, Acir L. A.

Compressed Air for General Use-Part 1: Contaminants and Quality Classes

J1649/1_199306 (Historical)06/01/1993

This part of SAE J1649/1 specifies quality classes of industrial compressed air for general use (e.g. for workshops, the construction industry, pneumatic transport, etc.) without consideration of the quality of the air when it is discharged from the compressor. The quality class of compressed air for a particular application has to be based on the mean value of several measurements carried out over a specific period of time and under defined operating conditions.

Manufacturing Division

FLANGE-3/4*GENERATOR-8”BC-FEMALE PILOT

AS533 (Historical)05/01/1993

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

DRIVE - 3/4 * GENERATOR - 8” BC- MALE PILOT

AS532 (Historical)05/01/1993

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

DRIVE - 3/4 * GENERATOR-10" BC- MALE PILOT

AS534 (Historical)05/01/1993

AE-1 Engine Accessory Installations Committee

Tight Temperature Regulation of a Space Using a One Step Ahead Optimal Controller: An Experimental Investigation

93114804/01/1993

The performance of automotive air conditioning systems could be improved by utilizing more effective control algorithms. This paper describes the development of a real time implementable optimal single zone temperature controller. A bilinear model of the process, including a disturbance is used. A one step ahead control is derived by parameterizing the control on a short horizon. The implementation of the algorithm is demonstrated with both a simulation and an experiment. The results indicate that the technique can produce substantial energy savings and improved rider/occupant comfort.

Patten, William N., Huang, Jian, Huang, Jiaojian

Headliner Based Air Distribution System

93030403/01/1993

The advantages of ventilating the passenger space via a headliner are known and proven. This paper presents a practical solution for an air-condition-headliner for the VW T 4 minibus in two versions: an injection molded channel-version with additional heat insulation and a chamber-version, made using the headliner-PU sandwich material. In both cases the air channeling components are glued on the reverse side of the actual headliner; the reverse side of the headliner therefore acts as an air channelling component. The design principles, the air channelling concepts and the assembly of the two versions are discussed. The entire modular headliner is fastened to the body using clips. Since the headliner sandwich material must be adapted to provide the additional special properties of an air channelling component, the structure and production of the panel material is described for a continuous PU foam process.

Kiesel, Gerd

Non-CFC Air Conditioning for Transit Buses

92245911/01/1992

In the United Sates, more than 80% of transit city buses are air conditioned. Vapor compression refrigeration systems are standard for air conditioning buses and account for up to 25% of fuel consumption in the cooling season. Vapor compression devices use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals that contributes to Earths's ozone depletion and to global warming. Currently, evaporative cooling is an economical alternative to CFC vapor compression refrigeration for air conditioning buses. It does not use CFCs but is restricted in use to arid climates. This limitation can be eliminated by dehumidifying the supply air using desiccants. We studied desiccant systems for cooling transit buses and found that the use of a desiccant-assisted evaporative cooling system is feasible and can deliver the required cooling. The weight and the size of the desiccant system, though larger than vapor compression systems, can be easily accommodated within a bus. Fuel consumption for running desiccant systems

Pesaran, Ahmad A., Parent, Yves O., Bharathan, Desikan

The Duty Cycle Air-Conditioning Operation and Its Energy Impact Evaluation on Buildings

92916508/03/1992

Thermal storage air-conditioning system is very efficient in shifting peak cooling demand to off-peak hours. In this paper, a passive strategy is analyzed, which accomplishes load shifting and peak-cut through precooling and air-conditioning rescheduling operation. The simulation result indicated successful load shifting can be achieved with around 20% of peak-cut, at no significant indoor thermal comfort sacrifice. The operation strategy proposed in this paper and the simulation procedure could become a powerful analytical tool for building - energy conservation.

Yang, K. H., Hwang, R. L.

Automatic Environmental Control System for Electronic Equipment Platforms

90121707/01/1990

Many advances in the electronics and electronics packaging industries have recently increased the heat load densities of electronic equipment. For older cargo aircraft which have been modified into electronic equipment platforms, the introduction of the higher heat load density boxes along with large variations in flight profiles and equipment duty cycles have rendered many low pressure bleed air environmental control systems incapable of providing sufficient cooling. This paper describes an automatic environmental control system (AECS) which is designed to use the available ECS air supply more effectively and to conserve bleed air. The system gathers temperature sensor data and analyzes the cooling requirements of the aircraft. Valves, acting as variable orifices in the aircraft distribution ducting, are then positioned to provide air to the equipment with the greatest need.

Burkhardt, James E.

PNEUMATIC GROUND POWER SUPPLIES FOR STARTING AIRCRAFT

AIR944B (Historical)02/01/1990

AE-6 Starting Systems and Auxiliary Power Committee

Design of Crew Rest Quarters

881366

10/01/1988

Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen, I am glad to have the opportunity to talk to you today on this SAE AEROTECH 88 Meeting. Session “Fitness for Duty” as a representative of Lufthansa German Airlines. The title of my presentation with be “The Design of Crew Rest Quarters”. First I wouid like to give you some general background information about this topic, later on I will explain to you the working contracts concerning the duty times of Lufthansa (DLH) Flight crews as well as the technical and operational application of crew rest facilities on board for cockpit and cabin crews.

Löffler, Werner

Development of a Light Duty Truck Electronic-Based Climate Control HVAC System

880051

02/01/1988

Typically, light duty truck HVAC systems are controlled by mechanical-vacuum actuation. The 1988 GM full-size pickup truck utilizes a unique electronic-based HVAC system control. Development of the system included identification of HVAC system control parameters, implementation of the system control through laboratory and road testing, and final delivery of a system with control features that were totally commercial. Although the developed system does not allow for complete automatic climate control, it does allow the system to select the air supply mode automatically. This feature is known as the passive air inlet. Other electronic-based system controls include system linearity, system mode selection, system speed selection, and the potential for system diagnostics. Together, the electronic-based control and integrated system components offer the customer a state of the art HVAC system for light duty trucks.

Orlando, Ronald E., Truong, Thuc D.

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