Browse Topic: Vehicle occupants

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Vehicle usage Digital Twins - Mobility analysis test case2026-26-03941/16/2026
In the evolving landscape of the automotive industry, this study presents an innovative approach to developing digital twins for driver profiles, establishing a standardized and scalable procedure for collecting and analyzing driving data on a global scale. The proposed methodology centers on the development of a robust cloud infrastructure, including a Data Lake and associated services, designed for efficient storage and processing of large volumes of data from multiple markets and vehicle types. The research introduces a adaptable procedure for data collection campaigns, applicable to diverse global markets and encompassing a wide range of vehicles, from internal combustion engines to electric and hybrid models. A key feature of this approach is the establishment of advanced data decoding protocols, enabling precise interpretation of CAN network information from vehicles of different manufacturers and models, even when the CAN structure is not previously known. The study defines
Arturo, Rubio, Marín Saltó, Anna, Diaz, Francisco, Olivencia, Sergio, Medina, Alba
Next-Gen Driver Health and Wellness Platform for Fatigue Detection and Emotional Wellbeing Monitoring2026-26-06391/16/2026
Driver fatigue and emotional distress are major contributors to traffic accidents, especially among long-haul and professional drivers, making their detection a critical area in road safety and public health. While existing research has explored various sensor-based and wearable solutions to monitor driver states, these approaches often suffer from high cost, intrusiveness, or limited scalability. Camera-based systems have recently gained attention for being less invasive and more practical for real-world deployment; however, many still depend on multiple sensors or cloud-based processing, which raise concerns around energy consumption, privacy, and integration complexity. To address these gaps, we present a sustainable, camera-only Driver Health and Wellness Platform for real-time fatigue detection and emotional wellbeing monitoring. The system leverages a single in-cabin camera and applies lightweight, edge-optimized computer vision models to analyze facial features, eye dynamics
Iqbal, Shoaib, Imteyaz, Shahma
Calibration strategy to address abnormal engine noise in cold transient driving condition2026-26-05851/16/2026
Passenger vehicle users often maneuver their cars in diverse and unpredictable driving patterns. The vast and varied terrain of the Indian subcontinent further complicates this scenario, introducing unique challenges due to differences in driving expertise, vehicle usage, and environmental conditions. A specific challenge addressed in this paper arises during cold to ambient engine temperatures and transient driving conditions—a critical phase for engine calibration to ensure optimal drivability and emissions performance. With current calibration practices, an after-burn like abnormal engine noise was observed during certain transient driving patterns in cold to ambient temperature conditions. This paper presents a novel calibration methodology designed to eliminate such abnormal noise. The proposed approach involves a step-by-step transient calibration strategy refinement, making the calibration process more robust and adaptable to any driving behavior. The paper outlines the specific
Suna, Bhagyashree, Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Pise, Chetan, Aishwarya, Amritansh
A Scientific approach to identify the source of intermittent steering rattle noise and implementing the design solutions2026-26-03461/16/2026
Body-on-frame vehicles are well-regarded for their durability and off-road capabilities, but their structural design often makes them more vulnerable to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues. Vibrations originating from uneven roads are transmitted through the suspension and steering assemblies, sometimes resulting in rattles or other disturbances. These vibrations can be amplified by the inherent flexibility in the body-to-frame mounting system. In such vehicles, the steering system plays a critical role in driver comfort and is highly sensitive to vibrational inputs from the road surface, especially on coarse or uneven terrain. Occasionally, these inputs result in subtle rattle noises that are perceptible only to the driver and may not be detected under controlled testing environments. This poses a challenge for engineers trying to isolate and resolve such intermittent NVH phenomena. Identifying the source requires a combination of real-world driving evaluations, structural
Ramesh Chand, Karan Kumar, Gopinathan, Haridoss, Kabdal, Amit
Reverse Engineering of CAN (Controller Area network) of an Electric vehicle2026-26-01501/16/2026
The communication between different vehicle electronic controller units (ECU) for various applications (I.e. To propel the vehicle or for In-vehicle Infotainment) CAN (Controller Area Network) is most frequently used for In-Vehicle communication. Given the proprietary nature and lack of standardization in CAN (Controller Area Network) configurations, which are often not disclosed by manufacturers, the process of CAN reverse engineering becomes highly complex and cumbersome. Additionally, the scarcity of publicly accessible data on electric vehicles, coupled with the rapid technological advancements in this domain, has resulted in the absence of a standardized and automated methodology for reverse engineering the Controller Area Network (CAN). This process is further complicated by the diverse CAN configurations implemented by various Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), which are often not disclosed to the public. In this paper the manual approach is taken for reverse engineering
KUMAR, ROHIT, Sahu, Hemant, Penta, Amar, Bhatt, Purvish
Beyond ATD Dummies-Investigating Pelvic Locking and Torso Kinematics Using Human Body Models in Frontal Impact Scenarios2026-26-00021/16/2026
Occupant Safety systems are usually developed using anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), such as the Hybrid III, THOR-50M, ES-2, and WorldSID. However, in compliance with NCAP and regulatory guidelines, these ATDs are designed for specific crash scenarios, typically frontal and side impacts involving upright occupants. As vehicles evolve (e.g., autonomous layouts, diverse occupant populations), ATDs are proving increasingly inadequate for capturing real-world injury mechanisms. This has led to the adoption of computational Human Body Models (HBMs), such as the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) and Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS), which offer superior anatomical fidelity, variable anthropometry, active muscle behaviour modelling, and improved postural flexibility. HBMs can predict internal injuries that ATDs cannot, making them valuable tools for future vehicle safety development. This study uses a sled CAE simulation environment to analyze the kinematics of the HBMs
Raj, Pavan, Rao, Guruprakash, Pendurthi, Chaitanya Sagar, Nehe, Vaibhav, Chavan, Avinash
Occupant Kinematics and injuries during high speed side impacts: An analysis of ARAI data 2016-20242026-26-00271/16/2026
The objective of the present study was to examine trends in occupant kinematics and injuries during side impact tests carried out on vehicle models over the period of time . Head, shoulder, torso, spine, and pelvis kinematic responses are analyzed for driver dummy in high speed side impacts for vehicle model years, MY2016-2024. Automotive Research Association of India side impact crash data is examined. The test procedure involved a 50.0 km/h moving deformable barrier (MDB) impacting the sides of stationary vehicles. Instrumented 50th-percentile male EURO SID-2 dummy was positioned in the driver seat. Occupant kinematics data, including head accelerations, Head Injury Criterion (HIC15), Torso deflections at thorax and abdominal ribs, spine accelerations at T12, and pelvis accelerations were evaluated and compared. The “peak” and “time to- peak” responses were compared across different vehicle model years. The effect of delta-V, vehicle MY, on occupant kinematics was examined. For
Mishra, Satish, Borse, Tanmay, Kulkarni, Dileep, Mahajan, Rahul, jain, aayushman
Crowdsourcing Indian traffic scenarios for ADAS development and testing2026-26-00461/16/2026
In the Indian context, introduction of ADAS can play a positive role in improving road safety by assisting the driver and preventing unsafe driver behaviour. Technologies like Automated Emergency Braking (AEB), Lane Keep System, Adaptive Cruise Control, Driver Drowsiness Detection, Driver Alcohol detection etc., if deployed safely and used in a safe manner can help prevent many of the current road deaths in India. Safe deployment and safe use of such ADAS technologies require the systems to operate without failure within their operational design domains (ODD) and not surprise the drivers with sudden or unpredictable failures, to help develop their trust in the technology. As a result, identifying test scenarios remain a key step in the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). This remains a challenge due to the large test space especially for the Indian context due to the unpredictable traffic behaviour and occasional road infrastructure. In this paper, we introduce a
Dodoiu, Tudor, Serry, Hamid, Alakkad, Fadi, Zhang, Xizhe, Jennings, Paul, Khastgir, Siddartha
Drive Cycle Type Identification Using Data Driven Methodologies2026-26-06491/16/2026
Identifying the type of drive cycle is crucial for analyzing customer usage and optimizing vehicle performance and emission control. Methods that rely on geographical location are limited by varying driving conditions at the same location (e.g., heavy traffic during peak hours vs. free-flowing traffic at night). This paper proposes a methodology to identify the type of drive cycle (city, interurban, highway or others) using drive characteristics derived from vehicle data rather than geographical location. Real-world vehicle data from testing trucks is taken, whose drive profiles are already known. Initially, multiple characteristic features of the drive cycle are identified from literature surveys and domain experiences. These features, which can be extracted from basic signal data, include gear shifts, time spent in different driving modes (acceleration, cruise, standstill), velocity distributions, and an 'aggressiveness factor' representing overall driving style. Using ML based
REDDY, MALLANGI PRASHANTH, Gorain, Raju, Ganguly, Gourav
Thoracic Injury Mechanisms Due to Front Seatback–Rear Seat Pan Interaction in Severe Rear-Impact Collisions2026-26-00051/16/2026
Severe rear-impact collisions can cause significant intrusion into the occupant compartment when the structural integrity of the rear survival space is insufficient. Intrusion patterns are influenced by impact configuration—underride, in-line, or override—with underride collisions channeling forces below the beltline through the rear wheels as a primary load path. This force concentration rapidly propels the rear seat-pan forward, contacting the rearward-rotating front seatback. The resulting bottoming-out phenomenon produces a forward impulse that amplifies loading on the front occupant’s upper torso, increasing the risk of thoracic injury even when the head is properly supported by the head restraint. This study analyzes a real-world rear-impact collision that resulted in fatal thoracic injuries to the driver, attributed to the interaction between the driver’s seatback and the forward-moving rear seat pan. A vehicle-to-vehicle crash test was conducted to replicate similar intrusion
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
Smart Stability: Dual-Mode Hill Hold and Parking Brake Strategy in Electric Tractors Using Motor Torque and Electro-Hydraulic Actuation2026-26-02051/16/2026
Operating tractors on Sloped Terrains presents safety challenges, especially during shuttle operations, loader use, or start-stop maneuvers at slopes. Unlike Diesel Counterparts, feedback from the prime mover (Motor) is minimal and silence often masks terrain feedback. Driver response tends to vary, leading to rollback & challenges to safety demanding skill & expertise for safe operation. Based on field observations across Mahindra tractor platforms, we identified start-stop maneuver task to be offloaded from the operator to improve control and consistency and take skill element out of picture. This paper outlines the approach derived based on dual-mode Hill Hold and Parking Brake system, developed using traction motor torque control and SAHR-based hydraulic braking via proportional valves. The VCU works at the heart of this system to dynamically choose between electric and hydraulic modes based on vehicle state, ignition, and motor conditions. Parking brake automation logic has been
M, Rojer, P, Velusamy, Natarajan, Saravanan, devakumar, Kiran, T, Ganesan, sundaram, Pavithra, Muniappan, Balakrishnan
Parameterizing External Factors Influencing E-motor Consumption2026-26-01751/16/2026
In recent times, a standard drive cycle is an excellent way to measure the electric range of EVs. This process is standardized and repeatable; however, it has the drawback of testing in a controlled environment with a low content of active functions. This can cause a significant variation in predicted range between drive cycles and actual on-road tests. This problem can be addressed via on-road testing and by using customer-based velocity cycles which involve more active functions. While on-road tests provide a more accurate idea of real-world consumption, the repeatability of these tests is low due to excessive randomness. External factors such as ambient temperature, driver behavior, traffic, terrain, altitude, and load conditions affect the vehicle during on-road testing, making repeatability difficult. No two measurements can have the same consumption even if done on the same road with the same vehicle due to these factors. This paper presents a machine learning-based method to
Kelkar, Kshitij, Kanakannavar, Rohit
Overview of Indian Government Policies, Evolution of Indian Automotive Regulations and Striking balance approach for adoption2026-26-02421/16/2026
A well-regulated vehicle design and manufacturing instils driver and passengers' safety and comfort, and lays the foundation for safe and clean mobility. Evolution of Automotive regulation has a long legacy across the globe. India has been closely following the Automotive regulatory progress in the Europe as a cornerstone for technical harmonization, cross learning, gauge benefits and economic implications. Even though India being a developing country, it has not only shown its willingness to harmonize world's best practices but also been making right preparations towards safe and clean mobility. Adoption of BS-VI directly from BS-IV is a testament to India's commitment. While doing so, Government of India (GOI) has always been striking a balanced approach between harmonization of regulations and business implications (ground reality, TCO, business sustenance and growth). Given the above context, the paper explores about: i)Trajectory of evolution of Automotive regulations in India
Patil, Dharmarayagouda
India WLTC vs MIDC: Comparative Analytical study on BEV Range & Energy Consumption as per AIS175 draft & AIS039/0402026-26-02441/16/2026
The Main Objective of WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure) was to standardize the Globally Harmonized Test Procedure for evaluating Emission/ FE/ Range of Light Duty Vehicles. Europe has already adopted the WLTP from 2018. WLTC is a global harmonized test cycle that provides realistic emissions/ Range estimation based on its aggressive driving patterns. In India, currently Continuous Full MIDC (Modified Indian Driving Cycle) used to declare the Range of BEV's. Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) released a AIS 175 draft report for development of WLTP regulation in India (iWLTC : India WLTC). The real road Range of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) is observed 25% ~ 35% lower than declared Range of Full MIDC AER (All Electric Range). In Europe, real road range of BEV is 10% ~ 15% lower than declared range of WLTP AER. Analytical study performed on BEV Range/ EC as per AIS 175 draft & AIS 039/040 regulation to compare the impact of iWLTC vs MIDC cycle. The Range & Energy
Shiva Kumar, Mucharla, Tentu, Kavya
Optimizing Collision Warnings: A Shift from Time to Collide to Time to Brake2026-26-00471/16/2026
In automotive safety systems, Time to Collide (TTC) is traditionally used to trigger warnings in auto-emergency braking systems. However, TTC can lead to premature or inaccurate warnings as it is calculated based on the relative speed and distance between the ego and an obstacle. TTC does not consider the vehicle's braking dynamics, such as brake prefill lag which varies across different vehicles, maximum deceleration, and the effectiveness of braking systems and assumes constant speed which may not always be realistic. We propose Time to Brake (TTB) as a more effective parameter for driver warnings. TTB directly relates to the action a driver needs to take—braking. It provides a clear indication of when braking should begin to avoid a collision, whereas TTC only tells us about the possibility of a collision. To calculate TTB we utilize the brake profile, which incorporates both deceleration and system jerk for improved accuracy. The proposed warning time is the sum of variable brake
Singh, Ashutosh Prakash, Kumawat, Himanshu, Gupta, Sara
Do Not Let the Door Hit2026-26-00261/16/2026
Modern vehicles are equipped with numerous safety systems focused primarily on active and passive crash protection, but less attention is given to low-speed or stationary scenarios: particularly when occupants exits the vehicle. One common and often underestimated risk occurs when the vehicle door is opened without awareness of nearby obstacles such as walls, poles, or other vehicles. This paper introduces a novel, intelligent solution aimed at enhancing safety during driver egress. The proposed system leverages the existing ORVM (Outside Rear View Mirror) cameras to monitor and measure the surface area adjacent to the vehicle. When the vehicle is parked and the engine is turned off, the system becomes active. As the driver initiates the exit, the system scans for obstructions near the door. If an obstacle is detected within a predefined danger zone, it projects a warning symbol on the Instrument cluster via the puddle lamp and triggers an audible chime to alert the occupant. This dual
Bhuyan, Anurag, Khandekar, Dhiraj, Jahagirdar, Shweta
Driver-in-the-Loop Optimization of Tire-Vehicle Dynamics using Virtual Tire Development approach through CD Tire Models2026-26-00991/16/2026
This study provides a virtual development process using VI-Grade Driving Simulator and Adams simulation integrating CD tire models to modify all-terrain tire performance for an altered and new proposed version of an existing production vehicle. The proposed alteration introduces ride height changes, weight distribution changes, and centre of gravity changes from existing vehicle design. The proposed new vehicle variant also introduces tire change from highway terrain type to all-terrain type as it was intended to deliver some off-roading capabilities, thereby vehicle dynamics and kinematics recalibration & tuning required. The conventional development cycles through physical prototypes are time-consuming and expensive. Alternatively, this solution combines high-fidelity tire simulation, driver-in-the-loop (DIL) simulation, and multi-body dynamics analysis to reduce development time and prototype cycles. The proposed method begins with baseline correlation, augmenting Adams vehicle
Shrivastava, Apoorv, Asthana, Shivam
Ocular-Behavioral Metrics for Driver State Classification for Indian Driving Contexts: KSS-Based Evaluation, Conformance and implementation challenges2026-26-06681/16/2026
With the increasing integration of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in Indian automotive markets, robust Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) have become critical for road safety. This study focuses on the development and validation of a Driver Distraction and Attention Warning System (DDAWS), tailored to the unique challenges of Indian driving conditions. The DDAWS module, a core component of DMS, leverages a driver-facing high-resolution camera to continuously evaluate driver behaviour. The system architecture is bifurcated into two primary subsystems: the Driver Attention Monitoring module and the Drowsiness Detection module. DMS primarily is divided into two parts, first being the Driver Attention monitoring system, which ensures the driver maintain a proper focus on the road by not being distracted either by the inner and the external environment of the vehicle. This is generally achieved using the head pose monitoring of the driver, post processing which results in an
Verma, Harshal, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala
Dynamic Integration of Bilateral and Adaptive Cruise Control for Intuitive Vehicle Behavior and Congestion Mitigation2026-26-00371/16/2026
Bilateral Cruise Control (BCC) is a new concept that has been shown to reduce traffic congestion and enhance fuel/energy efficiency compared to Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). BCC considers both lead and trailing vehicles to determine the ego vehicle’s acceleration, effectively dampening any disturbance down the vehicle string and reducing possibilities for congestion. Despite the advantages demonstrated with BCC, one major limitation is its non-intuitive behavior, which stems from the fact that the BCC reacts not just to the lead vehicle but also to the trailing vehicle’s movement. This paper identifies key issues with BCC control and proposes solutions that retain the benefits of BCC while maintaining intuitive behavior. Specifically, a novel switching strategy is proposed to switch between ACC and BCC control modes by critically analyzing the driving conditions. The proposed system ensures acceptable driving behavior with predictable braking and acceleration, resulting in an
A, Arya, A, Aishwarya, D, Vishal Mitaran, M, Senthil Vel, Kumar, Vimal
AI-powered intelligent cognitive lens for driver monitoring for safe transportation and increased fleet efficiency2026-26-06341/16/2026
The rapid evolution of intelligent transportation systems has made drivers’ attentiveness and adherence to safety protocols more critical than ever. Traditional monitoring solutions often lack the adaptability to detect subtle behavioral changes in real time. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered Driver Monitoring System designed to continuously assess driver behavior, fatigue, distractions, and emotional state across various driving conditions. By providing real-time alerts and insights to vehicle owners, fleet operators, and safety personnel, the system significantly enhances road safety. The system integrates lightweight AI/ML algorithms, image processing techniques, perception models, and rule-based engines to deliver a comprehensive monitoring solution for multiple transportation modes, including automotive, rail, aerospace, and off-highway vehicles. Optimized for edge devices, the models ensure real-time processing with minimal computational overhead. Alerts are communicated
Mardhekar, Amogh, Sing, Sandip, Chikhale, Shraddha, Hivarkar, Umesh
Development of a Fuel Injector Driver for Accelerated Testing2026-26-05641/16/2026
This paper presents the design and development of a cost-effective fuel injector driver for accelerated testing of injectors. The driver accurately simulates injection patterns across various vehicle operating conditions. It can be programmed with injection maps for different engines, test cycles as per part drawings, predefined engine running cycles, and manual control where the frequency and duty cycle of PWM pulses are user-defined. The device can also be operated remotely via a Wi-Fi access point. This setup played a pivotal role for rapid comparative analyses among different suppliers, aiding in the final product selection. Accelerated testing was performed under various operating cycles, with performance evaluations done periodically. Conducting such tests at the vehicle level or on engine test benches would involve significant time and cost. However, the rapid development of the microcontroller-based test setup enabled quick initiation and completion of testing in a short span
Bhatt, Pancham, Agrawal, Adheesh, Kuchhal, Abhinav
Safety Locking and alert system for Container trailers with Geo fencing2026-26-02731/16/2026
The Container trailer is used worldwide to transport goods & materials especially e-commerce applications with valuable materials. These container trailers are presently locked with a mechanical locking system and often broken and unlocked by unauthorized people. During transportation time, the driver stops for natural calls, food or any other breakdown, the attempt is made to steal the materials. Many cases were known only after damages are done. It has become a serious issue nowadays in the transportation industry. To avoid these problems, we have designed and developed a system that operates pneumatically with digital locking control. The system is designed to ensure proper safety by rigid mechanical locking. It is actuated by a pneumatic system consisting of Directional control valve & pneumatic cylinders. The lock and unlock inputs are given through digitally and the digital controller provides the appropriate input to solenoid operated direction control valve. Based on the
kumaran, Rajasekar
Microcontroller-based modular mirror for Heavy and Mid commercial vehicles2026-26-00181/16/2026
Existing ICE Mid and Heavy commercial vehicles in the Indian and international market are recording a large number of mishaps due to blind spots and non accessibility of the driver to the opposite side mirror in real-time driving. Non-driver side rear view mirror adjustment creates the need for the driver to get down and adjust the mirror manually/ get support from the co-passenger. The paper proposes a solution for a Microcontroller-based compact mirror adjustment system, which will run with minimal economy and highest efficiency. This will assist drivers in aesthetically and safely monitoring of mirror to check on specific blind spots in day conditions. Mirror will be actuated via a Modular control panel, a Dashboard with audio input or button-operated system based on vehicle type and customer need, along with a quick response mechanism to operate the mirror. This will reduce the prone accidents due to non-visibility by approximately 30%, ensuring enhanced road safety and driver
Jambagi, Vaibhavi Vyankatesh, Gangvekar, Onkar, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
The Impact of Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) on Automotive Headlights Performance and Driver Perception2026-26-01301/16/2026
Automotive lighting has been evolved from simple incandescent lamps to advanced LED based AFS and ADB functions. These lighting play crucial role in road traffic enhancing better visibility and safety to driver as well as other road users. Today’s Automotive Headlights use different light sources viz., Halogen, HID (Xenon), LED, and Laser each emitting light at different correlated color temperatures (CCT), measured in Kelvin (K). Color temperature not only influences visibility but also impacts the amount and perception of glare experienced by other drivers. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of correlated color temperature of automotive headlamps on driver visibility and comfort during night driving conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment using headlamps with different CCTs ranging from 3000K to 6500K. Participants from various age groups and genders were involved to capture diverse perceptions. Studies confirm that both CCT and
Patil, Mahendra Govind, Kirve, Jyoti Kirve, Parlikar, Padmakumar
Design and Validation of a Collapsible Brake Pedal System for Lower-Leg Protection in Frontal Impacts2026-26-05001/16/2026
Indian Passenger car accident data indicates that approximately 44% of crashes are frontal impacts. Among the injuries sustained in these crashes, lower leg injuries are notably critical, contributing to nearly 25% of driver occupant injuries. To evaluate such injuries, the Bharat New Car Assessment Program (BNCAP) includes lower leg injury metrics as part of the Frontal Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB64) test. While the overall injury performance is assessed at the vehicle level, BNCAP also monitors vehicle interior intrusions—particularly pedal intrusions—as key contributors to lower limb injury severity. A major challenge in frontal crashes is the intrusion of the vehicle's front-end structure into the occupant compartment. Rigid components, particularly the brake pedal assembly, can be displaced rearward during a crash, significantly increasing the risk of lower leg injuries. Therefore, minimizing pedal intrusions into the driver footwell is critical to enhancing lower leg
Shetti, Rahul R., Kudale, Shailesh, Naik, Nagaraj, Bisen, Badal, Kotak, Vijay, Dudhewar, Swapnil Dudhewar, Bhagat, Amit, Durgaprasad, HNV
Decision-fatigue mitigation in Automotive HMI System2026-26-06521/16/2026
Abstract - With advent of digital displays in driver cabins in commercial vehicles, the drivers are getting offered with many features. Due to availability of vast number of features, drivers face decision fatigue in choosing the appropriate features. Many are unaware of all available functionalities displayed in the HMI System, leading to a bare minimum usage or complete neglect of helpful features. This not only affects the driving efficiency but also increases cognitive load, especially in complex driving scenarios. Instead of manually choosing between multiple settings, the driver can simply activate a recommendation mode, allowing the system to optimize selections dynamically. Novelty of this proposal focuses on introducing Intelligence in HMI Systems in such a way that it will maximize the usage index and reduce decision fatigue in drivers. To achieve this, an AI-driven recommendation system is introduced, based on User Customization and Adaptive Learning Model along with ML
K, Sunil, Dhoot, Disha
Analysis of Road Accident Statistics for Females in India and Gaps in Safety Regulations2026-26-00201/16/2026
This paper investigates the current state of road safety for female occupants in India, with a particular focus on road accident statistics and the gaps in safety regulations. According to the Road Accident in India 2022 report by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), female occupants constitute 16% of passenger car fatalities. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset of 525 passenger car accidents involving at least one female occupant from the Road Accident Sampling System – India (RASSI), this study evaluates the severity and patterns of injuries sustained by female drivers and passengers. The analysis identifies critical shortcomings in existing safety measures, particularly in addressing anatomical disparities and male-centric safety designs. Gender-disaggregated injury trends reveal heightened vulnerabilities for women in crash scenarios, including disproportionate risks to the chest, neck, and pelvis. Current regulatory frameworks rely on crash test dummies developed on
Ayyagari, Chandrashekhar, G, Santhosh Kumar, Rao, Guruprakash
Driving behavior modelling with Graph Attention Networks using spatial data2026-26-06611/16/2026
In automotive engineering, understanding driving behavior is crucial for decision on specifications of future system designs. This study introduces an innovative approach to modeling driving behavior using Graph Attention Networks (GATs). By leveraging spatial relationships encoded in H3 indices, we construct a graph-based model that captures dependencies between various vehicle operational parameters and their operational regions using H3 indices. The model utilizes CAN signal features such as speed, fuel efficiency, engine temperature, and categorical identifiers of vehicle type and sub-type. Additionally, regional indices are incorporated to enrich the contextual information. The GAT model processes these heterogeneous features, learning to identify patterns indicative of driving behavior. This approach offers several significant advantages. Firstly, it enhances the accuracy of driving behavior modeling by effectively capturing the complex spatial and operational dependencies
Salunke, Omkar
Integrated Evaluation of Pre-Crash Braking and Crash Injury Outcomes Using Human Body Models and ATDs2026-26-00191/16/2026
Traditionally, vehicle occupant safety research has focused on passive safety aspects like crashworthiness and occupant restraint systems. However, with the advent of Active Safety technologies such as Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), research has expanded to include occupant kinematics during the pre-crash phase. AEB, by inducing occupant movement, often leads to out-of-position (OOP) behavior, compromising available space during the crash phase. Current Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs) are limited in simulating occupant kinematics during the pre-crash phase, especially in the neck and torso regions. These devices are rigid and unable to replicate human body dynamics during low-acceleration events like AEB. To address this gap, Human Body Models (HBMs) such as THUMS, GHBMC, and SAFER are used to provide more biofidelic simulations. This study begins with physical vehicle trials conducted with human volunteers at various speeds to measure
Pendurthi, Chaitanya Sagar, THANIGAIVEL RAJA, T, Kondala, Hareesh, Sudarshan, B.Sudarshan, Nehe, Vaibhav, Rao, Guruprakash
"Addressing Reflection-Related Issues in Vehicle Interiors: Ensuring Safer and More Comfortable Driving Experiences"2026-26-05531/16/2026
Reflection significantly influences vehicle driving conditions, impacting both driver comfort and safety. Direct reflections from sunlight or artificial lighting can lead to stress, fatigue, and impaired road visibility, increasing the risk of accidents. Indirect reflections, such as glare from mirrors or dashboard surfaces, pose temporary challenges by distracting drivers and affecting their focus. The intensity and direction of reflections vary with the position of the sun during the day and artificial lights at night, creating visibility issues. Reflection is categorized into daytime reflection, characterized by sunlight-induced glare, and night reflection, driven by internal displays, headlights, and streetlights. To address this, our study focuses on design, vehicle interiors, colour and Pattern to mitigate the Reflection related issues. Our study also focuses on Innovative solutions like anti-reflective coatings, polarized accessories to minimize these effects, ensuring safer and
Jayapandiyan, Raja, DWARAPUDI, DURGAPRASAD, BALU, LAXSHMAANJI, Muthu, Karthikeyan, RANGARAJAN BHARATWAJ, Barath, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
Study of Drive Trace Indices and their correlation with CO2 in Chassis Dynamometer testing2026-26-05171/16/2026
With introduction of CAFÉ norms in India, the manufacturers of all M1 Category vehicles (not exceeding 3,500kg GVW) must ascertain that they comply with Annual Corporate average CO2 target as defined in regulation. Moreover, this target will become stricter in different stages in upcoming years. Hence CO2 emissions are becoming one of the major focus parameters during vehicle development. There are various factors that can impact CO2 emissions during measurement in test cycle such as MIDC/WLTC. One such major factor is driving variations. Although speed and time tolerances are provided during the test (as part of AIS 137/AIS 175) limit the variation, even within these tolerances, drive-related effects can be significant contributors to test results variability. Monitoring and control of such variations is important to understand the true fuel economy potential of the vehicle. Drive Trace indices are standardized metrics that can be used to evaluate the driving variations. The aim of
ER, Shivram, Rawat, Vijaypal, Khandelwal, Vineet, Kumar, Arun, Malhotra, Jitendra
Reverse Gear Duty Cycle Generation Using Virtual RLD Simulation2026-26-04051/16/2026
Keywords: RLD (Road Load Data), AVL VSM, AVL Route Studio, Duty Cycle, Transmission, Reverse Gear, Durability The development of transmission systems involves creating duty cycles for bench-level durability evaluations for both forward and reverse gears. For forward gear, vehicles are driven under various real-world conditions over thousands of kilometers, equipped with numerous sensors and components tailored for data collection. In contrast, duty cycles for reverse gear are often based on prior experience or rough estimations due to the lack of clear definition of real world use case. Reverse gear RLD is particularly scarce, especially for heavy-duty vehicles operating in off-road or mining environments, where specific reverse driving paths are not typically followed. This paper presents a detailed methodology highlighting the importance of reverse gear duty cycles by leveraging virtual RLD simulations on various gradients using tools such as AVL Route Studio and AVL VSM. By
Kansagara, Smit, Patel, Hiral, kira, Lucas, Sutar, Suresh, Soor, Debasis
A Noval methodology of compact cooling unit design for Truck applications by using CAE CFD simulation2026-26-04601/16/2026
The implementation of AC unit on truck as compulsory as per government guideline demands the AC supplier to design a compact and modular AC unit within the available package space. The installation of AC unit inside the vehicle helps the driver to drive safely due to better cabin comfort. This will reduce fatigue due to the long driving of the truck drivers. Thereby the safety of the truck and driver will be saved with the implementation. But there are challenges for AC manufactures to design the compact size AC unit. The challenges like performance, durability, cost and less noise to be met as per customer requirement. To overcome the issue of design at the early stage and compact AC unit within small space is possible with the support of simulation software. AE and CFD plays a major role in this regard. So first unit level CAE and CFD analysis conducted to predict the result. AE used for checking the strength of the mounting bracket of cooling unit and CFD used for verifying the air
Parayil, Paulson
Machine Learning based Engine Mount NVH Life Health Monitoring System2026-26-03591/16/2026
Refinement for NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance, and long-term vehicle reliability are rapidly evolving in today’s automotive industry. Engine mounts play a central role in isolating powertrain-induced vibrations; their deterioration can significantly affect cabin comfort, powertrain integrity, and customer satisfaction. Prior work in this area has primarily focused on direct mount sensors and physical inspection at service centre after failure. While effective in controlled environments, such methods are not scalable, add system complexity, and increase vehicle cost due to sudden breakdowns—challenges that restrict practical OEM deployment. This paper introduces a novel indirect health monitoring method that leverages a driver seat rail-mounted accelerometer to capture driver specific vibrational responses. By analyzing these signals using machine learning models and domain-specific analytical features, engine mount health is inferred without requiring sensors on the
Iqbal, Shoaib, Dusane, Mangesh
Ambient Light Reflection Analysis using Dimensional Modelling Tools2026-26-04761/16/2026
The primary motivation is to improve driver safety and visual comfort. This is driven by the need to address the negative impact of ambient light reflecting off Head-Up Displays (HUDs), which can impair visibility through the windshield. There is a need for tools and methods to address this issue proactively during the vehicle design phase. Ambient light reflecting off internal components, specifically the Head-Up Display (HUD), creates unwanted reflections on the windshield. These reflections can obscure the driver's field of view, potentially compromising safety and reducing visual comfort. The extent of this obscuration is influenced by geometrical factors such as the angle of the HUD and the curvature of the windshield, which needs to be analyzed and managed. The study employs a tool-based modeling methodology to trace the pathways of ambient light from its source, reflecting off the HUD, and onto the windshield using a dimensional modeling tool. It focuses on geometrical factors
Muchchandi, Vinod, AKULA, SATYA JAYANTH, Mahindrakar, Pramod, G S, Sharath
Adapting ADAS to Indian Driving and User Needs2026-26-00451/16/2026
To enhance ADAS usability, safety, and localization in India, this study aims to identify gaps in ADAS system performance and Indian drivers’ expectations by capturing customer’s voice, underlining the need for context-aware ADAS development tailored to emerging Indian markets. The penetration of ADAS in automotive markets is increasing rapidly. However, their effectiveness and acceptance are significantly influenced by regional driving behavior and infrastructure. This study explores the interaction between naturalistic driver behaviour in India and the operational characteristics of ADAS Level 2 systems (FCW, ACC, LCF and BSD) with focus on cars. Using real-world driving data collected from Indian roads, the research aims to highlight the divergence between ADAS design assumptions often based on structured Western traffic environments and the complex, dynamic nature of Indian traffic, characterized by frequent human negotiation, informal road practices, and different vehicle types
SANKPAL, KRISHNATH NAMDEV, Magar, AKSHAY, KHOT, ANKUSH, KULKARNI, ALOK, Perez, Marc
Experimental Study to Investigate and Control Image Blurriness due to IRVM Vibration2026-26-03211/16/2026
Vibration is one of the prominent factors that determine the quality & comfort level of a vehicle. Moreover, if vibration occurs in areas that are almost entirely within customer touchpoints (during either city or highway driving conditions), it could become a critical factor behind the deterioration of brand image within the market. The interior rear-view mirror (IRVM) is one of the important components inside passenger cabin, providing drivers with a clear view of the rear traffic. However, vibrations induced by engine operation, road irregularities, and aerodynamic forces can cause the IRVM to oscillate, leading to image blurriness and compromised visibility and safety. This paper investigates the underlying causes of IRVM vibrations and their impact on image clarity. Through a combination of experimental analysis and computational modelling, we identify key factors contributing to mirror instability. The findings indicate the specific frequencies of vibration, particularly those
Khan, Aamir Naved, Saraswat, Vivek, Jha, Kartik, SINGH, HEMENDRA, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Khan, Nafees
Crash Pulse Characterization for the Passenger Vehicle Fleet in India.2026-26-00291/16/2026
A crash pulse is the signature of the deceleration experienced by a vehicle and its occupants during a crash. The deceleration-time plot or crash pulse provides key insights into occupant kinematics, occupant restraints, occupant loading and efficiency of the structure in crash energy dissipation. Analysing crash pulse characteristics like shape, slope, maximum deceleration, and duration helps in understanding the impact of the crash on occupant safety and vehicle crashworthiness. This paper represents the crash pulse characterization study done for the vehicles tested at ARAI as per the ODB64 test protocol. Firstly, the classification and characterization of the crash pulses is done on the basis of the unladen masses of the vehicles. The same are further analysed for suitability of mathematical waveform models such as Equivalent Square Wave (ESW), Equivalent Triangular Wave (ETW), Equivalent Sine Wave (ESW), Equivalent Haversine Wave (EHSW) as well as EDTW (Equivalent dual trapezia
Jaju, Divyan, Mishra, Satish, Kulkarni, Dileep, Borse, Tanmay, Mahindrakar, Rahula Ashok, Mahajan, Rahul
Representative Drive cycle velocity profiles Prediction using ML Algorithms for Energy Efficiency2026-26-06381/16/2026
Maximizing vehicle energy efficiency and performance is a high priority for the automotive industry as customer expectations rise. Engineers constantly face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of achieving superior performance and maximizing energy efficiency, all while meeting increasingly tight development timelines. Leveraging digital methods can potentially enable a considerable reduction in development lead times. Driving cycles act as standardized measurement procedures for certifying a vehicle's fuel efficiency and driving range. Representative velocity profiles condense numerous real-life driving cycles to enable quicker energy analysis and driver feedback evaluation. This paper introduces a novel methodology for generating synthetic drive cycles, such as average velocity cycles and ideal consumption velocity cycles, based on real-life driving scenarios. In this study, the importance of creating representative drive cycles to enhance vehicle performance and energy
Kanakannavar, Rohit, Kelkar, Kshitij, Sadalge, Anand
Optimizing Brake Pedal Feel and Driver Comfort in Buses with Pneumatic Braking Systems2026-26-05361/16/2026
Brakes are a critical safety component in vehicles, and every parameter of the braking system plays a vital role in vehicle operation. Among these, brake pedal feel and driver confidence are key factors, in addition to achieving the required brake force, deceleration, and stopping distance. These aspects depend on the system-generated torque, available pneumatic pressure, lining material properties, and Electronic Braking System (EBS) parameters. This paper focuses on the factors influencing brake pedal feel while maintaining a balance between driver comfort and confidence during bus operation. Under optimal braking conditions, brake pedal response and brake torque gradient must align with the driver’s deceleration demands. The braking system must respond promptly, completing the application in the shortest possible duration. The brake torque gradient values specified in the EBS file should neither be too low nor too high, and the brake pedal feel must remain consistent throughout the
Pujari, Sachin, Salunkhe, Swapnil, Ali, Tauqeer
Early prediction of relaxation voltage & detection of state of battery for functional safety2026-26-01661/16/2026
During parking condition of vehicle, state of the battery is uncertain as it goes through the relaxation process. In such scenarios the battery voltage may exceed the functional safety limits. If we cross the functional safety limits it is hazardous to the driver as well as the occupant. In this case relaxed voltage plays a crucial role in identifying the safe state of the battery. To estimate the relaxed cell voltage there are methods such as RC filter time constat modeling and relaxation voltage error method. The problem with these solutions is the waiting time and accuracy to determine the relaxation voltage. In this manuscript a solution is proposed which ensures the above problem gets reduced. To achieve the reduction of relaxation voltage estimation time, a python sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (PySindy) is used which identifies and fits an equation model based on observing the battery characteristics at different SOC and temperatures. The implementation is done and
Pandey, Priyanshu, Nilajkar, Ankur, Panda, Abinash
Driving performance impact analysis on EV components for efficient, safe, and intelligent mobility2026-26-06551/16/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) are the cornerstone of sustainable transportation, but their performance and component longevity are heavily influenced by driving behaviors. This study proposes a comprehensive analytical framework to assess how different driving styles affect the operational health of key EV components such as the battery pack, motor, and DC-DC converter. Various driving styles such as aggressive, moderate, and economical are discriminated against using dynamic vehicle operation signatures including acceleration and braking intensity, turning profiles, and load variations. These behavioral patterns are reflected in the electrical responses, namely current and voltage waveforms across power electronic systems. By analyzing these electrical signatures, a range of KPIs can be estimated for each component, offering insights into their operational stress and degradation trends. Experimental analysis using real-time EV datasets validates the framework’s ability to predict and
Deole, Kaushik, Kumar, Pankaj, Hivarkar, Umesh
Material Optimization in console armrest to comply occupant safety in crash test2026-26-00071/16/2026
Indian passenger vehicles sales touched an all-time high in FY25.Today’s customer expects high level of aesthetics, safety and connected features in the vehicle Interiors. This has created more diverse and demanding customer base that values interior design and quality. This has led OEMs to offer modern Indian mass car interiors with features like big infotainment system, Console Armrest…etc. The vehicle console armrest assembly is an integral part of a car's interior, designed to enhance comfort, ergonomics, and functionality for the driver and passengers. The console armrest is a complex assembly of many child parts like Armrest cushion/ sliding mechanism/ latch, locking mechanism/ hinge mechanism and storage compartment etc., Console hard plastic parts are the primary source of injuries when occupants interact with them in the event of an accident. Poorly designed armrests can contribute to flyoff of child parts in the event crash and can cause injuries to occupant. Therefore
A D, BALAMURUGA, BADDAM, SATHISH, MANGAL, GAUTAM, SINGH, DEEPAK, Shekhar, Ravi, Singh, Amit
Towards Crash-Tolerant Rotorcraft Design via Topology OptimizationF-0081-2025-02325/20/2025
We present our ongoing efforts towards the development of crash-tolerant rotorcraft airframe structures through topology optimization, with the goal of enhancing energy absorption and occupant survival during vertical impact events. A high strain rate explicit dynamics solver has been developed, fully accelerated on GPUs, to enable rapid and accurate simulation of impact events critical to crashworthiness evaluation. In parallel, we have built a scalable three-dimensional topology optimization framework that enforces stiffness, weight, and frequency constraints simultaneously, driving structurally efficient and vibration-resistant designs. Benchmarking results demonstrate significant GPU-enabled speedups, facilitating high-fidelity crash simulations and large-scale optimization at practical turnaround times. This work establishes a computational foundation for future integration of crash-centric objectives and constraints into the optimization framework.
Das, Ghanendra, James, Kai, Kennedy, Graeme, Webb, Lonnie, Oluwalana, Daniel
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Scalable AV Deployment Starts with Fewer Close Calls135135/1/2025
The hallmark of exceptional autonomous driving technology isn't just how it reacts in a crisis but how it avoids one altogether. That's the vision behind May Mobility: a world where self-driving cars confidently navigate busy intersections, unexpected detours, and pedestrian-filled crosswalks with the instincts of a seasoned human driver. At the core of May Mobility's technology platform is its patented Multi-Policy Decision Making (MPDM) system. This breakthrough technology uses real-time, in-situ AI to interpret data, continuously learning and adapting to new, complex, and unpredictable driving conditions. By learning on the fly--much like a human driver--May Mobility's AVs can be deployed faster and more cost-effectively than traditional systems. To explore how May Mobility is scaling its AV technology, we spoke with Ed Olson, CEO and Founder, about the company's city-wide AV deployments, strategic partnerships with Toyota and NTT, and its entrance into the rideshare market through
Hineman, Marcie
Research and Simulation Implementation of Self-Driving Vehicle Trajectory Optimization in Networked Intersection Environment2025-01-71942/21/2025
Nowadays, the rapidly developing Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) provides a new mode of intersection vehicle cooperative control, which can optimize vehicle trajectories and signal phases in real time and reduce intersection delays through the advantages of vehicle-road cooperative information interaction and the high controllability of CAV. In this paper, the intersection of Jintong West Road and Guanghua Road in Beijing is taken as the research object, and the vehicle trajectory constraints, acceleration constraints, speed constraints, safe driving constraints, signal switch constraints and traffic signal control constraints are set up with the minimization of traffic delay as the objective function. The DQN deep reinforcement learning network is constructed based on vehicle states, vehicle actions, reward functions, and update rules, and starts learning and updating to generate the target network. Then, SUMO software is used to simulate and test and compare the trajectory
Xu, Yuting, Zhang, Yong, Wu, Xianyu
Testing Methods for Advanced Intelligent Driving Systems Based on Natural Driving Behavior Characteristics2025-01-71472/21/2025
The technology of advanced intelligent driving systems equipped in intelligent and connected vehicles evolves rapidly, while the corresponding testing and evaluation standards lag behind. To propose new testing methods for advanced intelligent driving systems, this study first identifies typical intelligent driving functions through extensive research. Based on the distribution characteristics of natural driving scenarios, a series of test cases for these typical functions are developed. By employing simulation methods and the "logical scenario-critical scenario-experimental scenario" mechanism, the generalized test cases are filtered, enabling the rapid extraction of high-value test cases for real-world field testing and validation. Finally, the typical intelligent driving functions of advanced driving systems are analyzed and evaluated from the perspectives of perception and decision-making, as well as control operations. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed testing
Mo, Jingyue, Wu, Biao, Ma, Zhixiong, Ren, Hongze, He, Jiacan
Analysis of Left-Turn Mixed Traffic Flow Dynamics at Y-Shaped Signalized Intersections Using Cellular Automata2025-01-72042/21/2025
Through the method of on-site video observation, this study divides the intersection area into three parts according to the road traffic characteristics of the Y-shaped signalized intersections, and at the same time obtains the relevant parameters. These parameters include the left-turn speed and traffic density of motor vehicles within both the internal and exit areas, the frequency of lane-changing and queuing behaviors of non-motorized vehicles in the internal area, and the left-turn speed and traffic density of non-motorized vehicles in both the internal and exit areas. The data extraction and analysis of the parameters provide strong data support for further analysis of the subsequent mixed traffic flow. A cellular automaton model is developed using the intersection’s exit area as the scenario. The exit area is divided into three lanes based on the queuing patterns of mixed traffic. Corresponding traffic rules are established according to the traffic density of motorized and non
Yuan, Li, Liu, Xiaowei
Bosch consolidates computing talent in new mobility division21AUTP03_111/27/2025
Bosch announced on January 7 during its CES 2021 conference event that it has created a new division labeled Cross-Domain Computing Solutions (CDCC). The CDCC division pools 17,000 of Bosch's automotive software and electronics associates to create a single source for software-intensive systems for future vehicle architectures. According to Bosch, the market for such systems is expected to grow 15% annually between now and 2030, and the organizational move is designed to extend the supplier's market-leading position. Bosch has assigned software, electrical and electronics engineers from the areas of driver assistance, automated driving, car multimedia, powertrain and body electronics to the new unit. “Bosch is an automotive electronics pioneer. Moreover, for quite some time now, it has also been a software company,” said Dr. Stefan Hartung, chairman of Bosch's Mobility Solutions business sector. “Only a company with wide-ranging electronics and software expertise will be in a position
Seredynski, Paul
EVOLUTION OF 360 DEGREE LOCAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (LSA) TO AID THE WARFIGHTER2024-01-345111/15/2024
ABSTRACT Northrop Grumman has developed a software and hardware solution to provide enhanced 360 degree local situational awareness (LSA) to enable the warfighter with an overmatch capability on today’s modern battlefield. The architecture exploits technological gains in cameras, video processing, and video compression. The approach allows rapid comprehension of local and remote situational views presented with operational relevance for a ground combat platform or tactical wheeled platform crew. The 360 Degree LSA approach provides direct visualization of relative positioning of targets, threats, and lines of fire; and additionally offers common situational understanding / operational picture from the dismounted soldier to higher echelon commands. The approach provides prioritized information through LSA software to provide an enhanced view to the warfighter whereas the squad leader becomes an integral part of the crew with a view of the common operating picture (mounted) and
Viscovich, Christopher, Geoghegan, Susan, Worthy, David
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