Browse Topic: Vehicle accessibility

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A Comprehensive Survey of Foot-Operated Steering Systems for Individuals with Upper Limb Disabilities: A Literature Review2023-01-518702/23/2024
A significant portion of the global population about 13.6% of the world's population faces challenges due to upper limb disabilities caused by accidents, genetics, health issues or aging. These people struggle with everyday mobility tasks and often need help. Hence, the research is focused on creating special vehicle control systems to help them. This study gathers knowledge from various science and technology fields to develop foot-operated steering systems letting those with upper limb differences control vehicles with their feet. The research explores various technologies like modified steering, brain-controlled vehicles, foot-operated steering, steer-by-wire and Ackermann steering. Most of these systems are custom-made for people with upper limb differences. Ensuring safety, security, malfunction prevention, precise steering, user-friendliness and affordability is a significant challenge that demands advanced technology. Furthermore, there is a requirement to develop this system to
Soundararajan, R., Babu, N., Ashoka Vardhanan, P., Shijo Joseph, C.S.
The Ingress and Egress Strategies of Wheelchair Users Transferring Into and Out of Two Sedans2018-01-132104/03/2018
The ability to independently transfer into and out of a vehicle is essential for many wheelchair users to achieve driving independence. The purpose of the current study is to build upon the previous exploratory study that investigated the transfer strategies of wheelchair users by observing YouTube videos. This observational study videotaped five wheelchair users transferring from their wheelchairs into two research vehicles, a small and mid-size sedan that were equipped with a 50mm grid. The goal of this study was to use these videos and vehicle grids to precisely identify ingress and egress motions as well as “touch points” in a controlled setting with a small sample of five male wheelchair users. Using the videos from multiple different camera perspectives, the participants’ ingress and egress transfers were coded, documenting the touch points and step-by-step action sequences. The locations of touch points and lines representing the participant’s actions were plotted in a CAD model
Schaupp, Gregory, Brooks, Johnell O., Jenkins, Casey, Seeanner, Julia, Truesdail, Constance
Wheelchair Users’ Ingress/Egress Strategies While Transferring Into and Out of a Vehicle2016-01-143304/05/2016
The ability to independently transfer into and out of a vehicle is essential for many wheelchair users to achieve driving independence. This paper presents the results of an exploratory study that investigated the transfer strategies of wheelchair users who drive from their driver’s seat and not from their wheelchair. The goal of this study was to identify typical ingress and egress motions as well as “touch points” of wheelchair users transferring into and out of the driver’s seat. While motion databases exist for the ingress and egress of able-bodied drivers, this study provides insight on drivers with physical disabilities. Twenty-five YouTube videos of wheelchair users who transferred into and out of their own sedans were analyzed. The locations where the drivers’ hands, feet, and hips interacted with the vehicle, as well as the actions of the drivers while transferring from their wheelchair into the driver’s seat and then transferring from the driver’s seat into their wheelchair
Schaupp, Gregory, Seeanner, Julia, Jenkins, Casey, Manganelli, Joseph, Hennessy, Sarah, Truesdail, Constance, Swift, Lindsay, Venhovens, Paul, Brooks, Johnell
Dynamic Analysis of Car Ingress/Egress Movement: an Experimental Protocol and Preliminary Results2009-01-230906/09/2009
This paper focuses on full body dynamical analysis of car ingress/egress motion. It aims at proposing an experimental protocol adapted for analysing joint loads using inverse dynamics. Two preliminary studies were first performed in order to 1/ define the main driver/car interactions so as to allow measuring the contact forces at all possible contact zones and 2/ identify the design parameters that mainly influence the discomfort. In order to verify the feasibility of the protocol, a laboratory study was carried out, during which two subjects tested two car configurations. The experimental equipment was composed of a variable car mock-up, an optoelectronic motion tracking system, two 6D-force plates installed on the ground next to the doorframe and on the car floor, a 6D-Force sensor between the steering wheel and the steering column, and two pressure maps on the seat. Motions were reconstructed from measured surface markers trajectories using inverse kinematics. Joint loads were
Causse, Julien, Chateauroux, Elodie, Monnier, Gilles, Wang, Xuguang, Denninger, Lisa
Making FlexRay a Reality in a Premium Car2008-21-002310/20/2008
In this paper, we present some of the main tasks that have to be addressed and solved for FlexRay to become a reality in series production at Audi. The results will be used for future generations of vehicles in the Volkswagen Group. The methods established and products developed build the base for Audi's FlexRay series development.
Kötz, Jens, Poledna, Stefan
Articular Efforts of a Disabled Subject during an Automobile Vehicle Accessibility Movement - Constructing a Discomfort Index2007-01-246206/12/2007
Vehicle accessibility movement is an important factor for automobile customers, particularly if they are eldery or have locomotor dysfunction. The objective of this work is to propose a discomfort evaluation index based on the articular torques. This paper is interested in the efforts developed within the lower limbs articulations of a disabled subject during the ingress phase. The disability of the subject is characterized by the isokinetic test. The proposed index is confirmed by the subjective evaluation. This was an initial study, in the future we wish to generalize our index.
Debril, J-F., Menceur, M-O. Ait El, Pudlo, P., Lepoutre, F-X., Gorce, P.
Predicting Force-Exertion Postures from Task Variables2007-01-248006/12/2007
Accurate representation of working postures is critical for ergonomic assessments with digital human models because posture has a dominant effect on analysis outcomes. Most current digital human modeling tools require manual manipulation of the digital human to simulate force-exertion postures or rely on optimization procedures that have not been validated. Automated posture prediction based on human data would improve the accuracy and repeatability of analyses. The effects of hand force location, magnitude, and direction on whole-body posture for standing tasks were quantified in a motion-capture study of 20 men and women with widely varying body size. A statistical analysis demonstrated that postural variables critical for the assessment of body loads can be predicted from the characteristics of the worker and task.
Hoffman, Suzanne G., Reed, Matthew P., Chaffin, Don B.
A Database of Ingress / Egress Motions of Elderly People2007-01-249306/12/2007
HANDIMAN project aims at collection data and developing a computer aided design tool that helps the designers to adapt car design to the needs of elderly and impaired people when getting in and out of a car. Healthy young people, elderly people and people with hip or/and knee prostheses participated in the experiments. For elderly subjects and those with prostheses, several clinical tests were carried out for characterizing their joint mobilities and physical capacities. Ingress / egress motions were captured for four different types of car. According to individual characteristics and motion control strategies, a motion database will be developed. With help of recently developed case based motion simulation approach, this motion database can be used to simulate new car configurations within the scope covered by the database. The aim of this paper is to present the collected data and how we are going to structure them to simulate ingress / egress motions. Only the motion database of the
Chateauroux, Elodie, Wang, Xuguang, Trasbot, Jules
Adapting Vehicles for the Disabled Driver2002-01-208207/09/2002
The paper reviews the current technologies employed to assist a person with a disability to drive a car and meet the legislative requirements to be able to do so. The paper examines how these assistive technologies are used in three specific areas: Access systems Primary controls Secondary controls The paper also reviews safety implications involved with adaptations and also where there may be conflicts between systems fitted as standard to the car and the adaptations.
Elvin, Dave, Gambrell, Paul
Cabin Accommodations for Passengers with Ambulatory Disabilities Transport Category AircraftARP4387 (Historical)09/29/1992
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
A Systems Approach to the Design of Licensed Vehicle Driving Controls for Severely Disabled Drivers85166710/01/1985
Driving systems for the handicapped have historically been bolt on hand devices aimed largely at the paraplegic. In recent years, attention has been given to systems which permit the more severely disabled to drive. These also have been bolt on devices to a large extent. This paper describes a systems approach based on an analysis of the residual effort levels and range of motion of the severely handicapped.
Scott, Charles M.
Access Systems for Off-Road MachinesJ185_198508 (Historical)08/01/1985
Minimum criteria are provided for steps, stairways, ladders, walkways, platforms, handrails, handholds, guardrails, and entrance openings which permit ingress to and egress from operator, inspection, maintenance or service platforms on off-road work machines parked in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to off-road self-propelled work machines used in construction, general purpose industrial, agricultural (agricultural tractors only), forestry and specialized mining machinery categories as defined in SAE J1116 JUN86. It also pertains to specialized off-road machines used in mining such as shovels, draglines, and drills not identified in SAE J1116 JUN86. The minimum criteria established herein is based on one unladen person using the access system at any one time.
HFTC1, Controls, Visibility, Anthropometrics, Accessibility
Car Controls for Physically Handicapped Drivers85603701/01/1985
Many physically handicapped drivers have difficulties in using ordinary car controls, and modifications need to be made to their vehicles. A review of the types of adaptations and equipment that are available for this in Europe has identified the principal aspects that need to be considered in their design. For safety and ease of use, it is important to match the characteristics of a control conversion to the driver's capabilities, taking into account the location and mode of operation of the control, together with the operating forces and the range of movement. Many of these adaptations are highly individual, and it is also important to encourage innovation and flexibility in design to increase the possibilities for severely disabled people to obtain the mobility accepted as the norm by the rest of the population. Modern technology permits the use of sophisticated control systems, and a high degree of power assistance can be provided on steering and brakes. This raises problems such
Haslegrave, Christine M.
Access Systems for Off-Road MachinesJ185_198106 (Historical)06/01/1981
Minimum criteria are provided for steps, stairways, ladders, walkways, platforms, handrails, handholds, guardrails, and entrance openings which permit ingress to and egress from operator, inspection, maintenance or service platforms on off-road work machines parked in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to off-road self-propelled work machines used in construction, general purpose industrial, agricultural (agricultural tractors only), forestry and specialized mining machinery categories as defined in SAE J1116 JUN86. It also pertains to specialized off-road machines used in mining such as shovels, draglines, and drills not identified in SAE J1116 JUN86. The minimum criteria established herein is based on one unladen person using the access system at any one time.
HFTC1, Controls, Visibility, Anthropometrics, Accessibility
Literacy–A Human Factor in Driving Performance80038502/01/1980
Literate and illiterate drivers were compared on the basis of their driving histories and characteristics of their crashes. Illiterate drivers had significantly more crashes and convictions than the general driving public. When compared to matched control drivers, illiterate drivers still had more convictions and crashes. Their crashes tended to be in older vehicles that were more likely to have reported defects. They were also more likely to be driving trucks. Recommendations are presented for a comprehensive coordinated approach to encouraging acquisition of literacy skills which in turn may be reflected in improved driving performance.
Waller, Patricia F., Hall, Robert G.
Complete Single-Footed Automobile Controller73047002/01/1973
The control logic of a single-footed automobile controller is described. Intended for use by handicapped drivers, the controller can control the transmission control sequence, turn signals, steering wheel, brakes, horn, etc. The single-footed controller was developed basically for the amputee with one good leg. The mechanics and logic of the SFC can be modified into several types of “lap board” controls for use by paraplegics or quadriplegics.
Mayyasi, A. M., Pulley, P. E., Swarts, A. E.
The Influence of Vehicle Add-Ons, Alterations, Maintenance and Use on Vehicle Safety73022802/01/1973
The fad of do-it-yourself automobile customizing began in the late 1930s with cropped roofs. Today, this practice of altering the vehicle from the “as-built” condition continues, offsetting in most cases, the manufacturers' safety design improvements. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to some of these alterations that have compromised occupant safety, using examples from actual field accidents. Some of the situations illustrated show that tachometers and other miscellaneous devices which are attached to the steering column abort the compressibility of the energy-absorbing device, increasing chest injuries. These add-ons are also injury sites for the upper and lower limbs. Another modification is to alter the suspension geometry to achieve a dragster appearance. The raising of the rear end exposes the fuel tank, normally protected by the rear structure from direct contact by another vehicle in a rear-end collision situation. An example of how these changes increase the
Nelson, W. D.
Mobility Aids for the Spinal Cord Injury Patient73047102/01/1973
Some of the mobility problems faced by the spinal cord injury patient are presented in this paper. Existing automobile hand controls for the handicapped are discussed and current efforts at evaluation and standardization of this equipment are described. Design constraints are outlined for the development of new equipment to allow the more severely handicapped to drive.
Newell, P. H., Hyman, W. A., Krouskop, T. A., McDermott,, M.
Advanced Concepts In Automobile Driver Controls73047202/01/1973
Finger operated driver controls which connect directly to the carburetor and power brake servo valve offer driving ability to the handicapped not able to operate conventional hand controls. Mechanical servo connections eliminate the need for pushrod and lever connections to the foot pedals. Use of a set of control modules with the direct connections offers all drivers a safe and versatile control system requiring much less effort and range of motion. Safety results from smooth positive control action and from an auxiliary power backup system. Versatility results from the direct connections and low effort and travel required by this new system. Optimum “feel” is obtained by proper combination of the force and displacement feedback loops built into the system connections. Addition of optional modules for control of lights, wipers, seats, etc., enable this modular concept to offer completely independent automobile travel to handicapped people previously unable to drive an automobile.
HARDEN, DAVID H., TENNISWOOD, DAVID M.
The Handicapped and the Driving Task73046702/01/1973
Handicapped people can be taught to drive. This paper stresses the “family car” concept. If possible, the car should be adapted with special controls for the handicapped that do not preclude the car being driven by the able-bodied family members. Considerable attention is given to existing optional equipment that will assist the handicapped in performing the driving task. The ultimate goal for the handicapped is complete independence: enter the car, perform the driving task, and exit the car unassisted.
Rhoads, Milton D.
Access Systems for Off-Road MachinesJ185_197007 (Historical)07/01/1970
Minimum criteria are provided for steps, stairways, ladders, walkways, platforms, handrails, handholds, guardrails, and entrance openings which permit ingress to and egress from operator, inspection, maintenance or service platforms on off-road work machines parked in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to off-road self-propelled work machines used in construction, general purpose industrial, agricultural (agricultural tractors only), forestry and specialized mining machinery categories as defined in SAE J1116 JUN86. It also pertains to specialized off-road machines used in mining such as shovels, draglines, and drills not identified in SAE J1116 JUN86. The minimum criteria established herein is based on one unladen person using the access system at any one time.
HFTC1, Controls, Visibility, Anthropometrics, Accessibility
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