This document applies to safety observers or spotters involved with the use of outdoor laser systems. It may be used in conjunction with SAE Aerospace Standard (AS4970) “Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace.” Additional control measures may be applicable and are listed in ANSI Z136.6.

G10T Laser Safety Hazards Committee

Revolutionizing Seafood Production with Adaptive Robots

TBMG-5217812/01/2024

Robotic automation technology is reshaping food manufacturing, packaging, and handling by driving significant improvements in efficiency, quality, and flexibility. By integrating advanced artificial intelligence, computer vision, and proprietary force-sensing technology, Flexiv has introduced cutting-edge automation to the food processing sector.

Implementation Of Machine Learning In Acoustics Source Detection by Leveraging Synthetic Sound Data Generation Approach

2024-26-021301/16/2024

E-Mobility and Low Noise IC Engines has pushed product development teams to focus more on sound quality rather than just focus on reduced noise levels and legislative needs. Further more qualification of products from a sound quality perspective from an end of line testing requirement is also a major challenge. End of line (EOL) NVH testing is key evaluation criteria for product quality with respect to NVH and warranty. Currently for subsystem or component level evaluation, subjective assessment of the components is done by a person to segregate OK and NOK components. As human factor is included, the process becomes very subjective and time consuming. Components with different acceptance criteria will be present and it’s difficult to point out the root cause for NOK components. In this paper, implementation of machine learning is done for acoustic source detection at end of line testing. To improve the fault detection an automated intelligent tool has been developed for subjective to

Shukle, Srinidhi, Iyer, Ganesh, Faizan, Mohammed

Developing, Integrating & Testing Deep Learning-based Perception for Autonomous Vehicles using MATLAB / Simulink and Unreal Engine

2024-26-008601/16/2024

Abstract: My motivation is to work on titled project is to utilize my three decades of experience in automotive to develop and validate a work flow and technologies for self-driving vehicle for the community and society we live to address challenges faced by a driver. As per the Traffic Safety data, it is observed that major reason for the road accident is due to human errors like decision errors, perception & performance error, who drives the vehicle. Other reasons for accidents are due to failure of vehicle and environment conditions. These are the problems and challenges being addressed through this project to make vehicle driving safe, accident free and having an enjoyable experience. A human driver does two major tasks/control while driving a vehicle. First task is to controls Lateral movement using Steering (Left or right turn) . Second task is to control Longitudinal (forward or slower movement) by applying Braking or Acceleration. These actions are performed by a Human driver

Sah, Rabindra

Physical Testing and Evaluation of methodology for Windscreen wiping zones and vision zones of vehicle category other than M1.

2024-26-036601/16/2024

The windscreen wiping system is mandatory requirement for automotive vehicle as per Central motor vehicle rules. The main scope of the standard is to ensure vision zones to be wiped by wiping system to ensure maximum field of vision to the driver. The evaluation of vision zones as per IS 15802:2008 is generally determined by virtual simulation by OEMs. The Limitation of virtual simulation is actual tolerances in vehicle due to seat fitment, ergonomic dimensions and seat cushioning effect are not taken into consideration very well off. The testing methodology described in the paper is an in-house developed test method. 3D H-point machine( SAE J826) and a laser based machine Theodolite is used to develop various vision zones on an actual vehicle windscreen as per technical data. These zones are later compared with wiped area to evaluate field of vision. The standard is applicable to vehicle other than M1 category. Critical vehicle parameters such as SgRP( seating reference point) , seat

Joshi, Amol

Virginia Tech College of Engineering

TBMG-4651109/01/2022

Founded in 1872, Virginia Tech is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Blacksburg, VA. From artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and manufacturing to health sciences, robotics, and more, the Virginia Tech College of Engineering offers an advanced engineering curriculum.

The Effect of Pre-crash Seat Rotation with and without Feet Support in Highly Automated Vehicle Rear-end Crash

2022-01-104603/29/2022

Automotive industry aims at reaching higher levels of driving automation as described in SAE J3016TM. From the perspective of occupant safety, an automated driving system (ADS) shall provide safer conditions for highly automated vehicle (HAV) users compared to standard vehicles since the human error is excluded. In following decades, however, one can expect the mixed fleet of both standard and automated vehicles on roads. Therefore, collision between manually driven cars and HAVs are to be expected. For instance, a research’s result in 2019 showed that 60% of autonomous vehicles crashes was rear-ended. At the same time, future HAVs are mostly considered with non-standard seating configurations. That is, HAVs’ occupants access more room in the vehicle which allows them to rotate their seats to have comfortable positions. This brings a challenging topics for the safety of HAVs’ occupants considering various impact directions. This work aims to address this issue using tools of numerical

Talimian, Abbas, Vychytil, Jan

A Novel Method For Displaying Systems Datums Based On "Cognitive Load"

2022-01-096903/29/2022

Operator attention has been a focus of human factors research. This research has defined how electronic devices and other stimuli can become distractions when included in the operator environment. Distracted driving occurs when a stimulus interrupts the essential cognitive processes of operating a vehicle. Attention is the most often mentioned of this loosely ordered sequence of processes that also includes perception, memory, cognition, and planful behaviors. These processes are the “cognitive demands” of vehicle operation. There is another issue, similar to “distracted driving,” that may cause an operator to fail to respond appropriately. That issue is the “cognitive load” of human-machine interface devices, including instrument clusters. The present paper explores the effects of cognitive load on the speed of operator responses. It describes a novel method for displaying systems datums that is designed to manage cognitive load. The paper describes a pilot study where participants

Havins, William

A Comparison of Luminance Estimation Software to Measured Values

2022-01-096603/29/2022

Mapping the luminance values of a visual scene is of broad interest to accident reconstructionists, human factors professionals, and lighting experts. Previous work has shown that pixel intensity captured by consumer-grade digital still cameras can be calibrated to estimate luminance. Suway and Suway presented a methodology for estimating luminance from digital images and video of a scene. This method requires the capture of dark images close in time to the capture of the image that will be used to estimate luminance. Additionally, Suway’s method requires the specific camera and lens combination used to be calibrated for luminance estimation. The methodology presented by Suway forms the basis for a software application, called Nitere, that calculates the relationship between pixel intensity and luminance for a camera lens combination and can therefore estimate real-world luminance values from pixel intensity for a properly calibrated camera and lens combination. In this paper, the

Carter, Neal, Suway, Jeff

Luminance Estimation with Exemplar Digital Camera

2022-01-096503/29/2022

Mapping the luminance values of a visual scene is of broad interest to accident reconstructionists, human factors professionals, and lighting experts. Previous work has shown that pixel intensity captured by consumer-grade digital still cameras can be calibrated to estimate luminance. Suway and Suway presented a methodology for estimating luminance from digital images and video of a scene. This method requires the capture of dark images close in time to the capture of the image that will be used to estimate luminance. Additionally, Suway’s method requires the specific camera and lens combination used to be calibrated for luminance estimation. In this paper, the authors present results of estimating luminance with an exemplar camera and taking exemplar dark images. The analysis was completed with the commercially available luminance estimation software, Nitere. The resulting luminance estimates were compared to luminance values measured with a Westboro photonics P501U and our methods

Suway, Jeffrey, Carter, Neal

Assessment of the Dynamics of Electric Scooter Micro-Mobility Devices and the Kinematics and Behaviors of Riders

2022-01-103003/29/2022

Given the widespread adoption of electric scooters as a micro-mobility vehicle, and the subsequent emergence of electric scooter (e-scooter) accident reconstruction and human factors analyses in forensic investigations, there is a pressing need for additional research quantifying the dynamic capabilities of e-scooters and characterization of the responses and behaviors of e-scooter riders. The present study aims to expand upon the limited literature currently available by presenting data from experiments using large sample size and a wide array of e-scooter models. An assessment of the dynamic performance of e-scooters in semi-naturalistic environments and observations of the kinematics and behavioral characteristics of e-scooter riders were performed with four experiments: 1) Measuring the dynamics of four different instrumented e-scooters through a semi-naturalistic driving course conducted by volunteer participants, 2) performing a cross-sectional observational study of rider

Tibavinsky, Ivan Andres, FIGUEROA, Rosemarie

Automation frame work for conformance testing of dual wire High Speed Controller Area Network for physical layer requirements

2021-26-048409/22/2021

In OSI model of communication, lowest layer close to communication lines is physical layer. For Automotive OEMs Physical layer conformance tests are mandatory. As the number of safety critical features in cars are growing, ensuring signal fidelity is a major concern for reliable and real time operation. CAN /CAN FD/ LIN/ MOST/ Flexray / Ethernet are a few in-vehicle communication protocols in the vehicle network. It is very important for a communicating ECU to comply with protocol standards. Typical requirements per OEM's specifications under CAN physical Layer include tests for termination resistance, bus voltage levels, bit rate, recessive and dominant input thresholds, signal rise/fall time, slew rate, ground offset, sample point of a bit, CAN initialization time, fault tolerant behavior, etc. During the product development life cycle of the ECU, physical layer conformance tests play an important role in verifying signal characteristics. These tests require accurate simulation and

Gupta, Gourishankar

Inside Story: Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group

TBMG-3975808/24/2021

For surgical procedures requiring irrigation, pumps are one of the more significant medical device components, and pump selection is paramount to operational success. Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group (WMFTG) specializes in fluid management, offering over 60 years’ experience in high-quality components for medical devices. MDB spoke to Rodd Turnquist, National Sales Manager US, OEM Division, WMFTG, to find out more about selecting the best pumps for medical devices and accelerating time to market.

Test and Evaluation of Autonomy for Air Platforms

21AERP08_0808/01/2021

Tools, approaches, and insights to confidently approach the safe, secure, effective, and efficient testing of autonomy on air platforms. Air Force Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California The 2018 National Defense Strategy emphasizes that the effective implementation of autonomy is essential for future engagements. Key to this implementation is the ability to test and evaluate systems that perform autonomous tasks. The purpose of this research is to equip testers with tools, approaches, and insights to confidently approach the testing of autonomy on air platforms. The air domain is chosen specifically for its applicability to the Air Force mission and to help scope the focus of this research. The intent is not to be an exhaustive reference for testing and evaluating autonomy; rather, the goal is to provide a launching point for greater investigation. Testing autonomy on airborne platforms brings unique challenges and, therefore, to be successful, testing should leverage the

Formal Process Modeling to Improve Human-Decision-Making During Test and Evaluation Range Control

21AERP08_0708/01/2021

Using the Innoslate software tool to formally model the process of conducting test range events can expose previously overlooked ambiguities and identify high-value decision points? Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California Acoustic range managers need a better system for identifying high-value decision points before conducting test events. When this research was conducted, a qualitative process model that represents the acoustic range decision process did not exist. This research focused on modeling the decision process of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Division, Keyport, underwater acoustic tracking range. The model had to be capable of replicating a simplified version of an event, so test planners can see the identification of high-value decision nodes and use this information to make better decisions regarding risk management and mitigation. Research focused on developing a basic understanding of the decision methods, developing an appropriate model, and then

Devices for Use in Defining and Measuring Vehicle Seating Accommodation

J826_202106 (Current)

06/22/2021

The devices of this SAE Standard provide the means by which passenger compartment dimensions can be obtained using a deflected seat rather than a free seat contour as a reference for defining seating space. All definitions and dimensions used in conjunction with this document are described in SAE J1100. These devices are intended only to apply to the driver side or center occupant seating spaces and are not to be construed as instruments which measure or indicate occupant capabilities or comfort. This document covers only one H-point machine installed on a seat during each test. Certified H-point templates and machines can be purchased from: SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 Specific procedures are included in Appendix A for seat measurements in short- and long-coupled vehicles and in Appendix B for measurement of the driver seat cushion angle. Specifications and a calibration inspection procedure for the H-point machine are given in Appendix C

Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm

Devices for Use in Defining and Measuring Vehicle Seating Accommodation

J826_202106-TEST-REC (Historical)06/22/2021

Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm

Drivers’ Responses to Lead Vehicles: Thresholds for Triggering an Emergency Response, Age Differences, Crash Risks, and Influence of Secondary Task Engagement

2021-01-089804/06/2021

Analyses of driver response time studies and fatal crash statistics were examined to determine: 1. whether all rear-end crash types can be analyzed as one crash type, 2. average braking thresholds for drivers, and 3. the influence cell phone usage has on drivers’ response times when responding to a lead vehicle. The goal of this research is to recommend protocols for investigating LV crashes that is supported by the literature. Two distinct lead vehicle [LV] response time events emerged: LV platoon (two vehicles traveling together in close proximity) and LV looming (a vehicle approaching a stopped or much slower LV). In normal driving, platoon LV events were very common but resulted in very few crashes per exposure. Young drivers were over-represented when they did occur. Onset of the hazardous event was when the LV decelerated, and drivers began braking roughly 3 to 5 seconds before impact. These results were consistent with the braking thresholds by naturalistic drivers in congested

Muttart, Jeffrey, Dinakar, Swaroop, Edewaard, Darlene

Adopting Aviation Safety Knowledge into the Discussions of Safe Implementation of Connected and Autonomous Road Vehicles

2021-01-007404/06/2021

The development of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is progressing fast. Yet, safety and standardization-related discussions are limited due to the recent nature of the sector. Despite the effort that is initiated to kick-start the study, awareness among practitioners is still low. Hence, further effort is required to stimulate this discussion. Among the available works on CAV safety, some of them take inspiration from the aviation sector that has strict safety regulations. The underlying reason is the experience that has been gained over the decades. However, the literature still lacks a thorough association between automation in aviation and the CAV from the safety perspective. As such, this paper motivates the adoption of safe-automation knowledge from aviation to facilitate safer CAV systems. The authors briefly elaborate on the widely discussed aviation themes, including autopilot and auto-throttle malfunctions, flight management system, human factors, and suggests how

Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir, Mehndiratta, Mohit, Adali, Erkan

Photoreceptor System for Melatonin Regulation and Phototherapy

TBMG-3850002/01/2021

Light is the primary stimulus for regulating circadian rhythms, seasonal cycles, and neuroendocrine responses in many species including humans. During the past 20 years, studies have tested the use of light for treating fall and winter depression (Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD), non-seasonal depression, sleep disorders, menstrual dysfunction, and eating disorders. In addition, investigators are exploring the use of light for reentraining human circadian physiology relative to the challenge of shift work or intercontinental air travel.

Pill-Sized Heating Device for Diagnostic Testing

TBMG-3835101/01/2021

Engineers have developed a heater — about the size of a pill tablet — that regulates the temperature of biological samples through the different stages of diagnostic testing. This technology could enable resource-limited regions around the world to test for infectious diseases without the need for specialized training or costly lab equipment.

Medical Device Usability Requirements: Changes to IEC 62366

TBMG-3832001/01/2021

Human factors (HF) professionals, particularly in the medical device industry, are familiar with the international standard IEC 62366. It covers the “Application of usability engineering to medical devices” and as such specifies usability requirements for the development of medical devices as it relates to safety. The usability engineering process as described in the standard allows the manufacturer to assess and mitigate risks that are associated with correct use and use errors.

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Impacts of Human Factors on Aviation Safety

1291812/17/2020

Are you willing to fly on the plane you maintained and inspected? Tony Janco, retired FAA safety inspector and former aviation mechanic, poses this question to anyone interested in entering the field as it highlights the importance and pressures of being the final barrier between ground and flight. In this compelling conversation spanning Janco's 45-year career in aircraft inspections, maintenance and policy, he illustrates the passion and precision required in the field and the small margin for human error when performing heavy checks on an aircraft before takeoff. Learn about the importance of aircraft instruments, the dangers of get-home-itis and the tricky things that can happen midflight that impact getting back on the ground safely.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Impacts of Human Factors on Aviation Safety

1292112/17/2020

Hineman, Marcie

Upper Body Robotic Exoskeleton

TBMG-3817312/01/2020

A soft, wearable, robotic upper limb exoskeleton garment was designed to actively control the shoulder and elbow, both positioning the limb in specific orientations and commanding the limb through desired motions. The invention was developed to provide effective upper extremity motor rehabilitation for patients with neurological impairments (e.g., traumatic brain injury, stroke).

Products of Tomorrow: December 2020

TBMG-3818912/01/2020

This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.

Balance Scale Predicts and Helps Prevent Falls

TBMG-3800411/01/2020

Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.

Nature-Inspired Sensors Could Help Autonomous Machines See Better

TBMG-3798811/01/2020

Better sensing capabilities would make it possible for drones to navigate in dangerous environments and for cars to prevent accidents caused by human error. Current state-of-the-art sensor technology doesn’t process data fast enough, but nature does.

Taking Benchtop Fluid Dispensing to a New Level of Process Control

TBMG-3807611/01/2020

Pneumatic benchtop fluid dispensers encompass a range of models that can accommodate specific fluid application processes with a wide scope of functionality. The latest benchtop dispensers provide a high degree of process control, capable of dispensing adhesives, solder pastes, and all other assembly fluids with high consistency. Handling fluid dispensing of dots, beads, and fills under a broad range of conditions, these units are equipped with multiple capabilities to refine the dispensing process. Features such as 0–100 psi air pressure regulation, timed-shots, vacuum control to keep thin fluids from dripping, digital time/pressure displays, and electric foot pedals help operators maintain process control.

Driver Classification of Shifting Strategies Using Machine Learning Algorithms

2020-01-224109/15/2020

The adequate dimensioning of drive train components such as gearbox, clutch and driveshaft presents a major technical task. The one of manual transmissions represents a special significance due to the customer’s ability of inducing high force, torque and thermic energy into the powertrain through direct mechanical interconnection of gearstick, clutch pedal and gearbox. Out of this, the question about how to capture behavior and strain of the components during real operation, as well as their objective evaluation evolves. Furthermore, the gained insights must be considered for designing and development. As a basis for the examination, measuring data from imposing driving tests are adduced. Therefore, a trial study has been conducted, using a representative circular course in the metropolitan area of Stuttgart, showing the average German car traffic. The more than 40 chosen drivers constitute the average driver in Germany with respect to age, gender and annual mileage. The used vehicle

Trost, Daniel, Ebel, André, Brosch, Erwin, Reuss, Hans-Christian

Smart Fabrics with Bioactive Inks Monitor the Body by Changing Color

TBMG-3762909/01/2020

Biomaterial-based inks have been developed that respond to chemicals released from the body (e.g. in sweat) by changing color. The inks can be screenprinted onto textiles such as clothes, shoes, or even face masks in complex patterns and at high resolution, providing a detailed map of human response or exposure. The technology could simultaneously detect and quantify a wide range of biological conditions, molecules, and possibly pathogens over the surface of the body using conventional garments and uniforms.

Four Critical Challenges of Prehospital Infusion

TBMG-3759709/01/2020

Prehospital medicine, also referred to as emergency medical services (EMS), is a subspecialty within the medical field that initiates care for ill or injured patients before they arrive at a hospital or while they are in transit to a hospital. As a result of the nature of this unpredictable and ever-changing environment, prehospital clinicians, namely paramedics, must be prepared to handle every challenge thrown their way.

Smart Design: How to Develop Your Next Orthopedic Product During the COVID-19 Pandemic

TBMG-37347

08/01/2020

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has created uncertainty and delays in procedures, but hospitals and surgeons still need a steady supply of product, meaning that the orthopedics industry must keep innovating. One thing is certain, 2020 will be a turbulent year for procedure demand. Early on, analysts predicted that because many orthopedic procedures are elective, they would be postponed to help free up space for critically ill patients. While the recovery of orthopedic procedures has begun more quickly than analysts initially expected, it seems likely it will take longer than expected to reach full recovery as we look into 2021. June ordering patterns were already much higher than May, but the quicker recovery may indicate a second decline (W-shaped) versus a sharp decline followed by a quick recovery (V-shaped).

User Interface Development Tools Speed Time to Market for More Intuitive Products

TBMG-37355

08/01/2020

Over the years, technological innovation has allowed the medical equipment sector to become a mission-critical part of the healthcare industry, delivering such benefits as lower operating costs and improved patient outcomes. But competitive pressures are driving the need for device developers to provide a richer experience for users, incorporating broader capabilities and features and more options.

Preliminary Development of an Integrated Mobility, Lethality, and Survivability Soldier Performance Testing Platform

20AERP08_0708/01/2020

Developing a methodology that incorporates objective measures of performance and is sensitive to changes in soldier-system equipment could help guide equipment manufacturers during product development and acquisition. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts In 2017, the US Army announced their modernization priorities as a means of maintaining their military strength. Six specific areas were targeted for focus improvement and development, with the first five being specific technologies or end products. The sixth was “Soldier Lethality” or a soldier's ability to shoot, move, communicate, protect and sustain by improving human performance and decision making. In an effort to support this priority area for those trying to make clothing and individual equipment (CIE) acquisition and development decisions, there is a desire for an integrated or holistic objective tool to measure soldier performance, specifically mobility, lethality and

Preliminary Development of an Integrated Mobility, Lethality, and Survivability Soldier Performance Testing Platform

TBMG-3737808/01/2020

In 2017, the US Army announced their modernization priorities as a means of maintaining their military strength. Six specific areas were targeted for focus improvement and development, with the first five being specific technologies or end products. The sixth was “Soldier Lethality” or a soldier’s ability to shoot, move, communicate, protect and sustain by improving human performance and decision making. In an effort to support this priority area for those trying to make clothing and individual equipment (CIE) acquisition and development decisions, there is a desire for an integrated or holistic objective tool to measure soldier performance, specifically mobility, lethality and survivability incorporating underlying measures of human factors, biomechanics and cognition.

Development of Design and Engineering Recommendations for In-Vehicle Alphanumeric Messages

J2831_202007 (Current)

07/29/2020

This Information Report provides recommendations for alphanumeric messages that are supplied to the vehicle by external (e.g., RDS, satellite radio) or internal (e.g., infotainment system) sources while the vehicle is in-motion. Information/design recommendations contained in this report apply to OEM (embedded) and aftermarket systems. Ergonomic issues with regard to display characteristics (e.g., viewing angle, brightness, contrast, font design, etc.) should review ISO 15008.

Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Committee

Development of Design and Engineering Recommendations for In-Vehicle Alphanumeric Messages

J2831_202007-TEST-REC (Historical)07/29/2020

Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Committee

Wearable Cooling and Heating Patch

TBMG-3720907/01/2020

A new wearable patch could provide personalized cooling and heating at home, work, or on the go. The soft, stretchy patch cools or warms a user’s skin to a comfortable temperature and keeps it there as the ambient temperature changes. It is powered by a flexible, stretchable battery pack and can be embedded in clothing. Wearing it could help save energy on air conditioning and heating.

Operator Controls - Off-Road Machines

J1814_202005 (Current)

05/22/2020

General criteria are presented as guidelines for: control device location, resistance, and actuation of hand and foot controls by the machine’s operator. The criteria are based upon physical limitations as defined by human factors engineering principles.

HFTC1, Controls, Visibility, Anthropometrics, Accessibility