Browse Topic: Human factors

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Implementation Of Machine Learning In Acoustics Source Detection by Leveraging Synthetic Sound Data Generation Approach2024-26-021301/16/2024
E-Mobility and Low Noise IC Engines has pushed product development teams to focus more on sound quality rather than just focus on reduced noise levels and legislative needs. Further more qualification of products from a sound quality perspective from an end of line testing requirement is also a major challenge. End of line (EOL) NVH testing is key evaluation criteria for product quality with respect to NVH and warranty. Currently for subsystem or component level evaluation, subjective assessment of the components is done by a person to segregate OK and NOK components. As human factor is included, the process becomes very subjective and time consuming. Components with different acceptance criteria will be present and it’s difficult to point out the root cause for NOK components. In this paper, implementation of machine learning is done for acoustic source detection at end of line testing. To improve the fault detection an automated intelligent tool has been developed for subjective to
Shukle, Srinidhi, Iyer, Ganesh, Faizan, Mohammed
A Novel Method For Displaying Systems Datums Based On "Cognitive Load"2022-01-096903/29/2022
Operator attention has been a focus of human factors research. This research has defined how electronic devices and other stimuli can become distractions when included in the operator environment. Distracted driving occurs when a stimulus interrupts the essential cognitive processes of operating a vehicle. Attention is the most often mentioned of this loosely ordered sequence of processes that also includes perception, memory, cognition, and planful behaviors. These processes are the “cognitive demands” of vehicle operation. There is another issue, similar to “distracted driving,” that may cause an operator to fail to respond appropriately. That issue is the “cognitive load” of human-machine interface devices, including instrument clusters. The present paper explores the effects of cognitive load on the speed of operator responses. It describes a novel method for displaying systems datums that is designed to manage cognitive load. The paper describes a pilot study where participants
Havins, William
Luminance Estimation with Exemplar Digital Camera2022-01-096503/29/2022
Mapping the luminance values of a visual scene is of broad interest to accident reconstructionists, human factors professionals, and lighting experts. Previous work has shown that pixel intensity captured by consumer-grade digital still cameras can be calibrated to estimate luminance. Suway and Suway presented a methodology for estimating luminance from digital images and video of a scene. This method requires the capture of dark images close in time to the capture of the image that will be used to estimate luminance. Additionally, Suway’s method requires the specific camera and lens combination used to be calibrated for luminance estimation. In this paper, the authors present results of estimating luminance with an exemplar camera and taking exemplar dark images. The analysis was completed with the commercially available luminance estimation software, Nitere. The resulting luminance estimates were compared to luminance values measured with a Westboro photonics P501U and our methods
Suway, Jeffrey, Carter, Neal
Assessment of the Dynamics of Electric Scooter Micro-Mobility Devices and the Kinematics and Behaviors of Riders2022-01-103003/29/2022
Given the widespread adoption of electric scooters as a micro-mobility vehicle, and the subsequent emergence of electric scooter (e-scooter) accident reconstruction and human factors analyses in forensic investigations, there is a pressing need for additional research quantifying the dynamic capabilities of e-scooters and characterization of the responses and behaviors of e-scooter riders. The present study aims to expand upon the limited literature currently available by presenting data from experiments using large sample size and a wide array of e-scooter models. An assessment of the dynamic performance of e-scooters in semi-naturalistic environments and observations of the kinematics and behavioral characteristics of e-scooter riders were performed with four experiments: 1) Measuring the dynamics of four different instrumented e-scooters through a semi-naturalistic driving course conducted by volunteer participants, 2) performing a cross-sectional observational study of rider
Tibavinsky, Ivan Andres, FIGUEROA, Rosemarie
Formal Process Modeling to Improve Human-Decision-Making During Test and Evaluation Range Control21AERP08_0708/01/2021
Using the Innoslate software tool to formally model the process of conducting test range events can expose previously overlooked ambiguities and identify high-value decision points? Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California Acoustic range managers need a better system for identifying high-value decision points before conducting test events. When this research was conducted, a qualitative process model that represents the acoustic range decision process did not exist. This research focused on modeling the decision process of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Division, Keyport, underwater acoustic tracking range. The model had to be capable of replicating a simplified version of an event, so test planners can see the identification of high-value decision nodes and use this information to make better decisions regarding risk management and mitigation. Research focused on developing a basic understanding of the decision methods, developing an appropriate model, and then
Test and Evaluation of Autonomy for Air Platforms21AERP08_0808/01/2021
Tools, approaches, and insights to confidently approach the safe, secure, effective, and efficient testing of autonomy on air platforms. Air Force Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California The 2018 National Defense Strategy emphasizes that the effective implementation of autonomy is essential for future engagements. Key to this implementation is the ability to test and evaluate systems that perform autonomous tasks. The purpose of this research is to equip testers with tools, approaches, and insights to confidently approach the testing of autonomy on air platforms. The air domain is chosen specifically for its applicability to the Air Force mission and to help scope the focus of this research. The intent is not to be an exhaustive reference for testing and evaluating autonomy; rather, the goal is to provide a launching point for greater investigation. Testing autonomy on airborne platforms brings unique challenges and, therefore, to be successful, testing should leverage the
Devices for Use in Defining and Measuring Vehicle Seating AccommodationJ826_202106 (Current)06/22/2021
The devices of this SAE Standard provide the means by which passenger compartment dimensions can be obtained using a deflected seat rather than a free seat contour as a reference for defining seating space. All definitions and dimensions used in conjunction with this document are described in SAE J1100. These devices are intended only to apply to the driver side or center occupant seating spaces and are not to be construed as instruments which measure or indicate occupant capabilities or comfort. This document covers only one H-point machine installed on a seat during each test. Certified H-point templates and machines can be purchased from: SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 Specific procedures are included in Appendix A for seat measurements in short- and long-coupled vehicles and in Appendix B for measurement of the driver seat cushion angle. Specifications and a calibration inspection procedure for the H-point machine are given in Appendix C
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
Devices for Use in Defining and Measuring Vehicle Seating AccommodationJ826_202106-TEST-REC (Historical)06/22/2021
The devices of this SAE Standard provide the means by which passenger compartment dimensions can be obtained using a deflected seat rather than a free seat contour as a reference for defining seating space. All definitions and dimensions used in conjunction with this document are described in SAE J1100. These devices are intended only to apply to the driver side or center occupant seating spaces and are not to be construed as instruments which measure or indicate occupant capabilities or comfort. This document covers only one H-point machine installed on a seat during each test. Certified H-point templates and machines can be purchased from: SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 Specific procedures are included in Appendix A for seat measurements in short- and long-coupled vehicles and in Appendix B for measurement of the driver seat cushion angle. Specifications and a calibration inspection procedure for the H-point machine are given in Appendix C
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
Human Engineering - Principles and PracticesHEB1D (Current)04/14/2021
This Engineering Bulletin and its annexes provide guidance on the application of Human Engineering principles and practices to the analysis, design, development, testing, fielding, support, accident investigation, and training for military and commercial products throughout their intended life cycles.
G-45 Human Systems Integration
Photoreceptor System for Melatonin Regulation and PhototherapyTBMG-3850002/01/2021
Light is the primary stimulus for regulating circadian rhythms, seasonal cycles, and neuroendocrine responses in many species including humans. During the past 20 years, studies have tested the use of light for treating fall and winter depression (Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD), non-seasonal depression, sleep disorders, menstrual dysfunction, and eating disorders. In addition, investigators are exploring the use of light for reentraining human circadian physiology relative to the challenge of shift work or intercontinental air travel.
Medical Device Usability Requirements: Changes to IEC 62366TBMG-3832001/01/2021
Human factors (HF) professionals, particularly in the medical device industry, are familiar with the international standard IEC 62366. It covers the “Application of usability engineering to medical devices” and as such specifies usability requirements for the development of medical devices as it relates to safety. The usability engineering process as described in the standard allows the manufacturer to assess and mitigate risks that are associated with correct use and use errors.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Impacts of Human Factors on Aviation Safety1291812/17/2020
Are you willing to fly on the plane you maintained and inspected? Tony Janco, retired FAA safety inspector and former aviation mechanic, poses this question to anyone interested in entering the field as it highlights the importance and pressures of being the final barrier between ground and flight. In this compelling conversation spanning Janco's 45-year career in aircraft inspections, maintenance and policy, he illustrates the passion and precision required in the field and the small margin for human error when performing heavy checks on an aircraft before takeoff. Learn about the importance of aircraft instruments, the dangers of get-home-itis and the tricky things that can happen midflight that impact getting back on the ground safely.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Impacts of Human Factors on Aviation Safety1292112/17/2020
Are you willing to fly on the plane you maintained and inspected? Tony Janco, retired FAA safety inspector and former aviation mechanic, poses this question to anyone interested in entering the field as it highlights the importance and pressures of being the final barrier between ground and flight. In this compelling conversation spanning Janco's 45-year career in aircraft inspections, maintenance and policy, he illustrates the passion and precision required in the field and the small margin for human error when performing heavy checks on an aircraft before takeoff. Learn about the importance of aircraft instruments, the dangers of get-home-itis and the tricky things that can happen midflight that impact getting back on the ground safely.
Hineman, Marcie
Products of Tomorrow: December 2020TBMG-3818912/01/2020
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Balance Scale Predicts and Helps Prevent FallsTBMG-3800411/01/2020
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEM INTERFACES TO USER SYSTEMS PART 1 AVIONICS INTERFACES, BASIC SYMBOLOGY, AND BEHAVIORARINC661P1-8 (Current)09/18/2020
ARINC 661 defines logical interfaces to Cockpit Display Systems (CDS) used in all types of aircraft installations. The CDS provides graphical and interactive services to user applications within the flight deck environment. When combined with data from user applications, it displays graphical images to the flight deck crew. The document emphasizes the need for independence between aircraft systems and the CDS. This document defines the interface between the avionics equipment and display system graphics generators. This document does not specify the "look and feel" of any graphical information, and as such does not address human factors issues. These are defined by the airline flight operations community. Supplement 8 adds numerous changes and additions. Eleven new widgets are added, all related to 3D Maps. Seven new widget extensions. Metadata definitions (XML) for all widgets, extensions, events, symbols, and associated data types.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Smart Fabrics with Bioactive Inks Monitor the Body by Changing ColorTBMG-3762909/01/2020
Biomaterial-based inks have been developed that respond to chemicals released from the body (e.g. in sweat) by changing color. The inks can be screenprinted onto textiles such as clothes, shoes, or even face masks in complex patterns and at high resolution, providing a detailed map of human response or exposure. The technology could simultaneously detect and quantify a wide range of biological conditions, molecules, and possibly pathogens over the surface of the body using conventional garments and uniforms.
Preliminary Development of an Integrated Mobility, Lethality, and Survivability Soldier Performance Testing Platform20AERP08_0708/01/2020
Developing a methodology that incorporates objective measures of performance and is sensitive to changes in soldier-system equipment could help guide equipment manufacturers during product development and acquisition. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts In 2017, the US Army announced their modernization priorities as a means of maintaining their military strength. Six specific areas were targeted for focus improvement and development, with the first five being specific technologies or end products. The sixth was “Soldier Lethality” or a soldier's ability to shoot, move, communicate, protect and sustain by improving human performance and decision making. In an effort to support this priority area for those trying to make clothing and individual equipment (CIE) acquisition and development decisions, there is a desire for an integrated or holistic objective tool to measure soldier performance, specifically mobility, lethality and
Preliminary Development of an Integrated Mobility, Lethality, and Survivability Soldier Performance Testing PlatformTBMG-3737808/01/2020
In 2017, the US Army announced their modernization priorities as a means of maintaining their military strength. Six specific areas were targeted for focus improvement and development, with the first five being specific technologies or end products. The sixth was “Soldier Lethality” or a soldier’s ability to shoot, move, communicate, protect and sustain by improving human performance and decision making. In an effort to support this priority area for those trying to make clothing and individual equipment (CIE) acquisition and development decisions, there is a desire for an integrated or holistic objective tool to measure soldier performance, specifically mobility, lethality and survivability incorporating underlying measures of human factors, biomechanics and cognition.
User Interface Development Tools Speed Time to Market for More Intuitive ProductsTBMG-3735508/01/2020
Over the years, technological innovation has allowed the medical equipment sector to become a mission-critical part of the healthcare industry, delivering such benefits as lower operating costs and improved patient outcomes. But competitive pressures are driving the need for device developers to provide a richer experience for users, incorporating broader capabilities and features and more options.
Development of Design and Engineering Recommendations for In-Vehicle Alphanumeric MessagesJ2831_202007 (Current)07/29/2020
This Information Report provides recommendations for alphanumeric messages that are supplied to the vehicle by external (e.g., RDS, satellite radio) or internal (e.g., infotainment system) sources while the vehicle is in-motion. Information/design recommendations contained in this report apply to OEM (embedded) and aftermarket systems. Ergonomic issues with regard to display characteristics (e.g., viewing angle, brightness, contrast, font design, etc.) should review ISO 15008.
Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Committee
Development of Design and Engineering Recommendations for In-Vehicle Alphanumeric MessagesJ2831_202007-TEST-REC (Historical)07/29/2020
This Information Report provides recommendations for alphanumeric messages that are supplied to the vehicle by external (e.g., RDS, satellite radio) or internal (e.g., infotainment system) sources while the vehicle is in-motion. Information/design recommendations contained in this report apply to OEM (embedded) and aftermarket systems. Ergonomic issues with regard to display characteristics (e.g., viewing angle, brightness, contrast, font design, etc.) should review ISO 15008.
Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Committee
Wearable Cooling and Heating PatchTBMG-3720907/01/2020
A new wearable patch could provide personalized cooling and heating at home, work, or on the go. The soft, stretchy patch cools or warms a user’s skin to a comfortable temperature and keeps it there as the ambient temperature changes. It is powered by a flexible, stretchable battery pack and can be embedded in clothing. Wearing it could help save energy on air conditioning and heating.
Operator Controls - Off-Road MachinesJ1814_202005 (Current)05/22/2020
General criteria are presented as guidelines for: control device location, resistance, and actuation of hand and foot controls by the machine’s operator. The criteria are based upon physical limitations as defined by human factors engineering principles.
HFTC1, Controls, Visibility, Anthropometrics, Accessibility
What You Should Ask Yourself When Designing a Wearable Medical DeviceTBMG-3692605/01/2020
Designing a medical device comes with many challenges throughout the process. When considering the complexities of the human body, headaches can be inevitable. Creating wearable medical devices that stick to skin can take these challenges to the next level.
The Effects of Small Seat Swiveling Angles on Occupant Responses during a Frontal Impact2020-01-057104/14/2020
In highly automated vehicles (HAVs), new seat configurations may be desirable to allow occupants to perform new activities. One of the current HAV concepts is the swiveled seat layout, which might facilitate communication between occupants. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of seat swiveling angles on occupant kinematics and injury risk predicted by a Human Body Model (HBM) during a frontal impact. A detailed 50th percentile male HBM (GHBMC M50-O) was subjected to two frontal crash pulses in a sled setup. The model was positioned on a semi-rigid seat and restrained using a pre-inflated airbag and a three-point seatbelt. Simulations included four seat swiveling angles (0, -10, -20, and -30 degrees), three occupant positions (Sedan driver, large VAN driver or Laptop user), two airbag initial locations (nominal or matching the head Y location), and the inclusion of lateral supports on the seat pan. The effects of the seat swiveling angle were similar for all
Grébonval, Cyrille, Trosseille, Xavier, Petit, Philippe, Wang, Xuguang, Beillas, Philippe
Formula SAE Data Acquisition and Detailed Analysis of a Lap2020-01-054404/14/2020
Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE) International is a student design competition organized by SAE. The student design involves engineering and manufacturing a formula style racecar and evaluating its performance. Testing and validation of the vehicle is an integral part of the design and performance during the competition. At the collegiate level the drivers are at the amateur level. As a result, the human factor plays a significant role in the outcome of the dynamic events. In order to reduce the uncertainty factor and improve the general performance, driver training is necessary. Instead of overall performance of the driver based on individual lap, our current research focuses on the more detailed components of the driver’s actions throughout different sections of the lap. A complete lap consists of several components, such as, straight line acceleration and braking, max and min radius cornering, slalom or “S” movements, and bus stops or quick braking and turning. In
Ashford, Connor M., Mitra, Aniruddha
Leading Women in Engineering & Science: Yolita Wildman Nugent, Director, Advanced Soft Systems Integration, FlexTBMG-3625003/01/2020
5 Ws of 3D Modeling for the Visually ImpairedTBMG-3580501/01/2020
Creating a 3D object with computer software is often the first step in producing it physically. Even with 3D modeling software that has more accessible ways of inputting designs, the visually impaired or blind still have to evaluate their work by either creating a physical version they can touch or by listening to a description provided by a sighted person.
Making a Great Cardio Product Even Better: The Next-Generation Zio Heart PatchTBMG-3577901/01/2020
Nearly half of all adults in the United States have some type of cardiovascular disease. This group of over 121 million people are often diagnosed with potential arrhythmias but physicians need to be able to diagnose them quickly and efficiently to ultimately save lives. One company is redefining the way cardiac arrhythmias are clinically diagnosed to help physicians do just that. The new device from iRhythm “combines wearable biosensor devices worn for up to 14 days and cloud-based data analytics with powerful proprietary algorithms that distill data from millions of heartbeats into clinically actionable information,” the company says.
How Augmented Reality Can Modernize Aerospace And Defense ManufacturingTBMG-3568512/01/2019
You've probably heard about augmented reality (AR) in the context of consumer entertainment: video gaming, virtual tours, or interactive displays. But AR for enterprise business is here. It's no longer an emerging technology, or a novelty; businesses are using AR to overhaul processes, drive efficiencies, reduce manufacturing errors, and improve their bottom line.
Heat-Regulating Material for Next-Generation Space BlanketTBMG-3572012/01/2019
Drawing design inspiration from the skin of squid, researchers developed an adaptive space blanket that gives users the ability to control their temperature. The drawback to current Mylar heat-regulating blankets is static. The new material has changeable properties to regulate how much heat is trapped or released.
Identifying Automated Driving Systems-Dedicated Vehicles (ADS-DVs) Passenger Issues for Persons with DisabilitiesJ3171_201911 (Current)11/19/2019
It is expected that Level 4 and 5 automated driving systems-dedicated vehicles (ADS-DVs) will eventually enable persons to travel at will who are otherwise unable to obtain a driver's license for a conventional vehicle, namely, persons with certain visual, cognitive, and/or physical impairments. This information report focuses on these disabilities, but also provides guidance for those with other disabilities. This report is limited to fleet operated on-demand shared mobility scenarios, as this is widely considered to be the first way people will be able to interact with ADS-DVs. To be more specific, this report does not address fixed route transit services or private vehicle ownership. Similarly, this report is focused on road-worthy vehicles; not scooters, golf carts, etc. Lastly, this report does not address the design of chair lifts, ramps, or securements for persons who use wheeled mobility devices (WHMD) (e.g., wheelchair, electric cart, etc.), as these matters are addressed by
On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee
Film Analysis Guides for Dynamic Studies of Test SubjectsJ138_201910 (Current)10/02/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to provide guidelines for the identification of subjects used in dynamic tests. It establishes recommendations for location and description of target areas on test subjects or test devices, as well as recommendations for photographic calibration and timing.
Motor Vehicle Council
Clean Design: Reducing Patient Infections Starts with Design for CleanabilityTBMG-3532810/01/2019
Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has reported progress on reducing overall infection rates with enhanced safety measures and better disinfection methods, the risks associated with reusable medical devices are an ongoing challenge, with drug-resistant microbes and other organisms continuing to survive the cleaning process at an unacceptable rate.1
Deep-Space Food Science Research Improves 3D PrintingTBMG-3528210/01/2019
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
5 Ws of the Wearable Cooling and Heating PatchTBMG-3492208/01/2019
The patch — which serves as a personal thermostat — provides personalized cooling and heating at home, work, or on the go by cooling or warming the user's skin to a comfortable temperature and keeping it there as the ambient temperature changes.
Face-Tracking RobotTBMG-3476407/01/2019
A robot is being developed that tracks facial movements to perform human tasks. The robot resembles large, squiggly arms holding tiny cameras. Sitting in a rolling office chair across from one of the arms, the robot's developer, Nathan Huber, demonstrates how it works. Huber rolls from left to write, forward and back, and the robot's camera follows his movements. He programmed the robot to track objects in planes. First, it identifies the object and locates it on the X and Y axes. Then, with a spatial-tracking algorithm, the robot can determine how near or far an object is in order to grab it.
Sensor-Packed Glove Could Aid Prosthetic DesignTBMG-3481107/01/2019
Researchers have compiled a massive dataset that enables an AI system to recognize objects through touch alone. Signals are collected by a user wearing a sensor-packed glove while handling a variety of objects. The information could be leveraged to help robots identify and manipulate objects and may aid in prosthetics design.
Psychoacoustic Order Tonality Calculation2019-01-146606/05/2019
Quantifying tonalities in technical sounds according to human perception is a task of growing importance. The psychoacoustic tonality method, published in the 15th edition of the ECMA-74 standard, is a new method that is capable of calculating the perceived tonality of a signal. Other methods, such as Prominence Ratio or Tone-to-Noise Ratio do not consider several essential psychoacoustic effects. The psychoacoustic tonality is based on a model of human hearing and thus is able to model human perception better than other methods. The algorithm described in ECMA-74 calculates tonality over time and frequency. In practice, tonalities often originate from rotating components, for example, parts of an electric motor. In these cases, quantification of the tonality of orders is often more interesting than the tonality over frequency. In this paper, an extension of the psychoacoustic tonality according to ECMA-74 is presented. With this extension, it is possible to calculate the order
Becker, Julian, Sottek, Roland
Wearable Sensors Could Leverage Biotechnology to Monitor Personal, Environmental DataTBMG-3456506/01/2019
In an effort to enhance soldier lethality, Army researchers are developing biorecognition receptors capable of consistent performance in multi-domain environments with the ability to collect real-time assessments of soldier health and performance.
Q&A: 3D-Printed Hydrogel Blocks Can Aid Robotics and DiagnosticsTBMG-3463106/01/2019
Ian Y. Wong, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology at Brown University in Providence, RI. He and colleagues have developed a new type of hydrogel blocks that can be assembled like LEGO®s.
U.S. Army Aeromedical Research LaboratoryTBMG-3463606/01/2019
In October 1962, the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Unit was established with a goal of providing specialized medical and physiological support to help close the gap between Army combat aviation needs and human capabilities, and to protect aviators from altitude, climate, noise, acceleration, impact, and other stressors in a growing hostile environment. In 1969, the Army re-designated the unit as the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory (USAARL).
H-Point Machine (HPM-II) - Procedure for H-Point Determination - Benchmarking Vehicle SeatsJ4003_201904 (Current)04/25/2019
Benchmarking is used to discover the design intent measurements for seating compartments in vehicles when these measurements are either unknown or are specified using differing measurement procedures. This document provides the specifications and procedures to establish consistent measurements for benchmarking vehicle seating positions using the H-Point Machine (HPM-II1) described in SAE J4002 and the H-Point Design tool (HPD) described in SAE J4004. The HPM-II is a physical tool used to establish key reference points and measurements in a vehicle (Figure 1). The HPD is a CAD tool that aids in the benchmarking process (see Appendix A and SAE J4004).
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
Automated Vehicle Disengagement Reaction Time Compared to Human Brake Reaction Time in Both Automobile and Motorcycle Operation2019-01-101004/02/2019
Autonomous Vehicle Disengagement Reports have been published by the California Department of Motor Vehicles since 2015. The State of California autonomous vehicle testing regulations require every manufacturer authorized to test autonomous vehicles on public roads to submit an annual report summarizing disengagements. In early versions of the annual report, automated vehicle manufacturers were required to provide the time that it took for a human driver to take manual control of the vehicle when reporting vehicle disengagements. This study analyzes reported automated vehicle disengagement reaction times from 2015 through 2017 for various manufacturers that provided information to the California Department of Motor Vehicles while operating vehicles in autonomous mode. This study compares the reported automated vehicle operation disengagement reaction time to field literature in testing and experimentation on human brake reaction times for both automobile and motorcycle operation.
Dinges, Jeffrey T., Durisek, Nicholas J.
Learning from Human Naturalistic Driving Behavior at Stop Signs for Autonomous Vehicles2019-01-102104/02/2019
Despite public expectations that autonomous vehicles should be able to avoid most accidents, the existing fleet of autonomous test vehicles has demonstrated this is simply not the case. An explanation for some of these accidents has been that these vehicles do not drive like humans and therefore do not exhibit certain driving patterns expected by human drivers. With the high likelihood of a gradual integration of autonomous vehicles into our traffic system in the future, there will be a need for such vehicles to adapt to, and mimic, human driving. Although much work has been done to understand human behavior and performance in driving, it has been mostly geared towards defining human capabilities and limitations. Little work has been done on the interactions between human-driven and autonomous vehicles. In previously published work, we described a large-scale, on-road eye tracking study conducted in instrumented test vehicles to understand and assess human behavior in a naturalistic
Tavassoli, Abtine, Cymbalist, Niccolo, Dunning, Amber, Krauss, David
Behavior of Electric Scooter Operators in Naturalistic Environments2019-01-100704/02/2019
The use of electric scooters (e-scooters), which are more generally categorized as motorized scooters, has undergone explosive growth owing to “scooter share” programs in which an e-scooter is rented for a limited period of time. The near-spontaneous ubiquity of e-scooters has prompted government and scooter share companies to address issues partly motivated by concerns related to the inclusion of a large population of e-scooters into vehicular traffic. These issues are influenced by the decisions and behaviors of the scooter operators, who, despite being licensed to drive passenger vehicles, potentially have limited experience operating an e-scooter in the presence of traffic. E-scooters are in a relative unique position where they are small enough to negotiate pedestrian traffic, yet fast enough to travel on roadways. This enables an e-scooter operator to change when and where he rides, e.g., from traveling on a sidewalk to riding in a clear traffic lane in order to avoid a group of
Todd, Jay, Krauss, David, Zimmermann, Jacqueline, Dunning, Amber
Modular Biosensor PatchTBMG-3413704/01/2019
Researchers are identifying new biomarkers to help monitor cognition and stress in the human body and enhance human performance. Traditional biomarkers like heart rate, temperature, oxygen partial pressure, blood glucose, electrolyte concentration, and others have been correlated with cognition and stress states. However, the correlation is indirect. Molecular biomarkers with stronger and more specific links are preferred.
Thin, Durable Heating PatchesTBMG-3414004/01/2019
Thin, durable heating patches were created using intense pulses of light to fuse tiny silver wires with polyester. Their heating performance is nearly 70 percent higher than similar patches. The inexpensive patches can be powered by coin batteries and can generate heat where the human body needs it since they can be sewed on as patches.
Modular Biosensor Patch19AERP04_0804/01/2019
Identifying new biomarkers to help monitor cognition and stress in the human body could enhance human performance. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity, Fort Detrick, Maryland Researchers are identifying new biomarkers to help monitor cognition and stress in the human body and enhance human performance. Traditional biomarkers like heart rate, temperature, oxygen partial pressure, blood glucose, electrolyte concentration, and others have been correlated with cognition and stress states. However, the correlation is indirect. Molecular biomarkers with stronger and more specific links are preferred. Molecular biomarkers can be more specific to cognition states and typically take the form of bioactive molecules including steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. The tools available to quantify molecular biomarkers during their discovery are sensitive and selective, but also have significant drawbacks. In particular, these tools are inconvenient in a variety of ways
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