Browse Topic: Ergonomics

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Snap-fits evaluation for minimizing the Squeak & Rattle in Automotive2025-01-009105/05/2023
The world of plastic products has been growing due to its versatile properties, which have become an intrinsic and fundamental part of the engineering of new products. The most important aspects contributing to this spectacular growth are the design and assembly, making sure that plastic parts are designed optimally. The safety requirements have been increased due to the safety ratings and thus interior parts must provide more absorption and protection to occupants. The main connection types used in the plastic parts are heat stakes and snap fits. The purpose of a good snap fit is not only to have a high retention effort but also to present ergonomic characteristics with low insertion and extraction effort because each part requires a different function. With the time-dependent loading the material will redistribute its internal energy thereby performing a time-related flow leading to reduced pretension thus decreasing stiffness. This paper presents an analytical and numerical method
MICHAEL STEPHAN, NAVIN ESTAC RAJA, C M, MITHUN, Mohammed, Riyazuddin
Numeral, Letter and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument DisplaysAIR1093B (Current)04/01/2020
The purpose of this AIR is to provide recommendations for the minimum dimensions of characters and symbols used in aircraft instrument dials and panel displays as related to the conditions stated in para. 3. Numerous variables influence the legibility of aircraft instrument dial characters. This situation makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to establish an exact act of rules for optimizing all installations. Character size, one of the important considerations, can be optimized where adequate dial space exists. Usually this is not the case and the designer is faced with placing the information in a limited space while continuing to strive for error-free legibility. Appropriate minimum size requirements have been stated herein for guidance in air transport use.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
Lightweight Exosuit Combines Robotics and Functional ApparelTBMG-3526310/01/2019
Between walking and running, human gaits can cover a wide range of speeds; for example, at low speeds, the metabolic rate of walking is lower than that of running in a slow jog. The opposite also is true: at high speeds, the metabolic cost of running is lower than that of speed-walking.
Comparison Study of Malaysian Driver Seating Position in SAEJ1517 Accommodation Model06-12-02-000604/08/2019
A key element in an ergonomically designed driver’s seat in a car is the correct identification of driver seating position and posture accommodation. Current practice by the automotive Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is to utilize the Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) J1517 standard practice as a reference. However, it was found that utilizing such guidelines, which were developed based on the American population, did not fit well with the anthropometry and stature of the Malaysian population. This research seeks to address this issue by comparing the SAE J1517 Model against Malaysian preferred driving position. A total of 62 respondents were involved for the driver seating position and accommodation study in the vehicle driver’s seat buck mockup survey and measurements. The results have shown that the Malaysian drivers prefer to sit forward as compared to the SAE J1517 Model and have shorter posture joint angle. This could significantly affect the design of the driver seat
Rashid, Zuli’zam, Bakar, Nooh Abu, Dolah, Rozzeta, Ghazilla, Raja Ariffin Raja
Automated Surface Preparation of Embraer’s Commercial Jet Fuselage for Painting Process2019-01-133903/19/2019
The surface preparation of the fuselage prior to painting is largely done manually in the Aerospace Industry; utilizing scrubbers, sanders, chemicals, and manlifts resulting in safety and ergonomic issues without delivering a consistent result. The automation of the process employing robots, vision systems, machine movers, and automated process equipment provided the following benefits: Improved Safety and Ergonomics Reduced exposure to hazardous materials and working conditions Improved Consistency and Quality Improved Production Capabilities and Reduced Labor Costs Reduced Material Usage Less weight Lower environmental risks Lower cost This paper will describe the equipment used and the process changes required to automate the surface preparation process, then discuss the benefits that were realized.
Schuknecht, Karl, Scotton, Rogerio Scafutto
Development of the Next Generation Flexible Tooling System2019-01-136203/19/2019
Flexible Tooling Systems have been developed as a reconfigurable part support system to enable trimming of multiple part geometries utilizing a single router or waterjet. The driver for this development has been improved part quality, elimination of ergonomic issues associated with manually trimming, and the elimination of cost for part number specific hard tooling and the associated cost for manufacturing, maintenance, and storage. This paper will briefly trace the evolution of aerospace parts trimming history. The remainder of the report will focus on the technical objectives associated with the development of the Next Generation Flexible Tooling System, how they were achieved including the process for validation of each support location in aircraft coordinates. This system is designed to increase part holding accuracy with specific support location validation, and significantly reduce system maintenance costs in wet or dry environments.
Kirby, Larry, Weddle, Ronald
Directory of Databases Part I - Whole Body Anthropometry SurveysAIR5145A (Current)11/02/2018
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) lists whole body anthropometric surveys and provides current sources for the survey raw data and summary statistics.
G-45 Human Systems Integration
Smart Garment Prevents Back StressTBMG-2743010/01/2017
A team of engineers has combined the science of biomechanics and advances in wearable tech to create a smart, mechanized undergarment. The team’s testing proves that the smart clothing offloads stress on the low back.
Characterizing Vehicle Occupant Body Dimensions and Postures Using a Statistical Body Shape Model2017-01-049703/28/2017
Reliable, accurate data on vehicle occupant characteristics could be used to personalize the occupant experience, potentially improving both satisfaction and safety. Recent improvements in 3D camera technology and increased use of cameras in vehicles offer the capability to effectively capture data on vehicle occupant characteristics, including size, shape, posture, and position. In previous work, the body dimensions of standing individuals were reliably estimated by fitting a statistical body shape model (SBSM) to data from a consumer-grade depth camera (Microsoft Kinect). In the current study, the methodology was extended to consider seated vehicle occupants. The SBSM used in this work was developed using laser scan data gathered from 147 children with stature ranging from 100 to 160 cm and BMI from 12 to 27 kg/m2 in various sitting postures. A principal component (PC) analysis was conducted based on these scans along with the manually-measured body landmarks, and 100 PC scores were
Park, Byoung-Keon Daniel, Reed, Matthew P.
Vision Factors Considerations in Rearview Mirror DesignJ985_201611 (Historical)11/07/2016
The design and location of rear-viewing mirrors or systems, and the presentation of the rear view to the driver can best be achieved if the designer and the engineer have adequate references available on the physiological functions of head and eye movements and on the perceptual capabilities of the human visual system. The following information and charts are provided for this purpose. For more complete information of the relationship of vision to forward vision, see SAE SP-279.
Driver Vision Standards Committee
How to Enhance Gear Shift Feel of North-South Transmission Layout2016-01-235710/17/2016
Globalization has intensively driven focus of car manufacturers on comfort and ergonomics. Luxuries are becoming essential features of product mix. Customer’s expectations and desires are changing because of cut throat competition and increasing variety of options. In order to sustain in marketplace, OEM has to be competitive while providing features and options with appropriate quality. Vigorously changing dimensions and definitions of comfort level, luxury and aesthetics has driven the intense focus of OEM’s on customer touch points, customer touch points are those components of vehicle which customer accesses while driving the vehicle and they play vital role in generating drive feel of vehicle. Customer’s drive feel about the vehicle is most complex and critical factor and is of subjective nature. Now days drive feel is an important aspect of product differentiation. Gear shift feel is very crucial touch point in overall drive feel of vehicle. Customer desires overall Gear shift
Gurav, Onkar P., Deshmane, Santosh
Front-Loading of Occupant Ingress-Egress Targets in Vehicle Architecture2016-01-000404/05/2016
Achieving comfortable Ingress-Egress (I/E) is a major ergonomic challenge for Occupant packaging engineers during vehicle design. Vehicles should be designed so that the targeted drivers are able to comfortably get in and out of it. Simulating occupant ingress/egress motion for vehicle involves many constraints and capturing actual behavior of human motion is cumbersome. In recent years, there are number of studies to investigate occupant ingress/egress motion and to understand perceived discomfort, influence of specific design parameters, age impact etc. These studies majorly used techniques like real time motion capturing in a vehicle mockup, comparison of joint torques developed during the ingress/egress motions etc., to identify the occupants discomfort aspects. This paper aims to capture the ingress/egress influencing parameters and incorporating the parameters in vehicle architecture layout during concept phase itself considering various anthropometric measurements. The critical
Dharmar, Ganesh, Radakrishnan, Rambabu, Premananth, Subramanian, Padattil, Sarath
Aerospace Standard 6228 Developed to Support Improved Productivity and Reduce Occupational Disease Among Powered Hand Tool Operators2015-01-248509/15/2015
A joint US Department of Defense (DOD), General Services Administration (GSA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) project initially addressing procurement criteria for powered hand tools stimulated involvement of the SAE EG1-B Hand Tools committee and affiliated industry participants, producers of powered hand tools. It became apparent of the need to develop a standard that addresses occupational disease, productivity, life-cycle cost in the selection of Hand Power Tools. Committee efforts focused upon development of an SAE International Standard that considers productivity hand-arm vibration, noise, other safety and health factors and life-cycle costs in procurement criteria for powered hand tools. Aerospace Standard, AS 6228 Safety Requirements for Procurement, Maintenance and Use of Hand-held Powered Tools, was published in September 2014. Concurrently, a new committee, EG1-B1, Powered hand tools, productivity, Ergonomics and Safety, evolved from the
Geiger, Mark Benjamin, Ster, John Michael
Systems and Methods for Manufacturing Aircraft Furniture Parts Using an Integrated Automated Cell2015-01-260009/15/2015
This paper presents a full automated solution that uses robots for manufacturing business jets primary parts. The purpose of this technological innovation is to increase productivity, improve the quality of final product, reduce costs with maintenance and consumable materials, in addition to meeting the requirements of ergonomics, occupational health and safety. So, better results have been sought in terms of process efficiency and technological innovation aligned to competitive market requirements related to industrial automation. The aim is to improve the manufacturing processes of the furniture parts, striving for excellence in every step by further adding value and reducing wastes in order to reduce manufacturing costs and enable greater customer satisfaction.
Barbosa, Gustavo Franco, Cordeiro, Elton Candia, Costa, Fábio Rodrigues
Analysis and optimization of All Terrain Wheelchair2015-01-136804/14/2015
An all-terrain wheelchair is a lever propelled wheelchair which enables an individual to drive on all terrains easily as the driving mechanism is efficient, ergonomic and fast. It also increases the reach capabilities and social boundaries of disabled. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, a comparative study of push rim wheelchair and All-terrain Wheelchair (lever propelled) has been done. In the second part, Optimization of this All-terrain Wheelchair has been done. The comparison is done on various parameters such as peak velocity, average velocity, acceleration, retardation, stroke frequency, reduction in effort, mechanical efficiency, obstacle climbing ability, turning radius, the distance travelled per stroke, Pressure cuts and burns caused during propelling the chair. Biomechanical testing is also done considering the heart rate and oxygen consumption level. This information was used to determine the energy demand, which is intrinsically connected to a
Agarwal, Shikhar, Gautam, Saumya
Shipping Caps, Torque Caps, and Body Plugs Ergonomic Design CriteriaUSCAR43 (Current)03/30/2015
This document describes the design and assembly force guidelines for conventional shipping caps, torque caps, and body plugs. All possible design and applications could not be anticipated in creating these guidelines. Where there are questions of adherence to to this document, such as use of an “off-the-shelf” design, always consult the responsible Ergonomics Department.
USCAR
Driver Ergonomics in City Buses and Coaches2014-01-242409/30/2014
Bus and coach drivers spend considerably more time in the vehicle, compared to an average personal car user. However, when it comes to comfort levels, the personal cars, even the inexpensive hatchbacks score much higher than a standard bus. This is because the amount of ergonomic design considerations that go into designing a car's DWS (driver workspace) is much more than that of buses. To understand this lacuna, the existing standards and recommendations pertaining directly or remotely to bus driver workspace were studied. It was understood, beyond certain elementary recommendations, there were very few standards available exclusively for buses. This paper ventures to establish a set of guidelines, exclusively for designing bus and coach driver workspace. The various systems in the driver's work space and their relevance to driver's ergonomics are discussed. References are drawn from different case studies and standards to come up with recommendations and guidelines. For those aspects
Shekar, Vignesh T., Reddy, Sreedhar
Boeing's CST-100 Unveiled to the World1171307/25/2013
NASA astronauts Serena Aunon and Randy Bresnik conducted flight suit evaluations inside a fully outfitted test version of The Boeing Company's CST-100 spacecraft July 22, the first time the world got a glimpse of the crew capsule's interior. Boeing is one of three American companies working with the agency's Commercial Crew Program (CCP) to develop safe, reliable and cost-effective crew transportation systems during the Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) initiative, which is intended to make commercial human spaceflight services available for government and commercial customers.
Configuring Complex Part Designs for Prosthetic DevicesTBMG-1530012/01/2012
ToughWare Prosthetics, an engineering and design group dedicated to developing innovative new assistive technologies, helps satisfy the global need for prosthetic devices that are inexpensive, designed to enable intense physical activity, labor, self-reliance, and are easy to maintain. The company, inspired by the many personal stories of hope, strength, determination, and endurance shared by amputees around the world, became aware of the great need for inexpensive assistive devices that are robust and highly functional.
Hyperpolarized Metabolic Imaging Visualizes ‘Real-Time’ Disease ProgressTBMG-1463909/01/2012
Most major diseases are somehow linked to metabolic alterations. But being able to see the changes as they occur and to see if a treatment is working in ‘real time’ is now nearer at hand thanks to Hyperpolarized Metabolic Imaging. This technology has created new possibilities to non-invasively study biochemical changes in disease processes by improving the sensitivity of Magnetic Resonance by more than 20,000-fold as reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Telerobotics Workstation (TRWS) for Deep Space HabitatsTBMG-1460609/01/2012
On medium- to long- duration human spaceflight missions, latency in communications from Earth could reduce efficiency or hinder local operations, control, and monitoring of the various mission vehicles and other elements. Regardless of the degree of autonomy of any one particular element, a means of monitoring and controlling the elements in real time based on mission needs would increase efficiency and response times for their operation. Since human crews would be present locally, a local means for monitoring and controlling all the various mission elements is needed, particularly for robotic elements where response to interesting scientific features in the environment might need near- instantaneous manipulation and control.
Improving Wheelchair ErgonomicsTBMG-1332404/01/2012
Engineers at Empa, a Swiss interdisciplinary research and services institution, are working together with the firm «r going» to develop an ergonomic seat for electric wheelchairs that encourages the user to move around frequently. The aim is to enhance the freedom of movement of wheelchair users with a range of disabilities.
Fast, High-Precision Eye-Surgery RobotTBMG-1276101/01/2012
A smart eye-surgery robot, developed at the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) in the Netherlands, allows eye surgeons to operate with increased ease and precision on the retina and the vitreous humor of the eye. It also extends the effective period during which ophthalmologists can carry out these intricate procedures.
Ergonomic Considerations of Clutch Pedal Design for a Heavy Commercial Vehicle2011-28-009210/06/2011
This paper gives focus on the ergonomic design of the clutch pedal. The parameters considered includes height of clutch actuation point (CAP) from cabin floor mat, lateral position from steering column and engine tunnel, size and angle of foot pad, texture design of rubber cover, maximum pedal travel packaging considering variants, force, and modulation requirements. Development of clutch pedal assembly is carried out by considering collected anthropometric data for large population range. With a set of questionnaire asked to number of drivers on their habit of keeping foot on the clutch pedal which causes fatigue and phenomena of clutch riding (results in wear of clutch disc).
Ravan, Girish, Baranwal, Shatrunjoy, Paranjape, Shekhar, Sahasrabudhe, Niteen
Tear-Based Glucose Sensor for Diabetes MonitoringTBMG-1022706/01/2011
Diabetic control typically requires daily monitoring of blood glucose levels. This involves finger pricking 2–10 times a day in order to obtain a sample for assay. Many find the finger prick tedious or painful and fall into noncompliance. Others may also dislike the assorted “paraphernalia” that must be carried around. Research into the “next-tech” for diabetes care has led many researchers to investigate tear glucose sensing as an alternative. As promising as many of these devices are, they are many years from market. Here the development of a near market tear glucose sensor is reported.
Tear-Based Glucose Sensor for Diabetes MonitoringTBMG-TB-01022706/01/2011
Diabetic control typically requires daily monitoring of blood glucose levels. This involves finger pricking 2–10 times a day in order to obtain a sample for assay. Many find the finger prick tedious or painful and fall into noncompliance. Others may also dislike the assorted “paraphernalia” that must be carried around. Research into the “next-tech” for diabetes care has led many researchers to investigate tear glucose sensing as an alternative. As promising as many of these devices are, they are many years from market. Here the development of a near market tear glucose sensor is reported.
Concurrent Engineering Accelerates Surgical Instrument SolutionsTBMG-948404/01/2011
Development and production of a small, lightweight, ergonomically designed arthroscopic device powerful enough to bridge the gap between different types of surgeries usually takes at least 24 months.
Positioning Technology for Digital Displays on Mobile Medical EquipmentTBMG-894401/01/2011
As hospitals and surgical centers add more portable medical equipment, the precision and positioning of digital displays become critical to staff efficiency, comfort, and health. Dispensing quality healthcare depends on providers having easy access to the right tools and supplies. Clinicians and technicians need information at their fingertips to perform their jobs in situations where every second counts. Point-of-care portable medical equipment — for diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment — has helped speed up patient service, but it frequently comes with tradeoffs for healthcare workers. Mobile-mounted video displays and computer screens are not always well suited for sharing among workers of different body proportions, causing user frustration and, frequently, physical pain. This includes repetitive motion ailments, sore necks and backs, and eyestrain from less-than-optimal viewing angles.
Design Criteria—Driver Hand Controls Location for Passenger Cars, Multipurpose Passenger Vehicles, and Trucks (10 000 GVW and Under)J1138_200908 (Current)08/25/2009
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to describe design criteria pertaining to the location and labeling of hand controls, including embedded displays and controls when displayed, necessary to or frequently used during the operation of passenger cars, MPVs, and trucks 10 000 GVW and under designed for left-hand drive operation. The results of SAE human factors research have strongly influenced these recommendations, specifically in the area of driver reach, control-locating performance, and control location expectancies. Deviations from this recommended practice should be made only after careful study of the various SAE publications on these subjects. This document does not include hand-held devices such as remote controls or cellular phones.
Controls and Displays Standards Committee
Sight Analysis with ‘RAMSIS Cognitive’: Step II2009-01-229506/09/2009
The perception of visual information is the major input requirement for the psychological cognition process. The quality of perception of visual information is impaired by the geometrical and optical conditions of the displayed information. This concerns all technical information of the car as instruments, optical indicators, telltales and control displays. The international widely-used 3D-Man-Model System RAMSIS receives some additional functionality for analysis and practical design to simulate these viewing conditions in the car. These new RAMSIS functions include methods for the analysis of sight shadows, limits of visibility of liquid crystal displays, the time of focus shifts of the driver and the modelling of the optical parameters of head-up displays. These capabilities will enable a RAMSIS user to allow for (degraded) visual performance when designing the rising number of user interface displays in cars and airplanes.
Remlinger, Wolfram, Bubb, Heiner, Wirsching, Hans-Joachim
Geometric Estimation of FoV for Vision Modeling in DHM2009-01-229406/09/2009
This paper presents a geometric method for estimating the filed-of-view (FoV) for monocular and binocular vision using a 3D scanned human face. The traditional vision-cone approach offers simplicity but may lead to spurious inferences during ergonomic evaluations involving peripheral vision. FoV is asymmetric due to unrestricted zygomatic vision and restrictions on nasal side. Thus its accurate modeling is important for effective simulation of visual performance. Given a tessellated face model and the location of the pupil, the present work computes the FoV edges on the face with respect to the pupil. The algorithm is divided in two steps, visible triangle computation and silhouette edge detection for FoV estimation. A qualitative comparison of samples with the standard perimetry data and right circular cones used in DHM shows that the FoV is very similar to the physiological visual-field maps and the cones used in DHM are conservative. The proposed approach has been extended to gaze
Sen, Dibakar
Anthropometry for a North American Manufacturing Population2009-01-227406/09/2009
Digital Human Models are used extensively in virtual manufacturing to evaluate hand clearance and reach. Spatial assessments of accommodation are typically conducted using digital human models representative of the manufacturing population. Unfortunately, these models are often based on anthropometry gathered from sources that are not representative of the actual target worker population. For example, the size and shape might be based on data from the U.S. military, which differs in .fitness, age, and race distributions from the typical automotive manufacturing population. Ford ergonomists traced errors in accommodation predictions to these inaccurate representations. Using a recently developed statistical methodology incorporating principal components analysis, the anthropometry of the target worker population was synthesized. Using these new data, Ford updated the anthropometry of their digital human models to reflect changes due to secular trends in the U.S. The models also consider
Nadadur, Gopal, Chiang, Jim, Parkinson, Matthew B., Stephens, Allison
Ergonomic Data Measuring System for Driver-Pedals Interaction2009-01-116404/20/2009
This paper presents the design and development of an ergonomic data measurement system for driver–pedals interaction. The work focuses in particular on the actuation of the acceleration and brake pedals, and aims to support the development of a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the driving comfort associated with the right leg. The ergonomic data measurement system integrates five subsystems: an electro-goniometry system and a pressure-pads system to monitor driver’s positioning and movements, an electromiography system to observe the muscular activity of the lower leg, the vehicle on-board diagnostic system, a GPS system and an audio-visual system for providing environment and driving situation information. A validation exercise involving a series of test drive events confirmed the system capability to record meaningful objective comfort data which can differentiate between driving postures and styles.
Brook, Sam, Freeman, Rob, Rosala, George, Campean, Felician, Dixon, Neil
Vision Factors Considerations in Rearview Mirror DesignJ985_200902 (Historical)02/13/2009
The design and location of rear-viewing mirrors or systems, and the presentation of the rear view to the driver can best be achieved if the designer and the engineer have adequate references available on the physiological functions of head and eye movements and on the perceptual capabilities of the human visual system. The following information and charts are provided for this purpose. For more complete information of the relationship of vision to forward vision, see SAE SP-279.
Driver Vision Standards Committee
A Multi-Variable Regression Model for Ergonomic Lifting Analysis with Digital Humans2008-01-190906/17/2008
The Snook tables (Liberty Mutual Tables) are a collection of data sets compiled from studies based on a psychophysical approach to material-handling tasks. These tables are used to determine safe loads for lifting, lowering, carrying pulling, and pushing. The tables take into account different population percentiles, gender, and frequency of activity. However, while using these tables to analyze a work place, Ergonomists often have to select from discrete data points closest to the actual work place parameters thereby reducing accuracy of results. To compound the problem further, multiple interrelated variables are involved, making it difficult to analyze parameters intuitively. For example, it can be difficult to answer questions such as, does reducing the lifting height lower the recommended lifting weight, if the lifting distance is increased? To resolve such issues, this paper presents a new methodology for implementing the Snook tables using multi variable regression.
Mathai, Anith, Li, Jinzengh, Abdel-Malek, Karim, Knake, Lindsey, Wisch, Julie, Godin, Christina, Chiang, Jim
New Features for the Sight Analysis with RAMSIS2008-01-187706/17/2008
Ergonomic product design can be divided into the parts of physical ergonomics (anthropometrics) and cognitive ergonomics. I regard to the visual cognition, the anthropometric and cognitive ergonomics are very closely connected. The visual cognition process is based on physical as well as psychological components. The information processing in the brain needs the visual perception with the eyes. This visual perception needs some optical attributes for good viewing conditions of the eye. The international widely-used 3D-Man-Model System RAMSIS receives some additional functionality for analysis and practical design of to simulate these viewing conditions in the car. These new RAMSIS functions include methods for the analysis of reflective glare, visual acuity, reading precision, visual fields, limited accomodation, glasses, progressive addition lenses and electronic displays. These capabilities will enable a RAMSIS user to allow for (degraded) visual performance when designing user
Remlinger, Wolfram, Bubb, Heiner, Wirsching, Hans-Joachim
Validation of an FE Lower Limb Model for a Child Pedestrian by Means of Accident Reconstruction2008-01-124004/14/2008
Validation of a child FE model is a great challenge due to the lack of sufficient data for children. In their previous study, the authors have developed a methodology for validating a child FE model by reconstructing pedestrian accidents and comparing predicted and observed injuries. However, the study reconstructed only one accident case and more validation cases were needed for enhanced confidence of the estimated material property. The current study therefore reconstructed two additional child pedestrian accident cases. In addition, published 3–point bending test results of child long bones were also used for quantitative assessment of the material property. The accident cases were taken from the PCDS and CIREN databases. Based on the information from the accident data, a multi–body simulation and optimization procedure were used to identify impact conditions. The estimated impact conditions were used to simulate the accident cases using the FE model with failure criteria. The
Ito, O., Okamoto, M., Takahashi, Y., Mori, F.
Parametric Mating Force Model for Partially-filled Connectors2008-01-150504/14/2008
A predictive model for the mating forces of hand-plug connectors has been developed; it calculates the forces in a connector that has empty cavities instead of terminals in every position. Force data is needed as a check to see if connectors meet the latest ergonomic requirements in their as-built configurations. Historically, force data has been generated from physical testing since prior predictive models were not accurate enough. Testing is expensive and slow so a more advanced and accurate model was created. The model presented in this paper is accurate enough to replace mechanical force testing of partially-filled hand-plug connectors.
Price, Donald D.
Medical Category Winner, "Create the Future" 2007 Design ContestTBMG-273404/01/2008
(Winner of an HP Workstation)
Head-Worn Display Technology Developed for Emerging Air Transportation SystemTBMG-263803/01/2008
IS-1200 inertial-optical motion tracker InterSense Bedford, MA 781-541-6330 www.intersense.com
Numeral, Letter and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument DisplaysAIR1093A (Historical)02/16/2008
The purpose of this AIR is to provide recommendations for the minimum dimensions of characters and symbols used in aircraft instrument dials and panel displays as related to the conditions stated in para. 3. Numerous variables influence the legibility of aircraft instrument dial characters. This situation makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to establish an exact act of rules for optimizing all installations. Character size, one of the important considerations, can be optimized where adequate dial space exists. Usually this is not the case and the designer is faced with placing the information in a limited space while continuing to strive for error-free legibility. Appropriate minimum size requirements have been stated herein for guidance in air transport use.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
An Ergonomic Investigation for Control Types and Menu Design Types of In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS)2007-01-351408/05/2007
The purpose of the study is to investigate the ergonomic issues for control types and menu design types of in-vehicle information system (IVIS). The results showed that 1) linear-type controls with linear-type menu design had better performance 2) rotary-type control with rotary-type menu design had good subjective preference score 3) the performance and subjective preference of IVIS interface were strongly influenced by the compatibility between control types and menu design types of IVIS 4) there was a tendency that the performance of IVIS tasks was better when the display was located at higher level on center fascia. The results can be applied to develop a new control and menu design of IVIS from ergonomic view points.
Lim, Sunghyun, Jang, Cheehwan, Lee, Kyu-Oh, Jung, Eui S., Park, Sungjoon, Choe, Jaeho
Automotive Engineering International 2007-08-01AUTOAUG0708/01/2007
Toyota rationalizes IMV The Executive Chief Engineer in charge of the broad range of multipurpose vehicles for developing markets discusses local optimization of one global vehicle architecture. Honda builds a better FCX The recently revealed concept car previews the ambitious and radically new fuel-cell-powered car that the company will launch and lease in 2008 in the U.S. and Japan. Denso turns up the heat Japan's largest supplier is developing environmentally friendly products, such as its flagship HVAC systems to make customer vehicles cooler but more efficient. Sitting pretty Aesthetics merge with safety and ergonomics in that "simple" yet essential automotive system: the seat. Shifting forward Faster processors, enhanced sensors yield better transmissions with smoother gear changes. Finishing strong Combining high strength with formability, today's new steels support development of lighter, more fuel-efficient vehicles--without compromising safety, cost, or performance.
Effects of the Angle of Approaching a Spot for a Manufacturing Action on Whole-Body Orientation and Position2007-01-248106/12/2007
In general manufacturing consists of a sequence of actions on different spots. Depending on the sequence, workers may have to approach a spot from varying angles. The purpose of the study conducted was to describe the whole-body orientation and position when approaching a spot for a manufacturing action from five different angles, starting several meters away. Eight subjects were instructed to perform three different actions (knob rotating, pneumatic wrenching, and button pressing) at six working height s (between ankle height and eye height). The actions were selected for their varying level of constraint at the subject-environment interface. Amongst others, it was disclosed that there is a linear relationship between the final whole-body orientation (while performing the action) and the initial approach angle (while being on the starting position, directed to the manufacturing spot). Furthermore, a translation effect was found, showing that, when approaching from the right side
Chang, Shao-Wen, Wang, Mao-Jiun, Delleman, Nico J.
Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating In-Vehicle Navigation Devices: A Preliminary Study Of Their Usage And Value2007-01-044204/16/2007
More than a dozen design and evaluation guidelines exist for in-vehicle navigation devices, and are used in areas ranging from manufacturing to government policymaking. Currently, there is no central body of knowledge or one complete set of guidelines to help guide users in designing and evaluating safe, usable and ergonomic devices. To understand the value of the current guidelines, an online survey was constructed to evaluate users' knowledge, use and opinions. Results from the survey show that respondents found many guidelines to be impractical, difficult to apply, and irrelevant to their work. While guidelines from UMTRI, Transport Canada and SAE were considered the most useful, many participants were unfamiliar with them. Engineers, designers and researchers indicate that guidelines are incomplete, not up-to-date, and don't address all of the issues arising in designing and evaluating in-vehicle navigation devices.
Calak, Peter, Nonnecke, Blair
Portable Automation for Feeding and Installing Fasteners2006-01-313709/12/2006
Recently developed portable tools have proven themselves capable of feeding and installing fasteners automatically. They eliminate the entire manual processes attendant to the selection and manipulation of fasteners. The fasteners are either stored in remote cassettes or in storage built into the tools themselves. The paper will describe the various means of storing and automatically selecting the fasteners. Ergonomic enhancements, that offer reduced physical stress and provide a safer working environment, will be demonstrated. The configuration of two existing configurations, one suitable for Hi-lites© and the other for solid rivet installation, will be described. The details of the actual installation process and the computer interaction available in support of the installation processes will be described, along with the effect of the man/machine system on the flexibility, predictability and cycle time reduction of the process.
LeCann, Raymond P., Guérin, Sylvain
The Role of Visual and Manual Demand in Movement and Posture Organization2006-01-233107/04/2006
The organization of upper body and gaze movements was quantified as an attempt to identify the types of task descriptors associated with the visual and manual functions of movement control. Nine subjects were asked to either read a word (high visual demand), reach a target (low visual demand), or simultaneously read a word and reach the object target placed just below the word (high visual demand). Similarly the manual demand condition was either low or high, depending on the target distance from the shoulder (either 80 or 120% of extended arm length, respectively). Torso flexion and gaze-on-target duration showed that movements are influenced by the both visual and manual demands in an interactive manner. Also both torso posture and gaze movements were predominantly changed by the visual demand. These results suggest that tasks to be simulated should be described in terms of both visual and manual demand.
Kim, K. Han, Martin, Bernard J., Dukic, Tania, Hanson, Lars
Ergonomic Layout Process for a Driver Working Place in Cars2006-01-231307/04/2006
During early phases of interior car layout a lot of different aspects have to be considered like crashworthiness, regulations, philosophy of the company etc.. Ergonomic aspects do not always play the most important role in these cases. Since aspects of comfort in cars are getting more and more important in nowadays these aspects should be taken into account very early in the interior car layout process. This paper shows a way to design the interior layout of a car from scratch for a good postural comfort for all anthropometries with the aid of a digital human model (RAMSIS). The novelty of this approach is to use the digital human model to design the interior and not to verify or correct an existing one.
Mergl, Christian, Bubb, Heiner, Vogt, Christian, Kress, Holger
Motion Capture for Job Risk Classifications Incorporating Dynamic Aspects of Work2006-01-231707/04/2006
Lower Back Disorders account for 16–19% of work related claims and 33–41% of dollars paid in workers’ compensation (1), with impacts to society approaching $100 billion dollars annually. This study examined the use of optical motion capture to analyze the data from two- and three-plane lifting tasks in relation to the Marras et al. model (2) and compared results with other commonly used assessment techniques that rely on a static posture assumption. Results of a test of 36 subjects suggest that motion capture may be a suitable alternative to the lumbar motion monitor for gathering the necessary data for some ergonomic assessments that include the dynamic aspects of tasks.
Cappelli, Tara M., Duffy, Vincent G.
Human Engineering - Principles and PracticesHEB1A (Historical)12/01/2005
G-45 Human Systems Integration
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