Browse Topic: Comfort

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A Scientific approach to identify the source of intermittent steering rattle noise and implementing the design solutions2026-26-03461/16/2026
Body-on-frame vehicles are well-regarded for their durability and off-road capabilities, but their structural design often makes them more vulnerable to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues. Vibrations originating from uneven roads are transmitted through the suspension and steering assemblies, sometimes resulting in rattles or other disturbances. These vibrations can be amplified by the inherent flexibility in the body-to-frame mounting system. In such vehicles, the steering system plays a critical role in driver comfort and is highly sensitive to vibrational inputs from the road surface, especially on coarse or uneven terrain. Occasionally, these inputs result in subtle rattle noises that are perceptible only to the driver and may not be detected under controlled testing environments. This poses a challenge for engineers trying to isolate and resolve such intermittent NVH phenomena. Identifying the source requires a combination of real-world driving evaluations, structural
Ramesh Chand, Karan Kumar, Gopinathan, Haridoss, Kabdal, Amit
Addressing Seat Belt Discomfort Among Indian Female Driving Population Through Anthropometric Data Collection and Simulation2026-26-00161/16/2026
The rate of female drivers in India is increasing alongside the rapid growth of the Indian automotive industry. A driving comfort survey conducted among female drivers revealed that many experiences dis-comfort when wearing seat belts—whether while driving or as front-seat passengers. This discomfort is primarily due to a phenomenon referred to as “neck cutting.” The root cause of neck cutting is likely related to vehicle design, which is traditionally based on Anthropometric Test Devices (ATD’s) representing the 50th percentile of the global population. However, a literature review indicated that the anthropometric dimensions of the Indian populations are generally smaller than those of the global for the respective candidate. This highlighted the need to collect region-specific anthropometric data for India. During this research work, Indian anthropometric data was collected through the Size India 2.0 project, covering a wide demographic region across India. This study was in
Kulkarni, Nachiket, Chitodkar, Vivek V, Eknath Chopade, Santosh, Yamgar, Babasaheb S, Mahajan, Rahul
Refinement of Road Induced Steering Wheel Vibration in Electric Vehicle2026-26-03371/16/2026
Nowadays, customers expect excellent cabin insulation and superior ride comfort in electric vehicle. OEMs focuses on fine tuning the suspension system in electric vehicle to isolate the road shocks which finally offers superior ride quality. This paper focuses on the enhancing the ride comfort by reducing the steering wheel vibration which mainly originates due to road inputs. Higher steering wheel vibrations are perceived on the test vehicle when driven on rough road at the speed of 50 kmph. To determine the predominant force transfer path, Multi reference Transfer Path Analysis (MTPA) is performed on the front and rear suspension. Based on the finding from MTPA, various recommendations are explored and the effect of each modification is discussed. Apart from this, Operational Deflection Shape (ODS) analysis is carried out on the entire steering system to identify the deflection shape at the operating condition. Based on ODS findings, recommendations like dynamic stiffness
S, Nataraja Moorthy
Development of a High-Fidelity Vehicle Dynamics Model with Rear-Wheel Active Roll Control for Improved Stability2026-26-00931/16/2026
This work introduces a unified vehicle dynamics framework that combines detailed modeling and active control to enhance ride comfort and handling stability. A full 12-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is developed to simulate dynamic responses across a range of driving conditions. Unlike conventional approaches, this model incorporates both linear and nonlinear tire behavior, enabling more accurate prediction of vehicle motion. To further improve performance, an active roll control mechanism is proposed, utilizing rear-wheel suspension actuators to counteract undesired body roll and yaw instabilities. A novel co-simulation environment is established by coupling MATLAB/Simulink-based control strategies with high-fidelity multibody dynamics from ADAMS Car. The model is calibrated and validated using experimental data from an instrumented test vehicle. Results show that the integrated control system significantly reduces critical parameters such as roll angle, yaw rate deviation, and
Duraikannu, Dinesh, DUMPALA, GANGI REDDY
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-00851/16/2026
Abstract Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analysing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behaviour. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behaviour using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The evaluation is done using standard ISO test manoeuvres, including Constant Radius turn test (ISO 4138), Sine Steer test (ISO 8725) and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification (as per
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
Smart Multilink Cabin Suspension with Detachable Stabilizer Mechanism for Improved Ride Comfort and Maintenance Efficiency in Vehicle Cabins.2026-26-00881/16/2026
This paper presents the design and development of a novel suspension system for vehicle cabins, specifically aimed at improving ride comfort and reducing maintenance time and costs. The system features a detachable stabilizer bar pivotally coupled to a pair of brackets connected to the vehicle chassis. The stabilizer bar is removably connected to a pair of connecting links, which in turn are oupled to a second pair of brackets attached to the cabin. This configuration allows for easy access to the engine bay during maintenance without disassembling the entire suspension system. Additionally, the system includes damper units and pivot arms that enhance ride comfort by isolating vibrations from the chassis. The proposed design is particularly beneficial for commercial vehicles with fixed cabins, as it reduces idle time during engine overhaul and improves overall ride quality for occupants.
K, Akilan, Pardeshi, Mahesh, Mistri, Pratikkumar, Navsariwala, Prashant
Experimental Evaluation of Tyre Vertical Dynamic Stiffness and Damping for Ride Model Applications Using Flat Trac2026-26-06071/16/2026
The damping and vertical dynamic stiffness of a tyre are critical to ride comfort and overall dynamics, particularly for low-frequency excitations in urban and highway driving. Accurate ride models depend on precise tyre parameterization, as tyres are the primary interface between the vehicle and the road, absorbing surface irregularities before the suspension engages. This study investigates an experimental methodology characterizing the vertical dynamic behaviour of pneumatic tyres using a Flat Trac test machine. Contrary to the conventional approaches that depend on intricate shaker rigs or frequency dependence function models, the proposed technique uses a realistic force displacement loop-based technology which is appropriate for ride model applications. Dynamic stiffness is calculated as the peak force divided by peak displacement during vertical sinusoidal excitation. Damping is derived from hysteresis energy loss per cycle. The tests were conducted under various conditions by
Duryodhana, Dasari, Sethumadhavan, Arjun, Tomer, Avinash, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Comprehensive Evaluation of Bolster Behavior: Field Data Insights for Design Modifications2026-26-04971/16/2026
Bogie suspension systems are increasingly being used in tipper vehicles to enhance their performance and durability, especially in demanding environments like construction and mining areas. Bolsters play a very crucial role in the bogie suspension systems of tipper vehicles, contributing significantly to their overall performance and durability. Bolsters help in evenly distributing the load across the suspension system, reducing stress on individual components and enhancing the vehicle’s stability. They act as shock absorbers, mitigating the impact of rough terrains and heavy loads, which is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the vehicle. By dampening vibrations, bolsters improve ride comfort and reduce wear and tear on the vehicle’s components, leading to longer service life. Bolsters assist in maintaining proper alignment of the suspension system, ensuring optimal performance and safety. This study focuses on the comprehensive testing and evaluation of bolsters to
V Dhage, Yogesh, Kolage, Vikas
Achieving ride comfort in bus suspension by varying air spring performance2026-26-00811/16/2026
Air springs are widely used in commercial buses to obtain better quality of ride and comfort. Selecting the right air spring is a critical aspect of suspension design. However, this selection process is often constrained by the limited availability of off-the-shelf components as the development of a custom air spring involves long lead time and high tooling cost. This can be justifiable only at high production volumes. Air springs are tunable as compared to conventional mechanical metal springs. Their performance can be adjusted by varying the internal air pressure and volume, enabling them to accommodate a wide range of vehicle load conditions. In actual design practice, component packaging constraints and fixed mounting dimensions often restrict the choice of air spring. Additionally, Front and rear suspension requires air springs with different characteristics. To overcome these limitations, an auxiliary air tank is also called a ping tank that can be used along with an existing
Patre, Kamlesh, Salunkhe, Swapnil, Paranjape, Shekhar
Development and Validation of Feet Thermal Comfort in Very Cold Climate with high fidelity to capture a transient heat transfer phenomenon2026-26-04061/16/2026
Customer Centric approach drives the automotive industry to focus on providing adequate cabin thermal comfort in cold & very cold environments. The quotidian life of a driver from countries in the northern hemisphere faces the issue of cabin temperatures plummeting below 0 deg C in winter. This permeates the passengers and leads to serious conditions like frostbite and hypothermia with prolonged exposure. Transient Validation of Thermal Comfort for 'Customer-centric Heating cycles' replicating regular commute (1 hour) from Home-to-Office is set as target for transient method development in FLUENT & CCM+. This precludes the requirement of comfort achievement with transient targets with high fidelity in HVAC, Stratification of flow through ducts, Material strategies in cabin, positioning of vents, optimum distance between vent to head/feet and furthermore. This paper explicates the thermal and flow behavior of Hot air from lower ducts toward front driver and front-rear passengers and
Saravanan, Vivek, Mathew, Viju, Colibert, Lionel, Perumalsamy, Jidhesh, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Athithan, Rajamani
Balancing Ride Comfort: Optimizing Semi-Active Suspension Systems Through Multi-Objective Parameter Tuning2026-26-05941/16/2026
Optimizing semi-active suspension systems for ride comfort presents significant challenges due to the inherently conflicting requirements of different ride conditions. Enhancing primary ride associated with low-frequency body motions—may compromise the system’s ability to handle secondary ride, which involves mid-frequency road irregularities. Conversely, tuning for impact loadcases like potholes or road discontinuities often introduces trade-offs that can worsen comfort or suspension performance under regular driving conditions. These conflicts necessitate a systematic approach to identify balanced suspension behavior across diverse frequency bands. This study focuses on the parameter tuning of a smart damper within a semi-active suspension system to optimize overall ride performance. The investigation is carried out using a high-fidelity vehicle model in ADAMS Car, while mode-FRONTIER is employed to perform multi-objective optimization. This approach targets specific tunable blocks
Mishra, Satyakam, Verma, Rahul Ranjan, PRASAD, TEJ PRATAP
Development of a GUI-Based Pitch Sequence Optimization Tool for Tyre Noise Reduction2026-26-03301/16/2026
Minimizing tyre noise is essential for enhancing ride comfort, especially in electric vehicles where the absence of engine noise makes tyre-generated sound more prominent. This work presents the development of a GUI-based pitch sequence optimization tool to support tyre design engineers in generating acoustically optimized tread sequences. The tool operates in two modes: without constraints, where the pitch sequence is optimized freely to reduce tonal noise levels; and with constraints, where specific design rules are applied to preserve pattern consistency and manufacturability. This tool plays a pivotal role in the tire development process, serving as one of the key evaluation criteria for tread pattern approval before mould fabrication. By enabling engineers to generate balanced, low-noise pitch sequences that align with both acoustic targets and engineering constraints, the tool facilitates faster design iterations and smooth integration with downstream processes. Its successful
Sampathraghavan, Lakshmi, Ramarathnam, Krishna Kumar, Mantripragada PhD, Krishna Teja, Ramachandran, Neeraj
The Impact of Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) on Automotive Headlights Performance and Driver Perception2026-26-01301/16/2026
Automotive lighting has been evolved from simple incandescent lamps to advanced LED based AFS and ADB functions. These lighting play crucial role in road traffic enhancing better visibility and safety to driver as well as other road users. Today’s Automotive Headlights use different light sources viz., Halogen, HID (Xenon), LED, and Laser each emitting light at different correlated color temperatures (CCT), measured in Kelvin (K). Color temperature not only influences visibility but also impacts the amount and perception of glare experienced by other drivers. The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of correlated color temperature of automotive headlamps on driver visibility and comfort during night driving conditions. The experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment using headlamps with different CCTs ranging from 3000K to 6500K. Participants from various age groups and genders were involved to capture diverse perceptions. Studies confirm that both CCT and
Patil, Mahendra Govind, Kirve, Jyoti Kirve, Parlikar, Padmakumar
"Addressing Reflection-Related Issues in Vehicle Interiors: Ensuring Safer and More Comfortable Driving Experiences"2026-26-05531/16/2026
Reflection significantly influences vehicle driving conditions, impacting both driver comfort and safety. Direct reflections from sunlight or artificial lighting can lead to stress, fatigue, and impaired road visibility, increasing the risk of accidents. Indirect reflections, such as glare from mirrors or dashboard surfaces, pose temporary challenges by distracting drivers and affecting their focus. The intensity and direction of reflections vary with the position of the sun during the day and artificial lights at night, creating visibility issues. Reflection is categorized into daytime reflection, characterized by sunlight-induced glare, and night reflection, driven by internal displays, headlights, and streetlights. To address this, our study focuses on design, vehicle interiors, colour and Pattern to mitigate the Reflection related issues. Our study also focuses on Innovative solutions like anti-reflective coatings, polarized accessories to minimize these effects, ensuring safer and
Jayapandiyan, Raja, DWARAPUDI, DURGAPRASAD, BALU, LAXSHMAANJI, Muthu, Karthikeyan, RANGARAJAN BHARATWAJ, Barath, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
Data-Driven Prediction of Damper durability Cycles Using AIML Techniques2026-26-05501/16/2026
The suspension dampers play a pivotal role in controlling suspension dynamics, especially during rapid suspension movements such as pothole impacts, speed bumps, and off-road conditions. The dampers directly influence the ride comfort, vehicle stability. Ensuring the durability of these valves is essential to maintain consistent performance throughout the vehicle's lifecycle. To validate the valve configuration at high speed, in current development practices, durability cycles are typically derived through physical data collection on actual vehicle driven on proven ground tracks. While this method provides accurate real world validation, it is highly time consuming and resource intensive. The dependency on full vehicle testing also limits early phase of validation, creating bottlenecks in the product development cycle. An AIML based methodology is presented in this paper to predict the HSVD cycles for damper validation. The AIML algorithm was trained using the historical test data and
Kabbin, Chetan D., Suryawanshi, Vishal, Daphal, Pratap, Kulkarni, Prasad
Cabin Heat-up Thermal Assessment for Human Comfort in Passenger Car2026-26-04081/16/2026
The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning) system is designed to fulfil the thermal comfort requirement inside vehicle cabin. Thermal comfort is significantly subjective which predominantly dependent on occupant’s physiological condition. Vehicle AC performance is evaluated by air flow and local temperature thus, thermal comfort assessment is carried out by mapping of velocity and temperature at various places inside cabin. There is need to have Simulation methodology for heating cabin during cold climate to assess ventilation system effectiveness. Thermal comfort modelling involves human manikin, complex cabin material along with environmental condition in expensive transient simulation. Present study employed with LBM (Lattice-Boltzmann Method) based PowerFLOW solver coupled with finite element based PowerTHERM solver to simulate the cold soaking and heating up of cabin. Thermal comfort is subjective to human physiological modelling thus in-built Berkeley human comfort
Baghel, Devesh Kumar, Kandekar, Ambadas, Kumar, Ravi, Dimble, Nilesh
New generation Natural Rubber-Based Bump Stopper with Improved NVH Characteristics2026-26-02921/16/2026
In automotive suspension systems, components like bump stoppers and jounce bumpers play critical roles in controlling suspension travel and enhancing ride comfort. Material selection for these components is driven by functional demands and performance criteria. Traditionally, Natural rubber (NR) has traditionally been favoured for bump stopper applications due to its excellent vibration absorption, tear resistance, cost-effectiveness, and biodegradability. However, in more demanding environments, it has been largely replaced by microcellular polyurethane (PU) elastomers, which offer superior durability, environmental resistance, and enhanced noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance. PU's high compressibility, low lateral expansion, and low compression set make it the material of choice across automotive, aerospace, and industrial sectors. Other materials like thermoplastic elastomers (TPE/TPU) and EPDM rubber are also used, offering advantages such as recyclability, ease of
Murugesan, Annarajan, Perumal, Mathavan
The Logistic Lasso and Ridge Regression Algorithm-Based Airline Passenger Satisfaction Prediction Model2025-01-71683/19/2025
Airline passenger satisfaction is important for airline operation service quality management. When airline companies carry out advertisement campaigns or plan a marketing strategy, the resources and budgets are not unlimited. Thus, an airline can only focus on improving a few factors that drive passenger satisfaction. To understand the key satisfies for the young and the old adults, respectively, we leverage five airline passenger satisfaction methods to identify the key factors that explain the airline service satisfaction of different passengers. In particular, we investigate and compare the ridge and the Lasso regularization in terms of the resulting model’s sparsity and computational efficiency. The top three important factors that influence the old’s satisfaction are departure and arrival time convenience, legroom service, and baggage handling. Our findings indicate that the young people place a higher value on entertainment, while the old adults place a higher value on usefulness
Ma, Jie, Hu, Song, Wang, Haipeng
Minimum Energy Performance for Autonomous Control of Tiltrotor eVTOL OperationsF-0080-2024-10935/7/2024
The paper presents a novel strategy for minimum energy consumption in automatic conversion control of tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft, exemplified by the Aston Martin Volante Vision model. We introduce a tilt schedule methodology that strategically balances conversion and reconversion performance with climb, descent, and cruise phases to minimize overall energy expenditure. Our approach accounts for critical factors such as blade loading, operation handling qualities, and passenger ride comfort within a predefined conversion corridor. The optimized trajectories approximate the minimum energy pathway, essential for operational efficiency in urban air mobility. Analytical results demonstrate that our proposed conversion and reconversion phase profiles significantly reduce energy consumption, contributing to the sustainability of tiltrotor flight operations. This research not only enhances understanding of tiltrotor dynamics but also serves as a pivotal step toward achieving globally optimized
Kang, Namuk, Whidborne, James, Lu, Linghai
Development and Flight Demonstration of An Active Seat Mount System for Aircrew Whole-Body Vibration Mitigation on NRC Bell-412 HelicopterF-0080-2024-10415/7/2024
Helicopter aircrew are exposed to high levels of whole-body vibration (WBV) in fight operations, which may degrade their ride comfort and performance in the short-term, and contribute to some health issues in the long-term. This paper presents the latest development and flight test demonstration results of an active seat mount system that is designed to reduce helicopter aircrew WBV levels through active cancellation of the N/rev vibration peaks related to the helicopter main rotor speed. A prototype airworthy hardware of the active seat mount system has been developed based on previous bench-top-test designs to meet airframe integrity requirements for installation and flight testing on the Bell-412 helicopter. Extensive experimental results on human occupants using a shaker table facility and flight demonstrations on the NRC Bell-412 helicopter in representative flight conditions are presented and discussed. The active seat mount system has achieved significant reduction to the
Chen, Yong (Eric), Wickramasinghe, Viresh, Fereidooni, Amin
Challenges for Indian Road Traffic with Sound Alert Devices on Electric Vehicles2024-26-02111/16/2024
Challenges for Indian Road Traffic with Sound Alert Devices on Electric Vehicles For safety towards pedestrians and other road-vehicles, sound alert systems (horns) have been in use since development of Automobiles. On the same line but with special purpose of preventing a Driver to sleep in a running vehicle, a Driver Monitoring System [DMS] is recently developed. For Electric Vehicles which are very quiet during starting and driving till 20 km/hr, Acoustic Vehicle Alert System (AVAS) is deployed in Europe and likely to be implemented in India soon. For all these Alert Devices, there are Standard Regulations across the world: ECE R-28 for Horns and ECE R-138 for AVAS. They, however, define only lower and upper dBA limits of the sound radiated by them. For DMS, no such regulation exists till today. With this, there has been a long time debate on what an optimal dBA level should be there, for all road-users as well as for vehicle- users inside the cabin. It would be adequate, on one
A, Milind Ambardekar
Methodology for jury evaluation and target setting for passenger vehicle operational sound quality2024-26-02271/16/2024
In automotive market, with competitive car prices, build quality of a car will be a major distinguishing factor. Consumer's need for acoustic comfort has evolved from the removal of annoying noises to perceived sound quality. Operational sounds from electromechanical systems like sunroof system, window regulator, door lock system, HVAC etc. directly interact with users' senses. The perceived acoustics comfort of these sounds are direct indicators of vehicle character and can influence customer's buying decision. With the reduction in product development time and stringent cost constraints, a proper structured target setting methodology to benchmark & evaluate these operational sounds is crucial. In this paper, such a target setting methodology is proposed and discussed for operational sound quality evaluation. Electromechanical noises from various vehicles are measured using binaural head measurement system. Using Simultaneous Categorical Scaling method, jury evaluation is performed
Somasundharam, Sundaralingam, Manoj K, Mridul, RAJ, GAURAV, Mohammed, Riyazuddin, R, Prasath
Integrated testing at lab from road by doing conversion and correlation between Subjective to objective assessment on ride comfort parameter of gear shifting quality in Two- wheeler.2024-26-03271/16/2024
The evaluations of ride comfort in gear shifting have been known as one of the dominant factors for vehicle quality assessment. However, those factors have not been assessed and analyzed objectively in-depth in conjunction and integration with general ride and handling parameters. In recent, the criteria set by customer have changed on account of heightened expectations, resulting in a growing demand for enhanced ride comfort. the quality of gear shifting experienced by a customer is evaluated subjectively on road leads to difficulty in arriving inferences and taking decisions due to variation in responses of people on the same situation. This study is involved the process of conversion from subjective to objective assessment on gear shifting quality by identifying the objective parameters for contributing the quality of gear shifting feel. Measuring and analyzing those parameters like lever travel, lever effort, and noise while shifting during dynamic condition at vehicle level on
Manoranjan, R., K S, Sreekanth
SUV Multi-Link Rigid Axle Control Links Optimization for Ride and Handling Improvement2024-26-00481/16/2024
In automotive world, role of suspension system is to absorb vibrations from the road, and to provide stability while vehicle is going over bumps or uneven roads, cornering, acceleration and braking etc. For body on frame SUVs which are typically characterized by high center of gravity, it is quite critical to find best balance in ensuring stability of the vehicle and having comfortable ride performance. Rigid axle rear suspension is quite typical choice in such vehicles, wherein lower and upper control links are two important components subjected to lateral, longitudinal, and vertical loads. These links allow the vehicle to move smoothly throughout the entire range of suspension travel. Kinematics and compliance optimization of these links is major factor in definition of ride-handling performance of the vehicle. The present study describes key challenges and methodology to define position as well as orientation of control links, where-in multiple inter-related handling and comfort
Hussain, Inzamam, Jani, Harshil, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Asthana, Shivam, ahire, Manoj, Jadhav, Prashant, Lenka, Visweswara, Vellandi, Vikraman
Application of the Design of Experiments to Study the Sensitivity and Contribution of Input factors of Seat Back Bladder Bolster on Occupant Lateral Support Performance2024-26-03031/16/2024
1Kamaraju, Pavankumar*; 2 Ro, Hee 1TCS-General Motors, India; 2General Motors, North America. Abstract Automotive seat comfort systems provide occupants with a choice to adjust the seat to individual preference, enhancing the customized comfort feel. Seat comfort systems such as massager, lumbar support bladders, seat cushion bolster bladders and seat back bolster bladders are increasingly adopted in automotive seats as customer demand for comfortable seats is on the rise. Development of seat comfort systems is mainly driven by Tier 1 suppliers to an automotive original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Automotive OEM’S must wait until the final seat prototype is ready with all the seat comfort systems packaged to evaluate the seat comfort performance. Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) Tools like CASIMIR provide detail dummies representing humans with tissues and muscles, allowing occupant seat comfort to be predicted virtually. This study describes the development of a CAE based seat back
Kamaraju, Pavankumar, Ro, Hee
Vehicle Dynamics Simulation Correlation : Impact of Flexible Tyre and Flexible Frame in Comfort Prediction of Two Wheelers Motorcycles and Scooters2024-26-00531/16/2024
For any two wheeler vehicle development, rider and pillion comfort while driving the vehicles over different kinds of road perturbations holds high importance. Designing a vehicle for comfort starts at the very beginning of its layout definition through vehicle geometric parameters, key hardpoints, mass-inertia distribution of subsystems and suspension characteristics. There is a need for highly reliable simulation models for comfort predictions as any change in layout during subsequent design stages is a very costly affair. Accurately predicting comfort using a full vehicle model is a challenging task though as it depends on how realistic the Simulation Model is to that of actual vehicle. While suspension stiffness and damping characteristics remain critical parameters for the comfort, selection of tyres are known to hold equal importance in vehicle comfort. The details to which the tyres are captured in the simulation model and the formulation of tyre interaction with roads in a
Govindula, Srikanth, Pandey, Pradyumn, Saraswat, Udit, Mishra, Ashish
Adopting Pothole mitigation system for improved ride, handling and enhanced component life2024-26-00591/16/2024
Potholes are a major cause of discomfort for riders and vehicle damage. The passive suspension systems which are used in the passenger vehicles are primarily reaction based. These can’t adapt to the changing road conditions which means the best ride quality and handling characteristics cannot be ensured for different driving situations. Passive suspension system also needs more maintenance due to its inability to reduce the impact of the road irregularities. In recent years, semi-active suspension systems have been developed to improve ride comfort and vehicle safety. Here, a semi-active suspension system with a road preview mechanism has been integrated with a TATA car model to investigate its impact on ride comfort, handling characteristics and component loads in digital domain. A quarter car vehicle model is used to compare different active damping control strategies. The best strategy is selected and integrated with a full vehicle model developed in a MBS tool to gain deeper
Mishra, Satyakam, PRASAD, TEJ, Maruenda Sanz, Javier
Adaptive Steering System for Improved User Experience2024-26-00231/16/2024
A car's steering is the first touchpoint for the driver and one of the most important factor which governs the buying decision of the vehicle. Currently steering system has a single EPAS map leading to constant steering feel during both low and high speed manoeuvres. Some vehicles are equipped with steering system having fixed driving modes which need manual intervention. In order to achieve the needs and to overcome the limitation of fixed mode steering system, this paper proposes Machine Learning based Adaptive Steering System which automatically switches from comfort to sports mode and vice a versa to provide soft and hard steering feel as per the user's requirement. The system identifies driving pattern and zone based on vehicle response to driver input and accordingly adapts steering assist / torque. The system comprises of two modules namely driving pattern recognition for sport and comfort mode and zone detection for city and highway driving. Both modules used already available
BHAMBRI, MIHIR, sheth, Malav, Iqbal, Shoaib, Salunkhe, Swapnil
Prediction of Involuntary Knee Engagement on Dashboard Controls to Prevent Potential Accidents for Drivers in Passenger Cars2024-26-00101/16/2024
Ergonomics plays an important role in safety, comfort and convenience of occupants in passenger cars. Customers come in different anthropometry; have different preferences and exhibit different seating behaviors while driving a car. Integration of dashboard and in the vehicle has become a challenging task with sophisticated interior styling themes aimed at satisfying the increasing customer demands. The dashboard design is becoming more futuristic, leading to complex integration of parts in the cockpit area. This has a deteriorating effect on the driver knee clearance. In general, the postures of drivers are within a presumable range of prediction. However, there exists 'out-of-customary' behaviors while driving a vehicle. Drivers tend to sit in a slouched posture and this leads to an involuntary knee engagement on the dashboard, which has many switches and controls. This could lead to activation of any switches on dashboard including critical controls like EPB (Electronic Parking
Rajakumaran, Sriram, Devan, Rohan Maruti, MANEKAR, RAHUL, BABALESHWAR, VINOD, KUNNANATH, JASAR
Development of a Datadriven Model for Prediction of Vibrational Discomfort in HelicoptersF-0079-2023-180415/16/2023
Burkhardt, Tim, Özkurt, Süleyman, Schimpf, Fabian, Fichter, Walter
Application of AI/ML in Hydrobush Tuning to Enhance Overall Value Proposition2025-01-01325/5/2023
In this intense market of the automotive industry, optimization of vehicle components for superior performance and customer satisfaction is paramount. Hydrobushes play an integral role in achieving this within vehicle suspension systems by absorbing vibrations and improving ride comfort. The methods traditionally used for tuning these components are not only time-consuming but also heavily reliant on extensive empirical testing. This paper explores the ever-growing field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the hydrobush tuning process. Leveraging AI/ML algorithms such as random forest, artificial neural network, and logistic regression to analyse vast datasets, identify patterns, and predict optimal configurations more efficiently than conventional methods. The stated approach accelerates the tuning process while also enhancing the precision of the outcomes, leading to superior ride quality and durability. Thus, the integration of AI/ML techniques in hydrobush
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava
A study on active sound design and control method for vehicle interior hybrid noise to enhance sound quality2025-01-00115/5/2023
With the current popularity of new energy vehicles and the continuous development of intelligent cabin technology, the demand for acoustic comfort within automotive cockpit is increasing. A multi-channel feedforward active sound design and control method was proposed to improve the sound quality of the hybrid broadband and narrowband noise inside the test vehicle. The method selectively designed the target amplitudes for broadband noise and narrowband noise in the vehicle to satisfy passengers comfort, mainly including the sound design phase and the control phase. During the sound design phase, objective sound quality parameter analysis was first conducted on the noise of the prototype vehicle, followed by an evaluation of the sound quality with semantic differential method. An active acoustic design strategy focusing on comfort, motivation sense and annoyance perception were proposed, including a formula for the target amplitude of adjustment order and sound pressure level. The sound
Liu, Xuexian, Xu, Wenxuan
Vibration refinement of two wheeler sub chassis and aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation forces2025-01-01135/5/2023
Two wheelers are important and essential transportation mode in India. Designing a motorcycle with better riding comfort and minimal vibration are thus a major challenge for engineers now a day. Engine and road excitations are two sources of vibration acting on motor bike or scooter. These vibrations are transmitted to chassis, sub chassis, aesthetic parts and then to the rider and pillion. Unwanted vibrations will create discomfort to the rider/pillion as well as produces noises and hence needs to be minimized. This study is focused on diagnosis and control of output vibration responses of sub chassis/aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation forces. There are numerous parameters of motor bike/ scooter that govern the vibration responses of sub chassis/ aesthetic parts. Engine unbalanced inertia force characteristics and their transmission to rider and pillion has been studied and reported here. Environmental benefits demands for a complete NVH refinement for lesser
khare, saharash
Development and Evaluation of Comfort Assessment Approaches for Passengers in Autonomous Vehicles2023-01-07884/11/2023
Passenger comfort is a critical factor in user acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Despite existing methods for passenger comfort assessment, new approaches to assessing passenger comfort in AVs may be valuable to the automotive industry. In this paper, continuous pressing-based and discrete smartphone-based approaches for comfort assessment were designed and implemented in a user study. Participants used the two approaches to evaluate their comfort levels in an experimental study based on a high-fidelity autonomous driving simulator. Performances of the two approaches in assessing comfort levels were analyzed and compared. In general, the discrete approach showed better measurement repeatability and lower measurement bias than the continuous approach. The performance gap of the continuous approach could be reduced with proper post-processing measures. Discussions on the potential uses of the approaches were also raised.
Su, Haotian, Brooks, Johnell, Jia, Yunyi
Performance Enhancement of Semi-active Continuous Skyhook Control Using Chaotic Map Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Stability Augmentation System15-16-01-00029/16/2022
Abstract Enhancing the performance of a ride-oriented algorithm to provide ride comfort and vehicle stability throughout different terrains is a challenging task. This article aims to improve the performance of the state-of-the-art continuous skyhook algorithm in coupled motion modes with an optimally tuned stability augmentation system (SAS). The tuning process is carried out using a chaotic map-initialized particle swarm optimization (C-PSO) approach with ride comfort and roll stability as a performance index. A large van model built-in CarSim is co-simulated with a C-PSO algorithm and control system designed in MATLAB. To realize the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, a software-in-loop test is conducted on five complex ride terrains with different dominant vehicle body motion modes. The test results are compared against the passive system, four corner continuous skyhook control, and four corner type-1 fuzzy control. The test results confirm the effectiveness of
Rajasekharan Unnithan, Anand Raj, Subramaniam, Senthilkumar
Performance Enhancement of Semi-active Continuous Skyhook Control Using Chaotic Map Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Stability Augmentation System15-16-01-0002-TEST-REC9/16/2022
Abstract Enhancing the performance of a ride-oriented algorithm to provide ride comfort and vehicle stability throughout different terrains is a challenging task. This article aims to improve the performance of the state-of-the-art continuous skyhook algorithm in coupled motion modes with an optimally tuned stability augmentation system (SAS). The tuning process is carried out using a chaotic map-initialized particle swarm optimization (C-PSO) approach with ride comfort and roll stability as a performance index. A large van model built-in CarSim is co-simulated with a C-PSO algorithm and control system designed in MATLAB. To realize the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, a software-in-loop test is conducted on five complex ride terrains with different dominant vehicle body motion modes. The test results are compared against the passive system, four corner continuous skyhook control, and four corner type-1 fuzzy control. The test results confirm the effectiveness of
Rajasekharan Unnithan, Anand Raj, Subramaniam, Senthilkumar
Simulation Of Air Conditioning System For Thermal Comfort Using Machine Learning techniques2022-26-12295/26/2022
This study is about the system which establishes a model for environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and air velocity of thermal comfort indicators by implementing different Machine Learning technique. In this work the principal goal is analyzing air flow, distribution of temperature and pressure in the Living room. In order to achieve the goal the domain is consider which is divided in to discretized manner which will be further used to record the thermal sensation and airflow. For the same simulated environment the experiment will be conducted, which resulting in to forming the dataset with respect time, relative humidity, draft, temperature, air flow. By considering the recorded dataset, machine learning algorithm like SVM (Support Vector Machine), radial basis function for different kernels, Decision tree, XG Boost and Adaboost are used to create the model in Pythan. Finally, various performance metrics like accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for all techniques are
Shete, Prachi, raut, vaishnavi, Mandhare, Janhavi, Borgaonkar, Apeksha, Dorwat, Ajit
PASSENGER TO FREIGHTER CONVERSION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM2022-26-12575/26/2022
As per the records from Air cargo traffic, the global volume of air freight increased rapidly in recent years with freight volumes reaching 55.9 million metric tons. The strong demand for converted freighters has been driven by a robust cargo market, one of the key factors that strongly influenced this factor was the growth of e-commerce which has been boosted by more online deliveries This paper discusses some of the key aspects that needs to be considered for passenger to Freighter conversion and its impact to the Environmental Control System of the Aircraft. One of the first design change will be to identify all the passenger amenities and remove them, depending on the Freighter configurations the air distribution needs to be modified or re-routed. Temperature needs for the Main Deck Cargo Compartment (MDCC) is much lower than the passenger variant, the temperature selection ranges for all temperature zones shall cover the natural environment with high comfort for occupants. MDCC
PATIL, ANAND
H145 New Comfort Experience: Upgrading From Four-Bladed HMR To Five-Bladed BMRF-0078-2022-175175/10/2022
ABSTRACT
Rammer, Raphael, Priems,  Martijn, Dreher, Stefan, Dieterich,  Oliver
Development of high damping powertrain mount using thixotropic fluid2022-01-07343/29/2022
Vibration isolation performance and damping performance of powertrain mount are important for improving NV and ride comfort performances of the vehicle, respectively. In this research, based on the principle of liquid sealed mounts, we focused on the fact that the ideal fluid viscosity differs depending on the input frequency. By combining the liquid resonance phenomenon and thixotropic fluid, we developed a technology that balances a high level between low dynamic spring rate and high damping, which are trade-off items for liquid sealed mounts. The thixotropic fluid was blended with ethylene glycol aqueous solution as a base solution and smectite nano-cray as a thixotropic agent. From the view point of the viscosity corresponding to the shear rate and the viscosity at the high shear point, the optimum concentration of smectite was shown to be 1.5 wt%. As a result of measuring the dynamic characteristics of the mount unit using this thixotropic fluid, the damping coefficient increased
Takaesu, Keita, Sogawa, Naoki, Kuwahara, Hiroki, HAYAKAWA, SEIJI
Road Rough Estimation for Autonomous Vehicle Based on Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter Integrated with Minimum Model Error Criterion2022-01-00773/29/2022
The accuracy of road input identifiaction for autonomous vehicles (AVs) system, especially in state-based AVs control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the intelligent transport system. Due to the high fatality rate caused by inaccurate state-based control algorithm, how to precisely and effectively acquire road rough information and chose the reasonable road-based control algorithm become a hot topic in both academia and industry. Uncertainty is unavoidable for AVs system, e.g., varying center of gravity (C.G.) of sprung mass, controllable suspension damping force or variable spring stiffness. To tackle the above mentioned, this paper develops a novel observer approach, which combines unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and Minimum Model Error (MME) theory, to optimize the estimation accuracy of the road rough for AVs system. A full-car nonlinear model and road profile model are first established. Secondly, a MME criterion is proposed to deal with the
Wang, Zhenfeng, Yang, Jiansen, li, xin, Li, HongLiang
Flashing Emergency Lights: Influence of Intensity, Flash Rate and Synchronization on Driver Visibility, Comfort and Confidence2022-01-09673/29/2022
Flashing emergency lights are critical elements of public safety and traffic control during roadway incidents. These lights should not only alert drivers to the presence of hazards, but also should inform them of who and what is present on the scene, and should manage the responses of drivers as they navigate past the incident. First responder and driver safety depends upon all three of these functions. A full-scale outdoor field study was carried out during daytime, during nighttime on dry pavement and during nighttime on wet pavement, using a mock-up scene consisting of three police vehicles parked adjacent to each other. The lights on the vehicles were adjusted to produce different levels of intensity, flash rate, and synchronization of lights across all three vehicles. Upon viewing each combination of these factors, observers in stationary vehicles were asked to identify the location of a silhouette of a police officer randomly placed within the scene and to rate the conspicuity of
Bullough, John D., Miller, Bradley D., Baker, Douglas V., Rea, Mark S.
Research on Brake Comfort Based on Brake-by-Wire system Control2022-01-11133/29/2022
The vehicle will produce certain shock and vibration during the braking process, which will affect the driving experience of the driver. Aiming at the problems of pitch vibration, longitudinal vibration and shock during the braking process, this paper proposes a planning and following control method for target longitudinal acceleration in post-braking phase, and designs control trigger and termination strategies. Target longitudinal acceleration planning takes minimizing longitudinal shock as the design goal. The following control takes the brake pressure as the control object, and adopts the "feedforward +PID feedback" method to follow the target longitudinal acceleration. Based on Carsim and Simulink software, the simulation model of straight-line braking is established. In this model, the control target is longitudinal acceleration and the control object is four-wheel braking pressure. The results of straight-line braking simulation show that the proposed longitudinal acceleration
Xiong, Wei, Wang, Weiwei, Jiang, Kaihong, Hou, Liming, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Active control of Camber and Toe angles to improve vehicle Ride Comfort2022-01-11203/29/2022
This paper is part of the European OWHEEL project. It proposes a method to improve the comfort of a vehicle by adaptively controlling the Camber and Toe angles of a rear suspension. The purpose is achieved through two actuators for each wheel, one that allows to change the Camber angle and the other the Toe angle. The control action is dynamically determined based on the error between the reference angle and the actual angles. The reference angles are not fixed over time but dynamically vary during the manoeuvre. The references vary with the aim of maintaining a Camber angle close to zero and a Toe angle that follows the trajectory of the vehicle during the curve. This improves the contact of the tire with the road. This solution allows the control system to be used flexibly for the different types of manoeuvres that the vehicle could perform. An experimentally validated sports vehicle was used to carry out the simulations. The original rear suspension is a Trailing-arm suspension. It
Marotta, Raffaele, Strano, Salvatore, Terzo, Mario, Tordela, Ciro, Ivanov, Valentin
Research on vehicle ride comfort and suspension parameter optimization based on Modeling and simulation2022-01-03313/29/2022
Vehicle ride comfort is mainly to keep the impact of vibration and impact environment on occupant comfort within a certain limit.Therefore, ride comfort is mainly evaluated according to the subjective comfort of passengers.The most basic evaluation method is weighted root mean square acceleration to evaluate the impact of vibration on human comfort and health.The main influencing factors on vehicle ride comfort include the excitation of road surface and the parameters of vehicle suspension itself.Firstly, the vehicle is simplified as a mass system, and the human body seat system is added to the existing general simplified system to analyze the influencing factors of ride comfort.Then the pavement excitation modeling is carried out. The model acquisition method adopts the filtered white noise method with small amount of calculation and high efficiency. To explore the impact of road incentive on vehicle ride comfort.Then the dynamic model of vehicle vibration is established. The
Ding, Shousheng, Wang, Chu, Ji, Yun Xiao
Control strategy for ISD suspension considering dynamic vibration absorber of wheel motor2022-01-03323/29/2022
Vehicles driven by in-wheel motors have the advantages of compact structure and high transmission efficiency, which is one of the most ideal energy-saving, environmentally friendly and safe driving forms in the future. However, the addition of the in-wheel motor significantly increases the unsprung mass of the vehicle, resulting in a decrease in the mass ratio of the vehicle body to the wheel, which will deteriorate the ride comfort and safety of the vehicle. To improve the vibration performance of in-wheel motor vehicles, a semi-active inerter-spring-damping(ISD) suspension based on in-wheel motor vibration absorption is proposed in this paper. Firstly, mounting elements are applied to the wheel to provide elastic isolation between the in-wheel motors and the tyre, which converts the in-wheel motor mass into a vibration absorber to suppress the high-frequency vibration of the unsprung mass. Secondly, an ISD suspension is used to improve the low and mid-frequency characteristics of the
Zhang, Kaidi, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
Bump steer and Brake steer optimization in steering linkages through TAGUCHI method DOE analysis2021-26-00799/22/2021
Due to recent infrastructural development and emerging competitive automotive markets in India, there is seen a huge shift in customer’s demand and vehicle drivability pattern in commercial vehicle industry. Now apart from ensuring better vehicle durability and best in class tyre life and fuel mileage, a vehicle manufacturer also has to focus on other key attributes like driver’s safety and ride comfort. Thus, for ensuring enhanced drivability, key parameters for ensuring better vehicle handling includes optimization of bump steer and brake steer. Both bump steer and brake steer are vehicle’s undesirable phenomenon where a driver is forced to constantly make steering wheel correction in order to safely maneuver the vehicle in the desired path. Since both bump steer and brake steer are caused due to the interactions of several vehicle parameters such as – drop arm and steering arm hard point, suspension stiffness, suspension eye and shackle position, caster angle, draglink length etc
Chopra, Nitin, P, Mahadevan
Virtual tuning and optimization of two wheeler suspension through MBD simulations2021-26-03489/22/2021
The design and tuning of stiffness and damping parameters of the suspension system is an essential step in arriving at the optimal riding comfort for a two wheeler. The conventional method of suspension design involves selecting baseline values of suspension parameters through bench-marking of similar vehicles, followed by extensive real life tests to tune these parameters over different load, speed and track conditions. This conventional approach is often time consuming and heavily dependent on physical prototypes of suspension. With the advent of tools to run optimization on Multi-Body Dynamic (MBD) simulations, a near complete tuning of suspension parameters can be performed entirely in the simulation domain. This paper presents an integrated approach towards the design and tuning of suspension stiffness and damping parameters using MBD simulations, by employing fully parameterized suspension stiffness and damping curves in the optimization process. The optimization is performed on
PK, Ram Kumar, Mishra, Ashish
On the Road Profile Estimation from Vehicle Dynamics Measurements2021-01-11158/31/2021
Ride comfort assessment is undoubtedly related to the interaction between the vehicle tires and the road surface. Indeed, the road profile represents the typical input for tire vertical load estimation in durability analysis and for active/semi-active suspension controller design. However, the road profile evaluation through direct experimental measurements involves long test time and excessive cost required by professional instrumentations to detect the road irregularities with sufficient accuracy. An alternative is shifting attention towards efficient and robust algorithms for indirect road profile evaluation. The object of this work aims at providing road profile estimation starting from vehicle dynamics measurements, through accessible and traditional sensors, with the application of a linear Kalman filter algorithm. The filter is designed and tuned by considering the pitch/bounce half-car models for the prediction phase and by measuring vertical accelerations and angular speeds
Vella, Angelo Domenico, Tota, Antonio, Vigliani, Alessandro
Human Perception of Seat Vibration Quality Pilot Study2021-01-10688/31/2021
Driving comfort and automotive product quality are strongly associated with the vibration that is transmitted to the occupants of a vehicle at the points of contact to the human body, including the seat, steering wheel, and pedals. Of these three contact locations, the seats have the most general importance, as all occupants of a vehicle experience seat vibration. Particularly relevant to driving comfort is the way in which vehicle occupants perceive seat vibration, which may be different than expected considering sensor measured vibration levels. Much of the interest in seat vibration has been focused on internal combustion engine powertrain vibration, especially idle vibration. However, electrification of vehicles changes the focus from low frequency idle vibration to higher frequency vibration sources. In this pilot study, the equal comfort curves for seat vibration were physically measured, which quantified perceived vibration amplitude as a function of amplitude and frequency with
Bastiaan, Jennifer, Green, Edward, Rengarajan, Revathi
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