Browse Topic: Adults

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New Solution to Elderly Falls: Drones, Smartphones and SensorsTBMG-361543/1/2020
A new system has been designed by a team of researchers from Iraq and the University of South Australia to remotely monitor elderly people, detecting abnormalities in their heart rate and temperature that can lead to falls, and provide urgent first aid via a drone if a fall occurs.
Making a Great Cardio Product Even Better: The Next-Generation Zio Heart PatchTBMG-357791/1/2020
Nearly half of all adults in the United States have some type of cardiovascular disease. This group of over 121 million people are often diagnosed with potential arrhythmias but physicians need to be able to diagnose them quickly and efficiently to ultimately save lives. One company is redefining the way cardiac arrhythmias are clinically diagnosed to help physicians do just that. The new device from iRhythm “combines wearable biosensor devices worn for up to 14 days and cloud-based data analytics with powerful proprietary algorithms that distill data from millions of heartbeats into clinically actionable information,” the company says.
Unpowered, Lightweight Ankle ExoskeletonTBMG-3571712/1/2019
A lightweight, low-profile, inexpensive ankle exoskeleton could be widely used among elderly people, those with impaired lower-leg muscle strength, and workers whose jobs require substantial walking or running.
Wearable Trackers Predict Death RiskTBMG-3562912/1/2019
A recent study shows that wearable accelerometers — mechanical sensors worn like a watch, belt, or bracelet to track movement — are a more reliable measure of physical activity and better than patient surveys and other methods used by physicians at assessing five-year risk of death in older adults.
A Case Study on Golf Car Powertrain NVH Sources and Mitigation Methods2019-01-14786/5/2019
The golf market has remained flat in North America. Whereas, it has grown worldwide. A trend is seen where the number of young adults and adults over the age of 65 years involved with the game has increased. The demographics in golf showing the most growth also have high standards for the operation of the golf car. They have transcended their expectations to align with some of the qualities expected of automobiles. There is a shift in consumer expectations. Moreover, the market competition has also increased. This drives the OEMs to deliver refined golf cars with NVH being a key aspect in development. This paper showcases a recent study to improve the powertrain N&V performance of an internal combustion engine golf car. Primarily, a test-based approach is followed. Chassis rolls and on road testing are performed for benchmarking and target setting. System and component tests are performed to root cause issues. The tests further help to provide input for mitigation methods for application on the golf cars. Structural modifications address structure-borne noise and perceived vibration. Component modifications and additions address three key aspects. They reduce air-borne noise, decrease overall SPL, and improve sound quality for brand identity. These mitigation techniques are applied on the golf car. Jury evaluations correlated with on-road testing results for golf car improvement. The improvements were in both sound quantity and sound quality.
Carter, Steven, Buczek, Kenneth, Clark, Adam, Pathak, Mayuresh
Development of Subject-Specific Elderly Female Finite Element Models for Vehicle Safety2019-01-12244/2/2019
Previous study suggested that female, thin, obese, and older occupants had a higher risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes. Human body finite element models were a valuable tool in the study of injury biomechanics. The mesh deformation method based on radial basis function(RBF) was an attractive alternative for morphing baseline model to target models. Generally, when a complex model contained many elements and nodes, it was impossible to use all surface nodes as landmarks in RBF interpolation process, due to its prohibitive computational cost. To improve the efficiency, the current technique was to averagely select a set of nodes as landmarks from all surface nodes. In fact, the location and the number of selected landmarks had an important effect on the accuracy of mesh deformation. Hence, how to select important nodes as landmarks was a significant issue. In the paper, an efficient peak point-selection RBF mesh deformation method was used to select landmarks. The multiple peak points were selected to expand landmarks set, so as to improve the morphing quality compared with the traditional point-selection method. A human head model morphing example was used to verify the effectiveness and stability of the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed mesh deformation methodology was also applied in a full subject-specific elderly female occupant modeling. The findings of this study demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed mesh deformation method to rapidly develop subject-specific human models in advancing occupant safety.
Dong, Wenxiang, Zhan, Zhenfei, Yin, Yunlei, Li, Junming, Wang, Qingmiao, Jin, Xin
Quantification of Sternum Morphomics and Injury Data2019-01-12174/2/2019
Crash safety researchers have an increased concern regarding the decreased thoracic deflection and the contributing injury causation factors among the elderly population. Sternum fractures are categorized as moderate severity injuries, but can have long term effects depending on the fragility and frailty of the occupant. Current research has provided detail on rib morphology, but very little information on sternum morphology, sternum fracture locations, and mechanisms of injury. The objective of this study is two-fold (1) quantify sternum morphology and (2) document sternum fracture locations using computed tomography (CT) scans and crash data. Thoracic CT scans from the University of Michigan Hospital database were used to measure thoracic depth, manubriosternal joint, sternum thickness and bone density. The sternum fracture locations and descriptions were extracted from 63 International Center for Automotive Medicine (ICAM) crash cases, of which 22 cases had corresponding CT scans. The University of Michigan Internal Review Board (HUM00043599 and HUM00041441) approved the use of crash cases and CT scan data. The sternum morphomics data showed the thoracic depth increased, except for the 60-74-year-old age group. The average sternum thickness was greater in the older age groups. The sternum bone density decreased from youngest to oldest age groups. The angle between the manubrium and the sternum body decreased by 5.6° between the youngest and oldest age groups. The frequency of sternum fractures increased after age 45. Fractures were most frequent in the sternum body. The seat belt webbing was coded as the source of 54% of the sternum fractures.
Bunn, Barbara, Johannson, Suzanne, Kohoyda-Inglis, Carla, Wang, Stewart, Parenteau, Chantal, Holcombe, Sven
Circuit Models for Robust, Adaptive Neural Control19AERP02_082/1/2019
Understanding a nematode's simple circuit could provide a foundation for understanding much more complex behaviors. Air Force Research Laboratory, Arlington, Virginia This project seeks to reproduce the neural circuits used by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for locomotion. Caenorhabditis elegans is a small (∼1.2 millimeter) nematode found in rotting fruit in many parts of the world. It feeds on bacteria and is neither parasitic nor pathogenic. Although capable of sexual reproduction, most laboratory strains reproduce primarily as self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, with each adult hermaphrodite producing approximately 300 progeny (Figure 1). C. elegans is a very simple organism, with only 959 somatic cells in the adult hermaphrodite. Although the total number of cells is small, they are differentiated into the standard array of tissues: 302 neurons, 95 body muscle cells, 32 gut cells, etc. In addition, the position, morphology, and lineage of each cell are reproducible from animal to animal. Because of the small size of the animal, the relatively small number of neurons, and the reproducible nature of the nervous system, it has been possible to provide an almost-complete synaptic connectivity map of the adult hermaphrodite nervous system (Figure 2).
Circuit Models for Robust, Adaptive Neural ControlTBMG-337662/1/2019
This project seeks to reproduce the neural circuits used by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for locomotion. Caenorhabditis elegans is a small (~1.2 millimeter) nematode found in rotting fruit in many parts of the world. It feeds on bacteria and is neither parasitic nor pathogenic. Although capable of sexual reproduction, most laboratory strains reproduce primarily as self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, with each adult hermaphrodite producing approximately 300 progeny (Figure 1).
A Biologically Inspired Method of Improving Systems and Survivability Through Self-SacrificeTBMG-3321811/1/2018
In human beings, the self-destruction behavior of human body cells is considered as an intrinsic safety mechanism of the human body. It seems that the lifetime of a cell is programmed, and that cells know when to commit suicide. This self-destruction is an intrinsic property that can be delayed due to the continuous receipt of biochemical reprieves. This process, also known as death by default, or apoptosis, prevents cells from dying due to constant receipt of biochemical stay-alive reprieve signals. Investigations into the apoptosis process have discovered that whenever a cell divides, it commits suicide due to lack of reprieve signals. It is believed that the reason for this is self-protection, as the most dangerous time for the body is when a cell divides, since if just one of the billions of cells locks into division, the result is a tumor.
Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGM), Proven Cost-Effective, Add to Quality of Life for DiabeticsTBMG-290076/1/2018
Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) offer significant, daily benefits to people with type 1 diabetes, providing near-real time measurements of blood sugar levels, but they can be expensive. A new study by researchers from the University of Chicago Medicine, based on a six-month clinical trial, finds that use of a CGM is cost-effective for adult patients with type 1 diabetes when compared to daily use of test strips. The results are well within the thresholds normally used by insurance plans to cover medical devices. During the trial, CGMs improved overall blood glucose control for the study group and reduced hypoglycemia — low blood sugar episodes.
Beating Heart Patch is Large Enough to Repair the Human HeartTBMG-281371/1/2018
Biomedical engineers at Duke University have created a fully functioning artificial human heart muscle large enough to patch over damage typically seen in patients who have suffered a heart attack. The advance takes a major step toward the end goal of repairing dead heart muscle in human patients. The study appears online in Nature Communications. 1
Device-Free Motion Tracing Using WiFi SignalsTBMG-2797912/1/2017
Fine-grained human motion tracing — the ability to trace the trajectory of a moving human hand or leg, or even the whole body — is a general capability that is useful in a wide variety of applications. It can be used for gesture recognition and virtual touch-screens (e.g. Kinect-style natural user interfaces), activity recognition, monitoring of young infants and the elderly, or security applications such as intruder detection. Motivated by these applications, depth-sensing-based systems have been developed to implement motion tracing capabilities in cameras; however, these devices are limited because they have a constrained field of view (around 2 to 4 m range with a 60-degree aperture), and do not work in non-line-of-sight scenarios, preventing their use in many applications such as whole-home activity recognition, security, and elderly care.
From Trolley to Autonomous Vehicle: Perceptions of Responsibility and Moral Norms in Traffic Accidents with Self-Driving Cars2016-01-01644/5/2016
Autonomous vehicles represent a new class of transportation that may be qualitatively different from existing cars. Two online experiments assessed lay perceptions of moral norms and responsibility for traffic accidents involving autonomous vehicles. In Experiment 1, 120 US adults read a narrative describing a traffic incident between a pedestrian and a motorist. In different experimental conditions, the pedestrian, the motorist, or both parties were at fault. Participants assigned less responsibility to a self-driving car that was at fault than to a human driver who was at fault. Participants confronted with a self-driving car at fault allocated greater responsibility to the manufacturer and the government than participants who were confronted with a human driver at fault did. In Experiment 2, 120 US adults read a narrative describing a moral dilemma in which a human driver or a self-driving car must decide between either allowing five pedestrians to die or taking action to hit a single pedestrian in order to save the five. The “utilitarian” decision to hit the single pedestrian was considered the moral norm for both a self-driving and a human-driven car. Moreover, participants assigned the obligation of setting moral norms for self-driving cars to ethics researchers and to car manufacturers. This research reveals patterns of public perception of autonomous cars and may aid lawmakers and car manufacturers in designing such cars.
Li, Jamy, Zhao, Xuan, Cho, Mu-Jung, Ju, Wendy, Malle, Bertram F.
Development of Bicycle Surrogate for Bicyclist Pre-Collision System Evaluation2016-01-14474/5/2016
As part of active safety systems for reducing bicyclist fatalities and injuries, Bicyclist Pre-Collision System (BPCS), also known as Bicyclist Autonomous Emergency Braking System, is being studied currently by several vehicles manufactures. This paper describes the development of a surrogate bicyclist which includes a surrogate bicycle and a surrogate bicycle rider to support the development and evaluation of BPCS. The surrogate bicycle is designed to represent the visual and radar characteristics of real bicyclists in the United States. The size of bicycle surrogate mimics the 26 inch adult bicycle, which is the most popular adult bicycle sold in the US. The radar cross section (RCS) of the surrogate bicycle is designed based on RCS measurement of the real adult sized bicycles. The surrogate bicycle is constructed with detachable components with shatter resistant material to prevent structural damage during a collision, and matches the look and RCS of a real 26 inch mountain bicycle from all 360 degree angles. The surrogate bicycle rider is a 168 cm tall adult with CNC machined realistic body shape. The skin of the surrogate bicycle rider has the RCS of a real human skin. Combined skin with realistic body shape, the surrogate bicyclist has the RCS matching to that of a same sized real human from 360 degree angles in the view of 77GHz automotive radar. The surrogate bicyclist has articulated leg motion which is important for micro Doppler sensing and can be supported on a sled or a mobile carrier. It can be moved at a speed of 20 mph and can be collided by vehicles from any direction and be reassembled in less than 5 minutes.
Yi, Qiang, Chien, Stanley, Brink, Jason, Niu, Wensen, Li, Lingxi, Chen, Yaobin, Chen, Chi-Chen, Sherony, Rini, Takahashi, Hiroyuki
Effects of Pretensioners and Load Limiters on 50th Male and 5th Female Seated in Rear Seat during a Frontal Collision2015-01-14604/14/2015
This study was conducted to explore the effect of various combinations of seatbelt-related safety components (namely, retractor pretensioners and load limiting retractors) on the adult rear passenger involved in a frontal collision. The study was conducted on a 50th Male and a 5th Female Hybrid III ATD in the rear seat of a mid-sized sedan. Each ATD was seated in an outboard position with 3-point continuous lap-shoulder belts. On these belts were combinations of pretensioners and load limiters. Since the main objective of this test series was to cross-compare the seatbelt configurations, front seats were not included in the buck in order to avoid uncontrollable variables that would have affected the comparison study if the possibility of contact with the front seat were allowed. Nevertheless, there was a short barrier devised to act as a foot-stop for both ATDs. A design of experiment (DOE) was constructed as a full factorial with and without a pretensioner and three types of load limiters. Each ATD was tested with a progressive load limiter (PLL1). Additionally, the 50th Male was tested with a self-adaptive load limiter (SALL) and the 5th Female was tested with a second type of a progressive load limiter (PLL2). The test pulse was designed to approximate a 35 mph (56 kph) frontal rigid barrier test of a four-door sedan. In summary, for the specific configurations reported herein, it was found that pretensioners were an appreciable factor in improving ATD values, and that load limiters had a greater positive effect in the absence of pretensioners and more so for the 50th Male than for the 5th Female.
Tavakoli, Massoud, Brelin-Fornari, Janet
Repeatability of a Small Overlap and an Oblique Moving Deformable Barrier Test Procedure2013-01-07624/8/2013
NHTSA has developed two different moving deformable barrier-to-vehicle test procedures to assess the vehicle and occupant response in narrow overlap motor vehicle crashes. An assessment of test repeatability is one of the requirements necessary to accept the test procedure as viable. Previous methodologies, coefficient of variation (CV) and similarity analysis were developed to assess the repeatability of vehicle and occupant response in motor vehicle crash tests for full frontal and 40% overlap tests procedures. These will be used for this assessment. Three repeat tests were performed in each test procedure, with all other factors held constant: vehicles of the same make, model, and model year; moving deformable barriers of the same mass, velocity, and barrier face properties; and the same occupant - a THOR 50th percentile adult male in the driver's seat. In general, for this one vehicle make and model the repeatability of both vehicle and occupant response metrics were good for both test modes. In isolated cases, differences in occupant response resulted from the timing of side curtain air bag deployment.
Saunders, James, Parent, Daniel
Kinematics Validation of Age-Specific Restrained 50 th Percentile Occupant FE Model in Frontal Impact2012-01-05654/16/2012
Recently, the global increase of elderly vehicle users has become an issue to be considered in the effort of enhancing safety performance of vehicle restraint system. It is thought that an evaluation tool for the system representing properties of age-specific human body will play a major role for that. In previous research, the authors had developed age-specific component finite element (FE) models for the lower limb, lumbar spine, and thorax representing the adult and elderly occupants. However, the models have not been validated in terms of full body kinematics. It is essential for such models to be validated in terms of full body kinematics in order to ensure validity of the results of the assessment of the safety performance of restraint systems. In the present research, the adult and elderly occupant full body FE models were developed by incorporating the lower limb, lumbar spine and thorax of the adult and elderly FE models established in previous research. To represent the kinematics of the shoulder of the adult occupant model, the shoulder girdle muscles were modeled and incorporated into the models. The full body kinematics of the adult occupant model were validated against published frontal sled test results using post-mortem human subjects (PMHS). The seating position of the model was determined according to the average seating position in the PMHS tests. The frontal impact sled buck model consisted of the seat, knee bolster, footrest and pelvis block. These components were modeled with shell elements and treated as rigid bodies. The occupant restraint system consisted of the shoulder and lap belts, modeled with bar and membrane elements. The trajectories were compared between the model and the average PMHS test results by using the coordinates of the head, the first and eighth thoracic vertebrae, the second and fourth lumbar vertebrae and the pelvis. A published ranking system for the biofidelity was applied to them in order to quantitatively evaluate the appropriateness of the full body kinematics of the adult occupant FE model. Model results include peak displacements of the head, the first and eighth thoracic vertebrae in the X direction of 362 mm at 112 ms, 267mm at 121 ms and 207 mm at 115ms, respectively. The peak displacements of the corresponding body regions in the X direction from the average PMHS test results were 354 mm at 113 ms, 257 mm at 115 ms and 216 mm at 113 ms, respectively. The error was less than 5 % compared with the average PMHS test results. The kinematics of the other points selected from the head to the pelvis on the spine of the model showed agreement with the average PMHS test results as well. In addition, the results of the biofidelity rating obtained by applying the rating system also supported good agreement of most of the kinematic parameters. For the elderly model, the kinematics and the predicted rib fracture were compared with those of the adult model. Little difference was found in the whole body kinematics, while larger deflection was found at the thorax as well as a significant increase in rib fractures, which were assumed to be caused by the lowered body stiffness and tolerance by aging.
Ito, Yuichi, Dokko, Yasuhiro, Motozawa, Yasuki, Mori, Fumie, Ohashi, Kazuki
Rapid Detection of the Varicella Zoster Virus in SalivaTBMG-108799/1/2011
(VZV) causes chicken pox on first exposure (usually in children), and reactivates from latency causing shingles (usually in adults). Shingles can be extremely painful, causing nerve damage, organ damage, and blindness in some cases. The virus can be life-threatening in immune-compromised individuals. The virus is very difficult to culture for diagnosis, requiring a week or longer.
An Eyellipse for Rear Seats with Fixed Seat Back Angles2011-01-05964/12/2011
This paper describes the development of the fixed seat eyellipse in the October 2008 revision of SAE Recommended Practice J941. The eye locations of 23 men and women with a wide range of stature were recorded as they sat in each of three second-row bench seats in a laboratory mockup. Testing was conducted at 19-, 23-, and 27-degree seat back angles. Regression analysis demonstrated that passenger eye location was significantly affected by stature and by seat back angle. The regression results were used to develop an elliptical approximation of the distribution of adult passenger eye locations, applying a methodology previously used to develop the driver eyellipse in SAE J941-2002.
Reed, Matthew P.
Space Telescope Optics Aids Design of Eye-Saving Light BulbTBMG-81367/1/2010
Throughout its existence, NASA has made many amazing discoveries in the field of optics that have led to improved eye care and eyewear applications on Earth. Innovations such as laser eye-tracking for LASIK vision-correction procedures, eye trackers that enable people with severe disabilities to communicate and control their environment using only their eye movements, and scratch-resistant and radiation-blocking lenses are just a taste of the Space Agency's optical accomplishments.
Medical Devices Assess, Treat Balance DisordersTBMG-78665/1/2010
You may have heard the phrase “as difficult as walking and chewing gum” as a joking way of referring to something that is not difficult at all. Just walking, however, is not all that simple – physiologically speaking. Even standing upright is an undertaking requiring the complex cooperation of multiple motor and sensory systems including vision, the inner ear, somatosensation (sensation from the skin), and proprioception (the sense of the body’s parts in relation to each other). The compromised performance of any of these elements can lead to a balance disorder, which in some form affects nearly half of Americans at least once in their lifetimes, from the elderly, to those with neurological or vestibular (inner ear) dysfunction, to athletes with musculoskeletal injuries, to astronauts returning from space.
NASA Bioreactors Advance Disease TreatmentsTBMG-78695/1/2010
The International Space Station (ISS) is falling. This is no threat to the astronauts onboard, however, because falling is part of the ISS staying in orbit.
Age Effects on Injury Patterns in Pedestrian Crashes2010-01-11644/12/2010
Approximately 600,000 fatalities occur each year as a result of pedestrians being impacted by motor vehicles (World Bank, 2008). Previous studies (Heller et al., 2009) have utilized databases such as the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to gain a more thorough understanding of the common injury patterns that occur in real-world traffic collisions involving pedestrians in the United States. The NIS contains records on five to eight million hospital stays annually and provides a wealth of information regarding injuries to hospitalized pedestrian casualties in the U.S. Because of the large number of applicable records in the NIS and the randomized sampling procedure, the data can be used to complete analyses that are not possible with smaller databases such as the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS), which is not intended to be statistically representative of pedestrian crashes in general. The current study utilizes the NIS to evaluate the effect of age on real-world injury outcomes for hospitalized pedestrian casualties. NIS data collected between 1998 and 2007 were divided into eight age categories that correspond to children (0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years) and adults (15-29, 30-44, 45-59, 60-79, and 80 years and older). Outcomes regarding injury frequency and injury patterns, as well as length and cost of hospital stay, were evaluated and compared among the eight age categories to determine how age affects the type, frequency, and pattern of injuries sustained in pedestrian crashes.
Prange, Michael, Heller, Michelle, Watson, Heather, Iyer, Madhu, Ivarsson, B. Johan, Fisher, Jacob
Tissuelike 3D Assemblies of Human Broncho-Epithelial CellsTBMG-75663/1/2010
Three-dimensional (3D) tissuelike assemblies (TLAs) of human bronchoepithelial (HBE) cells have been developed for use in in vitro research on infection of humans by respiratory viruses. The 2D monolayer HBE cell cultures heretofore used in such research lack the complex cell structures and interactions characteristic of in vivo tissues and, consequently, do not adequately emulate the infection dynamics of in-vivo microbial adhesion and invasion. In contrast, the 3D HBE TLAs are characterized by more-realistic reproductions of the geometrical and functional complexity, differentiation of cells, cell-to-cell interactions, and cell-to-matrix interactions characteristic of human respiratory epithelia. Hence, the 3D HBE TLAs are expected to make it possible to perform at least some of the research in vitro under more-realistic conditions, without need to infect human subjects.
Remote Diagnostic Technology for Hearing AssessmentTBMG-57479/1/2009
Individuals with hearing loss need to have ready access to hearing screenings, assessments, treatment, and consultation. This diagnostic technology facilitates early detection and intervention of hearing loss. It allows for improved monitoring and expands service scope, reach, and access. By reducing or eliminating travel times, it is also a more efficient utilization of time for audiologists and professional staff. The tele-hearing device and protocol provides clinicians the tools and the ability to remotely assess, diagnose, and remedy hearing loss. This is accomplished either directly or indirectly by facilitating assistance to other less experienced clinicians remotely.
Measurements of Non-Injurious Head Accelerations of a Pediatric Population2009-01-03834/20/2009
While adult head injuries have been studied over the past six decades, few studies have investigated pediatric head injury mechanics. This paper presents non-injurious head accelerations during various activities in a pediatric population. Six males and six females aged 8–11 years old were equipped with a validated head sensor package and head kinematics were measured while performing a series of playground-type activities. Maximum resultant values across all participants and activities were 25.7 g (range 3.0 g to 25.7 g), 16.0 rad/s (range 10.4 rad/s to 16.0 rad/s), and 1705 rad/s2 (range 520 rad/s2 to 1705 rad/s2) for linear acceleration, angular velocity, and angular acceleration, respectively. Mean maximum resultant values across all participants and activities were 9.7 g (range 2.1 g to 9.7 g) and 734 rad/s2 (range 188 rad/s2 to 734 rad/s2) for linear and angular acceleration, respectively. The peak accelerations measured in this study are approximately twice that of previous everyday acceleration studies undertaken with adult subjects. The present study increases the upper limit of known non-injurious activities and closes the gap between the lower limit of injurious loading and the upper limit of non-injurious loading.
Bussone, William R., Moore, Tara L. A., Richards, Darrin, Bove, Robert T., Scher, Irving, Prange, Michael T.
Limitations of Braille for Use on Passenger Safety Instruction CardsAIR5471 (Historical)2/16/2007
This information is to aid the international air transport industry when considering the communication of safety information to sight-impaired passengers.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_200610 (Historical)10/6/2006
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Inter-individual Variations in Intra-individual Shape Change Patterns2006-01-23537/4/2006
Using multiple body scans of 20 adult females, inter-individual body shape change patterns were analyzed. A homologous shape model was created for each body scan, and intra-individual shape change pattern before and after a sliming program was formulated using a deformed grid of FFD. The deformed grids were normalized for the size, and were analyzed for variations in shape change patterns using PCA and MDS. Based on the efficiency in information compression and the relationship with changes in body dimensions, MDS was more useful for this purpose.
Kouchi, Makiko, Mochimaru, Masaaki
An Analysis of Hand Measurements for Obtaining Representative Japanese Hand Models2005-01-27346/14/2005
In order to create digital models representing the variation in hands of adult Japanese, 82 measurements were taken for 103 subjects using traditional methods. Factor analysis of the measurements was performed, and the first 2 factors were used to calculate measurements for 9 members of the boundary family. A 3D digital model was created for each family member by deforming a generic model by minimizing the total difference of 40 measurements between the generic model and the target hand model. The generic model with 36 degrees of freedom was created from medical images of a subject captured in 4 different posture.
Kouchi, Makiko, Miyata, Natsuki, Mochimaru, Masaaki
Advanced Infant Car Seat Would Increase Highway SafetyTBMG-38811/1/2004
An advanced infant car seat has been proposed to increase highway safety by reducing the incidence of crying, fussy behavior, and other child-related distractions that divert an adult driver's attention from driving. In addition to a conventional infant car seat with safety restraints, the proposed advanced infant car seat would include a number of components and subsystems that would function together as a comprehensive infant-care system that would keep its occupant safe, comfortable, and entertained, and would enable the driver to monitor the baby without having to either stop the car or turn around to face the infant during driving.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_200312 (Historical)12/1/2003
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations The purpose of this reort is to assist the automotive safety designer and tester by providing them with quantitative data on the strength of the human body under impact loading conditions.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Application of Computer Model as An Engineering Tool for Evaluating Side Impact Design Requirements for Children and Small Adults9861825/31/1998
This paper describes a computer modeling system and its application in evaluating several vehicle designs for side impact protection of children and small adults.
Pauls, Lonney S., Khadilkar, Anil V.
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_199505 (Historical)5/1/1995
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Improved Projector Headlamps Using HID (Litronic) and Incandescent Bulbs9406363/1/1994
A new automotive headlamp has been developed under the designation LITRONIC (Light Electronics). In order to improve the light quality and to increase driver safety on the road, a gas-discharge lamp was chosen as the light source instead of the conventional incandescent bulb. The projector headlamp is well-suited for the application of the LITRONIC system. Especially in the US market, there is currently a potential interest in applying projector headlamps in series production. Compared to conventional headlamps, advantages can be seen in the flexibility of this kind of headlamp from the styling view point. In this paper, newly developed solutions for projector headlamps from Bosch will be presented, for HID as well as for incandescent bulbs. Applications for low beam and for high beam are included. By means of concrete examples, the improvements in light quality compared to conventional systems will be demonstrated. And the boundary conditions in relation to styling aspects (high vertical inclination of the outer lens, lens diameter, overall system length) are taken into account and will be discussed. It will be shown that the projector headlamp system can be ideally applied to result in an improved US-light pattern, thus contributing to safety in night-time driving.
Neumann, Rainer
Headlamp Design Guidelines for Mature DriversJ1606_199303 (Historical)3/19/1993
This SAE Information Report should be used as a supplement to SAE J1383. It is intended to provide additional information which is important to the automotive designer and engineer in the process of designing, developing, and engineering the headlamps of motor vehicles which will take into account the effects of the aging process on the driver.
Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_198607 (Historical)7/1/1986
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations The purpose of this reort is to assist the automotive safety designer and tester by providing them with quantitative data on the strength of the human body under impact loading conditions.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_198410 (Historical)10/1/1984
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
The Trajectories of Pedestrians, Motorcycles, Motorcyclists, etc., Following a Road Accident83162210/17/1983
For many years accident investigators have been faced by the problem of estimating the projection velocity associated with a given trajectory. The most recent contributions to this topic were two papers at the 1981 AAAM but these, like earlier work, deal only with the aerial part of the trajectory, until the object first lands. In most accidents however the point of first landing cannot be determined and it is the point at which the object comes to rest which is recorded. The present paper derives an equation for the projection velocity associated with a given total trajectory. Using this equation it is possible to bracket the limits within which the projection velocity must lie, even when the angle of projection is unknown. In order to facilitate the use of this approach, data have been obtained on the frictional coefficients. This information is compared with existing field data on pedestrian trajectories. It is found that these pedestrian trajectories correspond to only a percentage of the full velocity of the vehicle. This percentage is large for children struck by vehicles with high front ends, approaching 100%,but is significantly less for adults and for vehicles with low fronts.
Searle, John A., Searle, Angela
Analysis of Injuries Sustained by Pedestrians in Urban Traffic Accidents8300492/1/1983
This study, carried out within two years, deals with 441 pedestrians, casualties in traffic accidents, in which the Lyon SAMU intervened on a geographic area corresponding to the Lyonese region. This study concerns the lesions according to body sectors, their severity and shows the severity of cephalic lesions.
Dedoyan, A. J., Petit, P., Perfus, J. P.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_198004 (Historical)4/1/1980
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
The First Standard Automotive Crash Dummy6902182/1/1969
The SAE Recommended Practice J963 “Anthropomorphic Test Device for Dynamic Testing” describes a standard 50th percentile adult male anthropomorphic test dummy. For nearly three years the Crash Test Dummy Task Force worked with the limited data available in selecting values for the body dimensions and ranges of motion. The data for specifying the values of mass distribution were developed experimentally as was a test procedure for determining the dynamic spring rate of the thorax.
Starkey, J. A., Young, J. W., Horn, W. D., Sobkow, W. J., Alderson, S. W., Cichowski, W. G., Krag, M. T., Auerbach, Julie H.
Effective Use of Restraint Systems in Passenger Cars6800322/1/1968
Restraint systems for occupants are now being provided in all new automotive passenger vehicles. This paper describes research into the effectiveness and proper use of various types of restraint systems for adults and children. Tests were conducted, both simulated and full-scale, to explore the added level of protection that can be afforded when the occupants of a passenger car can anticipate an impact. Research indicates that a substantial reduction of accidental injuries and deaths can be achieved if the motoring public apply the conclusions of this study.
Cichowski, William G., Silver, Jeffrey N.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885A_196610 (Historical)10/1/1966
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_196403 (Historical)3/1/1964
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
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