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The Logistic Lasso and Ridge Regression Algorithm-Based Airline Passenger Satisfaction Prediction Model2025-01-716803/19/2025
Airline passenger satisfaction is important for airline operation service quality management. When airline companies carry out advertisement campaigns or plan a marketing strategy, the resources and budgets are not unlimited. Thus, an airline can only focus on improving a few factors that drive passenger satisfaction. To understand the key satisfies for the young and the old adults, respectively, we leverage five airline passenger satisfaction methods to identify the key factors that explain the airline service satisfaction of different passengers. In particular, we investigate and compare the ridge and the Lasso regularization in terms of the resulting model’s sparsity and computational efficiency. The top three important factors that influence the old’s satisfaction are departure and arrival time convenience, legroom service, and baggage handling. Our findings indicate that the young people place a higher value on entertainment, while the old adults place a higher value on usefulness
Ma, Jie, Hu, Song, Wang, Haipeng
Machine Learning Helps Detect Gait Problems in Multiple Sclerosis PatientsTBMG-3957908/01/2021
Monitoring the progression of multiple sclerosis-related gait issues can be challenging in adults over 50 years old, requiring a clinician to differentiate between problems related to MS and other age-related issues. To address this problem, researchers integrated gait data and machine learning to advance the tools used to monitor and predict disease progression.
5 Ws of Slip-Resistant Shoe CoatingsTBMG-3747608/01/2020
Anyone walking on icy or slippery surfaces.
Accuracy of Anthropometric Scaling: Using Stature to Estimate Body Segment Lengths2020-01-052304/14/2020
In the fields of forensic accident reconstruction and biomechanical engineering, it is often necessary to estimate the length of a specific body segment for an individual, about whom little is known besides overall stature. Since body proportions and body segment lengths vary throughout the population, there will be some error in these estimations. The current study provides estimates for the accuracy of human body segment length predictions based on stature. In this study, four different methods for predicting body segment lengths based on stature were evaluated. Using publicly available adult and child anthropometric datasets, a leave-one-out cross validation analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of each of the four methods in predicting body segment lengths. The results of the leave-one-out analysis showed that different prediction methods produced the best estimates for different body segment length measurements. When using the best method for each body segment, body
Campbell, Julius, Petroskey, Karla
Characterization of Thoracic Spinal Development by Age and Sex with a Focus on Occupant Safety2020-01-052004/14/2020
Spine degeneration can lower injury tolerance and influence injury outcomes in vehicle crashes. To date, limited information exists on the effect of age and sex on thoracic spine 3-dimensional geometry. The purpose of this study is to quantify thoracic spinal column and canal geometry using selected geometrical measurement from a large sample of CT scans. More than 33,488 scans were obtained from the International Center for Automotive Medicine database at the University of Michigan under Institutional Review Board approval (HUM00041441). The sample consisted of CT scans obtained from 31,537 adult and 1,951 pediatric patients between the ages of 0 to 99 years old. Each scan was processed semi-automatically using custom algorithms written in MATLAB (The Math Works, Natick, MA). Five geometrical measurements were collected including: 1) maximum spinal curvature depth (D), 2) T1-to-T12 vertical height (H), 3) Kyphosis Index (KI), 4) kyphosis angle, and 5) spinal canal radius. The data
Parenteau, Chantal, Caird, Michelle, Kohoyda-Inglis, Carla, Holcombe, Sven, Wang, Stewart
Empirical Study of the Braking Performance of Pedestrian Autonomous Emergency Braking (P-AEB)2020-01-087804/14/2020
Vehicle manufacturers are beginning to improve existing autonomous emergency braking (AEB) algorithms by adding pedestrian identification and avoidance capability. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) has performed tests on eleven such vehicles; data are publicly available and were analyzed for this study. The first objective of this study was to compare Forward Collision Warning (FCW) engagement distance to target, pedestrian automatic emergency braking (P-AEB) brake application time, and incidences of impact across different manufacturers. It was observed that there exists a wide variation in FCW and AEB performance across manufacturers. FCW engagement distance tended to increase with test speed. Time from FCW engagement to AEB engagement was usually less than one second, with some manufacturer-specific variation. Incidences of impact tended to increase with travel speed, although some vehicles tested maintained constant number of incidences of impacts at all speeds
Siddiqui, Omair, Famiglietti, Nicholas, Nguyen, Benjamin, Hoang, Ryan, Landerville, Jon
New Solution to Elderly Falls: Drones, Smartphones and SensorsTBMG-3615403/01/2020
A new system has been designed by a team of researchers from Iraq and the University of South Australia to remotely monitor elderly people, detecting abnormalities in their heart rate and temperature that can lead to falls, and provide urgent first aid via a drone if a fall occurs.
Making a Great Cardio Product Even Better: The Next-Generation Zio Heart PatchTBMG-3577901/01/2020
Nearly half of all adults in the United States have some type of cardiovascular disease. This group of over 121 million people are often diagnosed with potential arrhythmias but physicians need to be able to diagnose them quickly and efficiently to ultimately save lives. One company is redefining the way cardiac arrhythmias are clinically diagnosed to help physicians do just that. The new device from iRhythm “combines wearable biosensor devices worn for up to 14 days and cloud-based data analytics with powerful proprietary algorithms that distill data from millions of heartbeats into clinically actionable information,” the company says.
Wearable Trackers Predict Death RiskTBMG-3562912/01/2019
A recent study shows that wearable accelerometers — mechanical sensors worn like a watch, belt, or bracelet to track movement — are a more reliable measure of physical activity and better than patient surveys and other methods used by physicians at assessing five-year risk of death in older adults.
A Case Study on Golf Car Powertrain NVH Sources and Mitigation Methods2019-01-147806/05/2019
The golf market has remained flat in North America. Whereas, it has grown worldwide. A trend is seen where the number of young adults and adults over the age of 65 years involved with the game has increased. The demographics in golf showing the most growth also have high standards for the operation of the golf car. They have transcended their expectations to align with some of the qualities expected of automobiles. There is a shift in consumer expectations. Moreover, the market competition has also increased. This drives the OEMs to deliver refined golf cars with NVH being a key aspect in development. This paper showcases a recent study to improve the powertrain N&V performance of an internal combustion engine golf car. Primarily, a test-based approach is followed. Chassis rolls and on road testing are performed for benchmarking and target setting. System and component tests are performed to root cause issues. The tests further help to provide input for mitigation methods for
Carter, Steven, Buczek, Kenneth, Clark, Adam, Pathak, Mayuresh
Development of Subject-Specific Elderly Female Finite Element Models for Vehicle Safety2019-01-122404/02/2019
Previous study suggested that female, thin, obese, and older occupants had a higher risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes. Human body finite element models were a valuable tool in the study of injury biomechanics. The mesh deformation method based on radial basis function(RBF) was an attractive alternative for morphing baseline model to target models. Generally, when a complex model contained many elements and nodes, it was impossible to use all surface nodes as landmarks in RBF interpolation process, due to its prohibitive computational cost. To improve the efficiency, the current technique was to averagely select a set of nodes as landmarks from all surface nodes. In fact, the location and the number of selected landmarks had an important effect on the accuracy of mesh deformation. Hence, how to select important nodes as landmarks was a significant issue. In the paper, an efficient peak point-selection RBF mesh deformation method was used to select landmarks. The
Dong, Wenxiang, Zhan, Zhenfei, Yin, Yunlei, Li, Junming, Wang, Qingmiao, Jin, Xin
Quantification of Sternum Morphomics and Injury Data2019-01-121704/02/2019
Crash safety researchers have an increased concern regarding the decreased thoracic deflection and the contributing injury causation factors among the elderly population. Sternum fractures are categorized as moderate severity injuries, but can have long term effects depending on the fragility and frailty of the occupant. Current research has provided detail on rib morphology, but very little information on sternum morphology, sternum fracture locations, and mechanisms of injury. The objective of this study is two-fold (1) quantify sternum morphology and (2) document sternum fracture locations using computed tomography (CT) scans and crash data. Thoracic CT scans from the University of Michigan Hospital database were used to measure thoracic depth, manubriosternal joint, sternum thickness and bone density. The sternum fracture locations and descriptions were extracted from 63 International Center for Automotive Medicine (ICAM) crash cases, of which 22 cases had corresponding CT scans
Bunn, Barbara, Johannson, Suzanne, Kohoyda-Inglis, Carla, Wang, Stewart, Parenteau, Chantal, Holcombe, Sven
From Trolley to Autonomous Vehicle: Perceptions of Responsibility and Moral Norms in Traffic Accidents with Self-Driving Cars2016-01-016404/05/2016
Autonomous vehicles represent a new class of transportation that may be qualitatively different from existing cars. Two online experiments assessed lay perceptions of moral norms and responsibility for traffic accidents involving autonomous vehicles. In Experiment 1, 120 US adults read a narrative describing a traffic incident between a pedestrian and a motorist. In different experimental conditions, the pedestrian, the motorist, or both parties were at fault. Participants assigned less responsibility to a self-driving car that was at fault than to a human driver who was at fault. Participants confronted with a self-driving car at fault allocated greater responsibility to the manufacturer and the government than participants who were confronted with a human driver at fault did. In Experiment 2, 120 US adults read a narrative describing a moral dilemma in which a human driver or a self-driving car must decide between either allowing five pedestrians to die or taking action to hit a
Li, Jamy, Zhao, Xuan, Cho, Mu-Jung, Ju, Wendy, Malle, Bertram F.
Forward Collision Warning: Clues to Optimal Timing of Advisory Warnings2016-01-143904/05/2016
We examined the effectiveness of a heads-up Forward Collision Warning (FCW) system in 39 younger to middle aged drivers (25-50, mean = 35 years) and 37 older drivers (66-87, mean = 77 years). The warnings were implemented in a fixed based, immersive, 180 degree forward field of view simulator. The FCW included a visual advisory component consisting of a red horizontal bar which flashed in the center screen of the simulator that was triggered at time-to-collision (TTC) 4 seconds. The bar roughly overlapped the rear bumper of the lead vehicle, just below the driver’s line-of-sight. A sustained auditory tone (∼80 dB) was activated at TTC=2 to alert the driver to an imminent collision. Hence, the warning system differed from the industry standard in significant ways. 95% Confidence intervals for the safety gains ranged from -.03 to .19 seconds in terms of average correction time across several activations. Older and younger adults did not differ in terms of safety gains. Closer inspection
Rizzo, Matthew, Aksan, Nazan, Sager, Lauren, Hacker, Sarah, Marini, Robert, Dawson, Jeffrey, Anderson, Steven
Development of Bicycle Surrogate for Bicyclist Pre-Collision System Evaluation2016-01-144704/05/2016
As part of active safety systems for reducing bicyclist fatalities and injuries, Bicyclist Pre-Collision System (BPCS), also known as Bicyclist Autonomous Emergency Braking System, is being studied currently by several vehicles manufactures. This paper describes the development of a surrogate bicyclist which includes a surrogate bicycle and a surrogate bicycle rider to support the development and evaluation of BPCS. The surrogate bicycle is designed to represent the visual and radar characteristics of real bicyclists in the United States. The size of bicycle surrogate mimics the 26 inch adult bicycle, which is the most popular adult bicycle sold in the US. The radar cross section (RCS) of the surrogate bicycle is designed based on RCS measurement of the real adult sized bicycles. The surrogate bicycle is constructed with detachable components with shatter resistant material to prevent structural damage during a collision, and matches the look and RCS of a real 26 inch mountain bicycle
Yi, Qiang, Chien, Stanley, Brink, Jason, Niu, Wensen, Li, Lingxi, Chen, Yaobin, Chen, Chi-Chen, Sherony, Rini, Takahashi, Hiroyuki
Effects of Pretensioners and Load Limiters on 50th Male and 5th Female Seated in Rear Seat during a Frontal Collision2015-01-146004/14/2015
This study was conducted to explore the effect of various combinations of seatbelt-related safety components (namely, retractor pretensioners and load limiting retractors) on the adult rear passenger involved in a frontal collision. The study was conducted on a 50th Male and a 5th Female Hybrid III ATD in the rear seat of a mid-sized sedan. Each ATD was seated in an outboard position with 3-point continuous lap-shoulder belts. On these belts were combinations of pretensioners and load limiters. Since the main objective of this test series was to cross-compare the seatbelt configurations, front seats were not included in the buck in order to avoid uncontrollable variables that would have affected the comparison study if the possibility of contact with the front seat were allowed. Nevertheless, there was a short barrier devised to act as a foot-stop for both ATDs. A design of experiment (DOE) was constructed as a full factorial with and without a pretensioner and three types of load
Tavakoli, Massoud, Brelin-Fornari, Janet
Features of Fatal Cyclist Injuries in Vehicle-Versus-Cyclist Accidents in Japan2015-01-141504/14/2015
Fatal injuries suffered by cyclists in vehicle-versus-cyclist accidents are investigated to provide information for the introduction of safety countermeasures. We analyzed characteristics of cyclist injuries in real fatal accidents and compared them with severity levels of head injury in impact tests against a road surface. In the accident analyses, we investigated the main body regions whose injuries led to fatalities using a macro vehicle-cyclist accident database of the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis of Japan. Using data from 2009 to 2013, we investigated the frequency of cyclist fatalities by gender, age group, vehicle speed, and the source of fatal head injury (impact with the vehicle or road surface). Results indicated that head injuries are the most common cause of cyclist fatalities in car-cyclist accidents. The results also indicated that the percentage of fatalities due to hip injuries was significantly higher for females than for males, and
Matsui, Yasuhiro, Oikawa, Shoko
Modeling Real People in Real Buses: Implications Concerning Tire, Axle and Vehicle Weights2014-01-087504/01/2014
The current certification requirements under CFR 49, Part 567 state that GVWR of a motor vehicle shall not be less than the sum of the unloaded vehicle weight, rated cargo weight and 150 pounds times the number of designated seating positions. Actual occupant weight distributions versus certified weight per occupant seat causes a potential conflict between a vehicle's in-use weights versus its certified GVWR. Population weight distributions were developed based upon The Center for Disease Control's (CDC) publication of 2007 - 2010 anthropometric reference data and publically available weights of a special population from high school football teams. For five buses from small (18-seat) to large (55-seat), key parameters were measured. The weight distributions and bus parametric data were combined in a probabilistic analysis to explore the probability that passengers and rated cargo would result in weight distributions that exceeded tire load capability, Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR
Arndt, Mark William
Repeatability of a Small Overlap and an Oblique Moving Deformable Barrier Test Procedure2013-01-076204/08/2013
NHTSA has developed two different moving deformable barrier-to-vehicle test procedures to assess the vehicle and occupant response in narrow overlap motor vehicle crashes. An assessment of test repeatability is one of the requirements necessary to accept the test procedure as viable. Previous methodologies, coefficient of variation (CV) and similarity analysis were developed to assess the repeatability of vehicle and occupant response in motor vehicle crash tests for full frontal and 40% overlap tests procedures. These will be used for this assessment. Three repeat tests were performed in each test procedure, with all other factors held constant: vehicles of the same make, model, and model year; moving deformable barriers of the same mass, velocity, and barrier face properties; and the same occupant - a THOR 50th percentile adult male in the driver's seat. In general, for this one vehicle make and model the repeatability of both vehicle and occupant response metrics were good for both
Saunders, James, Parent, Daniel
Kinematics Validation of Age-Specific Restrained 50 th Percentile Occupant FE Model in Frontal Impact2012-01-056504/16/2012
Recently, the global increase of elderly vehicle users has become an issue to be considered in the effort of enhancing safety performance of vehicle restraint system. It is thought that an evaluation tool for the system representing properties of age-specific human body will play a major role for that. In previous research, the authors had developed age-specific component finite element (FE) models for the lower limb, lumbar spine, and thorax representing the adult and elderly occupants. However, the models have not been validated in terms of full body kinematics. It is essential for such models to be validated in terms of full body kinematics in order to ensure validity of the results of the assessment of the safety performance of restraint systems. In the present research, the adult and elderly occupant full body FE models were developed by incorporating the lower limb, lumbar spine and thorax of the adult and elderly FE models established in previous research. To represent the
Ito, Yuichi, Dokko, Yasuhiro, Motozawa, Yasuki, Mori, Fumie, Ohashi, Kazuki
Precision Targeting with a Tracking Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser OphthalmoscopeTBMG-TB-01144809/27/2011
This dual-imaging system could enable selective destruction of diseased cells during the progression of retinal diseases. Adaptive optics (AO) has become increasingly utilized in research ophthalmic diagnostic instruments since their first use nearly ten years ago. Integration of adaptive optics in scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) is a flying-spot technique whereby scattered light in images is blocked by placement of an aperture at a back conjugate focal plane. Adaptive optics systems sense perturbations in the detected wavefront and apply corrections to an optical element that flattens the wavefront and allows near diffraction-limited focus.
Rapid Detection of the Varicella Zoster Virus in SalivaTBMG-1087909/01/2011
(VZV) causes chicken pox on first exposure (usually in children), and reactivates from latency causing shingles (usually in adults). Shingles can be extremely painful, causing nerve damage, organ damage, and blindness in some cases. The virus can be life-threatening in immune-compromised individuals. The virus is very difficult to culture for diagnosis, requiring a week or longer.
An Eyellipse for Rear Seats with Fixed Seat Back Angles2011-01-059604/12/2011
This paper describes the development of the fixed seat eyellipse in the October 2008 revision of SAE Recommended Practice J941. The eye locations of 23 men and women with a wide range of stature were recorded as they sat in each of three second-row bench seats in a laboratory mockup. Testing was conducted at 19-, 23-, and 27-degree seat back angles. Regression analysis demonstrated that passenger eye location was significantly affected by stature and by seat back angle. The regression results were used to develop an elliptical approximation of the distribution of adult passenger eye locations, applying a methodology previously used to develop the driver eyellipse in SAE J941-2002.
Reed, Matthew P.
Space Telescope Optics Aids Design of Eye-Saving Light BulbTBMG-813607/01/2010
Throughout its existence, NASA has made many amazing discoveries in the field of optics that have led to improved eye care and eyewear applications on Earth. Innovations such as laser eye-tracking for LASIK vision-correction procedures, eye trackers that enable people with severe disabilities to communicate and control their environment using only their eye movements, and scratch-resistant and radiation-blocking lenses are just a taste of the Space Agency's optical accomplishments.
Space Telescope Optics Aids Design of Eye-Saving Light BulbTBMG-TB-00813607/01/2010
Throughout its existence, NASA has made many amazing discoveries in the field of optics that have led to improved eye care and eyewear applications on Earth. Innovations such as laser eye-tracking for LASIK vision-correction procedures, eye trackers that enable people with severe disabilities to communicate and control their environment using only their eye movements, and scratch-resistant and radiation-blocking lenses are just a taste of the Space Agency's optical accomplishments.
Medical Devices Assess, Treat Balance DisordersTBMG-786605/01/2010
You may have heard the phrase “as difficult as walking and chewing gum” as a joking way of referring to something that is not difficult at all. Just walking, however, is not all that simple – physiologically speaking. Even standing upright is an undertaking requiring the complex cooperation of multiple motor and sensory systems including vision, the inner ear, somatosensation (sensation from the skin), and proprioception (the sense of the body’s parts in relation to each other). The compromised performance of any of these elements can lead to a balance disorder, which in some form affects nearly half of Americans at least once in their lifetimes, from the elderly, to those with neurological or vestibular (inner ear) dysfunction, to athletes with musculoskeletal injuries, to astronauts returning from space.
NASA Bioreactors Advance Disease TreatmentsTBMG-786905/01/2010
The International Space Station (ISS) is falling. This is no threat to the astronauts onboard, however, because falling is part of the ISS staying in orbit.
Age Effects on Injury Patterns in Pedestrian Crashes2010-01-116404/12/2010
Approximately 600,000 fatalities occur each year as a result of pedestrians being impacted by motor vehicles (World Bank, 2008). Previous studies (Heller et al., 2009) have utilized databases such as the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to gain a more thorough understanding of the common injury patterns that occur in real-world traffic collisions involving pedestrians in the United States. The NIS contains records on five to eight million hospital stays annually and provides a wealth of information regarding injuries to hospitalized pedestrian casualties in the U.S. Because of the large number of applicable records in the NIS and the randomized sampling procedure, the data can be used to complete analyses that are not possible with smaller databases such as the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS), which is not intended to be statistically representative of pedestrian crashes in general. The current study utilizes the NIS to evaluate the effect of age on real-world injury outcomes for
Prange, Michael, Heller, Michelle, Watson, Heather, Iyer, Madhu, Ivarsson, B. Johan, Fisher, Jacob
Tissuelike 3D Assemblies of Human Broncho-Epithelial CellsTBMG-756603/01/2010
Three-dimensional (3D) tissuelike assemblies (TLAs) of human bronchoepithelial (HBE) cells have been developed for use in in vitro research on infection of humans by respiratory viruses. The 2D monolayer HBE cell cultures heretofore used in such research lack the complex cell structures and interactions characteristic of in vivo tissues and, consequently, do not adequately emulate the infection dynamics of in-vivo microbial adhesion and invasion. In contrast, the 3D HBE TLAs are characterized by more-realistic reproductions of the geometrical and functional complexity, differentiation of cells, cell-to-cell interactions, and cell-to-matrix interactions characteristic of human respiratory epithelia. Hence, the 3D HBE TLAs are expected to make it possible to perform at least some of the research in vitro under more-realistic conditions, without need to infect human subjects.
Tissuelike 3D Assemblies of Human Broncho-Epithelial CellsTBMG-TB-00756603/01/2010
Experimental conditions are more realistic than those of 2D monolayer cell cultures. Three-dimensional (3D) tissuelike assemblies (TLAs) of human bronchoepithelial (HBE) cells have been developed for use in in vitro research on infection of humans by respiratory viruses. The 2D monolayer HBE cell cultures heretofore used in such research lack the complex cell structures and interactions characteristic of in vivo tissues and, consequently, do not adequately emulate the infection dynamics of in-vivo microbial adhesion and invasion. In contrast, the 3D HBE TLAs are characterized by more-realistic reproductions of the geometrical and functional complexity, differentiation of cells, cell-to-cell interactions, and cell-to-matrix interactions characteristic of human respiratory epithelia. Hence, the 3D HBE TLAs are expected to make it possible to perform at least some of the research in vitro under more-realistic conditions, without need to infect human subjects.
Remote Diagnostic Technology for Hearing AssessmentTBMG-574709/01/2009
Individuals with hearing loss need to have ready access to hearing screenings, assessments, treatment, and consultation. This diagnostic technology facilitates early detection and intervention of hearing loss. It allows for improved monitoring and expands service scope, reach, and access. By reducing or eliminating travel times, it is also a more efficient utilization of time for audiologists and professional staff. The tele-hearing device and protocol provides clinicians the tools and the ability to remotely assess, diagnose, and remedy hearing loss. This is accomplished either directly or indirectly by facilitating assistance to other less experienced clinicians remotely.
Measurements of Non-Injurious Head Accelerations of a Pediatric Population2009-01-038304/20/2009
While adult head injuries have been studied over the past six decades, few studies have investigated pediatric head injury mechanics. This paper presents non-injurious head accelerations during various activities in a pediatric population. Six males and six females aged 8–11 years old were equipped with a validated head sensor package and head kinematics were measured while performing a series of playground-type activities. Maximum resultant values across all participants and activities were 25.7 g (range 3.0 g to 25.7 g), 16.0 rad/s (range 10.4 rad/s to 16.0 rad/s), and 1705 rad/s2 (range 520 rad/s2 to 1705 rad/s2) for linear acceleration, angular velocity, and angular acceleration, respectively. Mean maximum resultant values across all participants and activities were 9.7 g (range 2.1 g to 9.7 g) and 734 rad/s2 (range 188 rad/s2 to 734 rad/s2) for linear and angular acceleration, respectively. The peak accelerations measured in this study are approximately twice that of previous
Bussone, William R., Moore, Tara L. A., Richards, Darrin, Bove, Robert T., Scher, Irving, Prange, Michael T.
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_200610 (Historical)10/06/2006
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Inter-individual Variations in Intra-individual Shape Change Patterns2006-01-235307/04/2006
Using multiple body scans of 20 adult females, inter-individual body shape change patterns were analyzed. A homologous shape model was created for each body scan, and intra-individual shape change pattern before and after a sliming program was formulated using a deformed grid of FFD. The deformed grids were normalized for the size, and were analyzed for variations in shape change patterns using PCA and MDS. Based on the efficiency in information compression and the relationship with changes in body dimensions, MDS was more useful for this purpose.
Kouchi, Makiko, Mochimaru, Masaaki
An Analysis of Hand Measurements for Obtaining Representative Japanese Hand Models2005-01-273406/14/2005
In order to create digital models representing the variation in hands of adult Japanese, 82 measurements were taken for 103 subjects using traditional methods. Factor analysis of the measurements was performed, and the first 2 factors were used to calculate measurements for 9 members of the boundary family. A 3D digital model was created for each family member by deforming a generic model by minimizing the total difference of 40 measurements between the generic model and the target hand model. The generic model with 36 degrees of freedom was created from medical images of a subject captured in 4 different posture.
Kouchi, Makiko, Miyata, Natsuki, Mochimaru, Masaaki
Advanced Infant Car Seat Would Increase Highway SafetyTBMG-38811/01/2004
An advanced infant car seat has been proposed to increase highway safety by reducing the incidence of crying, fussy behavior, and other child-related distractions that divert an adult driver's attention from driving. In addition to a conventional infant car seat with safety restraints, the proposed advanced infant car seat would include a number of components and subsystems that would function together as a comprehensive infant-care system that would keep its occupant safe, comfortable, and entertained, and would enable the driver to monitor the baby without having to either stop the car or turn around to face the infant during driving.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_200312 (Historical)12/01/2003
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations The purpose of this reort is to assist the automotive safety designer and tester by providing them with
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Application of Computer Model as An Engineering Tool for Evaluating Side Impact Design Requirements for Children and Small Adults98618205/31/1998
This paper describes a computer modeling system and its application in evaluating several vehicle designs for side impact protection of children and small adults.
Pauls, Lonney S., Khadilkar, Anil V.
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_199505 (Historical)05/01/1995
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Improved Projector Headlamps Using HID (Litronic) and Incandescent Bulbs94063603/01/1994
A new automotive headlamp has been developed under the designation LITRONIC (Light Electronics). In order to improve the light quality and to increase driver safety on the road, a gas-discharge lamp was chosen as the light source instead of the conventional incandescent bulb. The projector headlamp is well-suited for the application of the LITRONIC system. Especially in the US market, there is currently a potential interest in applying projector headlamps in series production. Compared to conventional headlamps, advantages can be seen in the flexibility of this kind of headlamp from the styling view point. In this paper, newly developed solutions for projector headlamps from Bosch will be presented, for HID as well as for incandescent bulbs. Applications for low beam and for high beam are included. By means of concrete examples, the improvements in light quality compared to conventional systems will be demonstrated. And the boundary conditions in relation to styling aspects (high
Neumann, Rainer
Headlamp Design Guidelines for Mature DriversJ1606_199303 (Historical)03/19/1993
This SAE Information Report should be used as a supplement to SAE J1383. It is intended to provide additional information which is important to the automotive designer and engineer in the process of designing, developing, and engineering the headlamps of motor vehicles which will take into account the effects of the aging process on the driver.
Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_198607 (Historical)07/01/1986
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations The purpose of this reort is to assist the automotive safety designer and tester by providing them with
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_198410 (Historical)10/01/1984
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
The Trajectories of Pedestrians, Motorcycles, Motorcyclists, etc., Following a Road Accident83162210/17/1983
For many years accident investigators have been faced by the problem of estimating the projection velocity associated with a given trajectory. The most recent contributions to this topic were two papers at the 1981 AAAM but these, like earlier work, deal only with the aerial part of the trajectory, until the object first lands. In most accidents however the point of first landing cannot be determined and it is the point at which the object comes to rest which is recorded. The present paper derives an equation for the projection velocity associated with a given total trajectory. Using this equation it is possible to bracket the limits within which the projection velocity must lie, even when the angle of projection is unknown. In order to facilitate the use of this approach, data have been obtained on the frictional coefficients. This information is compared with existing field data on pedestrian trajectories. It is found that these pedestrian trajectories correspond to only a percentage
Searle, John A., Searle, Angela
Analysis of Injuries Sustained by Pedestrians in Urban Traffic Accidents83004902/01/1983
This study, carried out within two years, deals with 441 pedestrians, casualties in traffic accidents, in which the Lyon SAMU intervened on a geographic area corresponding to the Lyonese region. This study concerns the lesions according to body sectors, their severity and shows the severity of cephalic lesions.
Dedoyan, A. J., Petit, P., Perfus, J. P.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_198004 (Historical)04/01/1980
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
The First Standard Automotive Crash Dummy69021802/01/1969
The SAE Recommended Practice J963 “Anthropomorphic Test Device for Dynamic Testing” describes a standard 50th percentile adult male anthropomorphic test dummy. For nearly three years the Crash Test Dummy Task Force worked with the limited data available in selecting values for the body dimensions and ranges of motion. The data for specifying the values of mass distribution were developed experimentally as was a test procedure for determining the dynamic spring rate of the thorax.
Starkey, J. A., Young, J. W., Horn, W. D., Sobkow, W. J., Alderson, S. W., Cichowski, W. G., Krag, M. T., Auerbach, Julie H.
Effective Use of Restraint Systems in Passenger Cars68003202/01/1968
Restraint systems for occupants are now being provided in all new automotive passenger vehicles. This paper describes research into the effectiveness and proper use of various types of restraint systems for adults and children. Tests were conducted, both simulated and full-scale, to explore the added level of protection that can be afforded when the occupants of a passenger car can anticipate an impact. Research indicates that a substantial reduction of accidental injuries and deaths can be achieved if the motoring public apply the conclusions of this study.
Cichowski, William G., Silver, Jeffrey N.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885A_196610 (Historical)10/01/1966
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_196403 (Historical)03/01/1964
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
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