This SAE Standard covers the minimum requirements for design, construction, and testing of devices to prevent the propagation of backfire flame from within the gasoline engine to the surrounding atmosphere.

Marine Technical Steering Committee

Investigation on the Applicability of Passive Type Pre-Chamber with One Port Fuel Injection System to Small Gasoline Engines

2024-32-003304/18/2025

Pre-chamber combustion has been applied as a method of low fuel consumption in spark ignition engines, and in recent years the application of pre-chambers to gasoline engines has also been actively studied. In many gasoline engines, stoichiometric combustion is common. We decided that a passive type pre-chamber with only one port fuel injection is sufficient for stoichiometric combustion. The pre-chamber system relatively has two merits of lower cost and ease of installing than other prechamber systems. Therefore, we focused on investigating the effects of improving combustion speed and knock resistance in use of the passive type pre-chamber and the applicability of the pre-chamber system in various operating points. As the concrete approach, we evaluated the heat balance and the knock resistance with and without a pre-chamber in engine bench test. As a result, the knock resistance and the fuel consumption were improved. In addition, as a result of considering lean burn in the passive

Nakao, Yoshinori, Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Suzuki, Tomoharu

Impact of Ordinal Proximity of Frequency Components on the Auditory Perception of Engine Knocking

2024-32-003204/18/2025

This study examines the acoustic properties of engine-knocking sounds in gasoline engines, arising from misfires during spark ignition that negatively affect driving performance. The aim was to understand the frequency characteristics of acceleration sounds and their connection to the proximity of the order components. The study also explores “booming,” where two different frequencies of sounds occur simultaneously, potentially linked to the unpleasant nature of engine knocking. Using a sinusoidal model, we generated engine acceleration sound models with 5th-, 10th-, and 15th-order components, including engine knocking. Two types of sound stimuli were created: one with the original amplitude (OA) and one with a constant amplitude (CA) for each component order, emphasizing the order-component proximity in CA sounds. Aural experiments with 10 participants in an anechoic room using headphones and the MUSHRA method revealed an inverse relationship between OA and CA ratings as the component

Suzuki, Ryuhei, Ishimitsu, Shunsuke, Nitta, Misaki, Sakakibara, Mika, Hakozaki, Tomoyuki, Fujikawa, Satoshi, Iwata, Kiyoaki, Matsumoto, Mitsunori, Kikuchi, Masakazu

The Sky’s the Limit... Except for Fuel

LIFTOFF202411/08/2024

Oxygen and Petrol

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Design Implementation through Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to reduce Fuel filling time in NGVs

2024-26-030901/16/2024

In the past few decades CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) fuel growing as an alternate fuel due to its more economically as compared to Gasoline & Diesel fuels by vehicle running cost in both passenger as well as commercial vehicles, additionally it is more environment friendly & safer fuel with respect to gasoline & diesel. At standard temperature & pressure fuel density of Natural Gas (0.7-0.9 kg/m3) is lower than Gasoline (715-780 kg/m3), Diesel (849~959 kg/m3), therefore CNG fuel require higher storage space as compared to Gasoline & Diesel & also it stores at very high pressure (200-250 bar) to further increase the fuel density 180 kg/m³ (at 200 bar) and for 215 kg/m³ (at 250 bar) in CNG cylinders so that max fuel contains in the cylinders and increase the vehicle running capacity per fuel filling & reduces its fuel filling frequency at filling stations. Therefore to gain max vehicle running mileage in a single fuel filling, NGVs (Natural Gas powered vehicles) require more numbers CNG

Singh, Gaurav Kumar, Kumar, Satish, Patil, Praveen, Sharma, Mukesh

A methodology to create limit sample definition for part level evaluation of rubber hoses to optimize the testing requirement

2024-26-038401/16/2024

Various countries all around globe are adopting usage of alternate fuel to reduce dependency on fossil fuel in automotive application, to curb fast depleting fossil fuel and rising concerns of deteriorating air quality due to vehicular emissions. Govt. of India also took a big leap to switch over from 10% Ethanol blend gasoline (E10) to 20% Ethanol blend (E20) gasoline to improve air quality, boost farmers income by converting farm produce to ethanol and reduce imported crude oil dependency of nation. Fuel system components are safety critical parts and functional loss like leakage can lead to safety hazard. In general, sample preparation at worst conditions is done to evaluate system robustness. Need of the hour was to develop E20 compatible parts within limited span of time to meet government timelines. To develop an automotive fuel hose suitable to higher ethanol blend, fluorinated, carbon-based synthetic rubber, also known as FKM rubber as an inner material of fuel hose was planned

BAGGA, RAJAT, Rawat, Mohit, KUMAR, ABHIJEET, Pal, Kiran

Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of a GDI Engine with ethanol-blended gasoline Fuels

2024-26-015501/16/2024

Ethanol-gasoline blended fuels have been widely implemented in Indian markets followed by the GOIs road map as ethanol reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and improves anti-knock performance. However, its effects on engine out emissions including particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines still need further investigation. In this study, the effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuels with various blended rates (0%, 10%, 20%) on emissions and catalyst conversion efficiencies on a 1.2-liter 3-cylinder turbo GDI miller cycle engine is investigated. The addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel enhances the RON of the blended fuels, and oxygen content and changes the distillation temperature. Advancing Ignition timing, lambda biasing, Mode based SOI has been tested. Test bench results indicated that with the E10 blend all pollutant conversion is at 98% in all operating points. With E20 blend the NOx emission conversion efficiency is dropped to ~60%. However, this

R, Navaneetha kannan, S, Easwar Ram, S, Satish Kumar, Karthi, Ramanathan, Ramakrishnan, Muthu

A comparative study of ethanol and methanol blends on performance and emissions on BSIV and BSVI class of vehicles

2024-26-007301/16/2024

The quest for alternate fuels has led many researchers to evaluate various alcohols as an immediate substitute for gasoline. Among the alcohols, ethanol has received a lot of popularity as it can be produced from biomass feeds such as sugarcane and corn. Several countries have made it mandatory to blend at least 10% of ethanol in gasoline. However, the source of feedstock for ethanol production is posing a threat to food security. In order to restrain this problem, a few countries are promoting the use of methanol as an alternative fuel. Methanol can be obtained by processing naturally available biomass resources, much of which is waste material. Methanol-gasoline blends have been found to have a high octane number, good performance and lower carbon emissions, making it an excellent alternative fuel for engines. In the present study, a comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the performance and emissions from unmodified vehicles using lower concentrations (up to 20%) of

Teja, Ravi, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M

Comparative Study of Real Driving Emissions with different Gasoline & Diesel fuel blends using Portable Emission Measurement Equipment on IndianOil specific RDE Compliant Route

2024-26-035601/16/2024

India has recently shifted from BSVI 1.0 emissions norms to BSVI 2.0 RDE (Real Drive Emission) norms ready with implementation of conformity factors for the measurement of on-road emissions. The discrepancies between emission values measured in the laboratory (under controlled ambient conditions) and actual emission values on the road (under real driving conditions) will be reduced with the implementation of BSVI 2.0. Fuel impacts the vehicular tail pipe emission in a greater way and various regulated emission pollutants are reduced significantly. Government initiated fuel formulations like oxygenated fuels (E10 & E20) and OMCs (IOCL) initiated differentiated diesel fuels plays significant role in achieving the targets for real driving emissions. Current study was performed on BSVI gasoline port fuel injection vehicle, gasoline direct injection vehicle and diesel vehicle on RDE compliant route (Faridabad specific - route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) with different set of test

Kant, Chander, Kumar, Prashant, Saroj, Shyamsher, Arora, Ajay, Chakradhar, Dr Maya, Sithananthan, M, Harinarain, Ajay, Maheshwari, Mukul, Kalita, Mrinmoy

Dynamic Spark Advance Technology for Gasoline Fuel Blends

2024-26-007401/16/2024

Fuel efficiency is one of the most important customer requirement in Indian market as well as very crucial to meet the upcoming regulation like CAFÉ for Indian Automotive manufacturers. Most of the technology changes to meet this challenge, always come with a cost penalty with hardware addition. To counter the above challenge, we identified a strategy in the EMS software, without any hardware change, that will dynamically adapt the spark timing based on fuel quality. This strategy has resulted in fuel efficiency improvement on MIDC as well as on-road as per customer driving pattern. Going forward the availability of Ethanol Blended Fuels are going to increase multifold, to take advantage of this, the dynamic spark advance strategy has been proposed in this paper. This paper elaborates on the work done to develop and validate the EMS Strategy as well as the test results with different Ethanol Fuel Blends.

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Kavekar, Pratap, Suna, Bhagyashree, Agarwal, Nishant, Shaikh, Wasim

Optimization of HEV Vehicle’s Engine Modulated Noise

2025-01-008405/05/2023

One 1.5L Miller-cycle turbocharged four cylinder gasoline hybrid engine is installed on a certain hybrid vehicle. When accelerating at low to medium speeds with a small throttle, there is a "da da" knocking noise inside the car, which seriously affects the overall sound quality of the vehicle. By analyzing the vibration and noise data of the engine, it was found that the frequency of the abnormal knocking sound is 200-1000Hz, which presents a half order characteristic in the time domain, that is, one knocking occurs when the engine crankshaft rotates twice. Through Hilbert demodulation analysis of the vibration data in the problem frequency range, it was found that the knocking noise was modulated in the frequency domain, with a modulation frequency of half of the crankshaft rotation frequency. By building a fully flexible multi-body dynamic model of a hybrid powertrain and inputting the engine's cylinder pressure excitation, the combustion excitation is coupled with mechanical

dan, Kong

A prediction model of octane number loss based on neural network

2022-01-018103/29/2022

The octane number is the most important indicator of motor petrol, and the petrol refining process is one of the important links in petrol production. The prediction of the octane loss number of petrol during the refining process is helpful to the improvement of petrol refining process and the processing of petrol. The traditional octane number prediction method relied on physical and chemical properties, and did not fully consider the high nonlinearity and strong coupling relationship of the petrol refining process.There is a lack of data-driven octane loss models. This paper studies the construction of the octane loss model in the petrol refining process. The main innovation is to use frequency statistics to summarize the operating range of data variables and preprocess the dataset, and use the variance selection method to filter out some invalid variables, then use the multi-dimensional association analysis to select 27 main operating variables in the next step. Finally, a neural

yang, Gang, Zhang, Sumin, Li, Shuai, Li, Wenju

Analysis of the Piston Group Friction in a Single-Cylinder Gasoline Engine when Operated with Synthetic Fuel DMC/MeFo

2022-01-058603/29/2022

Synthetic fuels for internal combustion engines offer CO2-neutral mobility if produced in a closed-carbon-cycle using renewable energies. Oxygenated fuels such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MeFo) have great potential to replace gasoline in SI engines. In this study, a mixture of 65 % DMC and 35 % MeFo (C65F35) was used in a single-cylinder research engine to determine friction losses of the piston group using the floating-liner-method. The results were benchmarked against gasoline. Compared to gasoline, the density of C65F35 is almost 40 % higher, but its mass-based heating value (LHV) is 2.8 times lower. Hence, more fuel must be injected to reach the same engine load as in a conventional gasoline engine, leading to an increased cooling effect. To determine this effect, the temperatures of the cylinder liner and piston of the research engine were measured. Depending on the load point, friction losses were reduced by up to 12 % compared to gasoline operation. Although

Binder, Jürgen, Krecker, Oleg, Kraus, Christoph, Jaensch, Malte, Wachtmeister, Georg

Benefits of Octane-On-Demand in an E10-Gasoline Engine Vehicle Using an On-Board Fuel Separator

2022-01-050603/29/2022

Knock in gasoline engines at higher loads is a significant constraint on torque and efficiency. The anti-knock property of a fuel is closely related to its research octane number (RON). Ethanol has superior RON compared to gasoline and thus has been commonly used to blend with gasoline in commercial fuels. As a result, an onboard Octane-on-demand (OOD) concept that separates commercial gasoline with ethanol content into high-octane fuel with high ethanol fraction and a lower octane remainder has been developed. It then uses both fuels in varying proportion to provide to the engine a fuel blend with just enough RON to meet the ever changing octane requirement that depends on driving pattern. In this work, the authors assessed the OOD concept on a state-of-art high-efficiency SI engine in three tasks: (1) Comparison of performance characteristics of an up-to-date reference engine coupled with cylinder deactivation (CDA) system, with a similar OOD engine. (2) Study of the performance of

Chen, Yu, Kasseris, Emmanuel, Heywood, John, Han, Donghee, Kim, Jaeheun, Lee, Kwanhee, Kang, Hyunjin, Zhou, Jinsheng, Mizuno, Kazuhiko, Seitz, Scott, Kim, Seongju, Min, Seungbae, Peters, Nathan, Subramanyam, Sai Krishna P., Bunce, Michael

Modeling of gasoline particulate filter regeneration: sensitivity of numerical solutions

2022-01-067903/29/2022

Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) engine technology improves vehicle fuel economy toward future targets and simultaneously decreases CO2 emissions. The main drawback of this technology is the increased emission of particulates (when compared to their indirect injection-based technology counterpart). Thus, aftertreatment devices such as Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) are today considered the most promising and practically adoptable solution to limit PM/PN out of GDI exhaust. The particulate filter traps soot particles resulting from fuel combustion and prevents their release into the atmosphere. Soot oxidation (also known as regeneration) is required at regular intervals to clean the filter, maintain a consistent soot trapping efficiency, and avoid the formation of soot plugs in the GPF channel. In this paper, starting from a multiphysics GPF model accounting for mass, momentum, and energy transport developed in our laboratory, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to choose the best

Levine, Kelsey, Pozzato, Gabriele, Onori, Simona

G Index: a novel knock detection method that is simpler and calibration-free

2022-01-057703/29/2022

Ever restrictive emissions legislations and fuel efficiency targets have been posing challenges for engine development. Knocking is aloways a limiting factor for spark-ignited engines and has to be tighly controlled during the development phase. There are several methods that address how to detect and measure its occurense. They often require complex calculations with high computational costs that limit them only to laboratorial operation. Moreover, they are often calibrated with subjective factors, for each engine. Thus, this paper offers a novel process that is simpler and does not require previous calibration, called G Index. It is based on the angular position of the peak of maximum pressure rise rate and its relation to the 50% mass fraction burn angular possition. The results showed that there is a locus of knock-free operation with GI between -10 and 0. Higher values lead to a sudden jump towards a locus of knocking operation with GI between 6-10, where the thermodynamic state

Martins, Mario Eduardosantos

Using multiple ignition sites and pressure sensing devices to determine the effect of air-fuel equivalence ratio on the morphology of knocking combustion

2022-01-052403/29/2022

Knocking combustion inherently presents an interaction between main flame front and end gas autoignition. Conventionally, it generates a high amplitude pressure wave traveling across the chamber, can be responsible for reducing the performance of the engine and can cause heavy damage to engine components. In order to study the phenomenon in a controllable way, experiments were performed on a specialized single-cylinder research engine fitted with a liner equipped with four equi-spaced spark plugs in the side so as to propagate various flames from those locations, and hence achieve more controlled knock events. In addition, six pressure transducers were employed at distinct locations to precisely record details of the autoignition event by monitoring pressure oscillations, and with them combustion characteristics and knock intensity. Four of the six transducers were mounted on the circumference of the liner (each next to one of the spark plugs), one was placed at the center of the

Uddeen, Kalim, Shi, Hao, Tang, Qinglong, Turner, James

Development and validation of an EHN mechanism for fundamental and applied chemistry studies

2022-01-054603/29/2022

Autoignition enhancing additives have been used for years to enhance the ignition quality of diesel fuel, with 2-ethylexyl nitrate (EHN) being the most common additive. EHN also enhances the autoignition reactivity of gasoline, which has advantages for some low-temperature combustion techniques, such as Sandia’s Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) with Additive-Mixing Fuel Injection (AMFI). LTGC-AMFI is a new high-efficiency and low-emissions engine combustion process based on supplying a small, variable amount of EHN into the fuel for better engine operation and control. However, the mechanism by which EHN interacts with the fuel remains unclear. In this work, a chemical-kinetic mechanism for EHN was developed and implemented in a detailed mechanism for gasoline fuels. The combined mechanism was validated against shock-tube experiments with EHN-doped n-heptane and HCCI engine data for EHN-doped regular E10 gasoline. Simulations showed a very good match with experiments. EHN

Lopez Pintor, Dario, Dec, John

Describing the Auto-Ignition Quality in Small, Air Cooled, Two Stroke Engines

2022-32-006301/09/2022

Auto-ignition quality is one of the most important properties in gasoline. Auto-ignition quality is today described by the Motor Octane Number (MON) and the Research Octane Number (RON). For modern, light duty, gasoline engines it has been quite well established that RON is the most accurate number. However, no study has been performed on hand held forest and garden products, such as chainsaws. Is the auto-ignition quality best described in the same way for these engines as for light duty engines? In this paper, a matrix of six different fuels with different combinations of MON and RON values were tested on a Husqvarna 550 XP Mark II, a modern air cooled, sequential stratified scavenging 2-stroke chainsaw engine. Ignition timing sweeps were performed and knock limited spark advance (KLSA) were calculated. Then the data has been analyzed with a multi-variate analysis of KLSA against both MON and RON to try to determine how MON and RON should be combined to best describe the anti-knock

Risberg, Per, Elm, Thomas, Bergman, Mikael, Hellquist, Fredrik, Karvo, Anna, Tripathi, Rupali

A Unique Methodology to Improve the Clutch Pedal Characteristics of a Compact Sports Utility vehicle

2021-28-024310/01/2021

Clutch characteristics play a vital role in ensuring a smooth and comfortable customer experience of any vehicle. The expectation is to have an optimized clutch pedal effort, reduced pedal travel, adequate modulation zone and a smooth and quick pedal returnability. However, achieving all these customer requirements is extremely challenging in some cases. In the present work, the authors discuss on improving the clutch pedal characteristics of a compact sports utility vehicle (SUV by adapting a unique approach of combining a dual torsion spring (DTS) and a return spring (RS). DTS is widely used in the clutch pedal to improve the pre-load at zero travel (1.5 kg to 2.0 kg) to improve the pedal returnability in the free-play zone. Moreover, it is also quite helpful to reduce the peak pedal effort by giving a positive assistance. However, the introduction of DTS would also bring down the pedal effort (pedal holding force) at the end of the travel affecting the pedal returnability at the

Vellandi, Vikraman, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj

Case Study on Gasoline Electric Range Extender as a Powertrain Solution for Small Commercial Goods & Passenger Carrier Vehicles in India

2021-26-015809/22/2021

Case Study on Gasoline Electric Range Extender as a Powertrain Solution for Small Commercial Goods & Passenger Carrier Vehicles in India

Emran, Ashraf, vaishnav, Meghana, Lodha, Gaurav, Sharma, Vijay

Evaluation and Comparison of Performance, Combustion characteristic, NOx and Particle Emission of JP-8, Gasoline and Diesel fuels in a Military Heavy duty 38.8 liters Compression Ignition Diesel Injection Engine Applying with EGR

2021-01-118309/21/2021

Global emissions and stringent emission legislations have compelled us to search for alternative fuels for heavy-duty diesel engines. Evaluating the effect of JP-8 and gasoline on heavy-duty diesel engine performance and emissions is important for military combat vehicles under the "multi-fuel strategy program". Performance and fuel economy penalties are well established with the operation of a heavy-duty diesel engine with JP-8 and gasoline. Experimental studies have also suggested that JP-8 and gasoline have great potential for lowering NOx emissions. In the presented experimental study, the impact of using JP-8 and gasoline was evaluated on a military heavy-duty diesel engine. Engine combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions, especially NOx and nanoparticle emissions, were evaluated. All these parameters were compared for diesel, JP-8 and gasoline fuels by applying 7% EGR with supercharging at different load conditions for a heavy-duty, 12-cylinder, 580 kW, and 38.8

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Varghese, Anil, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C

Impact of Drag Reducing Agents on Gasoline Engine Deposits

2021-01-118509/21/2021

Drag reducing agents (DRAs) are extensively used to increase the capacity of pipelines to transport crude oils and finished products. The amount of DRA that can be used in gasoline is limited by the tendency of the high molecular weight DRAs to form engine deposits. The use of deposit control additives (DCAs) could help to mitigate this effect, enabling increased DRA treatment rates and improved pipeline capacity. A study has been undertaken to investigate the engine test response of these additives, and has suggested that higher DRA treat rates may be possible when accompanied by a deposit control additive to address increased intake valve deposits. Conversely, the effect on combustion chamber deposits is not clear and further studies would be required. Other engine related aspects such as intake valve deposit stick have also been investigated and under the conditions tested do not appear to be adversely affected by either the DRA or the deposit control additive.

Musharah, Amani, Bennett, John

Evolution and Future Development of Vehicle Fuel Specification in China

2021-01-120109/21/2021

Fuel quality has a significant influence on the combustion engine operation. In recent years the increasing concerns about environmental protection, energy saving, energy security and the requirements of protecting fuel injection and aftertreatment systems have been major driving forces for the Chinese fuel specification evolution. The major property changes in the evolution of Chinese national gasoline and diesel standards are introduced and the reasons behind these changes are analyzed in this paper. The gasoline fuel development from State I to State VI-B involved a decrease of sulfur, manganese, olefins, aromatics and benzene content. The diesel fuel quality improvement from State I to State VI included achieving low sulfur fuels and a cetane number (CN) increase. Provincial fuel standards, stricter than corresponding national standards, were implemented in economically developed areas in the past. Currently only Beijing is still implementing regional standards with national

Guo, Zexian, Liu, Zemin, Shuai, Shijin

Auto-ignition and Anti-Knock Evaluation of Dicyclopentadiene-PRF and TPRF Blends

2021-01-116009/21/2021

The increasing demand for high-octane fuels is pushing the combustion research towards investigating new potential fuels and octane boosters. In addition to their high-octane, those additives should be environmentally friendly. In this study, the anti-knock properties of Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) as an additive to primary reference fuels (PRF) and toluene primary reference fuels (TPRF) have been investigated. The Research octane number (RON) and Motor octane number (MON) were measured using Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) engine for four different fuel blends; PRF 60 + 10% DCPD, PRF 60 + 20% DCPD, PRF 70 + 10% DCPD and TPRF 70 + 10% DCPD. In addition, homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) was also performed using the CFR engine to show the effect of DCPD on suppressing low temperature chemistry of reference fuels. Moreover, the ignition delay times of these mixtures were measured in the rapid compression machine (RCM) at 20 bar and stoichiometric mixtures over a temperature

Al-Khodaier, Mohannad

Investigations into the Effects of Spark Plug Location on Knock Initiation by using Multiple Pressure Transducers

2021-01-115909/21/2021

Despite a long history of development, modern spark-ignition engines are still restricted in obtaining higher thermal efficiency and better performance by knock. Knocking combustion is an unnatural combustion phenomenon caused by the autoignition of unburned air-fuel mixture ahead of the propagating flame front. This work describes investigations into the significance of spark plug location (with respect to inlet and exhaust valve position) on the knock formation mechanism. To facilitate the investigation, four spark plugs were installed in a specialized liner at four equispaced distinct locations to propagate flames from those locations, which provoked a distinct flame travel from each and thus individual autoignition profiles. Six pressure transducers were arranged to precisely record the pressure oscillations, knock intensities, and combustion characteristics. Four of the six transducers were mounted on the circumference of the liner (each next to one of the spark plugs), one was

Uddeen, Kalim, Shi, Hao, Tang, Qinglong, Turner, James

Development of an Intake Valve Deposit Test with a GM LE9 2.4L Engine

2021-01-118609/21/2021

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certifies gasoline deposit control additives for intake valve deposit (IVD) control by means of ASTM D5500, a vehicle test using a1985 BMW 318i vehicle equipped with a 1.8L I-4 port fuel injected engine. Concerns with the age of the test fleet, its relevance in the market today, and the availability of replacement parts led the American Chemistry Council’s (ACC) Fuel Additive Task Group (FATG) to begin a program to develop a replacement test. General Motors suggested developing a replacement test using a 2.4L LE9 test engine mounted on a dynamometer and committed to support the engine until 2030. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI®) was contracted to run the development program in four Phases. In Phase I, the engine test stand was configured and a test fuel was selected. In Phase II, a series of tests were run to identify a cycle that would build an acceptable level of deposits on un-additized base fuel. In Phase III, the resultant test

Shoffner, Brent, Cloud, Brandon, Kulinowski, Alexander, Hayden, Thomas, Stevens, Colleen

Comparison of Promising Sustainable C1-Fuels Methanol, Dimethyl Carbonate, and Methyl Formate in a DISI Single Cylinder Light Vehicle Gasoline Engine

2021-01-120409/21/2021

On the way to a climate-neutral mobility synthetic fuels with their potential of a CO2-neutral production are currently in the focus of the internal combustion research. In this study the C1-fuels methanol (MeOH), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl formate (MeFo) are tested as pure C1-fuels mixtures and as blends component for gasoline. The study was performed on a single-cylinder engine in two configurations, thermodynamic and optical. As pure C1-fuels the already investigated DMC/MeFo mixture is compared with a mixture of MeOH/MeFo. DMC is replaced by MeOH, because of its benefits in laminar flame speed, ignition limits and production costs. MeOH/MeFo shows benefits in particle number (PN) emissions at a cooling water temperature of 40°C and in high load operating points. But reversed an increase of 60% in NOx emissions related to DMC/MeFo was observed in hot engine conditions. Both mixtures show no sensitivity in PN emissions for rich combustions. Neither triggered by a global

Blochum, Sebastian, Fellner, Felix, Mühlthaler, Markus, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg, Yoneya, Naoki, Sauerland, Henning

Novel Engine Sound Quality Evaluation Method in Bench Testing

2021-01-102908/31/2021

A lot of engine sound quality issue can be classified as some specific words, such as “Rattle, Knocking, Modulation, Loud, Whistles” and etc. Engineers were trying to quantify this phenomenon with objective data. In this paper, we would like to propose a novel method that separates the engine sound quality into five different objective parameters, which covers engine noise level, whine or whistling, clatter - tick phenomenon and roughness. Based on the new method, the engine sound quality can be mapped into a final sound quality matrix - ESQM (Engine Sound Quality Matrix) to compare by the total number or by the contributors individually.

Tan, Yang, Yang, Jingling

Formaldehydes Measurement Using Laser Spectroscopic Gas Analyzer

2021-01-060404/06/2021

The use of alternative fuels, especially oxygenated fuels in automobile engines, has been increasing owing to the stringent global fuel economy and emission regulations. As a result, it is concerned that the emissions of alcohols and aldehydes have increased significantly. Aldehydes, formaldehyde (HCHO) in particular, are non-criteria pollutants that are acutely toxic and/or carcinogenic. Several reports have associated HCHO with potential lung and airway cancers. Therefore, emission regulations for these compounds have already been implemented in several areas worldwide. The conventional measurement (impinger, etc.) methods for HCHO possess advantages and disadvantages. HCHO can be measured with high sensitivity if measured in a batch. However, in real-time measurements, low concentration measurements are challenging. To overcome this challenge, a real-time HCHO analyzer for low concentration measurement of 0.1 ppm resolution in real time of 10Hz was developed in this study based on

Hara, Kenji, Shibuya, Kyoji, Nagura, Naoki, Hanada, Takaaki, Tsurumi, Kazuya

Model Based Calibration Generation for Gasoline Particulate Filter Regeneration

2021-01-060004/06/2021

Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) are widely employed in exhaust aftertreatment systems of gasoline engines to meet the stringent particulate emissions requirements of Euro 6 and China 6 standard. Optimization of GPF performance requires a delicate trade-off between fuel economy, engine performance and drivability. This results in a complex lengthy and iterative calibration development process which uses a lot of hardware resources. To improve the calibration process and reduce hardware testing, physics-based modeling of the GPF system is used. A 1-D chemical model supplemented with 3D CFD solver is utilized to evaluate pressure drop and soot burning performance characteristics of the GPF under engine dynamometer test conditions. The chemical kinetics of soot burning for the 1D model is developed using test data obtained from well controlled laboratory environment. Later, the model was applied to engine dynamometer conditions where it demonstrated robust pressure drop and soot burning

Varia, Adhyarth, Paramadhayalan, Thiyagarajan, Yadav, Anil, Kannan, Rajesh, Hattar, Rafat, Miao, Yong, Chan, Ming

The Effect of Butanol-Gasoline Blends on Harmful Engine Deposits

2020-01-209309/15/2020

It is well known that alcohol based fuels may have been regarded as one of the alternative fuels because they have several physical and combustion properties similar to gasoline. Ethanol and butanol are alcohols considered as the most promising biocomponents for currently used conventional fuels. However, taking into account the numerous advantages of butanol over ethanol, and its properties, closer to those of gasoline, it is believed that it has greater application potential in the future environmentally-friendly fuels. For these reasons, butanol is under consideration to replace ethanol as an alternative fuel to gasoline especially as a gasoline blending bio-component. Therefore, this paper is focusing on the assessment of the influence of butanol addition to gasoline on harmful deposit formation in a various generation of spark ignition engine. Currently, only few research papers had discussed in very general this very important problem. Engine tests of various butanol blends with

Stepien, Zbigniew

High-Speed Imaging Study on the Effects of Internal Geometry on High-Pressure Gasoline Sprays

2020-01-211109/15/2020

High-pressure gasoline injection can improve combustion efficiency and lower engine-out emissions; however, the spray characteristics of high-pressure gasoline (>500 bar) are not well known. Effects of different injector nozzle geometry on high-pressure gasoline sprays were studied using a constant volume chamber. Five nozzles with controlled internal flow features including differences in nozzle inlet rounding, conicity, and outlet diameter were investigated. Reference grade gasoline was injected at fuel pressures of 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 bar. The chamber pressure was varied using nitrogen at ambient temperature and pressures of 1, 5, 10, and 20 bar. Spray development was recorded using diffuse backlit shadowgraph imaging methods. The results extracted to describe the spray development included spray tip penetration distance, spray tip penetration rate, and spray angle and include comparisons of the effects of operating conditions and injector geometry variants on spray

Medina, Mario, Zhou, Yichen, Fatouraie, Mohammad, Wooldridge, Margaret

Simulative Assessment of Injectors Placement and the Thermodynamic Effects of Gasoline Injection and Combustion in a Direct Dual Injection System

2020-01-205409/15/2020

The paper concerns the analysis of the combustion and exhaust emission phenomena in a direct gasoline dual injection system of a SI engine for various symmetrical injector placement parameters in the combustion chamber. Achieving a good combustion process is shaped by the direct fuel injection process, whose parameters vary. The novel direct injection system, which deploys two direct injectors mounted symmetrically, was subjected to this simulative research. This article focuses on the aspect of spatial and angular position of injectors in order to perform injection and achieve fuel combustion. The injector's pseudo-optimal location has been presented along with several changed positions (3 values of injector inset: 0, 1 and 2 mm, 3 values of injector distance from the cylinder axis: 16, 17, 18 mm and 3 values of angle between injector and the cylinder axis: 42.5, 45 and 47.5 degrees - 27 combinations altogether). The research was conducted as a simulation experiment using AVL FIRE

Sidorowicz, Maciej, Pielecha, Ireneusz

An Experimental Investigation on Aldehyde and Methane Emissions from Hydrous Ethanol and Gasoline Fueled SI Engine

2020-01-204709/15/2020

Use of ethanol as gasoline replacement can contribute to the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon oxide (CO) emissions. Depending on ethanol production, significant reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions is possible. Concentration of certain species, such as unburned ethanol and acetaldehyde in the engine-out emissions are known to rise when ratio of ethanol to gasoline increases in the fuel. This research explores on hydrous ethanol fueled port-fuel injection (PFI) spark ignition (SI) engine emissions that contribute to photochemical formation of ozone, or so-called ozone precursors and the precursor of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs). The results are compared to engine operation on gasoline. Concentration obtained by FTIR gas analyzer, and mass-specific emissions of formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde (MeCHO) and methane (CH4) under two engine speed, four load and two spark advance settings are analyzed and presented. Combustion phasing results based on in-cylinder pressure

Gailis, Maris, Pirs, Vilnis, Jansons, Marcis, Birzietis, Gints, Dukulis, Ilmars

Numerical Investigation on GDI Spray under High Injection Pressure up to 100 MPa

2020-01-210809/15/2020

In recent years, the increase of gasoline fuel injection pressure is a way to improve thermal efficiency and lower engine-out emissions in GDI homogenous combustion concept. The challenge of controlling particulate formation as well in mass and number concentrations imposed by emissions regulations can be pursued improving the mixture preparation process and avoiding mixture inhomogeneity with ultra-high injection pressure values up to 100 MPa. The increase of the fuel injection pressure in GDI homogeneous systems meets the demand for increased injector static flow, while simultaneously improves the spray atomization and mixing characteristics with consequent better combustion performance. Few studies quantify the effects of high injection pressure on transient gasoline spray evolution. The aim of this work was to simulate with OpenFOAM the spray morphology of a commercial gasoline injected in a constant volume vessel by a prototypal GDI injector. Different operating conditions were

Migliaccio, Marianna, Montanaro, Alessandro, Lucchini, Tommaso, Allocca, Luigi, Paredi, Davide

Surrogate Fuel Formulation to Improve the Dual-Mode Dual-Fuel Combustion Operation at Different Operating Conditions

2020-01-207309/15/2020

Dual-mode dual-fuel combustion is a promising combustion concept to achieve the required emissions and CO2 reductions imposed by the next standards. Nonetheless, the fuel formulation requirements are stricter than for the single-fuel combustion concepts as the combustion concept relies on the reactivity of two different fuels. This work investigates the effect of the low reactivity fuel sensitivity (S=RON-MON) and the octane number at different operating conditions representative of the different combustion regimes found during the dual-mode dual-fuel operation. For this purpose, experimental tests were performed using a PRF 95 with three different sensitivities (S0, S5 and S10) at operating conditions of 25% load/950 rpm, 50%/1800 rpm and 100%/2200 rpm. Moreover, air sweeps varying ±10% around a reference air mass were performed at 25%/1800 rpm and 50%/1800 rpm. Conventional diesel fuel was used as high reactivity fuel in all the cases. Moreover, commercial 95 RON gasoline was used as

Benajes, Jesus, Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Sari, Rafael

Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on PN and SPN Emissions in a GDI Engine

2020-01-219909/15/2020

To characterize the effects of renewable fuels on particulate emissions from GDI engines, engine experiments were conducted using EN228-compliant gasoline fuel blends containing no oxygenates, 10% ethanol (EtOH), or 22% ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). The experiments were conducted in a single cylinder GDI engine using a 6-hole fuel injector operated at 200 bar injection pressure. Both PN in raw exhaust and solid PN (SPN) were measured at two load points and various start of injection (SOI) timings. Raw PN and SPN results were classified into various size ranges, corresponding to current and future legislations. At early SOI timings, where particulate formation is dominated by diffusion flames on the piston due to liquid film, the oxygenated blends yielded dramatically higher PN and SPN emissions than reference gasoline because of fuel effects. For particulates >23 nm and with optimized SOI timing, the use of oxygenated blends significantly increases SPN and conversely decreases raw PN

Etikyala, Sreelekha, Koopmans, Lucien, Dahlander, Petter

Prediction of Ternary Gasoline Composition Using Light and Heavy Alcohols to Reduce Fuel Consumption and Meet Emission Standards

2020-01-212509/15/2020

It is widely believed that fuel components of spark-ignition engines are mainly light alcohols. In order to change this state of affairs, it was assumed that it is possible to create fuel mixtures with heavy alcohols or light and heavy alcohols together, obtaining in latter case alternative ternary fuels. The hypothesis was adopted that such a fuel blend may contain any proportion of individual components. The truth of the hypothesis was demonstrated by preparing a number of mixtures of isooctane with ethyl and butyl alcohol, which were homogeneous and did not stratify even after prolonged storage. The research methodology adopted in this study is based on the assumption that composition of ternary fuels should be consistent with the relevant design of experiment, while assessment of the impact of composition on engine parameters should be made by operating a multi-equation mathematical model, and each of these equations, as a sub-model, must be statistically verified. Boundary

Sroka, Zbigniew Jan, Ahmed, Hussein, Sitnik, Lech, Gorniak, Aleksander, Skrętowicz, Maria, Magdziak-Tokłowicz, Monika

Lean-Burn Stratified Alcohol Fuels Engines of Power Density up to 475 kW/Liter Featuring Super-Turbocharging, Rotary Valves, Direct Injection, and Jet Ignition

2020-01-203609/15/2020

Direct injection (DI) and jet ignition (JI), plus assisted turbocharging, have been demonstrated to deliver high efficiency, high power density positive ignition (PI) internal combustion engines (ICEs) with gasoline. Peak efficiency above 50% and power density of 340 kW/liter at the 15,000 rpm revolution limiter working overall λ=1.45 have been report-ed. Here we explore the further improvement in power density that may be obtained by replacing gasoline with ethanol or methanol, thanks to the higher octane number and the larger latent heat of vaporization, which translates in an increased resistance to knock, and permits to have larger compression ratios. Results of simulations are proposed for a numerical engine that uses rotary valves rather than poppet valves, while also using mechanical, rather than electric, assisted turbocharging. While with gasoline, the power density is 410-420 kW/liter, the use of oxygenates permits to achieve up to 475 kW/liter working with methanol.

Boretti, Alberto

Items per page:

1 – 50 of 1345