Browse Topic: Gasoline

Items (636)

Statistical Analysis of Data Acquired from Propagating Flames in Gasoline Engines Using a Multiple Ion Probe

2024-32-003504/18/2025

Multiple-ion-probe method consists of multiple ion probes placed on the combustion chamber wall, where each individual ion probe detects flame contact and records the time of contact. From the recorded data, it is also possible to indirectly visualize the inside of the combustion chamber, for example, as a motion animation of moving flame front. In this study, a thirty-two ion probes were used to record flames propagating in a two-stroke gasoline engine. The experiment recorded the combustion state in the engine for about 3 seconds under full load at about 6500 rpm, and about 300 cycles were recorded in one experiment. Twelve experiments were conducted under the same experimental conditions, and a total of 4,164 cycles of signal data were obtained in the twelve experiments. Two types of analysis were performed on this data: statistical analysis and machine learning analysis using a linear regression model. Statistical analysis calculated the average flame detection time and standard

Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okahira, Takehiro, Nagashige, Kohei

Impact of Ordinal Proximity of Frequency Components on the Auditory Perception of Engine Knocking

2024-32-003204/18/2025

This study examines the acoustic properties of engine-knocking sounds in gasoline engines, arising from misfires during spark ignition that negatively affect driving performance. The aim was to understand the frequency characteristics of acceleration sounds and their connection to the proximity of the order components. The study also explores “booming,” where two different frequencies of sounds occur simultaneously, potentially linked to the unpleasant nature of engine knocking. Using a sinusoidal model, we generated engine acceleration sound models with 5th-, 10th-, and 15th-order components, including engine knocking. Two types of sound stimuli were created: one with the original amplitude (OA) and one with a constant amplitude (CA) for each component order, emphasizing the order-component proximity in CA sounds. Aural experiments with 10 participants in an anechoic room using headphones and the MUSHRA method revealed an inverse relationship between OA and CA ratings as the component

Suzuki, Ryuhei, Ishimitsu, Shunsuke, Nitta, Misaki, Sakakibara, Mika, Hakozaki, Tomoyuki, Fujikawa, Satoshi, Iwata, Kiyoaki, Matsumoto, Mitsunori, Kikuchi, Masakazu

Investigation on the Applicability of Passive Type Pre-Chamber with One Port Fuel Injection System to Small Gasoline Engines

2024-32-003304/18/2025

Pre-chamber combustion has been applied as a method of low fuel consumption in spark ignition engines, and in recent years the application of pre-chambers to gasoline engines has also been actively studied. In many gasoline engines, stoichiometric combustion is common. We decided that a passive type pre-chamber with only one port fuel injection is sufficient for stoichiometric combustion. The pre-chamber system relatively has two merits of lower cost and ease of installing than other prechamber systems. Therefore, we focused on investigating the effects of improving combustion speed and knock resistance in use of the passive type pre-chamber and the applicability of the pre-chamber system in various operating points. As the concrete approach, we evaluated the heat balance and the knock resistance with and without a pre-chamber in engine bench test. As a result, the knock resistance and the fuel consumption were improved. In addition, as a result of considering lean burn in the passive

Nakao, Yoshinori, Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Suzuki, Tomoharu

The Sky’s the Limit... Except for Fuel

LIFTOFF202411/08/2024

Oxygen and Petrol

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Dynamic Spark Advance Technology for Gasoline Fuel Blends

2024-26-007401/16/2024

Fuel efficiency is one of the most important customer requirement in Indian market as well as very crucial to meet the upcoming regulation like CAFÉ for Indian Automotive manufacturers. Most of the technology changes to meet this challenge, always come with a cost penalty with hardware addition. To counter the above challenge, we identified a strategy in the EMS software, without any hardware change, that will dynamically adapt the spark timing based on fuel quality. This strategy has resulted in fuel efficiency improvement on MIDC as well as on-road as per customer driving pattern. Going forward the availability of Ethanol Blended Fuels are going to increase multifold, to take advantage of this, the dynamic spark advance strategy has been proposed in this paper. This paper elaborates on the work done to develop and validate the EMS Strategy as well as the test results with different Ethanol Fuel Blends.

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Kavekar, Pratap, Suna, Bhagyashree, Agarwal, Nishant, Shaikh, Wasim

A comparative study of ethanol and methanol blends on performance and emissions on BSIV and BSVI class of vehicles

2024-26-007301/16/2024

The quest for alternate fuels has led many researchers to evaluate various alcohols as an immediate substitute for gasoline. Among the alcohols, ethanol has received a lot of popularity as it can be produced from biomass feeds such as sugarcane and corn. Several countries have made it mandatory to blend at least 10% of ethanol in gasoline. However, the source of feedstock for ethanol production is posing a threat to food security. In order to restrain this problem, a few countries are promoting the use of methanol as an alternative fuel. Methanol can be obtained by processing naturally available biomass resources, much of which is waste material. Methanol-gasoline blends have been found to have a high octane number, good performance and lower carbon emissions, making it an excellent alternative fuel for engines. In the present study, a comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the performance and emissions from unmodified vehicles using lower concentrations (up to 20%) of

Teja, Ravi, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M

Optimization of HEV Vehicle’s Engine Modulated Noise

2025-01-008405/05/2023

One 1.5L Miller-cycle turbocharged four cylinder gasoline hybrid engine is installed on a certain hybrid vehicle. When accelerating at low to medium speeds with a small throttle, there is a "da da" knocking noise inside the car, which seriously affects the overall sound quality of the vehicle. By analyzing the vibration and noise data of the engine, it was found that the frequency of the abnormal knocking sound is 200-1000Hz, which presents a half order characteristic in the time domain, that is, one knocking occurs when the engine crankshaft rotates twice. Through Hilbert demodulation analysis of the vibration data in the problem frequency range, it was found that the knocking noise was modulated in the frequency domain, with a modulation frequency of half of the crankshaft rotation frequency. By building a fully flexible multi-body dynamic model of a hybrid powertrain and inputting the engine's cylinder pressure excitation, the combustion excitation is coupled with mechanical

A prediction model of octane number loss based on neural network

2022-01-018103/29/2022

The octane number is the most important indicator of motor petrol, and the petrol refining process is one of the important links in petrol production. The prediction of the octane loss number of petrol during the refining process is helpful to the improvement of petrol refining process and the processing of petrol. The traditional octane number prediction method relied on physical and chemical properties, and did not fully consider the high nonlinearity and strong coupling relationship of the petrol refining process.There is a lack of data-driven octane loss models. This paper studies the construction of the octane loss model in the petrol refining process. The main innovation is to use frequency statistics to summarize the operating range of data variables and preprocess the dataset, and use the variance selection method to filter out some invalid variables, then use the multi-dimensional association analysis to select 27 main operating variables in the next step. Finally, a neural

yang, Gang, Zhang, Sumin, Li, Shuai, Li, Wenju

Analysis of the Piston Group Friction in a Single-Cylinder Gasoline Engine when Operated with Synthetic Fuel DMC/MeFo

2022-01-058603/29/2022

Synthetic fuels for internal combustion engines offer CO2-neutral mobility if produced in a closed-carbon-cycle using renewable energies. Oxygenated fuels such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MeFo) have great potential to replace gasoline in SI engines. In this study, a mixture of 65 % DMC and 35 % MeFo (C65F35) was used in a single-cylinder research engine to determine friction losses of the piston group using the floating-liner-method. The results were benchmarked against gasoline. Compared to gasoline, the density of C65F35 is almost 40 % higher, but its mass-based heating value (LHV) is 2.8 times lower. Hence, more fuel must be injected to reach the same engine load as in a conventional gasoline engine, leading to an increased cooling effect. To determine this effect, the temperatures of the cylinder liner and piston of the research engine were measured. Depending on the load point, friction losses were reduced by up to 12 % compared to gasoline operation. Although

Binder, Jürgen, Krecker, Oleg, Kraus, Christoph, Jaensch, Malte, Wachtmeister, Georg

Benefits of Octane-On-Demand in an E10-Gasoline Engine Vehicle Using an On-Board Fuel Separator

2022-01-050603/29/2022

Knock in gasoline engines at higher loads is a significant constraint on torque and efficiency. The anti-knock property of a fuel is closely related to its research octane number (RON). Ethanol has superior RON compared to gasoline and thus has been commonly used to blend with gasoline in commercial fuels. As a result, an onboard Octane-on-demand (OOD) concept that separates commercial gasoline with ethanol content into high-octane fuel with high ethanol fraction and a lower octane remainder has been developed. It then uses both fuels in varying proportion to provide to the engine a fuel blend with just enough RON to meet the ever changing octane requirement that depends on driving pattern. In this work, the authors assessed the OOD concept on a state-of-art high-efficiency SI engine in three tasks: (1) Comparison of performance characteristics of an up-to-date reference engine coupled with cylinder deactivation (CDA) system, with a similar OOD engine. (2) Study of the performance of

Chen, Yu, Kasseris, Emmanuel, Heywood, John, Han, Donghee, Kim, Jaeheun, Lee, Kwanhee, Kang, Hyunjin, Zhou, Jinsheng, Mizuno, Kazuhiko, Seitz, Scott, Kim, Seongju, Min, Seungbae, Peters, Nathan, Subramanyam, Sai Krishna P., Bunce, Michael

Modeling of gasoline particulate filter regeneration: sensitivity of numerical solutions

2022-01-067903/29/2022

Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) engine technology improves vehicle fuel economy toward future targets and simultaneously decreases CO2 emissions. The main drawback of this technology is the increased emission of particulates (when compared to their indirect injection-based technology counterpart). Thus, aftertreatment devices such as Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) are today considered the most promising and practically adoptable solution to limit PM/PN out of GDI exhaust. The particulate filter traps soot particles resulting from fuel combustion and prevents their release into the atmosphere. Soot oxidation (also known as regeneration) is required at regular intervals to clean the filter, maintain a consistent soot trapping efficiency, and avoid the formation of soot plugs in the GPF channel. In this paper, starting from a multiphysics GPF model accounting for mass, momentum, and energy transport developed in our laboratory, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to choose the best

Levine, Kelsey, Pozzato, Gabriele, Onori, Simona

G Index: a novel knock detection method that is simpler and calibration-free

2022-01-057703/29/2022

Ever restrictive emissions legislations and fuel efficiency targets have been posing challenges for engine development. Knocking is aloways a limiting factor for spark-ignited engines and has to be tighly controlled during the development phase. There are several methods that address how to detect and measure its occurense. They often require complex calculations with high computational costs that limit them only to laboratorial operation. Moreover, they are often calibrated with subjective factors, for each engine. Thus, this paper offers a novel process that is simpler and does not require previous calibration, called G Index. It is based on the angular position of the peak of maximum pressure rise rate and its relation to the 50% mass fraction burn angular possition. The results showed that there is a locus of knock-free operation with GI between -10 and 0. Higher values lead to a sudden jump towards a locus of knocking operation with GI between 6-10, where the thermodynamic state

Martins, Mario Eduardosantos

Using multiple ignition sites and pressure sensing devices to determine the effect of air-fuel equivalence ratio on the morphology of knocking combustion

2022-01-052403/29/2022

Knocking combustion inherently presents an interaction between main flame front and end gas autoignition. Conventionally, it generates a high amplitude pressure wave traveling across the chamber, can be responsible for reducing the performance of the engine and can cause heavy damage to engine components. In order to study the phenomenon in a controllable way, experiments were performed on a specialized single-cylinder research engine fitted with a liner equipped with four equi-spaced spark plugs in the side so as to propagate various flames from those locations, and hence achieve more controlled knock events. In addition, six pressure transducers were employed at distinct locations to precisely record details of the autoignition event by monitoring pressure oscillations, and with them combustion characteristics and knock intensity. Four of the six transducers were mounted on the circumference of the liner (each next to one of the spark plugs), one was placed at the center of the

Uddeen, Kalim, Shi, Hao, Tang, Qinglong, Turner, James

Development and validation of an EHN mechanism for fundamental and applied chemistry studies

2022-01-054603/29/2022

Autoignition enhancing additives have been used for years to enhance the ignition quality of diesel fuel, with 2-ethylexyl nitrate (EHN) being the most common additive. EHN also enhances the autoignition reactivity of gasoline, which has advantages for some low-temperature combustion techniques, such as Sandia’s Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) with Additive-Mixing Fuel Injection (AMFI). LTGC-AMFI is a new high-efficiency and low-emissions engine combustion process based on supplying a small, variable amount of EHN into the fuel for better engine operation and control. However, the mechanism by which EHN interacts with the fuel remains unclear. In this work, a chemical-kinetic mechanism for EHN was developed and implemented in a detailed mechanism for gasoline fuels. The combined mechanism was validated against shock-tube experiments with EHN-doped n-heptane and HCCI engine data for EHN-doped regular E10 gasoline. Simulations showed a very good match with experiments. EHN

Lopez Pintor, Dario, Dec, John

Describing the Auto-Ignition Quality in Small, Air Cooled, Two Stroke Engines

2022-32-006301/09/2022

Auto-ignition quality is one of the most important properties in gasoline. Auto-ignition quality is today described by the Motor Octane Number (MON) and the Research Octane Number (RON). For modern, light duty, gasoline engines it has been quite well established that RON is the most accurate number. However, no study has been performed on hand held forest and garden products, such as chainsaws. Is the auto-ignition quality best described in the same way for these engines as for light duty engines? In this paper, a matrix of six different fuels with different combinations of MON and RON values were tested on a Husqvarna 550 XP Mark II, a modern air cooled, sequential stratified scavenging 2-stroke chainsaw engine. Ignition timing sweeps were performed and knock limited spark advance (KLSA) were calculated. Then the data has been analyzed with a multi-variate analysis of KLSA against both MON and RON to try to determine how MON and RON should be combined to best describe the anti-knock

Risberg, Per, Elm, Thomas, Bergman, Mikael, Hellquist, Fredrik, Karvo, Anna, Tripathi, Rupali

A Unique Methodology to Improve the Clutch Pedal Characteristics of a Compact Sports Utility vehicle

2021-28-024310/01/2021

Clutch characteristics play a vital role in ensuring a smooth and comfortable customer experience of any vehicle. The expectation is to have an optimized clutch pedal effort, reduced pedal travel, adequate modulation zone and a smooth and quick pedal returnability. However, achieving all these customer requirements is extremely challenging in some cases. In the present work, the authors discuss on improving the clutch pedal characteristics of a compact sports utility vehicle (SUV by adapting a unique approach of combining a dual torsion spring (DTS) and a return spring (RS). DTS is widely used in the clutch pedal to improve the pre-load at zero travel (1.5 kg to 2.0 kg) to improve the pedal returnability in the free-play zone. Moreover, it is also quite helpful to reduce the peak pedal effort by giving a positive assistance. However, the introduction of DTS would also bring down the pedal effort (pedal holding force) at the end of the travel affecting the pedal returnability at the

Vellandi, Vikraman, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj

Case Study on Gasoline Electric Range Extender as a Powertrain Solution for Small Commercial Goods & Passenger Carrier Vehicles in India

2021-26-015809/22/2021

Case Study on Gasoline Electric Range Extender as a Powertrain Solution for Small Commercial Goods & Passenger Carrier Vehicles in India

Emran, Ashraf, vaishnav, Meghana, Lodha, Gaurav, Sharma, Vijay

Development of an Intake Valve Deposit Test with a GM LE9 2.4L Engine

2021-01-118609/21/2021

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certifies gasoline deposit control additives for intake valve deposit (IVD) control by means of ASTM D5500, a vehicle test using a1985 BMW 318i vehicle equipped with a 1.8L I-4 port fuel injected engine. Concerns with the age of the test fleet, its relevance in the market today, and the availability of replacement parts led the American Chemistry Council’s (ACC) Fuel Additive Task Group (FATG) to begin a program to develop a replacement test. General Motors suggested developing a replacement test using a 2.4L LE9 test engine mounted on a dynamometer and committed to support the engine until 2030. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI®) was contracted to run the development program in four Phases. In Phase I, the engine test stand was configured and a test fuel was selected. In Phase II, a series of tests were run to identify a cycle that would build an acceptable level of deposits on un-additized base fuel. In Phase III, the resultant test

Shoffner, Brent, Cloud, Brandon, Kulinowski, Alexander, Hayden, Thomas, Stevens, Colleen

Evaluation and Comparison of Performance, Combustion characteristic, NOx and Particle Emission of JP-8, Gasoline and Diesel fuels in a Military Heavy duty 38.8 liters Compression Ignition Diesel Injection Engine Applying with EGR

2021-01-118309/21/2021

Global emissions and stringent emission legislations have compelled us to search for alternative fuels for heavy-duty diesel engines. Evaluating the effect of JP-8 and gasoline on heavy-duty diesel engine performance and emissions is important for military combat vehicles under the "multi-fuel strategy program". Performance and fuel economy penalties are well established with the operation of a heavy-duty diesel engine with JP-8 and gasoline. Experimental studies have also suggested that JP-8 and gasoline have great potential for lowering NOx emissions. In the presented experimental study, the impact of using JP-8 and gasoline was evaluated on a military heavy-duty diesel engine. Engine combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions, especially NOx and nanoparticle emissions, were evaluated. All these parameters were compared for diesel, JP-8 and gasoline fuels by applying 7% EGR with supercharging at different load conditions for a heavy-duty, 12-cylinder, 580 kW, and 38.8

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Varghese, Anil, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C

Investigations into the Effects of Spark Plug Location on Knock Initiation by using Multiple Pressure Transducers

2021-01-115909/21/2021

Despite a long history of development, modern spark-ignition engines are still restricted in obtaining higher thermal efficiency and better performance by knock. Knocking combustion is an unnatural combustion phenomenon caused by the autoignition of unburned air-fuel mixture ahead of the propagating flame front. This work describes investigations into the significance of spark plug location (with respect to inlet and exhaust valve position) on the knock formation mechanism. To facilitate the investigation, four spark plugs were installed in a specialized liner at four equispaced distinct locations to propagate flames from those locations, which provoked a distinct flame travel from each and thus individual autoignition profiles. Six pressure transducers were arranged to precisely record the pressure oscillations, knock intensities, and combustion characteristics. Four of the six transducers were mounted on the circumference of the liner (each next to one of the spark plugs), one was

Uddeen, Kalim, Shi, Hao, Tang, Qinglong, Turner, James

Evolution and Future Development of Vehicle Fuel Specification in China

2021-01-120109/21/2021

Fuel quality has a significant influence on the combustion engine operation. In recent years the increasing concerns about environmental protection, energy saving, energy security and the requirements of protecting fuel injection and aftertreatment systems have been major driving forces for the Chinese fuel specification evolution. The major property changes in the evolution of Chinese national gasoline and diesel standards are introduced and the reasons behind these changes are analyzed in this paper. The gasoline fuel development from State I to State VI-B involved a decrease of sulfur, manganese, olefins, aromatics and benzene content. The diesel fuel quality improvement from State I to State VI included achieving low sulfur fuels and a cetane number (CN) increase. Provincial fuel standards, stricter than corresponding national standards, were implemented in economically developed areas in the past. Currently only Beijing is still implementing regional standards with national

Guo, Zexian, Liu, Zemin, Shuai, Shijin

Comparison of Promising Sustainable C1-Fuels Methanol, Dimethyl Carbonate, and Methyl Formate in a DISI Single Cylinder Light Vehicle Gasoline Engine

2021-01-120409/21/2021

On the way to a climate-neutral mobility synthetic fuels with their potential of a CO2-neutral production are currently in the focus of the internal combustion research. In this study the C1-fuels methanol (MeOH), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl formate (MeFo) are tested as pure C1-fuels mixtures and as blends component for gasoline. The study was performed on a single-cylinder engine in two configurations, thermodynamic and optical. As pure C1-fuels the already investigated DMC/MeFo mixture is compared with a mixture of MeOH/MeFo. DMC is replaced by MeOH, because of its benefits in laminar flame speed, ignition limits and production costs. MeOH/MeFo shows benefits in particle number (PN) emissions at a cooling water temperature of 40°C and in high load operating points. But reversed an increase of 60% in NOx emissions related to DMC/MeFo was observed in hot engine conditions. Both mixtures show no sensitivity in PN emissions for rich combustions. Neither triggered by a global

Blochum, Sebastian, Fellner, Felix, Mühlthaler, Markus, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg, Yoneya, Naoki, Sauerland, Henning

Misfire Behavior and Mitigations of Passive Pre-chambers at Low-Load Operation in an Optically Accessible Gasoline Engine

03-15-03-001609/14/2021

An experiment has been developed to investigate the passive pre-chamber jet ignition process in gasoline engine configurations and low-load operating conditions. The apparatus adopted a modified 4-cylinder 2.0L gasoline engine to enable single-cylinder operation. To reduce the complexity, the piston position was fixed at a predefined position relative to the top dead center (TDC) to simulate thermodynamic conditions at ignition and injection timings. High-speed Infrared (IR) imaging was applied to visualize the jet penetration and ignition process inside the main cylinder and to investigate the cyclic spatial variability. Two passive pre-chambers with different total nozzle areas and numbers of nozzles were used. In addition, the pre-chamber volume and pressure at ignition timing were varied to examine their effect on jet ignition performance. Misfire behavior was observed in the main chamber of all test cases, and the results suggested that the main cause is a high Residual Mass

Lee, Dong Eun, Swanson, Christopher, Yu, Xin, Qiao, Li

Experimental evaluation of a custom gasoline-like blend designed to simultaneously improve φ-sensitivity, RON and octane sensitivity.

2020-01-113604/14/2020

φ-sensitivity is a fuel characteristic that has important benefits for the operation and control of low-temperature gasoline combustion (LTGC) engines. However, regular gasoline is only weakly φ–sensitive at naturally aspirated conditions, so intake boosting is required to take advantage of this property. Thus, there is strong motivation for designing gasoline-like blends that improve φ–sensitivity and simultaneously increase RON and octane sensitivity, to improve performance for LTGC and modern SI engines. In a previous study [SAE 2019-01-0961], a 5-component regulation-compliant fuel blend (CB#1) was computationally designed; and simulations showed promising results compared to regular E10 gasoline (RD5-87). The current study experimentally evaluates CB#1 in a LTGC research engine, and the results are compared to RD5-87. For premixed naturally aspirated conditions, the intake heating required to autoignite CB#1 was similar to RD5-87, ensuring that CB#1 can operate under these

Lopez Pintor, Dario, Dec, John, Gentz, Gerald

Detailed Chemistry based Analysis of the Water Effect on Auto-Ignition of different Octane Number Fuels

2020-01-055104/14/2020

Water injection can be applied to spark ignited (SI) gasoline engines to increase the Knock Limit Spark Advance (KLSA) and improve the thermal efficiency. The KLSA potential of 6°CA to 11°CA is shown by many research groups for EN228 gasoline fuel using numerical tools and experimental methods. The influence of water is multi-layered since it reduces the in-cylinder temperature by vaporization and higher heat capacity of the fresh gas, it changes the chemical equilibrium in the end gas and prolongs the ignition delay and laminar flame speed. The aim of this work is to extend the investigation of water injection to different octane number fuels (RON0, RON20, RON50, RON80, RON90 and RON100). The investigation is performed for high load operating conditions at three different engine speeds at 1500rpm, 2000rpm and 2500rpm. The numerical toolbox used for the analysis consists of a detailed reaction scheme for gasoline fuels that was previously used to evaluate the water effect on

Franken, Tim, Seidel, Lars, Matrisciano, Andrea, Mauss, Fabian, Kulzer, André C., Schuerg, Frank

1D Numerical and Experimental Investigations of an Ultralean Pre-Chamber Engine

03-13-02-001211/19/2019

Abstract In recent years, lean-burn gasoline Spark-Ignition (SI) engines have been a major subject of investigations. With this solution, in fact, it is possible to simultaneously reduce NOx raw emissions and fuel consumption due to decreased heat losses, higher thermodynamic efficiency, and enhanced knock resistance. However, the real applicability of this technique is strongly limited by the increase in cyclic variation and the occurrence of misfire, which are typical for the combustion of homogeneous lean air/fuel mixtures. The employment of a Pre-Chamber (PC), in which the combustion begins before proceeding in the main combustion chamber, has already shown the capability of significantly extending the lean-burn limit. In this work, the potential of an ultralean PC SI engine for a decisive improvement of the thermal efficiency is presented by means of numerical and experimental analyses. The SI engine is experimentally investigated with and without the employment of the PC with the

Bozza, Fabio, De Bellis, Vincenzo, Tufano, Daniela, Malfi, Enrica, Müller, Christoph, Habermann, Knut

C919 Trailing Edge Assembly Interchangeable Tooling

2019-01-188009/16/2019

Traditional Trailing Edge (TE) assembly that utilise fixtures for accurate positioning of aircraft (a/c) parts do not allow for removal of specific tooling from the fixtures to travel with the TE, post assembly. Instead, the tooling that positions all the primary a/c assembly datums generally utilise precision pins of various sizes that index and clamp the a/c ribs. Often it is difficult to remove the pins post assembly before the spar can be taken out of the fixture. Use of hammers is common place to hit pins out of holes which is less than ideal considering the a/c parts can be fragile and the tooling is precision set. Also, the Main Assembly Fixture (MAJ) that will receive the TE will inevitably need to relocate some if not all the primary a/c ribs and therefore will most likely be subject to some amount of persuasion. Electroimpact have for many years used cup cone locators that allows static tooling to be temporarily ‘loosened’ and therefore made more compliant for pin insertion

Knock and Pre-Ignition Limits on Utilization of Ethanol in Octane-on-Demand Concept

2019-24-010809/09/2019

Octane-on-Demand (OoD) is a promising technology for reducing greenhouse emissions from automobiles. The concept utilizes a low-octane fuel for low and mid load operating conditions, and a high-octane additive is added at high load operating conditions. Researchers have focused on the minimum ethanol content required for operating at high load conditions when the low-octane fuel becomes knock limited. However, it is also widely known that ethanol has a high tendency to pre-ignite, which has been linked with its high laminar flame speed and surface ignition tendency. Moreover, ethanol has a lower stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, requiring a larger injected fuel mass per cycle. A larger fuel mass increases the potential for oil dilution by the liquid fuel, creating precursors for pre-ignition. Hence, the limits on ethanol addition owing to pre-ignition also need consideration before the technology can be implemented. In this regard, experiments were performed using light naphtha (RON 68

Singh, Eshan, Morganti, Kai, Dibble, Robert

Nominal High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Waveforms

TBMG-3487008/01/2019

Even before the Trinity nuclear test in July of 1945, physicists predicted a transient electromagnetic signal would be caused by high-energy photons released from the detonation interacting with the air around the detonation. Predictions of these signals were difficult to make due to the complexity of the physics unleashed by the detonation.

Nominal High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Waveforms

19AERP08_0808/01/2019

Calculating the characteristics of high-altitude electromagnetic pulses created by the detonation of a nuclear device. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia Even before the Trinity nuclear test in July of 1945, physicists predicted a transient electromagnetic signal would be caused by high-energy photons released from the detonation interacting with the air around the detonation. Predictions of these signals were difficult to make due to the complexity of the physics unleashed by the detonation. Post-World War II, there was a period of active atmospheric nuclear testing until 1962, during which measurements of these signals were made in order to understand the phenomena that were previously largely viewed as an annoyance and impediment to other instrumentation. The name “electromagnetic pulse” (EMP) began to be used to refer to these signals.

Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Propan-2-ol and Gasoline Fuel Blends in an Unmodified Spark Ignition Engine

2019-01-079304/02/2019

In view of the rapid depletion, increasing prices and uneven distribution of conventional petroleum fuels; the interest in the use of alternative fuels has increased exponentially. Fuels such as biodiesel & alcohol have been evaluated both at experimental and commercial scale due to improved emission characteristics as compared to conventional fuels. Alcohols are oxygenated and result in improving the engine performance. As a blend with conventional gasoline, the alcohols enhance the premixed and diffusive combustion phase which improves the combustion efficiency. The present investigation evaluates studies on stability and homogeneity along with physicochemical properties like density, viscosity, calorific value, copper-strip corrosion and solubility at room temperature of Propan-2-ol and gasoline blends. Comprehensive engine trials on unmodified petrol engine fuelled with blends of Propan-2-ol and gasoline blends in the proportions of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by volume have been conducted

Kumar, Naveen, Jain, Shikhar, Bagla, Aakriti, Sharma, Shivalika, Tomar, Mukul

Hewing Out Evacuation Routes for Burning Buses by Linear-Shaped Charge Jet

09-07-01-000201/25/2019

In recent years, several buses have ignited in some cities in China, causing numerous deaths and significant property damage. However, few research studies have been conducted to deal with such accidents. Therefore, in this work, a linear-shaped charge jet with rectangular cross sections was used to hew out evacuation routes for burning buses, and the parameter design for the shaped charge jet was improved according to asymmetry limitations and human tolerance. A numerical finite element simulation model of the behavior of a jet penetrating the jambs was established using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The asymmetrical characteristics of an arc segment in the structure of a rectangular-shaped charge were analyzed, in addition to the influence on the deviations of the jet penetration capacity and blast injuries to occupants caused by the side effects of detonation. Furthermore, overlooking the risks posed to bystanders by the process of hewing out evacuation routes, the calculation results

Fu, Yanshu, Zhang, Chaoyang

A Parametric Study of the Flammability of Dieseline Blends with and without Ethanol

01/15/2019

Abstract Low Temperature Combustion using compression ignition may provide high efficiency combined with low emissions of oxides of nitrogen and soot. This process is facilitated by fuels with lower cetane number than standard diesel fuel. Mixtures of gasoline and diesel (“dieseline”) may be one way of achieving this; however, a gasoline/diesel mixture in a fuel tank can result in a flammable headspace, particularly at very cold ambient temperatures. A mathematical model to predict the flammability of dieseline blends, including those containing ethanol, was previously validated. In this paper, that model is used to study the flammability of dieseline blends parametrically. Gasolines used in the simulations had Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent (DVPE) values of 45, 60, 75, 90 and 110 kPa. Simulations were carried out for dieseline blends containing ethanol with two types of specifications - a fixed ethanol volume percent in the dieseline blend (0-50% ethanol), or blends containing

FAY, THOS. J.

Regulation vs. Field Data: Managing Fuel Quality

2019-26-015701/09/2019

Unlike in the aviation and marine sector, fuel specification in the on-road transportation sector are varied depending on the countries. Globally, the countries are going towards ultra-low sulfur fuels. In developed countries including in EU and the U.S., ultra-low sulfur fuels have been used since 2005-2006. In Asia, Japan lead the region with less than 10 ppm sulfur fuels introduced into the market in January 2005. More than a decade later, fuels with high sulfur content are still sold in most countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Pacific. Facing pressure from environmentalists, these countries are focusing on sulfur reduction in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their vehicle emission standards. On the other hand, in more advanced countries where they already have the cleanest possible conventional fuels, alternative fuels vehicles including electric vehicles are getting more attentions. Governments of

Nurafiatin, Lucky

Diminishing Benefits of Federal Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) Compared to Conventional Gasoline (CG)

04-12-01-000112/20/2018

The Federal reformulated gasoline (RFG) program originated with the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments to address high ozone and air toxics levels in major urban areas. These areas include portions of 17 states and represent approximately 30% of the total U.S. gasoline volume. Initially, formulation changes were limited to addition of oxygen and reductions in benzene and fuel Reid vapor pressure (RVP) levels. These reformulations were intended to meet minimum emissions reduction targets for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), air toxics, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) when compared to a 1990 baseline gasoline in a “1990 technology” vehicle fleet. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) developed two computational models, the Simple Model in 1995 and the Complex Model in 1998, for use in demonstrating compliance with the regulations. This article reviews the derivation and evolution of the RFG program. Initially, RFG’s emissions reduction benefits compared to conventional

Hoekman, S. Kent, Leland, Amber, Bishop, Gary

Automotive Engineering: October 2018

18AUTP1010/04/2018

Transforming Tenneco From new-tech suspensions to curb motion sickness, to composite exhausts, Dr. Ben Patel's engineers are innovating toward the electrified, automated-driving future. The electric future-Audi-style The first-ever electric vehicle from Audi, the e-tron, is production-ready and as expected, impressively engineered. Dual-volute salute! BorgWarner's new twist in turbocharging helps GM's new L3B gasoline four deliver V6-beating power and torque, with diesel-like fuel efficiency, in full-size pickup trucks. Editorial OEMs deny suppliers the limelight SAE Standards News Battery-size standards Technical Information Report available Supplier Eye The future of "core" vehicle systems The Navigator Ideas for multi-modal mobility What We're Driving VinFast: Vietnam's first car company has big ambitions Mercedes-Benz getting serious about fuel-cells-for vans Autonomous vehicles present passive-safety challenges Millers Oils tackles EV lubrication challenges OEMs progress to

Flex-fuel smart selector, a proposal for an efficient mobility

2018-36-003609/03/2018

Society sees itself in an era in which ecological and sustainability issues have assumed great importance, and with that, several issues need to be revised. When it comes to mobility, a key point is to determine the most efficient way to travel a certain distance with the lowest cost and environmental impact. Due to the size of the world fleet of vehicles, it is easy to understand how an increase of efficiency of the internal combustion engines (ICE) lead to a reduction of the total volume of fuel consumed in the planet. That combined to the possibility of integration with an online network, showing the flow conditions of each road, would allow a further reduction of the fuel consumed globally as well as a mitigation of the emission of harmful gases to the environment associated to urban mobility. In Brazil, the automobile fleet consists of approximately 60% of Flex-Fuel vehicles, which can use either ethanol or gasoline. Despite of the fact that the biofuel is renewable and less

Correia, Vitor Costa Antonelli, Gomes, Paulo César de Ferreira, Franieck, Erwin Karl

Method for Establishing Cool Flames and Flameless Fuel Oxidation with Zero Emissions Using Non-Equilibrium Plasma Activation

TBMG-2905206/01/2018

Current engines and combustors run at high temperature, which leads to problems of engine knocking, soot and NOx emissions, and difficulty in combustion control. On the other hand, low-temperature combustion and fuel oxidation below 1000 K is typically too inaccessible or unstable to be used for engines and fuel processing. The novelty of the present invention is that by using oxygen-rich oxidizer stream and non-equilibrium plasma — which creates new chemical species such as singlet oxygen, ozone, ions, and intermediate radicals — stable, low-temperature cool flames and flameless combustion can be established to enable fast, low-temperature fuel oxidation in a broad range of pressures (0.1 to 50 atm). Due to the low flame temperature (500 K to 900 K), no soot emissions and no NOx emissions are formed in the cool flames and flameless combustion region. Moreover, the new cool flame regime allows rapid fuel (gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel) decomposition and partial oxidation to form clean

Study of Alcohol-Gasoline Separation Technology to Suppress Knock and Enable Higher Efficiency Engines

2018-01-088204/03/2018

HONDA has investigated On Board Separation (OBS) of high octane alcohol and aromatics from current commercial fuels such as E10, a blend of 10 volume % ethanol and 90 volume % gasoline. The high-octane components concentrated from commercial fuel can be injected when needed to suppress knock. The availability of high octane fuel enables the engine to be designed with a compression ratio and boost which gives the Octane Boost Engine (OBE) higher efficiency. 3M has developed pervaporation separation modules made with flexible organic membranes that selectively remove and concentrate ethanol and methanol from gasoline blends. The separation module profile can be circular or rectangular to best fit the available space. Organic membrane performance has been studied for up to 15% ethanol and up to 15% methanol blended with 5% ethanol added for humid condition stability. Aromatic separation capability has also been evaluated. Performance stability has been evaluated for hundreds of separation

Mizuno, Kazuhiko, Chishima, Hiroshi, Zhou, Jinsheng, Carpenter, Barry, Wickert, Peter, Welling, Shane, Seitz, D. Scott

Automotive Engineering: March 2018

18AUTP0303/08/2018

Truck Tech War! Ford, GM, and Ram arm their profit-pumping half-ton pickups for the 2020s' efficiency battle. Mobility mecca: WCX 2018 Provocative thought leaders, emerging disruptors, and the industry's best networking and career guidance all under one big roof: the 2018 SAE World Congress Experience is coming April 10-12. Mercedes adopts Harman UX for A-Class The 'smart' architecture is capable of OTA updates and features more-accurate voice recognition. Spark of genius Mazda's Skyactiv-X-the nexus of gasoline and diesel tech-remains on track for 2019 production. We test-drive recent prototypes to check development status. Taking aim at the drowsy-driver threat Hyundai Mobis is leveraging Level 4 tech to move 'departed' drivers safely off the road. Editorial: Fear and loathing on the path to Level 4 driving Supplier Eye Variability, risk and the value stream The Navigator How will automated vehicles deal with potholes? SAE Standards News SAE-ISO Joint Working Group engaged in SAE

Automotive Engineering: August 2017

17AUTP0808/03/2017

Hacked! Is automotive ready for the inevitable? Cybersecurity experts talk defense strategies. Active Aero takes flight Reconfigurable "smart" aerodynamic aids are stretching performance-car envelopes in every direction. The motorcycle's balanced future With its Ride Assist technology, Honda R&D moves two-wheelers toward autonomous capability. Honoring lightweight innovation Chrysler, Toyota, Faurecia and AP&T recognized with the 2017 Altair Enlighten Award for their efforts to reduce vehicle weight. Editorial: Stoking the creative, innovative engineer SAE Standards News SAE gains Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Supplier Eye Non-hybrid ICEs begin their decline The Navigator Printer patent ruling could impact automated-vehicle sales Audi has trick active suspension for new A8 Delphi and Tula show NVH benefits from Dynamic Skip Fire Mahle tests for 'mega knock' in downsized boosted engines 2018 Honda Accord drops mass, adds turbos and 10-speed automatic Alfa Romeo

Aerospace & Defense Technology: June 2017

17AERP0606/01/2017

Small Form Factor Embedded Systems New Technologies Drive Diverse Solutions Making Laser Weapons a Reality Modelling and Simulation Tools for Systems Integration on Aircraft Rotorcraft Anti-Icing Systems Redundant Transmitting System in Aircraft (RTSA) Cassini Stays in Touch with NASA's Radio Science Subsystem Laser Integration on Silicon Photonic Circuits Through Transfer Printing New fabrication approach allows the massively parallel transfer of III-V coupons to a silicon photonic target wafer. High Energy Computed Tomographic Inspection of Munitions Inspection system provides additional level of quality assurance for R&D, reverse engineering, and malfunction investigations. Terahertz (THz) Radar: A Solution for Degraded Visibility Environments (DVE) Operating at higher frequencies than other types of radar produces tighter beams and finer resolution. Imaging Detonations of Explosives Using high-speed camera pyrometers to measure and map fireball/shock expansion velocities

Low-temperature combustion ready for prime time?

17AUTP05_0305/01/2017

At SAE's High-Efficiency IC Engines Symposium, Delphi said its new, third-generation GDCI is promising, but even LTC proponents said challenges remain. Powertrain experts and fuel-industry sources speaking at the recent SAE High-Efficiency IC Engines symposium in Detroit mutually supported the assertion that liquid fuels will be the dominant light-vehicle transportation energy source through the middle of this century. So take that, batteries. But if reality doesn't exactly align with the latest breathless reveal of a 1000-hp battery-electric vehicle, where does that leave powertrain research and development? The global drive for reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption hasn't abated-regardless of whether the United States decides it no longer needs to participate in the fad-so it appears the continued advance of internal-combustion engines is in order.

Costlow, Terry, Visnic, Bill

Musclecar Godzilla: Dodge Reveals 840-hp Challenger SRT Demon

17AUTP05_1205/01/2017

After months of teasing and a high-profile tie-in with the Fast & Furious film franchise, at the New York auto show FCA's Dodge division revealed its 2018 Challenger SRT Demon, a drag racer-in-street-clothes featuring an 840-hp variant of the now-famous 6.2-L supercharged OHV V-8 that the company boldly claimed makes the Challenger Demon the quickest production car in the world. Revealing the Demon at an event on the eve of the 2017 New York auto show, Tim Kuniskis, head of passenger cars- Dodge, SRT, Chrysler and FIAT, for FCA North America, catalogued the Demon's list of claimed firsts or record-setting accomplishments, most delivered by the car's heavily-revised Hemi V8. Kuniskis said the Demon is the world's fastest production vehicle to accelerate through the quarter mile, doing so in 9.65 s at a trap speed of 140 mph (225 km/h); the industry-standard metric of 0-60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration is dispatched in 2.3 s, which he claimed also is the world's best, although that figure

Pressure-Based Knock Measurement Issues

2017-01-066803/28/2017

Highly time resolved measurements of cylinder pressure acquired simultaneously from three transducers were used to investigate the nature of knocking combustion and to identify biases that the pressure measurements induce. It was shown by investigating the magnitude squared coherence (MSC) between the transducer signals that frequency content above approximately 40 kHz does not originate from a common source, i.e., it originates from noise sources. The major source of noise at higher frequency is the natural frequency of the transducer that is excited by the impulsive knock event; even if the natural frequency is above the sampling frequency it can affect the measurements by aliasing. The MSC analysis suggests that 40 kHz is the appropriate cutoff frequency for low-pass filtering the pressure signal. Knowing this, one can isolate the knock event from noise more accurately. Four time windows are identified for a knock event: (1) pressure rise due to flame propagation; (2) a rapid but

Shahlari, Arsham J., Ghandhi, Jaal

2017-01-0646.0103/28/2017

Bassett, Michael

2018 Ford F-150 diesel aims to beat 30 mpg

17AUTP02_1502/01/2017

With two key 30-mpg enablers for the F-150 already in production-an aluminum body structure and 10-speed transmission-Ford Truck Engineering now brings the final piece of the technology puzzle: a 3.0-L turbodiesel. Combined with standard stop-start, the first-ever diesel-powered F-150 will be shooting for an EPA fuel economy rating that exceeds 30 mpg-the Holy Grail for full-size trucks-when it enters production later this year as a 2018 model.

Brooke, Lindsay

A Study on Microbial Contamination of Alcohol-Blended Unleaded Gasoline

2016-01-225910/17/2016

The fuel supply chain faces challenges associated with microbial contamination symptoms. Microbial growth is an issue usually known to be associated with middle distillate fuels and biodiesel, however, incidents where microbial populations have been isolated from unleaded gasoline storage tanks have also been recently reported. Alcohols are employed as gasoline components and the use of these oxygenates is rising, especially ethanol, which can be a renewable alternative to gasoline, as well. Despite their alleged disinfectant properties, a number of field observations suggests that biodeterioration could be a potential issue in fuel systems handling ethanol-blended gasoline. For this reason, in this study, the effect of alcohols on microbial proliferation in unleaded gasoline fuel was assessed. Ethanol (EtOH), iso-propyl alcohol (IPA) and tert-butyl-alcohol (TBA) were evaluated as examples of alcohols utilized in gasoline as oxygenates. Two different commercial grades of unleaded

Dodos, George S., Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti E., Zannikos, Fanourios

Development of a Gasoline Direct Injector Fouling Test and Its Application to Study of Keep-Clean Performance at Different Additive Treat Rates

2016-01-224810/17/2016

As direct injection technology in gasoline engines has become increasingly sophisticated to seek better performance, even a small amount of deposit can have a negative effect on the functionality of injectors. Against such a background, gasoline with effective additives is expected to fix this issue, however, the clean-up and keep-clean processes are not fully understood. In this study, a direct injector fouling test has been developed in order to inspect in more detail injector fouling phenomena in gasoline engines. The test engine used was a 2012 downsized supercharged direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine equipped with an injector of maximum 15MPa injection pressure. The test fuel consisted of one regular grade gasoline (RG) and three premium grade gasoline with different concentrations of detergent. In the study, it was validated that the developed engine test generates gasoline direct injector deposit (GDID), and SEM-EDX analysis confirmed the presence of GDID inside and

Miura, Yuichiro, Miyahara, Kensaku, Sasaki, Shinya, Kashio, Tsuyoshi, Yoshida, Katsumi

Study on Subcritical/Supercritical Spray Characteristics of a Multi-Hole Gasoline Direct Injector

2016-01-084904/05/2016

Investigations using supercritical spray platform,which allows gasoline at low sub-critical state,subcritical state and supercritical state respectively,were made to demonstrate the Subcritical/ Supercritical Spray Characteristics of a Multi-Hole Gasoline Direct Injector. The experimental results show that the spray pattern and spray characteristics (i.e. spray penetration distance,spray area and spray perimeter) varied greatly under different state. In subcritical state,the spray characteristics of gasoline is similar to the phenomenon of "flash bfueling",appearing spray entrainment and spray collapse,then spray penetration distance and area drop significantly.In supercritical state,the six-hole gasoline spray is composed by the thick-core region and the thin-diffusion region,and Mach disk is observed at the outlet of the nozzle,then spray penetration distance and area increases sharply. In addition,by comparing the spray characteristics of six-hole and single-hole GDI injector,result

Zhang, Miao, Pei, Yiqiang, Liu, Yi, Zhang, Yan

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