Browse Topic: Aviation fuels

Items (413)

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Combustion and Noise, Vibrations, and Harshness Emissions in a Drone Jet Engine Fueled with Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene

01-17-01-0006

08/14/2023

Emissions and effects of climate change have prompted study into fuels that reduce global dependence on traditional fuels. This study seeks to investigate engine performance, thermochemical properties, emissions, and perform NVH analysis of Jet-A and S8 using a single-stage turbojet engine at three engine speeds. Experimental Jet-A results were used to validate a CFX simulation of the engine. Engine performance was quantified using thermocouples, pressure sensors, tachometers, flow meters, and load cells fitted to the engine. Emissions results were collected using an MKS Multigas Emissions Analyzer that examined CO, CO₂, H₂O, NOx, and THC. NVH analysis was conducted using a multifield, free-field microphone, and triaxial accelerometer. This study found that Jet-A operates at higher temperatures and pressures than S8, and S8 requires higher fuel flow rates than Jet-A, leading to poorer efficiency and thrust. S8 produced stronger vibrations over 5 kHz compared to Jet-A. S8 showed a

Soloiu, Valentin, Mcafee, John, Ilie, Marcel, Rowell, Aidan, Willis, James, Dillon, Nicholas

USE OF FIBER OPTICS OXYGEN SENSOR FOR AIRCRAFT FUEL TANK INERTING APPLICATION

2022-26-116305/26/2022

Aircraft fuel tanks are high risk zones as the ullage volume contain highly flammable fuel-air mixture. In the past, efforts have been made by various agencies to reduce this risk by designing an inerting system which significantly reduces the flammability risks. Regulations are also in place in order to reduce the potential for flammable vapor spaces in fuel tanks for the passenger aircrafts. One of the ways to reduce this risk is to continuously supply the inert gas like nitrogen to the ullage volume so that oxygen concentration is always kept to a level well below the flammability limit. It is therefore essential to measure continuously and accurately the oxygen concentration in the ullage volume of the fuel tank during entire operation of the aircraft. Current technologies have serious limitations in terms of sensor placement inside or near fuel tank and also in terms of continuous operation. This paper studies the limitations of current technologies available on oxygen measurement

Jha, Rajesh Kumar

Reimagining Transportation: Bio-MobilityTM

2021-26-051909/22/2021

India has huge an opportunity to set an example for its commitment towards global GHG emissions reduction by 30-35% and reduction in dependency on imported fossil fuel. This can be achieved by the adoption of sustainable solutions and focus on transportation sector (air, water, and surface), which currently enables mobility across the country by using fossil fuels in internal combustion engines (ICE), albeit with the high cost of GHG emissions. The need of the hour, therefore, is the utilization of indigenous alternative sources of energy & fuels that can only curtail FOREX outflow but also mitigate risk of climate change. Biofuels, as a renewable transportation fuels (gases/liquids) is the best alternate source that complements fossil fuels. Biofuels are environmental friendly; enhances rural economy, and offer energy self-reliance within existing infrastructure of ICE mobility. Praj offers Bio-MobilityTMplatform solution, which envision the use of renewable bio-based feedstock for

Utgikar, Ravindra, Deshpande cEng, Ghanshyam, Padmanabhan PhD, Sasisanker, Joshi, Chaitanya Prakash

Evaluation and Comparison of Performance, Combustion characteristic, NOx and Particle Emission of JP-8, Gasoline and Diesel fuels in a Military Heavy duty 38.8 liters Compression Ignition Diesel Injection Engine Applying with EGR

2021-01-118309/21/2021

Global emissions and stringent emission legislations have compelled us to search for alternative fuels for heavy-duty diesel engines. Evaluating the effect of JP-8 and gasoline on heavy-duty diesel engine performance and emissions is important for military combat vehicles under the "multi-fuel strategy program". Performance and fuel economy penalties are well established with the operation of a heavy-duty diesel engine with JP-8 and gasoline. Experimental studies have also suggested that JP-8 and gasoline have great potential for lowering NOx emissions. In the presented experimental study, the impact of using JP-8 and gasoline was evaluated on a military heavy-duty diesel engine. Engine combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions, especially NOx and nanoparticle emissions, were evaluated. All these parameters were compared for diesel, JP-8 and gasoline fuels by applying 7% EGR with supercharging at different load conditions for a heavy-duty, 12-cylinder, 580 kW, and 38.8

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Varghese, Anil, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C

DRYING OF THERMOSETTING COMPOSITE MATERIALS

ARP4977 (Current)05/14/2021

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes standard methods for drying commercial aircraft composite structures prior to repair and gives general guidelines on use and applicability. It addresses the removal of liquids that have collected inside the structures through open damage, microcracks, or porosity and the removal of absorbed moisture from the composite material. The methods described in this document shall only be used when specified in an approved repair document or with the agreement of the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or regulatory authority. If this document is used for the drying of materials other than thermosetting composite materials, the fitness for this purpose must be determined by the user.

AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee

Thermodynamic and Emission Performance Analysis of CMC Bladed Gas Turbine

2021-01-003003/02/2021

Increasing in the turbine rotor inlet temperature improves the aviation gas turbine efficiency, while on the other hand, but also leads to a higher requirement for blade cooling air, which in turn reduces the gain in efficiency achieved by increasing temperature. Turbine rotor inlet temperature has been increasing with the entry of highly-efficient gas turbines have been developed for the last decades for the aviation market. Around one fifth of the compressed air is extracted from the compressor and is used for blade cooling purposes and is thus not used in the actual power/thrust generation process, which has a negative impact on the engine efficiency. For this reason, new cooling methods and hot-gas path component materials that will be compatible with these high temperature’s gases are among the areas being analyzed. The ceramic-matrix-composite (CMC) material have the potential to reduce or eliminate the need of cooling of hot-gas - path component i.e. blades of turbine thereby

Kumari, Anupam, S, Sanjay

Carbon Neutrality, Reduction and Offset-Aviation Solutions in the 21st Century

2021-01-003903/02/2021

Begun in 2016, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) was developed and agreed by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 191 Member States, while the Airport Carbon Accreditation was developed by the Airports, Council International Europe as a carbon management system and certification. The aviation industry has its own offsetting scheme to measure aviation emissions and carbon offsetting and it has become the first industry sector which leads the world making commitments to reduce emissions. CORSIA and the Airport Carbon Accreditation are programs that impose carbon management obligations on the aviation industry. The training product to be presented, will clarify for the first time how to go beyond mere compliance and exceed the carbon reduction requirements of these instruments by achieving carbon neutrality in operations, to decrease costs, boost revenue, productivity and customer experience for airlines, airports and ground service

Nyamdorj, Bolormaa, Anaka, Wayne, Stoica, Andrei, Sushant, Sushant, Ortega, Joshua, Helm, Brittney, Moreira, Paula

Jet Reference Fluid Study for Fuel Tank Sealants

AIR4275B-TEST-REC (Historical)02/03/2021

This information report covers two distinct projects to formulate Jet Refrence Fluids (JRF) for testing of material compatibility. The first effort began in 1978 and focused on producing a formulation (JRF-2) that simulated JP-4 and included composition with metallic ions that reproduced chalking of fuel tank sealants. This effort resulted in the preparation of AMS2629 that defined the formulation of JRF-2 (Type 1) and the same formulation with metallic ions (Type 2). The second effort began in 2002 and focused on preparing a JRF that simulated Jet A, JP-5 and JP-8. This effort went through multiple iterations, but eventually resulted in a JRF-3 formulation composed of Jet A plus military additives spiked to 25% aromatic content and high levels of sulfur experienced in the global fuel supply. Since the metallic ions added to JRF-2 demonstrated their ability to simulate a chalking reaction, chalking was not tested with the ions added to JRF-3. AMS2629 was changed multiple times to

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Jet Reference Fluid Study for Fuel Tank Sealants

AIR4275B (Current)

02/03/2021

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Q&A

21TOFHP02_1102/01/2021

Commercial vehicles run under a wide range of operating conditions and duty cycles - not all are well-suited for battery-electric propulsion, particularly in the near term. For those hard-to-electrify vehicles, renewable diesel is a viable option to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions “practically overnight,” according to Matt Leuck, technical manager for Renewable Road Transportation in North America for Neste, which claims to be the world's largest producer of renewable diesel and jet fuel. Preparing to participate in the “Low/Zero Carbon Fuels” technical session during the SAE Government/Industry Digital Summit on February 2-3, Leuck said that Neste sees strong, sustained growth for renewable diesel in medium- and heavy-duty road vehicles, as well as in other segments such as mobile machines used at mines and construction sites. “In fact, demand growth has the potential to increase fivefold in the decades ahead,” he shared. “This growth is driven by two key things: end-users are setting

Gehm, Ryan

Connectors, Fiber Optic, Advanced, Circular or Rectangular, Plug and Receptacle, Environment Resistant, Removable Termini/Contacts, General Specification For

AS5590B-TEST-REC (Historical)11/30/2020

This specification covers the performance requirements for a plug and receptacle. The connector inserts may contain multiple termini or multiple termini and electrical contacts. The connectors use removable termini, or removable termini and electrical contacts, and are capable of operating within a temperature range of −65 to +200 °C (see 1.2.1.1). These connectors are supplied under AS9100 reliability assurance program.

AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee

Connectors, Fiber Optic, Advanced, Circular or Rectangular, Plug and Receptacle, Environment Resistant, Removable Termini/Contacts, General Specification For

AS5590B (Current)

11/30/2020

AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee

Vehicle, Magnetic Particle Inspection Petroleum Base

AMS2641D (Current)

10/09/2020

This specification covers two types of refined hydrocarbon compounds in the form of liquids. This specification only covers newly manufactured materials.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Methodology and Results of F-34 Fuel Impact on the Reliability of the Engine Injection System on the Non-Engine-Based Test Stand

2020-01-226109/15/2020

The study of the F-34 aviation fuel used to power a diesel engine requires an extensive testing programme be carried out in the steady and transient states of the engine operation. The researches of the engines are expensive therefore, the tests can be also performed on the non-engine-based stand at a lower price. The design of the non-engine-based test stand and the methodology of the engine injection system testing follow the AEP-5 qualifying test has been described in the paper. The measurement methods used on the stand and the selected measurement results are presented. The tests have included checking the changes of three basic sets of the injection systems that may be subject to wear during the operation of the system. This applies to the following assemblies: jet needle - injection nozzle body, delivery valve plug - carrier, injection pump plunger and barrel. The non-disassembly measurement methods used to assess the state of wear of the injection system assemblies have been set

Walentynowicz, Jerzy

Methodology and Results of Testing an Impact of F-34 Fuel on the Engine Reliability

2020-01-213309/15/2020

An application of the new kind of the fuel for the diesel engine requires to conduct the qualification tests of the engines powered by this his fuel which allow assessing an impact of fuel on the engine reliability. Such a qualification test of the piston and turbine engines of the aircraft stationed on the ground and land vehicles is described in the NATO standardisation agreement (STANAG) 4195 as the AEP-5 test. The methodology and selected results of the qualification tests of the SW-680 turbocharged multi-purpose diesel engine fuelled with F-34 fuel have been presented in this paper. A dynamometric stand with the SW-680 engine has been described. Based on the preliminary results of the investigation it has been found that a change in a type of the fuel from IZ-40 diesel fuel into F-34 kerosene-type one has reduced a maximum engine torque by about 4%. This has been primarily due to a lower fuel density of F-34 by about 3%. Finally, it has been found that this does not require any

Walentynowicz, Jerzy

Fuel Dispensing Filter Test Methods

J2793_202005 (Current)

05/26/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to gasoline and diesel fuel filters installed on fuel dispensing equipment, mobile or stationary. It describes a set of tests used to characterize the structural integrity, filtration performance, and reaction to water contaminant with fuel dispensing filters.

Filter Test Methods Standards Committee