Browse Topic: Aviation fuels

Items (377)

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Combustion and Noise, Vibrations, and Harshness Emissions in a Drone Jet Engine Fueled with Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene

01-17-01-0006

08/14/2023

Emissions and effects of climate change have prompted study into fuels that reduce global dependence on traditional fuels. This study seeks to investigate engine performance, thermochemical properties, emissions, and perform NVH analysis of Jet-A and S8 using a single-stage turbojet engine at three engine speeds. Experimental Jet-A results were used to validate a CFX simulation of the engine. Engine performance was quantified using thermocouples, pressure sensors, tachometers, flow meters, and load cells fitted to the engine. Emissions results were collected using an MKS Multigas Emissions Analyzer that examined CO, CO₂, H₂O, NOx, and THC. NVH analysis was conducted using a multifield, free-field microphone, and triaxial accelerometer. This study found that Jet-A operates at higher temperatures and pressures than S8, and S8 requires higher fuel flow rates than Jet-A, leading to poorer efficiency and thrust. S8 produced stronger vibrations over 5 kHz compared to Jet-A. S8 showed a

Soloiu, Valentin, Mcafee, John, Ilie, Marcel, Rowell, Aidan, Willis, James, Dillon, Nicholas

USE OF FIBER OPTICS OXYGEN SENSOR FOR AIRCRAFT FUEL TANK INERTING APPLICATION

2022-26-116305/26/2022

Aircraft fuel tanks are high risk zones as the ullage volume contain highly flammable fuel-air mixture. In the past, efforts have been made by various agencies to reduce this risk by designing an inerting system which significantly reduces the flammability risks. Regulations are also in place in order to reduce the potential for flammable vapor spaces in fuel tanks for the passenger aircrafts. One of the ways to reduce this risk is to continuously supply the inert gas like nitrogen to the ullage volume so that oxygen concentration is always kept to a level well below the flammability limit. It is therefore essential to measure continuously and accurately the oxygen concentration in the ullage volume of the fuel tank during entire operation of the aircraft. Current technologies have serious limitations in terms of sensor placement inside or near fuel tank and also in terms of continuous operation. This paper studies the limitations of current technologies available on oxygen measurement

Jha, Rajesh Kumar

Reimagining Transportation: Bio-MobilityTM

2021-26-051909/22/2021

India has huge an opportunity to set an example for its commitment towards global GHG emissions reduction by 30-35% and reduction in dependency on imported fossil fuel. This can be achieved by the adoption of sustainable solutions and focus on transportation sector (air, water, and surface), which currently enables mobility across the country by using fossil fuels in internal combustion engines (ICE), albeit with the high cost of GHG emissions. The need of the hour, therefore, is the utilization of indigenous alternative sources of energy & fuels that can only curtail FOREX outflow but also mitigate risk of climate change. Biofuels, as a renewable transportation fuels (gases/liquids) is the best alternate source that complements fossil fuels. Biofuels are environmental friendly; enhances rural economy, and offer energy self-reliance within existing infrastructure of ICE mobility. Praj offers Bio-MobilityTMplatform solution, which envision the use of renewable bio-based feedstock for

Utgikar, Ravindra, Deshpande cEng, Ghanshyam, Padmanabhan PhD, Sasisanker, Joshi, Chaitanya Prakash

Evaluation and Comparison of Performance, Combustion characteristic, NOx and Particle Emission of JP-8, Gasoline and Diesel fuels in a Military Heavy duty 38.8 liters Compression Ignition Diesel Injection Engine Applying with EGR

2021-01-118309/21/2021

Global emissions and stringent emission legislations have compelled us to search for alternative fuels for heavy-duty diesel engines. Evaluating the effect of JP-8 and gasoline on heavy-duty diesel engine performance and emissions is important for military combat vehicles under the "multi-fuel strategy program". Performance and fuel economy penalties are well established with the operation of a heavy-duty diesel engine with JP-8 and gasoline. Experimental studies have also suggested that JP-8 and gasoline have great potential for lowering NOx emissions. In the presented experimental study, the impact of using JP-8 and gasoline was evaluated on a military heavy-duty diesel engine. Engine combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions, especially NOx and nanoparticle emissions, were evaluated. All these parameters were compared for diesel, JP-8 and gasoline fuels by applying 7% EGR with supercharging at different load conditions for a heavy-duty, 12-cylinder, 580 kW, and 38.8

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Varghese, Anil, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C

DRYING OF THERMOSETTING COMPOSITE MATERIALS

ARP4977 (Current)05/14/2021

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes standard methods for drying commercial aircraft composite structures prior to repair and gives general guidelines on use and applicability. It addresses the removal of liquids that have collected inside the structures through open damage, microcracks, or porosity and the removal of absorbed moisture from the composite material. The methods described in this document shall only be used when specified in an approved repair document or with the agreement of the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or regulatory authority. If this document is used for the drying of materials other than thermosetting composite materials, the fitness for this purpose must be determined by the user.

AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee

Thermodynamic and Emission Performance Analysis of CMC Bladed Gas Turbine

2021-01-003003/02/2021

Increasing in the turbine rotor inlet temperature improves the aviation gas turbine efficiency, while on the other hand, but also leads to a higher requirement for blade cooling air, which in turn reduces the gain in efficiency achieved by increasing temperature. Turbine rotor inlet temperature has been increasing with the entry of highly-efficient gas turbines have been developed for the last decades for the aviation market. Around one fifth of the compressed air is extracted from the compressor and is used for blade cooling purposes and is thus not used in the actual power/thrust generation process, which has a negative impact on the engine efficiency. For this reason, new cooling methods and hot-gas path component materials that will be compatible with these high temperature’s gases are among the areas being analyzed. The ceramic-matrix-composite (CMC) material have the potential to reduce or eliminate the need of cooling of hot-gas - path component i.e. blades of turbine thereby

Kumari, Anupam, S, Sanjay

Carbon Neutrality, Reduction and Offset-Aviation Solutions in the 21st Century

2021-01-003903/02/2021

Begun in 2016, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) was developed and agreed by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 191 Member States, while the Airport Carbon Accreditation was developed by the Airports, Council International Europe as a carbon management system and certification. The aviation industry has its own offsetting scheme to measure aviation emissions and carbon offsetting and it has become the first industry sector which leads the world making commitments to reduce emissions. CORSIA and the Airport Carbon Accreditation are programs that impose carbon management obligations on the aviation industry. The training product to be presented, will clarify for the first time how to go beyond mere compliance and exceed the carbon reduction requirements of these instruments by achieving carbon neutrality in operations, to decrease costs, boost revenue, productivity and customer experience for airlines, airports and ground service

Nyamdorj, Bolormaa, Anaka, Wayne, Stoica, Andrei, Sushant, Sushant, Ortega, Joshua, Helm, Brittney, Moreira, Paula

Jet Reference Fluid Study for Fuel Tank Sealants

AIR4275B (Current)

02/03/2021

This information report covers two distinct projects to formulate Jet Refrence Fluids (JRF) for testing of material compatibility. The first effort began in 1978 and focused on producing a formulation (JRF-2) that simulated JP-4 and included composition with metallic ions that reproduced chalking of fuel tank sealants. This effort resulted in the preparation of AMS2629 that defined the formulation of JRF-2 (Type 1) and the same formulation with metallic ions (Type 2). The second effort began in 2002 and focused on preparing a JRF that simulated Jet A, JP-5 and JP-8. This effort went through multiple iterations, but eventually resulted in a JRF-3 formulation composed of Jet A plus military additives spiked to 25% aromatic content and high levels of sulfur experienced in the global fuel supply. Since the metallic ions added to JRF-2 demonstrated their ability to simulate a chalking reaction, chalking was not tested with the ions added to JRF-3. AMS2629 was changed multiple times to

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Jet Reference Fluid Study for Fuel Tank Sealants

AIR4275B-TEST-REC (Historical)02/03/2021

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Q&A

21TOFHP02_1102/01/2021

Commercial vehicles run under a wide range of operating conditions and duty cycles - not all are well-suited for battery-electric propulsion, particularly in the near term. For those hard-to-electrify vehicles, renewable diesel is a viable option to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions “practically overnight,” according to Matt Leuck, technical manager for Renewable Road Transportation in North America for Neste, which claims to be the world's largest producer of renewable diesel and jet fuel. Preparing to participate in the “Low/Zero Carbon Fuels” technical session during the SAE Government/Industry Digital Summit on February 2-3, Leuck said that Neste sees strong, sustained growth for renewable diesel in medium- and heavy-duty road vehicles, as well as in other segments such as mobile machines used at mines and construction sites. “In fact, demand growth has the potential to increase fivefold in the decades ahead,” he shared. “This growth is driven by two key things: end-users are setting

Gehm, Ryan

Connectors, Fiber Optic, Advanced, Circular or Rectangular, Plug and Receptacle, Environment Resistant, Removable Termini/Contacts, General Specification For

AS5590B (Current)

11/30/2020

This specification covers the performance requirements for a plug and receptacle. The connector inserts may contain multiple termini or multiple termini and electrical contacts. The connectors use removable termini, or removable termini and electrical contacts, and are capable of operating within a temperature range of −65 to +200 °C (see 1.2.1.1). These connectors are supplied under AS9100 reliability assurance program.

AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee

Connectors, Fiber Optic, Advanced, Circular or Rectangular, Plug and Receptacle, Environment Resistant, Removable Termini/Contacts, General Specification For

AS5590B-TEST-REC (Historical)11/30/2020

AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee

Vehicle, Magnetic Particle Inspection Petroleum Base

AMS2641D (Current)

10/09/2020

This specification covers two types of refined hydrocarbon compounds in the form of liquids. This specification only covers newly manufactured materials.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Bridging the Knock Severity Gap to CFR Octane Rating Engines

2020-01-205009/15/2020

It is widely acknowledged that the CFR octane rating engines are not representative of modern engines and that there is a gap in the quantification of knock severity between the two engine types. As part of a comprehensive study of the autoignition of different fuels in both the CFR octane rating engines and a modern, direct injection, turbocharged spark-ignited engine, a series of fuel blends were tested with varying composition, octane numbers and ethanol blend levels. The paper reports on the fourth part of this study where cylinder pressures were recorded under standard knock conditions in CFR engines under RON and MON conditions using the ASTM prescribed instrumentation. By the appropriate signal conditioning of the D1 detonation pickups on the CFR engines, a quantification of the knock severity was possible that had the same frequency response as a cylinder pressure transducer. The D1 signals were able to provide knock information far beyond the ASTM knock intensity readings and

Swarts, Andre, Kalaskar, Vickey

Fuel Dispensing Filter Test Methods

J2793_202005 (Current)

05/26/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to gasoline and diesel fuel filters installed on fuel dispensing equipment, mobile or stationary. It describes a set of tests used to characterize the structural integrity, filtration performance, and reaction to water contaminant with fuel dispensing filters.

Filter Test Methods Standards Committee

Fuel Dispensing Filter Test Methods

J2793_202005-TEST-REC (Historical)05/26/2020

Filter Test Methods Standards Committee

Fluid, Jet Reference

AMS2629F (Current)03/12/2020

This specification covers a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons and soluble additives.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

A MATLAB Simulink Based Co-Simulation Approach for a Vehicle Systems Model Integration Architecture

2020-01-000503/10/2020

In this paper, a MATLAB-Simulink based general co-simulation approach is presented which supports multi-resolution simulation of distributed models in an integrated architecture. This approach was applied to simulating aircraft thermal performance in our Vehicle Systems Model Integration (VSMI) framework. A representative advanced aircraft thermal management system consisting of an engine, engine fuel thermal management system, aircraft fuel thermal management system and a power and thermal management system was used to evaluate the advantages and tradeoffs in using a co-simulation approach to system integration modeling. For a system constituting of multiple interacting sub-systems, an integrated model architecture can rapidly, and cost effectively address technology insertions and system evaluations. Utilizing standalone sub-system models with table-based boundary conditions often fails to effectively capture dynamic subsystem interactions that occurs in an integrated system

Raczkowski, Brian C., Jones, Nicholas, Deppen, Tim, Lucas, Charles, Yeu, Rodney, Walters, Eric, Donovan, Adam, Patnaik, Soumya, Bodie, Mark

A MATLAB Simulink Based Co-Simulation Approach for a Vehicle Systems Model Integration Architecture

2020-01-000503/10/2020

Raczkowski, Brian C., Jones, Nicholas, Deppen, Tim, Lucas, Charles, Yeu, Rodney, Walters, Eric, Donovan, Adam, Patnaik, Soumya, Bodie, Mark

Green Jet Fuel Additive Made from Acetone Plus Light

TBMG-3617303/01/2020

A domestically generated additive was made by taking biomass-derived acetone — common nail polish remover — and using light to upgrade it to higher-mass hydrocarbons. It can be blended with conventional jet fuel to fly while providing environmental benefits.

O-Ring Machined from AMS3617 Material

AS9772A (Current)01/13/2020

This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings machined from AMS3617 polyamide material. It shall be used for procurement purposes.

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Engineered Solutions for Enclosure Sealing and Insulation

TBMG-3566812/01/2019

In the aerospace and defense industries, enclosure sealing and insulation needs to meet challenging and complex requirements. For example, the EMI gaskets that are used in military touchscreens must shield sensitive electronics from electromagnetic interference (EMI) while providing electrical conductivity and ensuring environmental sealing. These enclosure gaskets must also cushion the unit from mechanical shock and avoid interfering with the display's touch function.

Considerations for Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Airborne Applications

AIR7765 (Current)11/18/2019

The scope of this joint EUROCAE/SAE report is to compile the considerations relating to airborne application of hydrogen fuel cells. This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the use of hydrogen as a fuel by describing its existing applications and the experience gained by exploiting fuel cells in sectors other than aviation. The use of hydrogen fuel cells in aircraft can help in meeting aviation environmental targets (including noise pollution) and can be vital to achieving efficient electrically propelled air vehicles. The experience gained with mature fuel cells in terrestrial applications and the handling of other gases in aviation, as presented herein, will help in alleviating safety concerns and in demystifying the usage of hydrogen in aviation.

AE-7F Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Low- to High-Temperature Reaction Transition in a Small-Bore Optical Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine

03-12-05-003108/19/2019

Abstract This study shows the development of low-temperature and high-temperature reactions in a gasoline-fuelled compression ignition (GCI) engine realizing partially premixed combustion for high efficiency and low emissions. The focus is how the ignition occurs during the low- to high-temperature reaction transition and how it varies due to single- and double-injection strategies. In an optically accessible, single-cylinder small-bore diesel engine equipped with a common-rail fuel injection system, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of formaldehyde (HCHO-PLIF), hydroxyl (OH-PLIF), and fuel (fuel-PLIF) has been performed. This was complemented with high-speed imaging of combustion luminosity and chemiluminescence imaging of cool flame and OH*. The diagnostics were performed for two different fuels including conventional diesel as a reference case and then a kerosene-based jet fuel which is a low-ignition quality fuel with cetane number of 30, firstly with single near top

Goyal, Harsh, Zhang, Yilong, Kook, Sanghoon, Kim, Kenneth S., Kweon, Chol-Bum

Identification and Quantification of Phosphate Ester-Based Hydraulic Fluid in Jet Fuel

04-12-01-000303/13/2019

Phosphate ester-based hydraulic fluids are commonly used in aviation, due to their fire-resistant properties. However, contamination of jet fuel with hydraulic fluid may cause serious engine failure, hot corrosion of metals, and swelling of elastomer and polymer seals. Identifying and quantifying hydraulic fluids in jet fuels using chromatography is challenging since common hydraulic fluids, such as ExxonMobil™ HyJet™ V and Skydrol™ LD-4, are composed of tri-butyl phosphate, the main peak of which overlaps with peaks from jet fuels in chromatograms. In this work, three techniques to separate and differentiate the jet fuel peaks from the tri-butyl phosphate peaks were developed. Two methods are based on a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure followed by identification and quantification, which is carried out using a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer or a flame ionization detector. The third technique is single-staged, where the separation and analysis are carried out

Stamker Gertopski, Diana, Tartakovsky, Konstantin, Rabaev, Moshe

Sleeve, Hose Assembly, Fire Protection

AS1072F (Current)01/07/2019

This standard defines the requirements for bulk protective sleeve to provide fire resistance for aircraft hose assemblies, which will enable these assemblies to meet the requirements of AS1055. NOTE: Use of this sleeve does not eliminate the need to demonstrate that the sleeved assemblies will meet the applicable requirements of AS1055.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Novel Turboelectric Aircraft Design

TBMG-2886105/01/2018

NASA Langley Research Center has developed a novel aircraft design that can carry 150+ passengers over a range of 3,500 nautical miles. Key features include a turboelectric propulsion system, twin underwing turbofans, and a rear-fuselage, electrically driven, boundary layer ingesting fan. The design is developed for single-aisle-class aircraft (the largest commercial transport class in the world) to significantly reduce fuel burn compared to current aircraft.

Guidance on the Impact of Fuel Properties on Fuel System Design and Operation

AIR7484 (Current)02/24/2018

This document describes a number of jet fuel properties and where applicable gives the specification limits for Jet A and Jet A-1, though the properties are generally applicable to all turbine fuels. Later versions of this document will give more details on specification limits for other similar fuels, such as TS-1, where they differ from Jet A and Jet-A1. It gives details about the possible impact on airframe fuel system design.

AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee

Self-Sealing Breakaway Valves for Crash-Resistant Aircraft Fuel and Oil Systems

ARP1616B (Current)08/31/2017

This document defines design, performance, and test criteria for self-sealing breakaway valves for use in crash-resistant aircraft fuel systems.

AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee

Aerospace & Defense Technology: August 2017

17AERP0808/03/2017

The Rapid Rise of Beryllium-Aluminum Alloys in Aerospace Aeroacoustic Simulation Delivers Breakthroughs in Aircraft Noise Reduction Using System Simulation to Manage Increasing Thermal Loads on Aircraft Fuel Systems Ensuring the Compliance of Avionics Software with DO-178C Microwave Photonic Notch Filter Helps Ensure Critical Mission Success Measuring Propellant Stress Relaxation Modulus Using Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer New testing technique requires less material, gives more accurate results. Combustion Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Droplets Induced by Photoignition of Aluminum Nanoparticles Test methodology allows analysis of combustion dynamics for subscale rocket injectors under super critical conditions. Vapor Pressure Data and Analysis for Selected Organophosphorous Compounds: DIBMP, DCMP, IMMP, IMPA, EMPA, and MPFA Determining the thermophysical properties of chemical warfare agent simulants can help evaluate the performance of defensive equipment. Coupling of Coastal Wave

Coupling Assembly, Threadless, Flexible, Fixed Cavity, Self-Bonding, Procurement Specification

AS1650D (Historical)07/10/2017

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for a threadless, flexible, self-bonding coupling assembly which, when installed on machined fixed cavity ferrules, provides a flexible connection for joining tubing and components in aircraft fuel, vent or other systems. This assembled coupling, hereafter referred to as the assembly, and is designed for use from -65 to +400 °F and at 125 psig nominal operating pressure.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Fluid, Jet Reference

AMS2629E (Historical)02/08/2017

This specification covers a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons and soluble additives.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Alternative Fuels: A Review About Anhydrous and Hydrous Ethanol Properties

2016-36-040910/25/2016

Since 70′, ethanol has risen as an alternative and ecological fuel, it has also been pointed as a potential candidate for replacing partial, or even totally, oil derived fuel application on internal combustion engines, supporting automotive industry. Ethanol is obtained from renewable sources and contributes to pollutants emission reduction in the atmosphere. In Brazil, it is obtained from sugarcane, but it can be obtained from others vegetable growing, such as beet or corn, common in other countries. For Brazilian automotive applications two types of ethanol are commonly applied: anhydrous, that contains at most 0.4% water in volume and has been used in gasoline blends up to 27%; and hydrous, with a maximum water content of 4.9% in volume, used as a substitute to gasoline on flex fuels engines. Although the widely application of ethanol, there is still lack of data available in literature regarding the fuel properties. The purpose of this research work is to gather the information

Martins, Fernanda Pinheiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira, de Andrade, Claudia Regina, Garzuzi, Sandra

Derived Cetane Number, Distillation and Ignition Delay Properties of Diesel and Jet Fuels Containing Blended Synthetic Paraffinic Mixtures

2016-01-907610/24/2016

Aviation turbine fuel and diesel fuel were blended with synthetic paraffins produced via two pathways and the combustion properties measured. Both aviation and diesel fuel containing synthetics produced from the fermentation of sugars, had a linear response to blending with decreasing ignition delay times from 5.05 - 3.52 ms for F-34 and 3.84 - 3.52 ms for F-76. For the same fuels blended with synthetics produced from the fermentation of alcohols, ignition delay times were increased out to 18.66 ms. The derived cetane number of the blends followed an inversely similar trend. Additionally, simulated distillation using ASTM D2887 at high synthetic paraffinic kerosene blend ratios resulted in the recovery temperatures being incorrectly reported. In this case, higher recovery volumes were at lower temperatures than earlier recovery points i.e. T90< T50, for SIP-SPK.

Abanteriba, Sylvester, Yildirim, Ulas, Webster, Renee, Evans, David, Rawson, Paul

Ball-On-Cylinder (BOC) Aircraft Turbine Fuel Lubricity Tester

AIR1794A (Historical)05/13/2016

This metric SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) details a ball-on-cylinder (BOC) test device and specifies a method of rating the relative lubricity of aviation turbine fuel samples. The BOC produces a wear scar on a stationary steel ball by forcing it with a fixed load against a fuel wetted steel test ring in a controlled atmosphere. The test ring is rotated at a fixed speed so its surface is wetted by a momentary exposure to the fluid under test. The size of the wear scar is a measure of the test fluid lubricity and provides a basis for predicting friction or wear problems.

AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components

Rings, Sealing, Phosphonitrilic Fluoroelastomer (Fz) Aviation Fuel Resistant

AMS7284B (Current)05/03/2016

This specification and its associated detail specifications cover phosphonitrilic fluoroelastomers (FZ) in the form of molded rings.

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Rings, Sealing, Phosphonitrilic Fluoroelastomer (FZ) Aviation Fuel-Resistant 75 - 85 Shore A

AMS7284/2A (Current)05/03/2016

This specification covers phosphonitrilic fluoroelastomer (FZ) in the form of molded rings. Primarily for use in aircraft fuel systems operating from -55 to +150 degrees C (-67 to +302 degrees F).

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Rings, Sealing, Phosphonitrilic Fluoroelastomer (FZ) Aviation Fuel Resistant 65 - 75 Shore A

AMS7284/1A (Current)05/03/2016

This specification covers a phosphonitrilic fluoroelastomer (FZ) in the form of molded rings. Primarily for use in aircraft fuels systems operating from -55 to +150 degrees C (-67 to 302 degrees F).

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Blending Octane Evaluation of Fuel Ethers: A Literature Review

2016-01-088304/05/2016

A thorough bibliographic survey was carried out to collect literature-available information about blending octane numbers (BONs) of most widely used ethers by the refining industry (mainly MTBE and ETBE). The intention was to review the publicly reported BONs values, to suggest the most appropriate figures for future reference, while also understanding the causes of the differences. Summary tables feature all BON values, either explicitly reported in literature or calculated based on experimental results. Due to synergistic intermolecular interactions with hydrocarbons, BONs typically depend on base stock composition. The octane gain tends to grow as the paraffin content in the base stock increases. Moreover BONs tend to decrease as the octane numbers (ON) of the base stock increase. From a refining industry practical utilization viewpoint, the relevant BONs to be considered should logically be those referring to a typical on-spec gasoline composition (relevant “cluster”), while

Mirabella, Walter, Avella, Francesco, Di Girolamo, Marco, Abbott, Tim, Busch, Oliver

Fusible-Core Polymer

TBMG-2313810/01/2015

Egmond Plastic Alkmaar, The Netherlands +31-72-5614644

Effects of Ice Accretion in an Aircraft Protective Mesh Strainer of a Fuel Pump

2015-01-244909/15/2015

This paper focuses on the investigation of the nature, process and effects of ice accretion on different feed pump strainers upstream of the aircraft feeding system. A suitable test rig was designed to circulate Jet A-1 containing water/ice contaminants at cold temperatures through the strainers. Following an extensive literature review, a number of screening tests were performed. These provided a strong base for an exhaustive study of fuel icing in the dynamic environment offered by the test rig. The effects of the rate of fuel cooling on the nature of ice were examined. As expected, it was observed that the yield of ice generated on the mesh screen increased with the water concentration in the fuel. It was also revealed that at higher cooling rates, a crust of snow formed on top of softer ice on the mesh screen. This phenomenon induced a slight drop in pressure across the mesh screen, indicating that the permeability of the crust layer is lower, but still allowed the passage of fuel

Baena, Solange, Lam, Joseph K-W, Lawson, Craig

Water Solubility in Different Alternative Jet Fuels: A Comparison with Petroleum-Based Jet Fuel

2015-01-256309/15/2015

The paper presents an extensive assessment of the hygroscopic characteristics of a number of alternative jet fuel blends. These are blended with conventional Jet A-1 to conform with current aviation standards at a 50:50 ratio by volume, except for DSHC (Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon), which is blended at 10% DSHC and 90% Jet A-1. Given the lack of information available on the water solubility of alternative jet fuels, an effective analysis of experimental data about this characteristic in six different alternatives was performed. These included four ASTM approved alternatives (two Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetics from coal and natural gas, one HEFA (Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids) derived from camelina and DSHC. An extra two alternatives currently under consideration for ASTM approval were also tested; ReadiJet and an ATJ (Alcohol to Jet). Water solubility-temperature curves were created and compared to the Jet A-1 reported in the CRC (Coordinating Research Council) Handbook of

Charro, Alberto, Baena, Solange, Lam, Joseph K-W

Peak-Seeking Control Method

TBMG-2107712/01/2014

Peak-seeking algorithms optimize physical processes in real time and are widely used throughout a variety of industries. However, measuring associated parameters in changing conditions, and responding to them appropriately, is difficult because the measurements are typically distorted by noise. This technology addresses that problem by employing a time-varying Kalman filter. The filter is an algorithm previously developed to estimate unknown parameters within systems that are intrinsically random and uncertain. The Kalman filter is excellent at finding estimates when it encounters noisy signals. As a minimal-variant filter, it inherently produces the best estimates of a function with the smallest amount of variation from the true value. Thus, the filter can help accurately determine the optimal coordinates of the peak- seeking function as conditions in the environment change.

SAE Vehicle Electrification: Novmeber 12, 2014

14VED1111/12/2014

Harley-Davidson's e-bike shocker (video) Is the motorcycle market ready for a Harley-Davidson EV? Project LiveWire was designed to provide answers, said Chief Engineer Jeff Richlen. Airbus has its eye on the future of cleaner flight CleanSky 2 targets are to increase aircraft fuel efficiency enough to reduce CO2 emissions by 20-30% and reduce aircraft NOx and noise emissions by 20-30% compared to newly designed aircraft entering into service in 2014-or essentially halve 2005 CO2 emissions levels by 2050. Soul EV extends the range frontier (video) Specially formulated NCM battery cells are key in giving the vehicle class-leading EV range while enabling engineers to fit a high-energy-density battery pack underfloor with little sacrifice of passenger cabin space.

Propulsion: Energy Sources

14AERP10_0110/01/2014

Flying on Vegetation: Airlines, aircraft companies, and other stakeholders are taking the long view in developing sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based jet fuels. Fuel is expensive for airlines. According to sources interviewed for this article, fuel accounts for 30 to 50% of operating costs, depending on the size of the aircraft. And fuel prices remain volatile. At the same time, there are few alternatives to powering aircraft. While land transport has some available options-think electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cells-aviation depends on liquid fuels with high energy density. Emissions are another concern. According to the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), aviation is responsible for 2% of global manmade CO2 emissions.

Morey, Bruce

Flying on Vegetation

TBMG-2074410/01/2014

Fuel is expensive for airlines. According to sources interviewed for this article, fuel accounts for 30 to 50% of operating costs, depending on the size of the aircraft. And fuel prices remain volatile.

Nitrous Oxide Ethane-Ethylene Engine

TBMG-20712

10/01/2014

The Nitrous Oxide Ethylene-Ethane (NEE) engine uses nitrous oxide as an autogenously pressurizing oxidizer, and a mixture of ethane and ethylene is used in the same manner as fuel. Initially, the ethane and ethylene mixture has the same vapor pressure as the nitrous oxide. By using the autogenous pressurization capabilities of these propellants, instead of an additional pressurization system, greater system simplicity and reliability can be attained. The NEE can obtain a specific impulse of 320 s, making it the highest-performing, non-toxic, storable bipropellant rocket propulsion system in existence at the time of this reporting.

The Compatibility Study of Aircraft Fuel Tank Elastomers with Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosine and its Blends

2014-01-900109/01/2014

The synthetic paraffinic kerosine (SPK) produced via HEFAs is of great interest for civil aviation industry as it exhibits an excellent thermal oxidative stability with significantly lower particulate matter emission. However, due to its aromatic free characteristics, the widespread use of SPK is limited by its compatibility with non-metal materials such as fuel tank elastomers. In this research the compatibility of SPK and its blends with widely used aircraft fuel tank elastomers were systematically studied. Experimental results demonstrated the volume swellability of all selected materials showed a linear relationship with volume percentage of No.3 jet fuel in SPK blend. The increase of volume percentage of No.3 jet fuel in the SPK blend increased volume swellability for all materials except fluorosilicone gasket. The alkyl benzenes and naphthalenes in the blend acted as the hydrogen donors, which facilitated the formation of polymer matrix and led to the increase of the distance

Chen, Kai

Testing Particle Counters for Detection of Fuel Contamination

TBMG-2034708/01/2014

Fuel quality assurance is accomplished by conducting periodic fuel sampling for the condition monitoring of aviation fuel by detecting, measuring, and reporting the levels of contaminants in the fuel. Current methods have several drawbacks including operator subjectivity, lack of detailed analysis, limitations in providing reliable data, and the turnaround time needed to get the test results.

Comparison of Soot Formation For Diesel and Jet-A in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber Using Two-Color Pyrometry

2014-01-125104/01/2014

The measurement of the two-color line of sight soot and KL factor for NO.2 diesel and jet-A fuels was conducted in an optical constant volume combustion chamber by using a high speed camera under 1000 K ambient temperature and varied oxygen concentration conditions. The ambient conditions were set as follows: four oxygen cases including 10%, 15%, 18% and 21% at 1000 K ambient temperature. KL factor and soot temperature were determined based on the two-color pyrometry technique using two band-pass filters with wavelengths of 650 nm and 550 nm. The results show that low soot temperature is observed in the upstream inner flame along the centerline, which is surrounded by high soot temperature regions, and a high KL factor is found in the same region with a low soot temperature. The results under different times suggest that soot temperature is higher for high O2 conditions during the entire flame development; meanwhile, both integrated KL factor and soot area decrease with the increase of

Jing, Wei, Roberts, William, Fang, Tiegang

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