Browse Topic: Liquefied petroleum gas

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There is ‘NO ALTERNATE TO ALTERNATE FUELS’2026-26-01081/16/2026
Alternate Fuels are to be redefined as current definition says any fuel other than Diesel or Petrol. CNG / LNG / LPG / Bi-fuels / Synthetic fuels / Electric energy and Hydrogen fuel are various alternate fuels; many more are expected to add mainly Solar energy in future. CNG / LNG / LPG are alternative fuels but from fossil fuels category. Renewable Fuels are fuels produced from renewable resources. Examples include: biofuels Hydrogen fuel and fully synthetic fuel (also known as electro fuel). Electrical energy & Hydrogen energy produced from conventional way can be classified as non-renewable fuels. Interestingly, Bio-fuels and Synthetic fuels are produced from the waste. Therefore, these fuels serve dual purpose - consumption of waste and generation of energy. While studying the fuels, we need to understand one more thing how these fuels are used, this is explained as below. The Alternative fuel choice is not easy as there are many things involved to be considered. We need to take
KUMATHEKAR, RAJESH RAMDAS
Impact of LPG Composition on Performance, Emissions and Combustion Characteristics of a Spark-ignited CFR Engine2022-01-05643/29/2022
Research on alternative fuels has made significant progress as demands for cleaner and efficient engine operation intensifies. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can offer a potential alternative fuel route in the Diesel fuel dominated heavy-duty transportation sector due to its low cost, high anti-knock limit relative to gasoline, and reduced emission levels. In this work, experimental investigations are performed to study the effects of LPG compositions on performance, emissions, and combustion behavior of a cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine under stoichiometric conditions. Four LPG blends (chemically pure propane, a representative US blend, HD5, and a representative European blend) representing the present LPG market are chosen. The impact of fuel composition is studied under different compression ratios (CR) ranging from 7:1 to 10:1 with one-unit increments. The results show that fuel composition has minimal effect on engine efficiency over the CR range. Engine-out emissions are
Fosudo, Toluwalase, Kar, Tanmay, Marchese, Anthony, Windom, Bret, Olsen, Daniel
Improving the Processes of Thermal Preparation of an Automobile Engine with Petrol and Gas Supply Systems (Vehicle Engine with Petrol and LPG Supplying Systems)2020-01-20319/15/2020
This article deals with the features of the thermal preparation system application on automobile engine, the heating of which to operating temperatures is carried out on petrol, and subsequent operation on liquefied petroleum gas. The main element of the heat treatment system is a phase-transfer heat accumulator, the task of which is to minimize the engine warm-up time and, therefore, reduce petrol consumption on warm-up modes. An information system has been developed (is being used) for remote monitoring and control of the thermal preparation processes of an engine with a thermal accumulator. The results of experimental studies on a passenger vehicle engine under various operating conditions have confirmed the effectiveness of using a phase-transfer heat accumulator to reduce the heating time of the coolant and reduce the consumption of petrol to warm up the engine. In particular, it was shown, that the proposed system, where engine was warmed up on petrol to 50 ° C at an ambient
Gritsuk, Igor, Pohorletskyi, Dmytro, Mateichyk, Vasyl, Symonenko, Roman, Tsiuman, Mykola, Volodarets, Mykyta, Bulgakov, Nickolay, Volkov, Vladimir, Vychuzhanin, Vladimir, Grytsuk, Yuriy, Ahieiev, Maksym, Sadovnyk, Ivan
Analysis of Cold Start Emission from Light Duty Vehicles Fueled with Gasoline and LPG for Selected Ambient Temperatures2020-01-22079/15/2020
The exhaust emission from modern vehicles is reduced by catalysts except for cold start phase. The difference in emissions for unheated catalysts is large and can reach several times higher than the emission for the heated thermal state of the engine. In the dyno tests, the analysis of the duration and volume of the emissions for harmful exhaust components: CO2 (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), NOx (nitrogen oxides) at various climatic chamber operating temperatures, i.e. 0-30oC, for a vehicle meeting the EURO3 and EURO6 standards was performed. Stationary analyzers AVL AMA i60 were used to measure the emissions. The article presents the differences in the emissions for the cold-start phase of engine operation and the duration of time passing to a heated engine for vehicles powered by petrol and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The work shows the analysis of modal emissions as well as bag emission.
Jaworski, Artur, Mądziel, Maksymilian, Kuszewski, Hubert, Lejda, Kazimierz, Balawender, Krzysztof, Jaremcio, Mirosław, Jakubowski, Mirosław, Wojewoda, Paweł, Lew, Krzysztof, Ustrzycki, Adam
Enhanced Fabrication Improves Temperature Sensing in Cryogenic Humid EnvironmentsTBMG-374718/1/2020
A team of researchers at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center have developed a new manufacturing process that improves the ability of fiber optic sensing systems to measure temperature and liquid levels when operating in humid environments. The process involves eliminating moisture from the optical fiber coating, then completing the sensor assembly within humidity-controlled conditions. The resulting sensor hardware provides precise and accurate measurements even when operating in a humid environment. Originally designed to monitor a rocket’s cryogenic fuel levels in conjunction with NASA’s patented Fiber Optic Sensing System (FOSS), this technology can be used in many industrial, food, and medical applications.
Reconsidering CNG as an alt-fuel solution20AUTP05_105/1/2020
As CO2 emission standards continue to tighten, the future of the IC engine may be inexorably tied to alternative fuels. As automakers seek propulsion solutions delivering convenience and performance similar to gasoline or diesel, without radical changes to infrastructure, some experts say it's time to reconsider the gaseous-fuel alternative. OEMs and markets have largely rejected CNG (compressed natural gas) and LNG (liquified natural gas), preferring hybridization as a steppingstone to full electrification. Those fuels did not enter mainstream use “because their benefits have been compromised by dual-fuel installations that require the engine to also operate on gasoline,” argues Mike Bassett, chief engineer for research at Mahle Powertrain.
Birch, Stuart
Aging of a Multi-Hole Diesel Injector and Its Effect on the Rate of Injection2020-01-08294/14/2020
In order to comply with the increasingly restrictive limits of emissions and fuel consumption, researches are focusing on improving the efficiency of combustion engines. In this area, the aging of the injector and its effect on the injection development is not entirely analyzed. In this work, the rate of injection of a diesel injector at different stages of its lifetime is analyzed. To this end, a multi-hole piezoelectric injector was employed, comparing the injection rate measured at the beginning of its lifetime to the rate provided by the injector after aging, maintaining the same boundary conditions in both measurements. Injection pressures up to 200 MPa were used throughout the experiments. The results showed that the steady-state rate of injection was lower after the injector aged. Furthermore, the injector took a longer time to close the needle and end the injection, in comparison with the measurements done at earlier stages of its lifetime. To explain this phenomenon
Payri, Raul, Salvador, Francisco Javier, Gimeno, Jaime, Montiel, Tomas
Mazda details electrification strategy, confirms rotary engine's return18AUTP11_0611/1/2018
In an announcement from Japan in October, Mazda-one of the few established automakers to articulate a comprehensive longterm commitment to hybridization or all-electric vehicle propulsion-said it intends to incorporate some type of electrification in all its vehicles by 2030. Yet in nearly the same virtual breath, the company affirmed its connection to “soulful” forms of internal combustion, including a confirmation that it will renew its longstanding enthusiasm for the rotary engine. In a carefully-worded statement, Mazda reminded that many credible forecasts call for internal combustion to remain the dominant light-vehicle propulsion source for perhaps decades to come, while discretely laying out its plan for electrification-when and where it makes sense for the environment.
Visnic, Bill
Using Liquid Natural Gas Fuel to Cryogenically Cool and Enhance a Hybrid Electric Aircraft Power SystemF-0074-2018-126725/14/2018
ABSTRACT A previous system study identified significant increases in range and number of urban air mobility (UAM) missions by replacing the all battery power system of a notional UAM vehicle with an advanced diesel hybrid using conventional diesel or liquid natural gas (LNG) fuels (at constant vehicle design gross weight). Some benefits were realized using the LNG's cryogenic properties to reduce some electrical component losses and cooling requirements. Significant questions were raised concerning volume and thermal management considerations for all studied systems. The notional, baseline vehicle was a hybrid helicopter/ airplane design capable of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), balancing high cruise efficiency with reasonable hover capability. A subsequent power system assessment using the same notional vehicle and mission was performed that identified increased volume and power requirements for the active cooling required. The cooling airflow could also generate additional
Snyder, Christopher, Kohlman, Lee
Realizing Stoichiometric, Natural Gas-Fueled Combustion in Diesel Engines2018-01-11484/3/2018
For high-load applications, natural gas represents a clean burning, readily available, and relatively inexpensive alternative to number 2 Diesel fuel. However, the fuel’s poor ignitability has previously limited implementation to spark ignited and dual-fueled engines. These approaches suffer from reduced peak load and high engine-out particulate emissions, respectively, requiring lean operation and expensive aftertreatment to meet regulatory standards. A high-temperature combustion strategy can overcome the difficult ignitibility, allowing for true Diesel-style combustion of pure methane-the least ignitable and least sooting component of natural gas. In order to achieve this result, a compression system was designed to supply fuel at pressures suitably high to achieve good mixing and short injection durations, and a solenoid-actuated Diesel fuel injector was modified to function at these pressures with a gaseous fuel. This fuel supply system was paired with a single-cylinder research
Oliver, Nathaniel, Edwards, Chris
Flexible, Gravity-Fed Heat PipeTBMG-285443/1/2018
The advent of cryocooler technology ushers in an era where a cryogenic environment is created and maintained locally. It is no longer necessary to transport cryogen from a factory where it is produced to the location where it is needed. One problem remains for cooling large cryogenic systems with cryocoolers that extract more than 50 W of power. Although high-capacity cryocoolers are available from several commercial sources, the thermal link for connecting the cryocooler to a large system is not yet available. For small systems requiring less heat extraction, flexible heat straps made of braided copper wires are available for the thermal link. For heat extraction of more than 50 W at −100 K, this type of heat strap cannot be made short enough and flexible enough.
Powertrain mix for CVs in Europe set to diversify, but cost is critical18TOFHP02_102/1/2018
The European Commission looks set to continue its move away from diesel, prompting manufacturers to assess future powertrain options for commercial vehicles. As many cities across Europe call for improved air quality, the Commission has proposed new targets for EU fleet-wide average CO2 emissions of new passenger cars and vans. Under its second Mobility Package proposal, average CO2 emissions from cars and vans would be cut by 15% by 2025 and should be 30% lower in 2030, compared to current plans for 2021.
Gilkes, Dan
Cryogenic and Non-Cryogenic Liquid Level InstrumentTBMG-281851/1/2018
NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center has developed a unique prototype for measuring the liquid level in a tank, employing a novel process. The technology can operate in a wide range of environments, including high and low temperatures and pressures, and is simpler and less expensive than other optical sensing techniques. The instrument also provides far greater accuracy and faster results in cryogenic conditions than typical cryogenic liquid metering methods. It is ideal for cryogenic and non-cryogenic ground tank metering applications, and zero-gravity systems that include stratification or settling techniques.
Effects of Low Temperature Combustion on Particle and Gaseous Emission of a Dual Fuel Light Duty Engine2017-24-00819/4/2017
In recent years the use of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines has had a strong push coming from both technical and economic-environmental aspects. Among these, gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas have occupied a segment no longer negligible in the automotive industry, thanks to their adaptability, anti-knock capacity, lower toxicity of pollutants, reduced CO2 emissions and cost effectiveness. On the other hand, diesel engines still represent the reference category among the internal combustion engines in terms of fuel consumptions. The possibility offered by the dual fuel systems, to combine the efficiency and performance of a diesel engine with the environmental advantages of gaseous fuels, has been long investigated. However the simple replacement of diesel fuel with natural gas does not allow to optimize the performance of the engine due to the high THC emissions particularly at lower loads. Increasing the injection timing of pilot diesel
De Simio, Luigi, Gambino, Michele, Iannaccone, Sabato
Potential and Challenges of HPDI2017-01-19285/10/2017
Globally, many jurisdictions are working toward greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions standards for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles that will take effect in the next decade and require GHG reductions of up to 25% from 2017 legislated levels. While diesel engines will require increasingly complex improvements, high pressure direct injection (HPDI) of natural gas can provide GHG reductions of approximately 20% (75% or more with renewable natural gas / bio-methane) while preserving the same power density, torque and performance as diesel. This paper will provide an overview of the improvements in the Westport™ HPDI 2.0 components as well as performance and emissions results demonstrated to-date. The potential and challenges of higher injection pressures will be explored while also investigating sources of and methods to eliminate methane venting on the vehicle.
Mumford, David, Goudie, Dale, Saunders, James
Investigations of the Effect of Humid Air on NOx and PM Emissions of a CNG Engine2017-01-07833/28/2017
The investigation has been divided into two parts. In part one, numerical investigations of the effect of humid air with different levels of humidity on gaseous emissions of a non-premixed combustion have been investigated. This part of the investigation was a feasibility study, focused on how different levels of humidity in the intake air affects the exhaust NO emission. Part two of the investigation was verification of the numerical results with a naturally aspirated engine with natural gas as the fuel. Here, we also investigated the impact of humid air intake on engine’s particulate matter (PM) emission. For the numerical investigations, the non-premixed combustion in a single cylinder was simulated using the presumed probability density function combustion model. Simulations were performed for dry as well as humid intake air for 0%, 15%, and 30% relative humidity (RH). Numerical results have shown 65% reduction in NO emission at 15% RH, when compared with NO emission of dry intake
Rahai, Hamid R., Lee, Yong, rahimi, Najmeh, Gada, Komal
Comparison of Pollutant Emissions from Common Platform Vehicles Operating on Alternative Fuels over a Range of Driving Cycles at Standard and Cold Ambient Temperatures2016-01-221610/17/2016
Alternative fuels and power trains are expected to play an important role in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutants. In this study, five light-duty vans, operating on alternative fuels and propulsion systems, were tested on a chassis dynamometer for emissions and efficiency. The vehicles were powered with Tier 2 gasoline, low blend ethanol (E10), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and an electric battery. Four test cycles were used representing city driving and cold-start (FTP-75), aggressive high speed driving (US06), free flow highway driving (HWFCT), and a combination of urban, rural, and motorway driving (WHVC). Tests were performed at a temperature of 22°C, with select tests at -7°C and -18°C. Exhaust emissions were measured and characterized including CO, NOX, THC, PM and CO2. On the FTP-75, WHVC, and US06 cycles additional exhaust emission characterization included N2O, and CH4. On the FTP-75, carbonyl compounds and volatile
Richard, Brad, Christenson, Martha, Rosenblatt, Deborah, Conde, Aaron
Future Specification of Automotive LPG Fuels for Modern Turbocharged DI SI Engines with Today’s High Pressure Fuel Pumps2016-01-225510/17/2016
Liquefied Petroleum Gas direct injection (LPG DI) is believed to be the key enabler for the adaption of modern downsized gasoline engines to the usage of LPG, since LPG DI avoids the significant low end torque drop, which goes along with the application of conventional LPG port fuel injection systems to downsized gasoline DI engines, and provides higher combustion efficiencies. However, especially the high vapor pressure of C3 hydrocarbons can result in hot fuel handling issues as evaporation or even in reaching the supercritical state of LPG upstream or inside the high pressure pump (HPP). This is particularly critical under hot soak conditions. As a result of a rapid fuel density drop close to the supercritical point, the HPP is not able to keep the rail pressure constant and the engine stalls. Thus, in order to enable wider use of LPG and to assist the process of standardization, a limitation for maximum content of C3 fuel components - as propane and propene - is required as a key
Krieck, Martin, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan, Kramer, Ulrich, Heinze, Thomas, Thewes, Matthias
Cryogenic Liquid Level Sensor Apparatus and MethodTBMG-252999/1/2016
Innovators at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center have developed a highly accurate method for measuring liquid levels using optical fibers. Unlike liquid level gauges currently on the market that rely on discrete measurements to give broad approximations of liquid levels, Armstrong’s innovative fiber optic method provides precise and accurate measurements. Specifically, Armstrong’s novel method is capable of providing measurements at 1/4-inch intervals within a tank. This significant leap forward in precision and accuracy in liquid level sensing offers significant benefits to many industries. Originally designed by NASA to monitor a rocket’s cryogenic fuel levels, this technology can be used in many medical, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications.
An Experimental Study of the Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CI Engine under Diesel-1-Butanol/CNG Dual Fuel Operation Mode2016-01-07884/5/2016
In order to comply with the stringent emission regulations, many researchers have been focusing on diesel-compressed natural gas (CNG) dual fuel operation in compression ignition (CI) engines. The diesel-CNG dual fuel operation mode has the potential to reduce both the soot and NOx emissions; however, the thermal efficiency is generally lower than that of the pure diesel operation, especially under the low and medium load conditions. The current experimental work investigates the potential of using diesel-1-butanol blends as the pilot fuel to improve the engine performance and emissions. Fuel blends of B0 (pure diesel), B10 (90% diesel and 10% 1-butanol by volume) and B20 (80% diesel and 20% 1-butanol) with 70% CNG substitution were compared based on an equivalent input energy at an engine speed of 1200 RPM. The results indicated that the diesel-1-butanol pilot fuel can lead to a more homogeneous mixture due to the longer ignition delay. Using certain multiple injection strategies
Meng, Xiangyu, Nithyanandan, Karthik, Lee, Timothy, Li, Yuqiang, Long, Wuqiang, Lee, Chia-Fon
Optical Characterization of Propane at Representative Spark Ignition, Gasoline Direct Injection Conditions2016-01-08424/5/2016
The focus of internal combustion (IC) engine research is the improvement of fuel economy and the reduction of the tailpipe emissions of CO2 and other regulated pollutants. Promising solutions to this challenge include the use of both direct-injection (DI) and alternative fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). This study uses Mie-scattering and schlieren imaging to resolve the liquid and vapor phases of propane and iso-octane, which serve as surrogates for LPG and gasoline respectively. These fuels are imaged in a constant volume chamber at conditions that are relevant to both naturally aspirated and boosted, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. It is observed that propane and iso-octane have different spray behaviors across these conditions. Iso-octane is subject to conventional spray breakup and evaporation in nearly all cases, while propane is heavily flash-boiling throughout the GDI operating map. This severe flashing behavior has major implications for the design and
Lacey, Joshua, Poursadegh, Farzad, Brear, Michael, Petersen, Phred, Lakey, Charles, Ryan, Steve, Butcher, Brendan
Vehicle Design, Battery Design and Distribution Model to Implement Battery Swapping in Battery Electric Vehicles, by Drawing Parallels with the Indian LPG-Distribution Network which has Effectively Implemented Cylinder-Swapping Methodology2016-28-00242/1/2016
To increase the range of a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), a lot of ideas have been proposed. A prominent one among them is the Battery swapping methodology or Rapid Battery Interchange (RBI), where standardized batteries can easily be removed from the BEV and replaced with recharged batteries quickly. The feasibility of this methodology has been highly debated and contested. This paper studies the feasibility of a very popular distribution and maintenance network currently used for LPG distribution in India, to be applied to battery distribution used across different makes and models of BEVs. In India, 33.6 million households subscribe to LPG Cylinders for domestic cooking usage. These standard sized (14.2Kg) cylinders are refilled and redistributed via multiple public sector and private companies. The paper also focuses on another advantage that can be borrowed from this system, which is the ability of the government to subsidies this resource, allowing quick mass-outreach of the
Rai, Aditya, Vijh, Sanchit, Sethupathi, P Baskara
An Experimental Study on Fuel Consumption and Emission Characteristics of LPG-HEV City Transit Buses2015-01-27979/29/2015
This paper studies the characteristics of fuel consumption and exhaust emission of city transit buses, and analyzes the fuel saving rate and exhaust pollutants reduction effect of LPG-HEV buses relative to LPG buses. The running speed, fuel consumption, exhaust emission and other variables of 3 LPG-HEV buses that aren't plug-in hybrid, and 2 LPG buses were measured by a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) under real driving situations of city transit buses in Guangzhou, China. The test data was analyzed to make a comparison between LPG-HEV and LPG buses. The study results show that the running speed of city buses in real driving modes is mainly distributed in the range of 0 to 35 km/h, and the average value is 18km/h, while the acceleration is distributed in a range from −0.5 to 0.5m/s2 mainly. The average fuel consumption of LPG-HEV buses is 51.02 l/100km, and is 6.23% lower than that of LPG buses. The fuel saving effects appears when its speed below 25 km/h, and the lower the
Peng, Meichun, Zheng, Yue, Jiang, Xiaoyan, Wang, Jiahao
Hybrid Laminate Composite for Harsh Environments and High-Performance ApplicationsTBMG-228529/1/2015
A multi-functional composite laminate material has been developed for structural and thermal applications for use in durable cryogenic fuel tanks for transportation vehicles and/or in the construction of habitats. The technology focuses on aerogel and fiber composites integrated into unique layups with thermal and mechanical energy absorption capabilities. The lightweight laminate composite system has multi-functionality for both high- and low-temperature applications. Combining structural and thermal attributes, the innovation is a lightweight aerogel-fiber laminate composite system with good compressive strength, tailorable for impact and acoustic energy absorption, reduced heat transfer, and/or fire barrier properties.
An Experimental Study of Injection and Combustion with Dimethyl Ether2015-01-09324/14/2015
DiMethyl Ether (DME) has been known to be an outstanding fuel for combustion in diesel cycle engines for nearly twenty years. DME has a vapour pressure of approximately 0.5MPa at ambient temperature (293K), thus it requires pressurized fuel systems to keep it in liquid state which are similar to those for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (mixtures of propane and butane). The high vapour pressure of DME permits the possibility to optimize the fuel injection characteristic of direct injection diesel engines in order to achieve a fast evaporation and mixing with the charged gas in the combustion chamber, even at moderate fuel injection pressures. To understand the interrelation between the fuel flow inside the nozzle spray holes tests were carried out using 2D optically accessed nozzles coupled with modelling approaches for the fuel flow, cavitation, evaporation and the gas dynamics of 2-phase (liquid and gas) flows. And to understand the spray characteristics tests were carried out using constant
Sasaki, Satoru, Kato, Masaaki, Yokota, Takamasa, Konno, Mitsuru, Gill, Denis
A Study of Supercharged HCCI Combustion Using Blended Fuels of Propane and DME2014-32-000511/11/2014
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) has attracted a great deal of interest as a combustion system for internal combustion engines because it achieves high efficiency and clean exhaust emissions. However, HCCI combustion has several issues that remain to be solved. For example, it is difficult to control engine operation because there is no physical means of inducing ignition. Another issue is the rapid rate of heat release because ignition of the mixture occurs simultaneously at multiple places in the cylinder. The results of previous investigations have shown that the use of a blended fuel of DME and propane was observed that the overall combustion process was delayed, with that combustion became steep when injected propane much. This study focused on expanding the region of stable engine operation and improving thermal efficiency by using supercharging and blended fuels. The purpose of using supercharging were in order to moderated combustion. In addition, the purpose of
Mochizuki, Keisuke, Shima, Takahiro, Suzuki, Hirotaka, Ishikawa, Yoshihiro, Iijima, Akira, Yoshida, Koji, Shoji, Hideo
Emission and Performance Enhancement of Multi-Cylinder SI Engine Fuelled with LPG and Vaporized Water Methanol Induction2014-01-276410/13/2014
This work aims study on the method of NOx reduction and performance enhancement by analysis of MPFI multi-cylinder gasoline engine running on LPG using the gas injection system and vaporized water-methanol induction to the intake manifold. For the generation of vaporized water-methanol, heat from the exhaust gas has been used. Different percentages of water- methanol by mass basis were used with variable engine speed ranging from 2000 to 4500 RPM. The outcomes indicated that as the percentage water-methanol induction level of the engine increased, there is a slight increase in percentage of useful work, while the NOx decreased drastically about 47%. Additionally, the engine brake thermal efficiency gains. The mean gain in the brake thermal efficiency for a 20% water methanol with LPG is approximately 1.5% over the use of LPG without water-methanol induction.
Patil, Bhimrao, Nayak, Vighnesha, Padmanabha, Mohanan
The Effect of the LPG Injector Distance from an Inlet Valve on the Combustion Process in a SI Engine2014-01-262410/13/2014
This paper seeks to examine the effect of distance of the gas injector from an inlet valve on the combustion process in a LPG fuelled SI engine under varied injection timing. Tests were conducted at an engine test stand, where the operating conditions of the engine were maintained stable. The tests were undertaken on an indirect injection spark ignition engine under partial load and at a constant speed. Holes in the inlet pipes were drilled in order to test for four variants of injection nozzle distance from the combustion chamber into which 4 mm diameter nozzles were successively mounted. Each given distance was measured along the symmetry axis of the inlet port, which represents a real path of the fuel-air mixture. The results show that the engine performance is affected more by the injector distance from the inlet valve than by varied LPG injection timing. Consequently, cycle-to-cycle variations of main combustion parameters and engine performance parameters were analyzed. The
Grabowski, Lukasz
Liquid State LPG Conversion of an Older Vehicle2014-01-261310/13/2014
A conversion to LPG of a SI engine that was originally carbureted gasoline is reported in this work. The conversion was implemented on a 1988 Skoda 120L with a 1174cc rear engine. The conversion to run on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was carried out using a programmable Engine Control Unit (ECU) that operated a single point fuel injection system. The LPG used was a commercially available mixture of butane and propane. The fuel injection system was designed to operate with the LPG in the liquid state. A circulating pump was used to maintain availability of LPG in liquid state at the inlet to the fuel injector. This made possible the use of similar fuel injection parts as in a gasoline system. Injection of the fuel in the liquid state provided cooling to the intake air as measured during driving of the vehicle and also on chassis dynamometer runs. Engine power output measured on the chassis dynamometer showed equal power between gasoline and LPG around mid RPM of 2500 RPM with a slight
Farrugia, Mario, Briffa, Andrew, Farrugia, Michael
Model-Based Control for Air-Fuel Ratio of Natural Gas Fueled SI Engines2014-01-258510/13/2014
This paper proposes a fast and simple model of a Compressed Natural Gas indirect injection system to predict the system dynamics with high accuracy for different operating conditions. In a retrofit system the CNG Engine Control Unit (ECU) is able to translate the petrol ECU control strategy in CNG operation. The adaptation of the engine to the natural gas type is handled by using the factory engine control strategy embodied in the factory ECU. The ECU monitors the engine through various sensors and controls its operation using a variety of actuators. Because of many input parameters, the control over the engine becomes quite complex. The use of advanced emission control systems makes such process even more complicated. The new Gas Control Unit is used to reprogram the ECU control parameters to correspond with the use of Natural Gas along with the characteristics of the Natural Gas injectors. Since gaseous fuels are not affected by evaporation effects, the intake fuel-air mixing
Wendeker, Miroslaw, Baranski, Grzegorz, Magryta, Pawel
Uniform Provisions Concerning the: Measures to be Taken Against the Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants from Compression-Ignition Engines for Use in Vehicles, and the Emission of Gaseous Pollutants from Positive-Ignition Engines Fuelled with Natural Gas or Liquefied Petroleum Gas for Use in Vehicles.INT-REG-6307/22/2014
Emissions - Heavy Duty Vehicles.
A Detailed Analysis of Proper Safety Features Implementation in the Design and Construction of Modern Automotive LPG and CNG Containers2014-01-04184/1/2014
Paper describes analysis of the design process of modern automotive LPG and CNG containers. Over decade experience in the field of both computer based analysis as well as in the real conditions testing has been collected and presented in the paper. Authors present the potentials of modern FEM methodologies in the optimization and production of lightweight steel containers. It has been proved that the most sophisticated numerical analysis have to be followed by the construction verification, particularly considering direct exposure to fire. Bonfire test have become obligatory for both liquid and compressed gases containers. Properly chosen fire protection system, together with the adequate level of quality of materials applied for its production together with proper directing of the gas flowing out from safety devices are the essential factors defining gas containers fire safety. The experience in the field of bonfire tests made it also possible to present the main issues of the proper
Flekiewicz, Bartosz, Flekiewicz, Marek
Comparison of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Conventional, CNG-Hybrid and Electric Powertrains for Long Mileage Application in a Taxi for Singapore2014-01-16164/1/2014
In this analysis we assess the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of four types of vehicles which might play a role in achieving future emission reductions: vehicles using compressed natural gas (CNG), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), mild hybrid CNG vehicles and range extended BEVs. Our analysis covers the manufacturing processes of these vehicles and their use as a city taxi in Singapore. We also consider upstream emissions from fuel and electricity production. All necessary parameters are derived from an intensive literature review and the model for calculating the life cycle emissions is presented. The influence of data uncertainties is analyzed by parameter variations within different scenarios. The calculation results are found to be quite robust: The BEV and the mild hybrid CNG vehicle similarly show very low GHG emissions within all scenarios whereas the pure CNG vehicle always ranks the worst. In an additional scenario we also assessed the influence of an improved
Reuter, Benjamin, Gleyzes, Daniel, Lienkamp, Markus
Design and Analysis of a Modified CFR Engine for the Octane Rating of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG)2014-01-14744/1/2014
This paper presents a combined experimental and numerical study of a modified Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine that allows both the Research and Motor octane numbers (RON and MON) of any arbitrary Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) mixture to be determined. The design of the modified engine incorporates modern hardware that enables accurate metering of different LPG mixtures, together with measurement of the in-cylinder pressure, the air-fuel ratio and the engine-out emissions. The modified CFR engine is first used to measure the octane numbers of different LPG mixtures. The measured octane numbers are shown to be similar to the limited data acquired using the now withdrawn Motor (LP) test method (ASTM D2623). The volumetric efficiency, engine-out emissions and combustion efficiency for twelve alternative LPG mixtures are then compared with equivalent data acquired with the standard CFR engine operating on a liquid fuel. Finally, the modified CFR engine is modelled using GT-Power. The
Morganti, Kai, Foong, Tien Mun, Brear, Michael, Da Silva, Gabriel, Yang, Yi, Dryer, Frederick
Q&A with Dr. Pawan Goenka13MEIP12_0112/1/2013
The Executive Director & President-Automotive & Farm Equipment Sectors, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. answers questions on a range of subjects such as auto fuel efficiency, emissions, alternative fuels, safety, telematics, manufacturing, and sustainability. On design of passenger vehicles, what are the new technologies you foresee for better fuel efficiency? Sustainability is by far becoming the single biggest challenge facing the automotive industry. All emerging technologies that will make a meaningful contribution toward enhancing sustainability of the automobile in both manufacturing and in its usage are gaining prominence.
Effect of Injection Timing Retard on ISI Strategy in Lean-burning LPG Direct Injection Engines2013-01-263610/14/2013
Because of the concerns regarding global warming caused by greenhouse gases and the high cost of fossil fuels, research on improving the fuel economy and emissions in internal combustion engines has become important. Specifically for spark ignition engines, lean-burning direct injection is the most promising technology because the fuel economy and emissions can be improved using a stable combustion of a stratified mixture. This study aimed to develop a spray-guided, lean-burning liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) direct injection engine through optimizing the combustion parameter controls. In previous research, the brake thermal efficiency in an LPG direct injection engine was significantly increased and stable combustion was secured with an interinjection spark ignition (ISI) strategy under low-load operating conditions. However, the simple application of an ISI strategy does not improve the combustion stability under relatively high-load operating conditions, and consequently, the extent
Park, Cheolwoong, Park, Yunseo, Oh, Seungmook, Lee, Yonggyu, Kim, Tae Young
DUAL FUEL - Potential of Combined Combustion of CNG and Diesel Fuel2013-36-013310/7/2013
The continuous increase in the price of diesel fuel, the longer availability of CNG and the potential to reduce CO2 enhances the attractiveness to replace diesel fuel by CNG, especially in the aspiring economic markets. One possibility of this is the portrayal of Dual Fuel operation, using a conventional diesel engine with minor modifications, which can be operated either in diesel or a Dual Fuel (gas/diesel) mode. In this combustion mode, it must be possible to obtain a diesel substitution rate up to a maximum of 90 % and 70% on average, as the actual work indicates. In order to illustrate the potential of such a concept, tests were carried out on a 4 cylinder, 7 litre commercial vehicle engine, which was equipped for external carburation using commercial CNG components, as well as a development control unit with software functionality designed in-house. The objective of the investigations is the calibration of the engine for Dual Fuel operation by optimizing the injection and
Doppelbauer, C., Penz, Mario, Renner, Daniel, Masser, Karl, Dorfer, F.
Dual Fuel Engine - Diesel and Compressed Natural Gas Engine and After Treatment System2013-36-049010/7/2013
With the discovery of oil and gas in the pre-salt Santos and Campos basin, the supply of natural gas (NG) is expected to increase considerably, so the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in city buses will be an important option for reducing the overall consumption of fossil diesel fuel and a reduction in operating costs in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Areas in Brazil. A vehicle with an engine that can run on pure diesel or diesel and CNG has advantage over a vehicle that works exclusively with CNG, because when there is no availability or the lack of CNG, the vehicle / engine operates with diesel only. Another benefit of this technology is the resale value in Brazil, because after the life cycle of use in theses two big cities, Urban Buses are sold country side to small cities where CNG is not available. Another great advantage of this system is its robustness and non-dependence of spark ignition and coils, because the combustion will begin with pilot injection of Diesel
Shiraiwa, Nilton Mitsuro, Mozardo, Rodrigo, da Costa, Celso Macarini, Muraro, Wilson, Lemcke, Thomas, Zambotti, Aníbal
Using Mix of Gasoline and Liquefied Petroleum Gas for Lower Emissions and Greater Torque2013-01-11514/8/2013
The paper considers the problem of how to improve the economic efficiency of gasoline-powered internal combustion (IC) engines and at the same time increase their eco-friendliness and reduce emissions. Current industry thinking is that the use of alternative fuels (e.g. liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is widely used) helps reduce emissions of harmful substances in exhaust gases, but causes a reduction in engine power and torque. One of the ways to fix this problem is to add gasoline to the LPG, while current approaches to this problem improve either ecological performance or power readings of engines. It is assumed that one can change the fuel burning velocity and the amount of harmful substances in exhaust gases by adding gasoline to LPG and varying their percentage fuel mixture (called binary), thus providing higher ecological and operating performance of IC engines. Based on the above assumption a new engine control method has been developed, which improves gasoline IC engine
Beresnev, Max, Beresnev, Alex
How to Make Your Fleet More Sustainable and Save Money: The Ford Fleet Purchase Planner2013-01-05064/8/2013
Ford's portfolio approach to sustainable mobility offers a large range of fuel-efficient engines and alternative-fuel vehicles - including EcoBoost®, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, flexible fuel, battery-electric, B20 biodiesel and compressed natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas (CNG/LPG) vehicles. The Ford Fleet Purchase Planner has been developed to assist fleet customers in comparing these alternatives and understanding which vehicles offer the optimal mix to achieve CO₂ emission reductions while balancing corporate financial goals. Vehicle fleets for large corporations can have thousands of vehicles that are replaced on a timescale of months to years. We present the three main components of the Fleet Purchase Planner (patent pending) that provide fleet customers the lowest cost solution to achieving their sustainability goals: the Vehicle Emissions & Fuel Cost Calculator, the Fleet CO₂ Emissions Footprint Status Calculator, and the Purchase Recommender. The Vehicle Emissions & Fuel Cost
Winkler, Sandra, Reich, Daniel, Klampfl, Erica, Wallington, Timothy
Fuel Effect on Particle Emissions of a Direct Injection Engine2013-01-15594/8/2013
PN emissions were measured using a 2012 1.6L gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine vehicle. The measurements were performed over NEDC using domestic fuel from South Korea and Euro 5 certification fuel, also FTP-75 cycle using domestic fuel and Indolene (official emission test fuel in the US). Domestic fuel is the most volatile and has the least aromatics, Euro 5 certification fuel is the least volatile and has the most aromatics. Lower volatile gasoline generates more particle emissions due to diffusion combustion of fuel attached on the piston and fuel residues which are burned in its liquid form. Gasoline with more aromatic contents generates more particle emissions, too. Because aromatics have higher boiling point, lower vapor pressure and ring structures. Fuel specification difference resulted in PN emission difference. In NEDC tests, result using Euro 5 certification fuel was 77.0% higher than the result using domestic fuel. In FTP-75 cycle tests, Indolene resulted in 20.8
Kim, Yongha, Kim, Youngjae, Kang, Jiwon, Jun, SangYoul, Rew, SeungHyun, Lee, Donghyeon, Park, Simsoo
Emission Characteristics of Gasoline and LPG in a Spray-Guided-Type Direct Injection Engine2013-01-13234/8/2013
Nowadays, automobile manufacturers are focusing on reducing exhaust-gas emissions because of their harmful effects on humans and the environment, such as global warming due to greenhouse gases. Direct injection combustion is a promising technology that can significantly improve fuel economy compared to conventional port fuel injection spark ignition engines. However, previous studies indicate that relatively high levels of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission were produced with gasoline fuel in a spray-guided-type combustion system as a result of the stratified combustion characteristics. Because a lean-burn engine cannot employ a three-way catalyst, NOx emissions can be an obstacle to commercializing a lean-burn direct injection engine. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel was proposed as an alternative for reducing NOx emission because it has a higher vapor pressure than gasoline and decreases the local rich mixture region as a result of an improved mixing process. The combustion and emission
Park, Cheolwoong, Park, Yunseo, Oh, Seungmook, Lee, Yonggyu, Kim, Tae Young, Kim, Hongsuk, Choi, Young, Kang, Kern-Yong
A Numerical Investigation of Mixing Characteristics of a Direct-Injection (DI) Engine with Liquefied Petroleum Gas2013-01-01363/25/2013
Mixing characteristics of a Direct-Injection engine with liquefied petroleum gas were numerically investigated using a 3D unsteady Eularian-Lagrangian two-phase model. Numerical results were validated to the experimental data of heat release rate, pressure and mass flow rate of air. The numerical results and experimental data were in a good agreement. Simulations were conducted with various engine operation conditions to investigate the effects of supercharging on the mixing characteristics of the DI engine with LPG. The results showed that the fuel uniformities and evaporation rates of LPG are higher than them of gasoline. Fuel consumption rates and maximum cylinder temperatures of LPG were also higher than them of gasoline.
Lee, Jae Seong, Seo, Juhyeong, Kim, Ho Young, Park, Simsoo
Design of Retrofit Kit for LPG Driven Direct Injection Two-Stroke Engines2012-32-011710/23/2012
Two-stroke engines are common for small transportation units in many South Asia countries. Due to high fuel losses during the scavenging process the pollution emitted by these two stroke vehicles is significant. In this paper, we investigate the details of a gaseous fuel direct injection system using liquid petroleum gas (LPG). A series of three-dimensional, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are run on various injection geometries, evaluating the air/fuel mixing of the resulting in cylinder charge. The results of the simulations indicate the best injector placement based on air fuel mixing and the best location to install the spark plug.
Tan, Yee Hern, Gitano, Horizon
Performance and Emission Analysis of a Single Cylinder Constant Speed Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diesel-Methanol-Isopropyl Alcohol Blends2012-01-16839/10/2012
Performance of a compression ignition engine fuelled with Diesel Methanol blends with Isopropyl alcohol is evaluated. A single-cylinder, air-cooled, direct injection diesel engine developing a power output of 5.2 kW at 1500 rev/min is used. Base data is generated with standard diesel fuel, four fuel blends namely 80:10:10, 70:20:10, 60:20:20 and 50:30;20 percentages by volume of diesel, methanol and isopropyl alcohol were prepared and tested in the diesel engine. Engine performance and emission data were used to optimize the blends for reducing emission and improving performance. Results show improved performance with blends compared to neat fuel. However, 60:20:20 blends recorded a brake thermal efficiency of 35.92% against 30.6% for the neat diesel at maximum brake power without much change in smoke density and NOx emissions. However, little increase in HC emissions were recorded up to 60:20:20 blends and the increase is drastic when the methanol content is above 20%
Chockalingam, Sundarraj, Ganapathy, Saravanan
Influence of Different Natural Gas Blends on the Regulated Emissions, Particle Number and Size Distribution Emissions from a Refuse Hauler Truck2012-01-15839/10/2012
Natural gas is a potential alternative to conventional liquid fuels for use in automotive internal combustion engines. The primary goal of this study is to understand how gas composition changes might impact the performance or emissions of a natural gas vehicle or engine. For this study, a waste hauler truck equipped with a 2001 Cummins 8.3L C Gas Plus lean burn spark-ignited engine and an oxidation catalyst was operated on the William H. Martin Refuse Truck Cycle (RTC). This cycle was developed to simulate waste hauler operation and consists of a transport segment, a curbside pickup segment, and a compaction segment. The vehicle was tested on 7 different gases including two gases representative of Texas and Rocky Mountain Pipeline Gases, a Peruvian LNG, a Middle East LNG-Untreated with high Wobbe number (above 1400), two gases representative of those located within the state that have low methane number (MN) as well as varying hydrocarbon compositions, and a CNG blend produced from an
Karavalakis, George, Hajbabaei, Maryam, Durbin, Thomas, Zheng, Zhongqing, Johnson, Kent
Uniform Provisions Concerning the: Measures to be Taken Against the Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants from Compression-Ignition Engines for Use in Vehicles, and the Emission of Gaseous Pollutants from Positive-Ignition Engines Fuelled with Natural Gas or Liquefied Petroleum Gas for Use in Vehicles.INT-REG-3739/7/2012
Emissions - Heavy Duty Vehicles.
The Effects of Spark Timing and Equivalence Ratio on Spark-Ignition Linear Engine Operation with Liquefied Petroleum Gas2012-01-04244/16/2012
A prototype of a small, spark-ignition free-piston engine combined with a linear alternator was designed to produce electric power for portable usage. It has a bore size of 25 mm and maximum stroke of 22 mm. The engine was fueled with liquefied petroleum gas consisting of 98% propane. The electric power generated by the linear alternator is a function of the piston dynamics and the electric conductance. Therefore, the purpose of current research is to investigate the effects of the basic engine controlling parameters such as the equivalence ratio of the mixture and the spark timing on the piston dynamics and study the relationship with the electric power generation performance. The equivalence ratio of the mixture was varied from 1.0 to 1.72, while the spark timing was varied at 3, 4, and 5 mm away from the maximum top dead center. Operating characteristics, namely, indicated mean effective pressure, electric power output, operating frequency and piston stroke were analyzed. The spark
Kim, Jaeheun, Bae, Choongsik, Kim, Gangchul
Development of HMC LPI Mono-Fuel Vehicle2012-01-13144/16/2012
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), which has a higher content of hydrogen than gasoline, has been attracting worldwide attention for its various advantages. These advantages include low emissions of greenhouse gases and, as a result, LPG has little influence, direct or indirect, on the ozone layer. The electronic feedback-mixing system of a conventional LPG engine, however, has certain disadvantages to a gasoline engine with respect to output, air to fuel ratio control, charging efficiency and fuel economy. For these reasons, the majority of current bi-fuel vehicles in Europe employ a LPI system that injects LPG in liquid state that attempts to make up for the shortcomings of the feedback mixing system. The mono-fuel vehicle recently developed by HMC performs with the same output level, torque and fuel economy as conventional gasoline engines by employing the world's first liquid-state-injection system for exclusive use of LPG. This has improved the problems of the electronic feedback
Kim, In-Tak, Lee, Sang-Hee, Lee, Woo-Jik, Yoon, Jong-Suk
Review on the Effects of Dual-Fuel Operation, Using Diesel and Gaseous Fuels, on Emissions and Performance2012-01-08694/16/2012
In recent years the automotive industry has been forced to reduce the harmful and pollutant emissions emitted by direct-injected diesel engines. To accomplish this difficult task various solutions have been proposed. One of these proposed solutions is the usage of gaseous fuels in addition to the use of liquid diesel. These gaseous fuels have more gasoline-like properties, such as high octane numbers, and thereby are resistant against auto-ignition. Diesel on the other hand, has a high cetane number which makes it prone to auto-ignition. In this case the gaseous fuel is injected in the inlet manifold, and the diesel is direct injected in the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke. Thereby the diesel fuel spontaneously ignites and acts as an ignition source. The main goals for the use of a dual-fuel operation with diesel and gaseous fuels are the reduction of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. Furthermore, the application of such a dual-fuel operation can
Wagemakers, A.M.L.M., Leermakers, C.A.J.
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