Browse Topic: Hybrid power

Items (52)
Find
Design and Testing of a 35 kW Hybrid Power GensetF-0079-2023-180595/16/2023
Ricci, Michael, Hu, Jason, Brewer, Jack
Evaluation of Methods for Identification of Driving Styles and Simulation-Based Analysis of their Influence on Energy Consumption on the Example of a Hybrid Drive Train2020-01-04434/14/2020
Due to current progresses in the field of driver assistance systems and the continuously growing electrification of vehicle drive trains, the evaluation of driver behavior has become an important part in the development process of modern cars. Findings from driver analyses are used for the creation of individual profiles, which can be permanently adapted due to ongoing data processing. A benefit of data-based dynamic control systems lies in the possibility to individually configure the vehicle behavior for a specific driver, which can contribute to increasing customer acceptance and satisfaction. In this way, an optimization of the control behavior between driver and vehicle and the resulting mutual system learning and -adjustment hold great potential for improvements in driving behavior, safety and energy consumption. The submitted paper deals with the analysis of different methods and measurement systems for the identification and classification of driver profiles as well as with their potential to optimize both vehicle driving behavior and energy consumption on the example of a hybrid drive train. A literature research results in a number of different approaches of evaluation, which are analyzed, linked and adapted in the publication. As a result, an evaluation of the connection between different methods of driver profile determination is given. Data collection and interviews have been performed during twenty test drives on a defined route profile with different measurement systems and methods. The acquired data form the basis for a comparison and an analysis of a comprehensive driving style classification. Subsequently, a framework for computer-aided investigations of the influences of driver behavior on the control of drive trains is established by use of an existed simulation model of a hybrid drive train. Finally, a driver model is implemented based on the learnings out of analyzing the measurements and surveys. The evaluation of the measurement campaigns delivers detailed information about vehicle longitudinal acceleration behavior in different driving scenarios. This information is used to classify the individual driving styles into the types calm, normal and aggressive. This driving style-related information can be integrated into the control strategy of a hybrid power train to support operation strategy optimization regarding both driver satisfaction and reduction of energy-, respectively fuel consumption.
Domijanic, Marko, Hirz, Mario, Pucher, Gregor
Design of a Flexible Hybrid Powertrain Using a 48 V-Battery and a Supercapacitor for Ultra-Light Urban Vehicles2020-01-04454/14/2020
Global warming has put the transport sector, a major contributor of CO2 emissions, under high pressure to improve efficiency. In this context, ultra-light vehicles weighting less than 500 kg, as well as hybrid powertrains, are nowadays seen as promising development trends. The design process of the powertrain of a vehicle combining the advantages of the two concepts is presented in this paper. Through a performance study based on a simple MATLAB model, and mathematical simulation, a proposal is made. A powertrain using a battery and supercapacitor 48V dual power source network, two electric motors and clutches to switch between conventional, parallel, series and full electric modes proves to be an interesting system in terms of performance and costs. A simulation study conducted on a scenario with different outcome possibilities showed that high modularity of the system allows to achieve fuel efficiencies equivalent to approximately 3 l/100 km on the Artemis cycle. Finally, integration, packaging and cost are considered and some hints for further powertrain efficiency improvements are presented.
El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae, Miliani, El Hadj, Carlos Da Silva, Daniel, Couillandeau, Matthieu, Gonod, Charlie, Miller, Guillaume
Q&A19AUTP11_1711/1/2019
Valeo is an industry leader in technologies essential to vehicle electrification and connected/automated driving. The French Tier 1 pioneered 48V mild-hybrid systems and is a major producer of e-hardware and software including belt-starter generators, power electronics, electric superchargers and traction motors. Valeo recently entered a collaboration with Dana Inc. to develop and supply electrified AWD systems featuring 48-V hybrid power. The first of these is scheduled to launch in volume in early 2020 with a major European OEM. One of the architects of Valeo Group's steady evolution as a mobility-tech supplier is Guillaume Devauchelle, vice president of Innovation & Scientific Development. He joined Valeo in 2000 after the acquisition of Italy-based wiring harness maker Sylea where he served as VP of R&D. Monsieur Devauchelle recently spoke by phone with editor-in-chief Lindsay Brooke.
A Fuzzy Logic Based Energy Management of Grid Connected Hybrid Energy System2019-28-007610/11/2019
On account of boundless presence and eco-friendly nature of Sustainable Energy Sources (SES) like Wind system, PV etc. power generation using SES became more captivating. This work concentrates on Energy Management (EM) of grid synchronized Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) along with fuzzy logic control. Where the HRES system is a combination of solar panel and wind turbine as sources. Along with an electrical battery for energy storage via an interface using a DC-DC fused CUK-SEPIC converter with multiple input is adopted. This convertor is employed to incorporate the HRES to the main grid. In addition to grid integration a Fuzzy Logic Based (FLB) controller is employed to increase the efficiency of the system. The converter topology used is a crossbreed of wind and solar power system, which is used to eliminate the inclusion of MPPT. A two level framework is imposed, which includes a logic controller to ensure efficient EM when HRESs are interconnected with the grid. Simulation of the FLB energy management system is performed along with the implementation of hardware setup.
Dayalan, Suchitra, Rathinam, Rajarajeswari, Pandey, Pranav, Adap, Mrutyunjay
Optimal Sizing and Energy Management of a Microgrid Using Single and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization under Autonomous and Grid Connected Mode2019-28-015810/11/2019
The conventional energy sources are getting depleted while at the same time the energy demand keeps growing. Hence, it is important to consider non-conventional energy sources to meet future energy demands. The renewable energy based microgrid system is one of the promising solutions to meet this increasing energy demand. The major parameters under consideration in a micro-grid system are cost-effectiveness, quality of service and energy management. This work concentrates on the energy management of the Photovoltaic/Wind based microgrid system connected to the fuel cell, microturbine and battery under Islanding (or) Autonomous mode and Grid-Connected Mode. The current model of PV, Wind and Battery systems are employed. The Wind, PV and Battery types are chosen from i-HOGA. The optimal combination of these sources with the aim of minimizing the operating cost, pollutant treatment cost and maximizing reliability using both single and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been considered. This microgrid has also been analyzed under three different strategies for both grids connected and islanded mode and the best energy management strategy is obtained after analysis. In addition to this, the type and number of PV, Wind, and Battery to meet the forecasted demand are determined under islanding mode using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). A solitary best-accepted solution is attained from Fuzzy membership function. The algorithm proposed decides the optimal number of units and types of units selected to achieve the optimal cost. The simulation has been performed in MATLAB environment.
Dayalan, Suchitra, Rathinam, Rajarajeswari, Valliappan, Subramaniyan
Fuel Cell/Fuel Cell Hybrid SystemTBMG-339333/1/2019
Fuel cells can deliver clean, reliable, and uninterrupted power nearly 100 percent of the time. Fuel cells offer the advantage of efficiency by converting chemical energy directly to electricity. They have no moving parts, thereby eliminating failures associated with pumps, blowers, heat exchangers, and other systems. All fuel cells, particularly high-temperature fuel cells, require spent fuel/waste heat recovery subsystems, and low-temperature fuel cells require fuel reforming subsystems that lower the efficiency of the entire system.
Solar PV and Lithium-Ion Battery Hybrids for the IIoT — A User's GuideTBMG-328659/1/2018
Hybrid solutions that combine small photovoltaic (PV) panels with industrial grade rechargeable Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries provide long-term power for remote wireless devices connected to the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In this article we outline key factors to consider for implementing them.
Influence of Fuel Type on the Pperformance of a Plug-In Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Vehicle with On-Board Fuel Processing2017-24-01749/4/2017
This paper describes the energy management controller design of a mid-sized vehicle driven by a fuel cell/battery plug-in hybrid powertrain, where an experimentally validated high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell model is used. The power management strategy results from the application of the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle, where the optimal control parameter is derived in order to minimize fuel consumption under certain constraints. In particular, the vehicle is also equipped by an autothermal reformer and, in order to minimize the hydrogen buffer size, the control algorithm is subject to constraints on the maximum hydrogen buffer level. The effectiveness of the system is analyzed when feeding the autothermal reformer with different hydrocarbon fuels and over different driving conditions. The obtained solutions are compared in terms of hydrogen consumption, fossil fuel consumption, system efficiency, money saving and equivalent CO2 emissions.
Tribioli, Laura, Iora, Paolo, Cozzolino, Raffaello, Chiappini, Daniele
Fluid Selection and Thermodynamic Analysis of an Electricity-Cooling Cogeneration System Based on Waste Heat Recovery from Marine Engine2017-01-01593/28/2017
The environmental issues combined with the rising of crude oil price have attracted more interest in waste heat recovery of marine engine. Currently, the thermal efficiency of marine diesels only reaches 48~51%, and the rest energy is rejected to the environment. Meanwhile, energy is required when generating electricity and cooling that are necessary for vessels. Hence, the cogeneration system is treated as the promising technology to conform the strict environment regulation while offering a high energy utilization ratio. In this paper, an electricity and cooling cogeneration system combined of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and Absorption Refrigeration Cycle (ARC) is proposed to recover waste heat from marine engine. ORC is applied to recover exhaust waste heat to provide electricity while ARC is used to utilize condensation heat of ORC to produce additional cooling. Four typical high-temperature working fluids (benzene, toluene, cyclohexane and cyclopentane) are selected as ORC working fluid while ammonia/water is applied as working pair for ARC. Simulations were performed at different evaporating pressure and condensation temperature of ORC. Results show that the highest primary energy ratio of WHR system can be obtained when the condensation temperature of ORC is 135°C. Among the four fluids considered, from view of efficiency of cogeneration system, the most promising candidate are benzene and toluene. The former is suitable for high evaporation pressure system with a highest exergy efficiency of 50.8%, and the latter is potential for low evaporation pressure system with a highest exergy efficiency of 48.3%.
Liu, Peng, Shu, Ge-Qun, Tian, Hua, Wang, Xuan, Jing, Dongzhan
A Global Optimal Energy Management System for Hybrid Electric off-road Vehicles2017-01-04253/28/2017
Energy management strategies greatly influence the power performance and fuel economy of series hybrid electric tracked bulldozers. In this paper, we present a procedure for the design of a power management strategy by defining a cost function, in this case, the minimization of the vehicle’s fuel consumption over a driving cycle. To explore the fuel-saving potential of a series hybrid electric tracked bulldozer, a dynamic programming (DP) algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal control actions for a series hybrid powertrain, and this can be the benchmark for the assessment of other control strategies. The results from comparing the DP strategy and the rule-based control strategy indicate that this procedure results in approximately a 7% improvement in fuel economy.
Wang, Hong, Huang, Yanjun, Khajepour, Amir, Lv, Chen
Hybrid Powertrain Operation Optimization Considering Cross Attribute Performance Metrics2017-01-11453/28/2017
Hybrid electric vehicles are continuously challenged to meet cross attribute performance while minimizing energy usage and component cost in a very competitive automotive market. As electrified vehicles become more mainstream in the marketplace, hybrid customers are expecting more attribute refinement in combination with the enhanced fuel economy benefits. Minimizing fuel consumption, which tends to drive hybrid powertrain engines to operate under lugging type calibrations, traditionally challenge noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) metrics. Balancing the design space to satisfy the cost metrics, energy efficiency, noise and vibration & drivability under the hybrid engine lugging conditions can be optimized through the use of multiple CAE tools. This paper describes how achieving NVH metrics can put undesirable boundaries on Powertrain Operation which could affect other performance attributes. Up front modeling of the full hybrid systems combined with powertrain lugging conditions allows the engineering teams to optimize the powertrain hardware designs while minimizing the impact on fuel efficiency, drivability, and NVH.
De Hesselle, Eric, Grozde, Mark, Adamski, Raymond, Rolewicz, Thomas, Erazo, Mark
PUMPING UP hydraulic capabilities15OFHP12_0212/1/2015
Electrohydraulic advances keep coming as distributed electronics flex their muscle. Hydraulic technologies are evolving rapidly as clever engineers figure out how to alter spools and valves. These mechanical changes pale in comparison to the advances that transpire as design teams leverage rising computing power and falling prices for electronics. Electrohydraulic systems are employing more sensors and utilizing controls that are networked to a growing number of components. That's making it possible for design teams to continue to improve performance while adding more sophisticated features and functions. These trends show no signs of slowing down.
Costlow, Terry
The Traction: Electric Drive of the Active Trailer for Pipe Transportation2015-01-28239/29/2015
In this paper, we consider the hybrid power train for transportation of long pipes with big diameter. It is includes diesel engine for main towing vehicle and auxiliary electric drive for the active trailer The trains with active trailers are necessary at the building of oil and natural gas pipelines in no road conditions and marshlands. Due to the electric drive, the trailer's off-road capability on marshland conditions is sharply increased and its control is facilitated. The specified attractive qualities are appeared, if wheels of the trailer are executed as drivable, and the kinematic circuit of a drive is fulfilled as one-stage. At this, it is taken in attention that power of the electric drive will take 20 - 25 % from rated power of the basic traction drive, with the expanded range of torque control (till 1:10 and more). Such overloads are provided by the electric drive with synchronous reluctance machine of independent excitation developed by authors. It is offered techniques, allowing choose rational ratio of values range control of the torque. Mathematical model the electric drive is suggested and executed. The model describes mechanical and electromechanical transformation of energy. In a control system of the electric drive, the classical circuit of the subordinated control is chosen. The electric drive is executed as the multi loop control system, which contain loops of the stator phase currents control, torque of the engine, and the speed. The model takes into account nonlinearity of motor core curve magnetization. Modes, of start the electric drive, slipping and skidding of wheels are considered also.
Usinin, Uriy, Gladyshev, Sergey, Grigoryev, Maxim, Shishkov, Alexander, Belousov, Evgeny, Zhuravlev, A. M., Bychkov, Anton, Sychev, Dmitry
Using Finite-Element Analysis Results and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays to Accelerate Hybrid Powertrain Controller Validation2015-01-11544/14/2015
Test and validation of control systems for hybrid vehicle power trains provide a unique set of challenges. Not only does the electronic control unit (ECU), or pair of ECUs, need to smoothly coordinate power flow between two or more power plants, but it also must handle the power electronics' high-speed dynamics due to PWM signals frequently in the 10-20 kHz range. The trend in testing all-electric and hybrid-electric ECUs has moved toward using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as the processing node for simulating inverter and electric motor dynamics in real time. Acting as a purpose-built processor colocated with analog and digital input and output, the FPGA makes it possible for real-time simulation loop rates on the order of one microsecond. Combining the temporal fidelity provided by the FPGA with the model fidelity of a machine model based on finite-element analysis yields a hardware-in-the-loop test system that can replicate the high-speed, nonlinear dynamics required to test a power electronics ECU. Engineers at Subaru were tasked with developing a hybrid electric power train for their first hybrid electric vehicle. The short timetable required innovative test and validation methods that could significantly reduce the typical test time without sacrificing safety and performance. This paper presents the novel approach used and validates the simulation results against physical test data. The new approach yieldeds more comprehensive test capabilities and a significant reduction in test time as compared to traditional methods.
Black, Benjamin, Morita, Tomohiro, Minami, Yusuke, Farnia, David
Safe and Eco Friendly Train Traction System with No Rails2014-01-22899/30/2014
In this research paper, a novel train traction system is described. In this system, the vehicle is lifted like a hovercraft by air cushion and the traction is achieved by using horizontally mounted all-wheel drive. Chance of derailment is completely eliminated and wherein even in the event of failure of few traction wheel stations during run, the train remains mobile with absolute safety even at high speeds. All-wheel drive traction is powered by overhead electrification to maintain high power to weight ratio and faster acceleration. In the present invention, no rail is used. This eliminates the enormous cost of laying the complex and expensive railway tracks. Other advantages include the lack of exhaust fumes and carbon emissions at point of use especially in countries where electricity comes primarily from non-fossil sources, less noise, lower maintenance requirements of the traction units. In case, where the availability or laying the overhead electrification is an issue, the present invention has the potential to adopt alternate power sources such as petrol or diesel or gas turbine or jet engines or hybrid power sources for traction. But ecological issues may have to be compromised in such cases. The present invention has a potentially wide scope to revolutionize urban and suburban railway traction (both passengers and goods) and long distance traction. For proving the technical feasibility, a working model was developed. In this paper, the results from the working model are discussed in detail. (Indian patent and PCT application are pending).
Giridharan, K
Recent Developments in a Novel Blended Hydraulic Hybrid Transmission2014-01-23999/30/2014
A novel Blended Hydraulic Hybrid transmission architecture is presented in this paper with benefits over conventional designs. This novel configuration combines elements of a hydrostatic transmission, a parallel hybrid, and a selectively connectable high pressure accumulator using passive and actively controlled logic elements. Losses are reduced compared to existing series hybrid transmissions by enabling the units to operate efficiently at pressures below the current high pressure accumulator's pressure. A selective connection to the high pressure accumulator also allows for higher system precharge which increases regenerative braking torque and energy capture with little determent to system efficiency. Finally operating as a hydrostatic transmission increases transmission stiffness (i.e. driver response) and may improve driver feel in certain situations when compared to a conventional series hybrid transmission. To explore the novel blended hybrid architecture six transmissions were modeled and simulated. These included baseline manual and automatic transmissions, conventional series hybrid and series hybrid power split transmissions, and the novel blended hybrid and blended hybrid power split transmissions. All six transmissions were then optimally controlled on the UDDS cycle using dynamic programming to remove the influence of controller design on system efficiency. Ultimately the blended hybrid power split transmission improved fuel economy by 17.35% over a baseline automatic transmission while consuming 12.04% less energy than a conventional series hybrid power split transmission. The blended hybrid architecture was further explored by constructing a hardware-in-the-loop test rig and measuring the transmission over a defined drive cycle.
Sprengel, Michael, Ivantysynova, Monika
Integrating the Curriculum using a Bench-Scale Hybrid Power Train2014-01-06264/1/2014
The Rowan University Mechanical Engineering program is studying the use of a long-term (five semester) design project on student learning and concept retention. The project, a bench-scale hybrid electric powertrain system, is designed, analyzed and fabricated by students in five modules, starting in their sophomore year and culminating in their final semester as seniors (see prior ASEE publication [1]). This complex project has been selected in order to integrate the core mechanical engineering courses: Mechanical Design, Thermodynamics, System Dynamics and Control, and Fluid Mechanics. A bench-scale hybrid-electric vehicle powertrain has sufficient complexity to involve all Mechanical Engineering disciplines and the simplicity to be built by students over the course of five semesters. In addition, hybrid-electric technology is at the cutting-edge of automotive technology, and has been found to hold a special fascination for most mechanical engineering students. A “faculty prototype” has been built and tested, both as a demonstration and for educational purposes. This paper describes the overall project: how the modules are integrated into the system and its control algorithm. The system is a simplified model of the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) [2] but adapted to a classroom environment. The overall goal of the control strategy is to implement a “cruise control” system that keeps the output speed constant under varying loads, while maximizing fuel economy. The “fuel” for the system is compressed air, and the prime mover is a student designed-and fabricated-air powered engine. Some details of each module for the hybrid-electric powertrain prototype are provided so that it may be easily implemented by instructors at other institutions. A comprehensive website, benchtophybrid.com, is under development. This work is supported by the NSF-TUES program, grant number 1044532.
Salas Acosta, Mariaeugenia, Bhatia, Krishan, Constans, Eric, Kadlowec, Jennifer, Merrill, Thomas, Zhang, Hong
System Modeling for Integration and Test of Safety-Critical Automotive Embedded Systems2013-01-01894/8/2013
Functional safety of automotive embedded systems is a key issue during the development process. To support the industry, the automotive functional safety standard ISO 26262 has been defined. However, there are several limitations when following the approach directly as defined in the standard. Within this work, we propose an approach for the integration and test of safety-critical systems by using system modeling techniques. The combination of two state-of-the-art modeling languages into a dedicated multi-language development process provides a direct link between all stages of the development process, thus enabling efficient safety verification and validation already during modeling phase. It supports the developer in efficient application of requirements as defined by ISO 26262, hence reducing development time and cost by providing traceable safety argumentation. Based on a hybrid electric power train scenario, we evaluate the benefits of the proposed system modeling approach for early verification and validation of safety-critical embedded systems.
Krammer, Martin, Martin, Helmut, Karner, Michael, Watzenig, Daniel, Fuchs, Anton
Mobile Hybrid Power System's Elements2012-01-223610/22/2012
The effectiveness of elements comprising a hybrid electric power generating system was studied. The wind and photovoltaic renewable resources served as integral components of the hybrid systems configuration. A HMMWV towable trailer system provided an intermediary basis for formulation of methodology needed for optimization of power generation and energy storage capacity constrained by cost, size and weight of the system. The methodology employed in this paper is scalable from kilowatts to megawatts or from man portable systems to significantly larger systems which can be housed in 40 foot ISO containers.
Dawidowicz, Edward, Podlesak, Thomas, Leung, Fee
Paradox of Miniaturization Trend Versus Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Requirements2012-36-026210/2/2012
In recent years, a number of key influences are contributing to accelerate technological innovation in the automotive industrial sector. Concerns about renewable energy resource, fossil-fuels crises and higher gasoline prices, global warming awareness and environmental impacts, scarcity of minerals/metals and electronics demands rising are some of the major challenges for vehicle automakers and their suppliers. The interest in alternative fuel vehicles, especially hybrid-electrical vehicles (HEV) or renewable energy power concepts for road vehicles has become intensified and represents a significant area of research and development in order to meet nowadays global demands. However because of Hybrid Vehicles unique Power Supply System the electrical/electronic architecture (E/E) is sophisticated, requesting more robust sealing and a particular wiring harness components, such as connector, terminals and cables. On the other hand there is a remarkable miniaturization over automotive Power and Signal Distribution System components following by electronically controlled systems growth to meet customers' demands in quality requirements, driver safety and comfort, and infotainment networking applications. So the scope of this work is to present scenarios of literature as well as reported point of view from automotive wiring harness experts who are facing and discussing Hybrid and electrical vehicles and alternatives for 14/42V Power Supply Systems impact on E/E architecture in contrast with automotive miniaturization trends for the Brazilian Market demands.
Almeida, Ivan A., Marcoccia, Luis C., Curione, Enrico F., Fernandes, Marcelo M.
Optimization of Hybrid Power Trains-Physical Based Modeling for Concept Design2012-01-03594/16/2012
This paper presents a comparison of a hybrid and a conventional powertrain using physical based simulation models on the system engineering level. The system engineering model comprises mechanistic sub-models of the internal combustion engine including exhaust aftertreatment devices, electric components, mechanical drivetrain, thermoregulation system and the corresponding controllers. Essential sub-models are discussed in detail and their interaction on the system level is pointed out. Special attention is paid to compile a real-time capable model by combining mean value air path and drivetrain models with a crank-angle resolved cylinder description and quasi-steady state considerations applied in electrical and cooling networks. A turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine is modeled and calibrated based on steady-state measurements. The conversion performance of a three way catalyst is compared to light-off measurements. A hybrid electric vehicle model combines the turbocharged engine with the electric and driveline components of the Toyota Prius hybrid vehicle. Results of the hybrid electric vehicle are compared with the results of the conventional vehicle featuring the same chassis geometric characteristics and tires that are powered by the same engine. Both powertrains are used to simulate a legislation cycle with respect to fuel consumption, engine efficiency and engine and tailpipe emissions.
Wurzenberger, Johann C., Prah, Ivo, Tominc, Primoz, Katrasnik, Tomaz
Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power SystemTBMG-95734/5/2011
A grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) power system is connected directly to the utility distribution grid. Facility power can be obtained from the utility system as normal. The PV system is synchronized with the utility system to provide power for the facility, and excess power is provided to the utility.
Innovative Waste Heat Recovery Systems and Improvements with Advanced TurbomachineryTBMG-79255/1/2010
The increasing cost of fuel and U.S. dependency on foreign fuel supplies has renewed interest in conserving energy and in generating electric power using otherwise wasted heat energy from prime mover processes. Such power generation systems are typically based on the thermodynamic Rankine cycle or the reverse Rankine cycles (i.e., a vapor compression, a.k.a. heat pumping). These systems can use water or organic-based (i.e., refrigerant-type) working fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power generation.
Fuel-Cell-Powered Vehicle With Hybrid Power ManagementTBMG-66781/1/2010
NASA Glenn Research Center has developed a hybrid electric utility vehicle that is powered by hydrogen-burning PEM fuel cells operating with a metal hydride hydrogen-storage unit. This vehicle utilizes ultracapacitors - rather than batteries - for storing electric energy.
Validation of a Dynamic Model of a Hybrid Pneumatic Power System2009-01-13044/20/2009
The automotive manufacturing industry has been under tremendous pressure to develop high-efficiency power-train systems because of the considerations of protection of the global environment from vehicle pollution, reduction in fuel consumption, and maintenance of a high level of performance by end-user vehicles. Besides the conventional hybrid electric vehicles, an innovative hybrid pneumatic power system (HPPS) is undergoing research and considered to be a promising technology; it replaces the battery’s electrochemical energy with a high-pressure air storage tank and enables the internal combustion engine (ICE) to function at its sweet spot. The HPPS, which effectively merges both the high-pressure air flow from the storage tank and the recycled exhaust flow from the ICE, thereby increases the thermal efficiency of the ICE and transforms the merged flow energy into mechanical energy using a high efficiency turbine. This paper focuses on the major research process into HPPSs, including overall dynamic simulation and experimental validation. By using the latest simulation tool ITI-Sim, this study demonstrates an experiment which can be operated precisely according to the requirements of various driving conditions under which a car actually runs on the road in accordance with the regulated running vehicle test mode. HPPS is expected to increase the performance of the entire system from 15% to 39%, and is likely to replace the traditional system in the coming years.
Huang, K. David, Nam-Nguyen, Hoai, Quang, Khong Vu
Parallel Hybrid Vehicle Optimal Storage SystemTBMG-50604/1/2009
A paper reports the results of a Hybrid Diesel Vehicle Project focused on a parallel hybrid configuration suitable for diesel-powered, medium-sized, commercial vehicles commonly used for parcel delivery and shuttle buses, as the missions of these types of vehicles require frequent stops. During these stops, electric hybridization can effectively recover the vehicle’s kinetic energy during the deceleration, store it onboard, and then use that energy to assist in the subsequent acceleration.
Wind Energy Harvesting for Low Power Applications2008-01-286411/11/2008
A study was made to determine the effectiveness of low power wind energy harvesting for mobile applications. Experimental and simulated data has shown that harvesting of alternative energy resources is viable for potential mobile applications. This conducted study incorporated a mobile configuration consisting of a wind-photovoltaic hybrid in concert with a vehicle generator. The study has demonstrated an improvement in overall efficiency of the power generation system.
Dawidowicz, Edward
Ultracapacitor-Powered Cordless DrillTBMG-20868/1/2007
The figure depicts a portable, handheld power drill with its attached powersupply unit, in which ultracapacitors, rather than batteries, are used to store energy. This ultracapacitor-powered drill is a product of continuing efforts to develop the technological discipline known as hybrid power management (HPM), which is oriented toward integration of diverse electric energy-generating, energy- storing, and energy-consuming devices in optimal configurations.
Analysis of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Performance - an HEV Test in the Urban Area2007-01-02894/16/2007
The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is one of the solutions for reducing fuel consumption and hence cutting global warming pollution, since hybrid systems have been successfully applied in passenger cars and SUVs. For government agencies in Taiwan to open the market for HEV purchases and to make policies, the HEV's real ability to reduce fuel consumption in Taiwan's urban area needs to be evaluated. This paper discusses an HEV test project which was performed in an Asian urban area, Taipei city and county. Two HEVs - one Toyota Prius and one Ford Escape Hybrid were tested in the urban area by four different groups of drivers for two months. A data logging system was also installed on the HEV to record vehicle information during the driving. Results of the fleet test were also compared to the results performed by AVTA for HEV fuel economy in the urban area. Analysis showed that full HEVs did have high fuel economy in this Asian urban area.
Shiao, Yaojung, Jow, Meiling
Robust Control Techniques Enabling Duty Cycle Experiments Utilizing a 6-DOF Crewstation Motion Base, a Full Scale Combat Hybrid Electric Power System, and Long Distance Internet Communications2006-01-307711/7/2006
The RemoteLink effort supports the U.S. Army's objective for developing and fielding next generation hybrid-electric combat vehicles. It is a distributed soldier-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop environment with a 6-DOF motion base for operator realism, a full-scale combat hybrid electric power system, and an operational context provided by OneSAF. The driver/gunner crewstations rest on one of two 6-DOF motion bases at the U.S. Army TARDEC Simulation Laboratory (TSL). The hybrid power system is located 2,450 miles away at the TARDEC Power and Energy System Integration Laboratory (P&E SIL). The primary technical challenge in the RemoteLink is to operate both laboratories together in real time, coupled over the Internet, to generate a realistic power system duty cycle. A topology has been chosen such that the laboratories have real hardware interacting with simulated components at both locations to guarantee local closed loop stability. This layout is robust to Internet communication failures and ensures the long distance network delay does not enter the local feedback loops. The TSL states and P&E SIL states will diverge due to (1) significant communications delays and (2) unavoidable differences between the TSL's power-system simulation and the P&E SIL's real hardware-in-the-loop power system. Tightly coupled, bi-directional interactions exist among the various distributed simulations and software- and hardware-in-the-loop components representing the driver, gunner, vehicle, and power system. These interactions necessitate additional adjustment to ensure that the respective states at the TSL and P&E SIL sites converge. This is called state convergence and ensures the dominant energetic states of both laboratories remain closely matched in real time. State convergence must be performed at both locations to achieve bi-directional, real-time interaction like that found on a real vehicle. The result is a distributed control system architecture with Internet communications in the state convergence feedback loop. The Internet communication channel is a primary source of uncertainty that impacts the overall state convergence performance and stability. Multiple control schemes were developed and tested in simulation. This paper presents robust control techniques that compensate for asynchronous Internet communication delays during closed loop operation of the TSL and P&E SIL sites. The subsequent soldier- and hardware-in-the-loop experiments were performed using a combination of nonlinear Sliding-mode and linear PID control laws to achieve state convergence at both locations. The control system development, performance, and duty cycle results are presented in this paper.
Compere, Marc, Goodell, Jarrett, Simon, Miguel, Smith, Wilford, Brudnak, Mark
Automotive Engineering International 2006-11-01AUTONOV0611/1/2006
Parisian delights The concept vehicles at September's Paris Motor Show ranged from futuristic, over-the-top dream machines with diesel hybrid power to fuel-efficient small cars with high-end interiors. Software poses hard challenges Autocoding, reuse help automakers produce increasingly more lines of code. The two-wheeler future Japanese manufacturers look to crossovers, hybrids, and alternative-energy concepts to reinvigorate the motorcycle industry. An Aura of refinement Saturn took cues from its European partner when designing a new entrant for the U.S. midsize market. Decongesting Denver The road to safer and more efficient ground transportation in the Mile High City is being paved, in part, via a romance between highway and light rail. Hybrids for commerce Though they represent a fraction of the Japanese hybrid fleet, the four Japanese commercial-vehicle manufacturers offer diesel-electric hybrid trucks and buses that are on the leading edge of the technology.
Power Controllers: Signal Interface Applications and ConsiderationsAIR4272A (Current)5/22/2006
This AIR is applicable to SSPCs, EMPCs, and hybrid power controllers. It covers the control, status, BIT, etc., interfaces, other than electrical power. For the purpose of this document, a power controller shall have, as a minimum, the following characteristics: a. Power switching function b. Control input c. Overload protection d. Status feedback To accomplish the goals set forth in the Foreword, the interfaces are first categorized by function. Next, examples of actual implementations are given.
AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee
Hybrid Electric Power and Energy Laboratory Hardware-in-the-Loop and Vehicle Model Implementation2006-01-11624/3/2006
The power system for the Future Combat System's (FCS) family of manned ground vehicles will not only need to satisfy mobility requirements, but also need to provide continuous and pulsed power for weapons, armaments and other auxiliary loads. Investigating hybrid power technologies has been an active research area for the U.S. Army RDECOM's Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) Power and Energy System Integration Laboratory (P&E SIL). The P&E SIL is located in Santa Clara, CA and is maintained by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). Current P&E SIL efforts include imposing realistic loads on notional combat vehicle subsystems in order to evaluate components, such as motors and batteries. Equally important research is being conducted through the application of realistic driver/commander inputs which will aid in the validation of vehicle designs, control systems and vehicle power management architectures capable of meeting the mobility and non-mobility power and energy demands of the future battlefield. This paper describes the integration of the hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) hybrid-electric power system with a high fidelity vehicle model (HFVM) within a real-time execution environment.
Simon, Miguel, Compere, Marc, Connolly, Thomas, Lors, Charles, Smith, Wilford, Brudnak, Mark
Hybrid Power ManagementTBMG-22212/1/2005
An engineering discipline denoted as hybrid power management (HPM) has emerged from continuing efforts to increase energy efficiency and reliability of hybrid power systems. HPM is oriented toward integration of diverse electric energy-generating, energy-storing, and energy-consuming devices in optimal configurations for both terrestrial and outer-space applications. The basic concepts of HPM are potentially applicable at power levels ranging from nanowatts to megawatts. Potential applications include terrestrial power-generation, terrestrial transportation, biotechnology, and outerspace power systems.
Development and Validation of Control Algorithm for Series Hybrid Power Train2003-01-328110/27/2003
Developed control algorithm for series hybrid electric power train is presented systematically, which keeps engine operation points on the locus of highest efficiency torque/speed points using a lookup table defined by engine power and speed. The off-line simulation model of series hybrid power train is developed which includes sub-models of control system and controlled objective (such as engine, motor, battery pack and so on). The debug and validation of control algorithm is performed on developed modular test facility. The results show that developed control algorithm can effectively keep engine operating on the locus of high efficiency points and much more fuel economy can be achieved than that of conventional ICE power train, meanwhile battery SOC can be maintained within reasonable level without charging outside during cycles.
Chu, Liang, Wang, Qingnian, Liu, Minghui, Li, Jun
Development and Validation of Logic Threshold Control Algorithm for Parallel Hybrid Power Train2003-01-23126/23/2003
Logic threshold control algorithm for parallel hybrid electric power train is presented systematically, in which engine operation points are limited within higher efficient area by logic threshold control algorithm targeting fuel economy. The off-line simulation model of parallel HEV power train is developed which includes sub-models of logic threshold control system and controlled objective (such as engine, electric motor, battery pack and so on). The debug and validation of logic threshold control algorithm is completed on developed modular test facility. The results show that the simple and practical logic threshold control algorithm can effectively limited engine operation points and much more fuel economy can be achieved than that of conventional ICE power train.
Chu, Liang, Wang, Qingnian, Liu, Minghui, Zhao, Ziliang
A Parametric Analysis Technique for Design of Fuel Cell and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles2003-01-23006/23/2003
This paper presents a new simplified parametric analysis technique for the design of fuel cell and hybrid-electric vehicles. The technique utilizes a comprehensive set of ∼30 parameters to fully characterize the vehicle platform, powertrain components, vehicle performance requirements and driving conditions. It is best applied to the sizing of powertrain components and prediction of energy consumption in a vehicle. This new parametric technique makes a good complement to existing vehicle simulation software packages and therefore represents a potentially valuable tool for the hybrid vehicle designer.
Simpson, Andrew G., Walker, Geoffrey R.
Engines for growthAUTOJUN02_026/1/2002
Is this the beginning of the end for IC engines? For more than 100 years, the internal-combustion (IC) engine has maintained total domination of the car market. Despite the retention of its basic concept of reciprocating pistons and poppet valves, it has been improved and refined to an extraordinary degree. But now there is a new and real possibility of change with the slowly growing credibility of the fuel cell. Is this the beginning of the end for the IC engine, or does it still have major potential for growth? Neville Jackson, Technology Director of Ricardo Consulting Engineers, is in no doubt. “Yes,” he said, “the IC engine is still capable of improvement in terms of emissions, fuel consumption, and specific power. Technical routes toward meeting most known or speculated future legislative requirements have been identified, although some of these are very expensive or have an unacceptable impact on fuel economy. In the long term, IC engines can use the same renewable energy sources as alternatives such as fuel cells (hydrogen) while remaining the lowest-risk option in terms of manufacturing cost and servicing infrastructure.”
Riveter, Power, Pneumatic-Hydraulic - Blind Rivet InstallationAS85188 (Historical)3/29/2002
EG-1B Hand Tools Committee
Electricity Flow Analysis in the Series Hybrid System by the Charge-discharge Tester2001-01-07843/5/2001
In this study, the series hybrid electric system is recommended as suitable power systems of the motor vehicles in urban area. It is important for this system to improve the comprehensive energy efficiency when components are combined, and to evaluate it appropriately. In this report, the technique to grasp energy loss in detail that occurs when electric power flows complicatedly in the series hybrid power system has been examined and the energy efficiency of the series hybrid power system on urban driving has also been evaluated.
Hayashida, Morimasa, Narusawa, Kazuyuki, Kamiya, Yushi
Powertrains of the Future: Reducing the Impact of Transportation on the Environment2000-01-141211/1/2000
Tomorrow's winning powertrain solutions reside in those technology combinations providing optimized propulsion systems with zero emissions and no cost or performance penalty compared with today's vehicles. The recent Kyoto Protocol for CO2 reduction and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) thrust for zero emission vehicles along with the European Regulatory community, motivate car manufacturers to adopt new light body structures with low aerodynamic drag coefficients, low-rolling resistance and the highest efficiency powertrains. The environmental equation expresses car manufacturers aptitude and desire to create zero emission vehicles at acceptable levels of performance unlike limited range electrical powered vehicle products. The cheapest solution to the environmental equation remains the conventional internal combustion engine ($30 to $50 per kW). However, new system optimization is necessary and will take many forms from alternative fuels enriched with hydrogen to diesel direct injected engines for light duty trucks and sport utility vehicles. Diesel fuel will probably be the favorite mid-term option with direct injection engines coupled with an electric motor. This combination gives higher efficiency, but a new optimized aftertreatment system will be necessary to satisfy emission mandates. Hybrid vehicles, the Toyota Prius being an excellent example, will increase in popularity with their high efficiency and driving smoothness.
Kiefer, Steven
The Autoignition Behavior of Surrogate Diesel Fuel Mixtures and the Chemical Effects of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate (2-EHN) Cetane Improver1999-01-15045/3/1999
The oxidation of surrogate diesel fuels composed of mixtures of three pure hydrocarbons with and without their cetane numbers chemically enhanced using 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) is studied in a variable pressure flow reactor over a temperature range 500 - 900 K, at 12.5 atmospheres and a fixed reaction time of 1.8 sec. Changes in both low temperature, intermediate temperature, and hot ignition chemical kinetic behavior are noted with changes in the fuel cetane number. Differences appear in the product distribution and in heat release generated in the low and intermediate temperature regimes as cetane number is increased. A chemically enhanced cetane fuel shows nearly identical oxidation characteristics to those obtained using pure fuel blends to produce the enhanced cetane value. The decomposition chemistry of 2-EHN was also studied. Pyrolysis data of 10% 2-EHN in n-heptane and toluene are reported. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure in argon at temperatures from 400 - 850 K and at 12.5 atm pressure in nitrogen at temperatures from 450 - 700 K. Based upon these measurements, a phenomenological mechanism for the initial steps of 2-EHN decomposition is proposed.
Stein, Y., Yetter, R. A., Dryer, F. L., Aradi, A.
Optimization of Performance and Energy Consumption on Series Hybrid Electric Power System1999-01-09223/1/1999
Recently, studies and developments have been underway in many countries to introduce a new type of car (hereinafter referred to as “Commuter car”), characterized by ultra smallness, energy saving and low pollution, for short-range purposes, for example commutation, in urban areas (1).In our previous study, the characteristics of electric motors were noticed, and the series hybrid system was focused to power commuter cars.Therefore, a simulated commuter car based on a small electric vehicle (EV) was set on a chassis dynamometer to test the basic items (2) . From these results, a new simulated series hybrid type commuter car that uses a high-power AC motor and a high-efficiency power generator was set on the bench.By acceleration/deceleration bench tests, selection of the reduction gear ratio and optimization of power supply from the generator were investigated in order to achieve both the performance necessary and sufficient for the city driving and power management. Moreover, an evaluation of the energy efficiency and the energy consumption was attempted.
Hayashida, Morimasa, Narusawa, Kazuyuki
Powertrains of the Future: Reducing the Impact of Transportation on the Environment1999-01-09913/1/1999
Tomorrow's winning powertrain solutions reside in those technology combinations providing optimized propulsion systems with zero emissions and no cost or performance penalty compared with today's vehicles. The recent Kyoto Protocol for CO2 reduction and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) thrust for zero emission vehicles along with the European Regulatory community, motivate car manufacturers to adopt new light body structures with low aerodynamic drag coefficients, low-rolling resistance and the highest efficiency powertrains. The environmental equation expresses car manufacturers aptitude and desire to create zero emission vehicles at acceptable levels of performance unlike limited range electrical powered vehicle products. The cheapest solution to the environmental equation remains the conventional internal combustion engine ($30 to $50 per kW). However, new system optimization is necessary and will take many forms from alternative fuels enriched with hydrogen to diesel direct injected engines for light duty trucks and sport utility vehicles. Diesel fuel will probably be the favorite mid-term option with direct injection engines coupled with an electric motor. This combination gives higher efficiency, but a new optimized aftertreatment system will be necessary to satisfy emission mandates. Hybrid vehicles, the Toyota Prius being an excellent example, will increase in popularity with their high efficiency and driving smoothness.
Botti, Jean J., Miller, Carl E.
Cold Weather Wind Turbines - A Joint NASA/NSF/DOE Effort in Technology Transfer and Commercialization9725107/1/1997
Renewable energy sources and their integration with other power sources to support remote communities is of interest for Mars applications as well as Earth communities. The NSF, NASA, and DOE have been jointly supporting development of a 100 kW cold weather wind turbine through grants and SBIR's independently managed by each agency but coordinated by NASA. The NSF grant is specific to address issues associated with the South Pole Application and a 3 kW direct drive unit is currently being tested there in support of the development of the 100 kW unit. An NREL contract is focused on development of the 100 kW direct drive generator. The NASA SBIR is focused on development of the 100 kW direct drive wind turbine.
Flynn, Michael, Bubenheim, David
A Comparison of Nuclear and Chemical Propulsion Upper-Stage and Launch Systems for LEO to GEO Orbital Transfers9295058/3/1992
Comparisons are given between various launch vehicles, transfer vehicles, and propulsion methods to launch satellites into low Earth orbital parking orbits and then into a final geosynchronous orbit. The studies indicate that a Thermionic Space Nuclear Power System (TI-SNPS) can have significant advantages over solar array power systems for both orbital transfer capabilities and mission applications. Also, by utilizing a relatively inexpensive Atlas IIAS launch vehicle, a particular TI-SNPS hybrid design with a specific impulse of 950 sec can place a satellite weighing 3,511 kg into GEO orbit, as compared to only a corresponding 1,104 kg satellite capability when using conventional chemical propulsion techniques.
Bailey, Patrick G., Choong, Philip T.
270-Vdc/Hybrid 115-Vac Electric Power Generating System Technology Demonstrator9120519/1/1991
Sundstrand is investigating 270-Vdc/hybrid 115-Vac electrical power generating and distribution systems technology so as to be well prepared to offer such systems for future aircraft applications. The approach taken has been to design, build, and test a representative system that meets or exceeds the tightest of the performance standards as defined by miliary standards. This paper describes a single-channel, 120-kW hybrid system and presents some typical performance data. The dc bus supplies a 30-kVA, 400-Hz, 115-Vac inverter; constant power load banks of up to 150 kW; and a resistive load bank of up to 90 kW. System simulation studies indicated the potential for unstable operation due to the negative impedance of the constant power load in conjunction with the source ripple filter and the load EMI filters. Unstable voltage and current were observed in system testing when the magnitude of the source impedance was not sufficiently below that of the load impedance. Plans for installing a second channel along with an electromechanical actuator and a large vapor-cycle cooling system as active loads are also discussed.
Niggemann, R.E., Peecher, S., Rozman, G.
**See J1926/01, /02 & /03***J1926_198808 (Current)8/1/1988
Hydraulic Tube Fittings Committee
Economic Comparison of Future Automotive Power Systems7800352/1/1978
This paper presents Exxon Enterprises Inc.'s approach to the economic evaluation of advanced automotive power systems. The paper derives and compares projected initial costs and operating costs for a subcompact car and a full size car powered by four different advanced power systems, i.e. an advanced spark ignition engine, a lightweight diesel engine, a battery powered motor, and a diesel electric hybrid system. The operating economics are based on a detailed analysis of the power system energy consumption. A proprietary computer program was used to simulate vehicle operation on a specific driving cycle and thus provide suitable energy consumption estimates. The initial and operating costs of the vehicles also reflect the different size and weight of the power systems, as well as weight propagation effects on the rest of the vehicle. For a meaningful comparison basis, each vehicle power system is sized to achieve an equivalent performance level (carrying capacity, acceleration capability, etc.), to the extent possible with motive components of vastly different characteristics.
Mauri, G., Fetterman, G. P., Ricci, R. L.
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 52