Browse Topic: Energy consumption

Items (1,533)

A Concept for Functional Modelling of an E-Bike Powertrain

2024-32-001704/18/2025

The increasing popularity of e-bikes, especially pedelecs, has led to a growing interest in consideration of e-bike cycling. To achieve a deeper understanding on the process of e-bike cycling and in particular the effects on the rider it can be instrumental to use simulation methods. In this context, the e-bike drive system and its function are of central importance for e-bikes. Therefore, this work proposes a functional modeling of the powertrain of an e-bike with a mid-drive motor, considering legal constraints and support functionalities. The model incorporates the mechanical transmission between pedals, motor, and crank shaft, allowing for a detailed analysis of the e-bike’s performance. Additionally, the support mechanism is depicted, where an electric motor amplifies the rider’s pedaling torque. The electrical behavior of the motor, energy consumption, and battery state of charge are also integrated into the model. This comprehensive approach aims to provide a generic

Rauch, Yannick, Kettner, Maurice, Kriesten, Reiner

Predictive Battery Thermal Management System Control Strategy and Simulation in Electric Vehicle

2025-01-502704/03/2025

With the global issue of fossil fuel scarcity and the greenhouse effect, interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has surged recently. At that stage, because of the constraints of the energy density and battery performance degradation in low-temperature conditions, the mileage of EVs has been criticized. To guarantee battery performance, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is applied to ensure battery operates in a suitable temperature range. Currently, in the industry, a settled temperature interval is set as criteria of positive thermal management activation, which is robust but leads to energy waste. BTMS has a kilowatt-level power usage under high- and low-temperature environments. Optimizing the BTMS control strategy becomes a potential solution to reduce energy consumption and overcome mileage issues. An appropriate system simulation model provides an effective tool to evaluate different BTMS control strategies. In this study, a predictive BTMS control strategy, which adjusts

Huang, Zhipei, Chen, Jiangbo, Tang, Hai

Effect Analysis of Form Factor on Thermo-Electric Generator Performance

2024-26-038601/16/2024

One of the major contributor for the climate change and global warming is the residual thermal energy generated from automobiles as exhaust gases in IC engine powered vehicles and batteries and fuel cell heating in green vehicles. This waste heat or the thermal energy can be converted into useful electric energy using the thermos-electric generator (TEG). TEGs are devices that can generate electricity directly from temperature difference between two surfaces. They are manufactured using semiconductor materials that exhibit Seebeck effect, generating voltage due to temperature gradient across it terminals. These devices are compact, stable and more reliable electric power generators. The main setback of TEG is its low efficiency compared to other power generators. In this paper, form factor of TEG is studied in detail with its effect on figure of merit, for commercial vehicle applications. In addition, bottlenecks in implementing these TEGs in series production is discussed.

Bali, Gaurav, Mutagi, Megha Dharnendra, PONANGI, BABU RAO

Comparison of Different Energy Carrier’s WTW Emission Factors and Their Role For Meeting Net Zero Climate Targets Aligned With Science Based Target Initiatives – An Extension For India Market

2024-26-007701/16/2024

Global climate change is a threat and limiting global temperatures to 1.5 ⁰C is a challenge which is known to everyone. However, it is possible to avoid the worst consequences by taking scientifically defined paths. Science Based Target (SBT) is one such joint initiatives which provide companies with clearly defined path to reduce emissions in line with Paris agreement. In Europe collaboration of European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), OEMs and Refineries have come forward to understand the impact of different energy carriers on energy usage and CO2 emissions on WTW (Well-to-Wheel) basis. Outcome of such a study would result in emission factors (gCO2eq/unit fuel or energy consumed) for various energy carriers. This activity outcome when coupled with strong understanding on specific country’s future potential and roadmap in alternate fuels or energy carriers and together with presence of strong data analytics capabilities of OEM to track their sold products usage in

Dev, Subhanker, Johansson, Monica

Study on Range Improvement Controls and Method for Electric Vehicles

2024-26-013201/16/2024

Electric Vehicles are rapidly growing in the market yet various failure incidents were noted all along the globe. On the other hand, range anxiety has greatly inspired manufacturers to explore new practices to improve. One of the most important components of an EV is the battery, which converts chemical energy to electrical energy thereby liberating heat energy as the loss. This heat loss when high, capability of system to deliver required energy to wheels is reduced significantly. With a higher heat loss in the battery, system is prone to failure or reduced mileage. Therefore, controlling/maintaining system temperature under safe usable zone even during harsh conditions is ideal. Simple reduction in energy consumption of electrical cooling/heating devices used with regenerative energy techniques can greatly help in range improvement. The intention of this paper is to explore easy methods to improve electric vehicle range in different ambient conditions. Few of the key benefactors here

MR, Vikram, Pattalwar, Ashutosh, Verma, Mrinal, Bawa, Vikas

Assessing the Potential of CBG as an Alternative Fuel: An Experimental Study on Vehicle Performance and Emissions in BS VI Compliant Three-Wheeler and Passenger Car

2024-26-007601/16/2024

India's natural gas consumption reached 60.3 billion cubic meters (BCM) in the year 2022-23, with imports accounting for 44.2% of the total consumption. As India targets 15% of primary energy consumption from gas by 2030, the demand for natural gas is expected to grow significantly. In this context, CBG, which can reduce dependence on imported natural gas, has emerged as a viable alternative to CNG. The government's SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) initiative encourages entrepreneurs to establish CBG plants and supply CBG to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for use as automotive and industrial fuels. As of April 2023, 47 CBG plants have been set up, and 117 retail outlets in India are selling CBG as a transportation fuel. The quality requirements of CBG are governed by IS 16087, aligning with the specifications for automotive CNG defined in IS 15958. To assess the impact of CBG on vehicle performance and emissions, an experimental study was conducted

P, Sakthivel, Mittal, Neeraj, sinha, Prabhakar, Sithananthan, M, Maheshwari, Mukul

Research on Cold Start Strategy of Vehicle Multi-Stack Fuel Cell System

2023-01-703610/30/2023

To study the cold start of muti-stack fuel cell system (MFCS), a novel thermal management subsystem structure and corresponding cold start strategies are proposed. Firstly, leveraging the distinctive configuration of the MFCS that can be sequentially initiated, we augmented the existing thermal management subsystem with the incorporation of two additional collection valves and two bypass diverter valves, which affords an increased degree of flexibility in the formulation of cold-start strategies. Secondly, we innovatively propose a hierarchical auxiliary heating cold start strategy and an average auxiliary heating cold start tailored for MFCS consisting of power levels of 20 kW, 70 kW, and 120 kW. Furthermore, we have developed a controller to address temperature control challenges during the start-up process. The results demonstrate that the multi-stack hierarchical auxiliary heating cold start strategy yields a significant reduction in energy consumption and startup time during the

Jin, Yapeng, Yuan, Tanghu, Fan, Lei, Zhou, Su

Determination of the Heat-Controlled Accumulator Volume for the Two-Phase Thermal Control Systems of Spacecraft

09/29/2023

For spacecraft with high power consumption, it is reasonable to build the thermal control system based on a two-phase mechanically pumped loop. The heat-controlled accumulator is a key element of the two-phase mechanically pumped loop, which allows for the control of pressure in the loop and maintains the required level of coolant boiling temperature or cavitation margin at the pump inlet. There can be two critical modes of loop operation where the ability to control pressure will be lost. The first critical mode occurs when the accumulator fills with liquid at high heat loads. The second critical mode occurs when the accumulator is at low heat loads and partial loss of coolant, for example, due to the leak caused by micrometeorite breakdown. Both modes are caused by insufficient accumulator volume or working fluid charge. To analyze the loop characteristics in critical modes, experiments were conducted on a test bench with ammonia coolant, and a mathematical simulation of a two-phase

Hodunov, Artem, Gorbenko, Gennadiy, Turna, Rustem, Koval, Polina

Improving Battery Lifespan and Service Trip Reliability of EVs in Public Transport by Learning Energy Consumption

2023-01-122506/26/2023

Electrification of public transport in cities puts lots of stress onto the vehicle's traction batteries and the power grid during charging. A self-learning operating strategy (SELEOS) improves the battery life and reduces stress on the power grid by limiting the charging power as much as feasible and avoiding extreme SoC. During regular service operation, SELEOS observes the vehicle state and energy flows inside of the vehicle and between vehicle and charging infrastructure. Based on these observations, SELEOS plans an optimal SoC trajectory for the trip and dispatches recommendations for charging and discharging the traction battery to the vehicle's ECU. Originating from hybrid buses, SELEOS is designed to work on battery-electric buses (BEB) and battery trolley buses (BTB) as well. In addition to reducing stress to battery and power grid, SELEOS ensures reliable service trips. It does so by checking if the current SoC matches the estimated energy consumption in the near future while

von Kleist, Hermann, Saroch, Lars, Beims, Martin

Backend-based State-of-Charge Control as an Operating Strategy for a Serial PHEV

2023-01-120106/26/2023

In previous work, a serial hybrid powertrain concept with a phlegmatised ICE has been described. Drivability is to be ensured through an innovative predictive operating strategy. Battery State-of-Charge (SoC) is controlled using a backend-based prediction of energy consumption on a given route based on road map and traffic data. In this paper, a spotlight is thrown on the proposed control architecture. On the top level of the controller, a Dynamic Programming algorithm finds an optimal reference trajectory for the SoC over a known route with the goal of avoiding certain Worst-Case scenarios commonly associated with the serial hybrid powertrain topology. Close adherence to the reference trajectory is ensured on a lower level through Model Predictive Control, taking into account additional factors such as battery stress. These control layers closely represent the map data distributed on the on-board bus network of state-of-the-art road vehicles under the current ADASIS standard. The

Böhme, Maximilian, Gerdts, Matthias, Trapp, Christian

Research on NVH Performance of Pulse Heating System of One Vehicle

2025-01-007805/05/2023

When the ambient temperature is too low, the performance of the lithium-ion battery will deteriorate, and the car will have the problems of difficult charging, fast power consumption, and even difficult to start, so the battery needs to be heated before use to provide a comfortable working environment for the lithium-ion. The high-frequency pulse heating system can quickly and evenly raise the temperature of the battery, but there is noise during operation, which affects the NVH performance of the vehicle itself, and its noise comfort needs to be further optimized. Firstly, the high-frequency pulse heating system is discussed in detail, and the parameters affecting NVH performance and heating efficiency are explored. Secondly, NVH testing and subjective and objective evaluation were carried out based on different system parameters, relevant data were collected to establish a model, the influence of each parameter on the two was demonstrated, multi-objective optimization was carried out

YUN, ZHAO, Shouhui, Huang, zhou, changshui, Teng, Charlie

Evaluation of Fixed Displacement Compressors for Control Logic Formulation of External Variable Displacement Compressors

2022-28-042111/09/2022

The aim of this paper is to analyze the test performance data of fixed displacement compressors in vehicle level tests and identify the functioning regimes wherein the climate control unit forces the compressor to stop intermittently owing to low icing temperatures being reached at evaporator. The exercise provides a deeper insight to compressors operation as well as overall performance that assists in formulation of control strategy and various operating inputs necessary for variable displacement compressors to function as a replacement to fixed displacement compressors. The test data is used to arrive at variable duty cycle for EVDC that ensures smooth operation while yielding benefits of silent operation, lower power consumption and better cabin comfort inside vehicle. The test data used as benchmark was further used to arrive at startup and shutdown strategies for EVDC’s and same was incorporated in control logic developed for hardware controller that supervises the operation of

Yadav, Aditya Pratap, SHUKLA, ANKIT, Sharma, Kamal, Goel, Arun Kumar

Integrated Battery and Traction Cooling Based on Reversed Brayton Refrigeration Cycle for High Speed Performance Bikes.

2022-28-041611/09/2022

Recent advancement and compact design requirements in the field of two wheeler Electric vehicle has resulted for the requirement of cooling system for high performance bikes. It has also been observed that heating requirement are dominant at higher speed, because of higher power consumption and thus cooling is required for high speed EV bikes. This paper represents an integrated motor and battery cooling system taking advantages of freely available air. Air collector will be installed in the direction of the vehicle motion to collect available ram air, the collected ram air will be divided into two parts, one part will be directed to motor and MCU for direct air cooling and the second part will be used for battery cooling. Second part will be made to pass through a drier to make air moisture free, the dry air is then made to pass through compressor where it is isentropically compressed to higher pressure. Then this compressed air will be intercooled to initial atmospheric temperature

Jha, Navneet Kumar

Performance Improvement on Electric BUS A/C Through CAE & CFD Simulation

2022-28-043411/09/2022

Light weight, structural integrity, dynamic behavior, selection of material, performance, electrical energy consumption evaluation are very challenging areas while designing electrical vehicle AC components. Structural integrity and dynamic behavior of the component predicted by conducting dynamic analysis of the assembly under standard load conditions. Selection of material is another challenging part which been decided out based on the analysis result. Achieving the required cooling capacity with less compressor power is also another challenging area which been achieved by proper design changes on condenser and evaporator side. For this CFD analysis been performed on the unit. In this paper, durability analysis of the unit been carried out to check the strength of the unit as per the std and CFD analysis carried out to check the air flow on the condenser side and design modification to improve the air flow to meet the cooling capacity. On dynamic analysis, modal frequency and

Parayil, Paulson, Goel, Arunkumar, Singh, Shobit Kumar, Sen, Somnath

Faster Cool-Down of a Reefer Unit by Optimizing the System Losses through Experimental Investigation

2022-28-044211/09/2022

Refrigerated shipping containers are one of the four segments of the cold chain; cooling and storage; refrigerated transport; distribution centre and refrigerated display in super markets. The term reefer has become an established term to refer refrigerated shipping containers. It is one of the emerging areas in transport segments. With the onset of ongoing pandemic this area has further drawn global attention recently and due focus is being given to the development and improvement of reefer unit Hence with the growing demand in this field the energy consumption is also leapfrogging day by day. Primary energy sources (fossil fuel) are depleting and their environmental impact is raising anxiety around the world. In order to minimize unnecessary energy waste in refrigerated shipping container system, it needs to be designed to be energy efficient and provide high cooling capacity to ensure rapid pull down to carriage temperature and to maintain product quality at idle. Improper operation

Mobile Air Conditioner Off the Grid Cooling Solution

2022-28-045411/09/2022

MOBILE AIRCONDITIONER OFF THE GRID COOLING SOLUTION ABSTRACT Rooftop air conditioners are great to use at camp sites with power supply, and swamp coolers only work effectively in dry areas. Rooftop Air Conditioners have excellent cooling capacity. It cools down an entire van space but consumes huge amount of energy! Unable to take on the go. Swamp Cooler consumes less power. Ideal to use in dry climates. But once the humidity gets high, the swamp cooler will struggle to have any effect. And one will have to fill the unit with water manually. Window Air Conditioner is an inexpensive solution with good cooling effect, but it’s bulky, difficult to move, install and power. It blocks windows and damages easily on bumpy roads if fitted in vehicle. Solution for these problems and to bring endless possibilities to outdoor cooling is state of the art device called mobile Airconditioner that provides cooling on the go and off the grid. Concept design is made with special features like small size

Development of Internal Heat Exchanger for Truck AC System Application

2022-28-045311/09/2022

Global climate changes and High humidity will increase indoor heat loads of vehicle cabin. These environmental conditions are very adverse to drive the vehicle. Due to this driver's fatigue increases & reduces efficiency. Driver fatigue is believed to be one of the main causes of road accidents, air-conditioned cabins are expected to improve driver comfort, reduce fatigue and ensure good visibility. Air conditioning in automobiles is an essential feature nowadays. Almost all the passenger cars are having AC feature and it is gaining popularity in Commercial vehicles also. Fuel economy is major aspect especially in commercial vehicles. India's transportation energy use is growing at the fastest rate in the world and diesel consumption has increased more in the past decade. About 70% of the diesel is consumed by the transport sector. India's crude oil import dependency is at more than 75% today. AC system in automobiles increases the auxiliary load on engine and reduces the fuel economy

Patil, Satish, Nagarhalli, Prasanna V, SRIVASTAVA, SARVESH

Development of a Multifactor Model for Determining Energy Costs at a Compressor Station

2022-01-507909/29/2022

It is a known fact that the existing compressor stations on the sorting humps of the railways have significant overconsumption of electricity. First, this is due to the lack of automatic regulation of the compressed air capacity, which takes into account the technological processes at the station and the weather conditions within this section. In order to solve this problem, as a first approximation, it is necessary to analyze all the factors affecting the energy consumption of the compressor station and develop a mathematical model, which will link these indicators. In this work, a correlation analysis of the weather-related factors and specifics of the technological process (breaking up of the train), which affect the energy consumption of the compressor unit (CU), is carried out. Based on the analysis, there was a strong correlation between the factors described and the power consumption at the station. A regression model was developed. The issue of the distribution of energy levels

Volodarets, Mykyta, Satsiuk, Aleksandr, Gritsuk, Igor, Litikova, Oleksandra, Ahieiev, Maksym, Belousov, Evgen, Pohorletskyi, Dmytro, Tkachuk, Kateryna, Nosov, Pavlo, Sumtsov, Andrii

"Operation Strategies of Heat Pump Systems in High-Performance Electric Vehicles"

1329909/15/2022

"The energy consumption of a thermal management system cannot be neglected and is a significant contributor compared to the total energy consumption of a battery electric vehicle. Using a heat pump as part of the thermal management system, can heat and reduce energy consumption at low ambient temperatures. A state-of-the-art heat pump system consists of numerous actuators such as fans, pumps, electrical heater, compressor, and valves. An existing challenge remains to develop efficient operational strategies for these components with the corresponding interactions in dynamic boundary conditions. A physical model of the system can be used to optimize the control method and consequently, helps to save energy. The objective of this investigation is to obtain an operating strategy, which efficiently distributes the electric power between the heat pump compressor and the electric heater. In this context, the influence of an optimized, model-based control of the compressor speed on the

Vibration Testing NASA’s X-57 Maxwell Electric Aircraft

TBMG-4634108/01/2022

It’s not only automobiles that are going electric — airplanes are as well! And, to prove that an aircraft can be electrically powered, NASA has developed the X-57 Maxwell, its first all-electric X-plane. The X-57 airplane, currently in the Mod II configuration, is a modified version of the Italian Tecnam P2006T. In place of the usual gasoline-powered motors, the X-57 has two all-electric motors powered by traction batteries. The X-57 Maxwell project has some lofty goals, including lower energy consumption (the X-57’s motors use one-fifth the energy of a gasoline-powered aircraft), reduced emissions, and lower noise during flight.

Normally Locked Torque Converter as an Alternative Mutli-speed Transmission for Electric Vehicles

2022-01-077503/29/2022

An emerging trend in electric vehicle (EV) propulsion system engineering is the proposal of a wide range of two-speed transmission to improve performance, energy consumption and potentially alter electric motor characteristics. This paper proposes the design and integration of a torque converter and clutch-damper assembly that is normally locked as an alternative means of achieving a two-speed transmission for EV drive units. The layout of the drive unit with the torque converter is included along with an overview of the hydraulic system and control strategy to minimize energy consumption. The performance attributes required to match the torque converter to an electric motor verse an internal combustion engine are reviewed in the context of achieve comparable performance to a two speed transmission tractive effort. Dynamometer testing of a torque converter in both rotational directions is provided to highlight the preferred method of operation during reverse operation of the drive unit

Robinette, Darrell

Combining DMDF and hybrid powertrains: a look on the effects of different battery modelling approaches

2022-01-079303/29/2022

Fleet electrification has been demonstrated as a feasible solution to decarbonize the heavy-duty transportation sectors. The combination of hybridization and advanced combustion concepts may provide further advantages by also introducing reductions on criteria pollutants. In this scenario, the interplay among the different energy paths must be understood and quantified to extract the full potential of the powertrain. One of the key devices in such powertrains is the battery which involves different aspects regarding operation and safety. Most of the models still rely on resistance-capacity models to describe the battery operation. These models may lead to practical results since the current flow is governed by limiters rather than physical laws. Additionally, phenomena related with battery degradation which decreases the nominal capacity and enhances the heat generation are also not considered. In this sense, this work investigates the potential of powertrain hybridization coupled with

Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Sari, Rafael, Martinez, Santiago

Development of Vehicle Thermal Management Model for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle

2022-01-022603/29/2022

Recently, automobile manufacturers are interested in the development of battery electric vehicle (BEV) having a longer mileage to satisfy customer needs. The BEV with high efficiency depends on the temperature of the electric components. Hence it is important to study the effect of the cooling system in electric vehicle in order to optimize efficiency and performance. In this study, we present a 1-D vehicle thermal management (VTM) simulation model. The individual vehicle subsystems were modeled including cooling, power electric (PE), mechanical, and control components. Each component was integrated into a single VTM model and it would be used to calculate energy transfer among electrical, thermal, and mechanical energy. As a result, this simulation model predicts a plenty of information including the state of each component such as temperature, energy consumption, and operating point about electric vehicle depending on driving cycles and environmental conditions. The characteristic of

Hong, Seokbin, Kyoung, Song, Sung, Wonjune, Lee, Dongkyu, Choi, Kyungwook, Park, Minjung, Seo, Heung Seok, Park, Sunghoon, Jung, Young Ho

Determining the Distribution of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Buses in a Metropolitan Public Transport Network

2022-01-082103/29/2022

In recent years the world has come under increased pressure to reduce the harmful emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels. In 2019 in the UK (pre-COVID), the transport sector was estimated to have emitted 27% of all greenhouse gas emissions, making it the highest emitting sector. This has led to government action, banning the sale of petrol and diesel cars by 2030, as well as the introduction of low and zero emission zones in our cities. Public transport modes, especially city buses, must therefore also transition towards zero emission technologies to continue to operate within city centres. Battery electric buses are currently the most common choice, with both single deck and double deck vehicles in regular use. However, long-term operational capabilities are still largely unknown and unreported. Hydrogen fuel cell electric buses are an emerging zero emission technology that have the potential to complement a battery electric bus fleet where the duty cycle is challenging for

Blades, Luke Aubrey William, MacNeill, Rachel, Zhang, Yuanjian, Cunningham, Geoff, Early, Juliana

Analytical modeling and multi-objective optimization of the articulated vehicle steering system

2022-01-106003/29/2022

Articulated steering system is widely used in engineering vehicles due to its high mobility and low steering radius. The design parameters have a vital impact on the selection of the steering system assemblies, such as the operation stroke, pressure, and force of the hydraulic cylinders during the steering process, which will affect the system weight. The energy consumption is also relevant to the geometry parameters. According to the kinetic analysis of the steering system and dynamic analysis of the steering process, the kinetic model of an engineering vehicle steering system is established, and the power needed to boost it is calculated and validated by the field test result. The influence of the factors is analyzed based on this model. To lower the system weight and needed pressure, the multi-objective particle swarm optimization method is initiated to optimize the geometry parameter of the articulated steering system. After optimization, the weight of the system decreased by

Off-Road Rover Mobility Simulation Using a Continuum Representation of Deformable Terrains

2022-01-041803/29/2022

We seek to develop control policies for optimized rover mobility on deformable granular material terrains using a co-simulation framework implemented in an open-source simulation platform. An elasto-plastic continuum model is employed for the purpose of increasing the simulation speed in capturing the dynamics of the deformable granular material terrain. The solution of the continuum problem is obtained using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method; the rover is handled as a multibody system with constraints. Both the rover body and wheels are defined via geometries specified through triangular meshes. The two-way coupling between each wheel and the deformable terrain is implemented using so-called boundary conditions enforcing (BCE) particles attached to the rover wheel. A traction control algorithm is proposed to reduce wheel slip and hence power/energy usage in a hill-climbing scenario. The study is carried out in an in-house developed open source code called Chrono. The

Hu, Wei, Zhou, Zhenhao, Serban, Radu, Negrut, Dan

Evaluation of Optimal State of Charge Planning for a Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle

2022-01-089503/29/2022

There is and continues to be a widespread adoption of Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicles. Seen by many as a staging technology for fully electric vehicles, hybrid technologies enable the reduction of noxious tailpipe emissions and conformance with ever-decreasing allowable homologation limits. The complexity of the hybrid powertrain technology can lead to an energy management problem with multiple energy sinks and sources comprising the system resulting in a high-dimensional time dependent problem for which many solutions have been proposed [1]. Methods that rely on accurate predictions of potential vehicle operations are demonstrably more optimal when compared to rule-based methodology. In this paper, a previously proposed energy management strategy based on an offline optimisation using dynamic programming is investigated. This work explores the effects of drive cycle segmentation on the optimality of the results and is then coupled with an online model predictive control strategy to

Jegede, Temi, Knowles, James, Steffen, Thomas, D'Amato, Marco, Maganga, Othman

Unified power-based analysis of combustion engine and battery electric vehicle energy consumption

2022-01-063903/29/2022

In previous work we have shown that fuel power consumption of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) is proportional to vehicle traction power, across vehicle and engine sizes and across different drive cycles, for a given technology. This results from the linear transfer function between powertrain input (fuel) power and output (mechanical) power at moderate power levels. In this paper we extend the analysis to battery electric vehicles (BEV), which differ from ICEV in several respects in terms of energy consumption. ICE engines have unidirectional power flow, while BEV electric motors have bidirectional power flow capability, and the battery provides reversible energy storage. This enables the recuperation of vehicle kinetic energy during braking. As a result, the net energy needed to drive through a cycle is reduced. Additionally, the BEV accessories are driven directly from the battery energy source and not by the powertrain as in ICEV. But critically, the electric motor, like

Phlips, Patrick, Megli, Thomas, Ruona, William

Development of Next Generation Fuel Cell Bus: Investigation of Configuration Impact and Control Strategy Development

2022-01-083203/29/2022

The emergence of fuel cell powertrains has opened up new pathways to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across a number of sectors, including public transport. However, while these technologies are gaining momentum, they are mostly still in their infancy with a range of fundamental challenges which still need to be addressed. The typical configuration deployed in bus applications requires integration with other fast-response power sources, e.g., battery and/or ultra-capacitor, to effectively manage power delivery. However, implementation of such hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) complicates the design and control of the vehicle powertrains. In this work, a concept fuel cell bus vehicle powertrain configuration has been constructed first using Matlab / Simulink which can be used to explore the impact of various ESS hybridization strategies, and their effectiveness in power management. Three variants have been studied: [I] fuel cell + battery; [II] fuel cell + ultra-capacitor and [III

Zhang, Yuanjian, Blades, Luke, Early, Juliana, Cunningham, Geoff, Harris, Andrew, Louden, Jonathan

Effectiveness of Cdd-IoHwAb device drivers in Automotive industry

2022-01-011203/29/2022

The AUTOSAR Basic Software is composed of Service Layer, ECU Abstraction Layer (EAL), Microcontroller Abstraction Layer (MCAL) and Complex Driver. In these components, an IO Driver Module including I/O Hardware Abstraction (IoHwAb) is one of the most important components in a development of ECU-target applications. However, it is difficult to integrate and emulate it to ECU-targets in coincidence with the AUTOSAR MCAL/EAL architecture. In this paper, I present an implementation process of an AUTOSAR IO Driver module and system integration method. In addition, I apply this development process to the inertial measurement unit (IMU: ISM330DLC): 3D accelerometer and 3D gyroscope with digital output for industrial applications. The ISM330DLC has a full-scale acceleration range of ±2/±4/±8/±16 g and an angular rate range of ±125/±250/±500/±1000/±2000 dps and embedded temperature sensor. The module will supply the acceleration values and the angular rotation in three directions. This driver

Energy Optimal Control for Formula One Race Car

2022-01-044603/29/2022

Formula One (F1) is considered to be the forefront of innovation for the automotive and motorsport industry. One of the key provisions has been towards the inclusion of the Energy Recovery System (ERS) since 2014 in F1 regulations. ERS comprises Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H), Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K) and an Energy Storage (ES). This has not only converted the conventional powertrain into a hybrid power-split device, but also imposed constraints on the fuel energy available, energy recovered and deployed by MGU-K,and charge stored in ES, along with various other parameters. Although the objective for a F1 race is to minimize lap-time, it is obvious that there is no unique control path or decision to meet this objective. This build up needs to optimally control the powersplit and energy of the system. In contrast to lap-time optimal control, which is focused on lap-time minimisation, energy optimal control ensures that the powertrain components operate optimally by

Javed, Hassan, Samuel, Stephen

Accelerating In-vehicle Network Intrusion Detection System using Binarized Neural Network

2022-01-018603/29/2022

Modern vehicles are utilizing more software modules and interfaces while new risks and attacks are emerging and threatening the security of vehicles. Researchers demonstrate that in-vehicle networks have become a target of vehicle attackers. Controller Area Network (CAN), the de facto standard for in-vehicle networks, has insufficient security features and thus is inherently vulnerable to various attacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) based on advanced deep learning methods, such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), have been proposed to protect CAN bus from attacks. However, those models generally introduce high latency and require considerable computing resources. To accelerate intrusion detection and also reduce both latency and model size, we propose a new IDS system based on Binarized Neural Network (BNN). As BNN uses binary values for activations and weights rather than full precision values, it usually results in faster computation and

Zhang, Linxi, Yan, Xuke, Ma, Di

Mobility Energy Productivity Evaluation of Prediction-based Vehicle Powertrain Control Combined with Optimal Traffic Management

2022-01-016103/29/2022

Transportation system efficiency can be defined in two ways: 1) reduction of travel times across all the vehicles in the system, and 2) reduction in total energy consumed by all the vehicles in the system. The levers to realize these efficiencies are treated as independent (i.e., vehicle and network domains), and have not been studied jointly to date. This research aims to integrate previously developed and published research on Predictive Optimal Energy Management Strategies (POEMS) and Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS), to address the need for quantifying improvement in system efficiency resulting from a simultaneous vehicle and network optimization. POEMS and ITS are partially independent methods that do not require each other to function but whose individual effectiveness may be affected by the presence of the other. In order to evaluate the simultaneous optimizations holistically, the Mobility Energy Productivity (MEP) metric which measures the connectedness of a system while

Motallebiaraghi, Farhang, Yao, Kaisen, Rabinowitz, Aaron, Hoehne, christopher, garikapati, Venu, Holden, Jacob, Wood, Eric, Chen, Suren, Bradley, Thomas, Asher, Zachary

Demonstration of energy consumption reduction in class 8 trucks using eco-driving algorithm based on on-road testing

2022-01-015703/29/2022

Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication has enabled on-board access to the information from other vehicles and infrastructure. This information, traditionally used for safety applications, is increasingly being used for improving fuel economy of the vehicles [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. This work aims at demonstrating energy consumption reduction in heavy/medium duty vehicles using the eco-driving algorithm. The algorithm is enabled by V2X communication and uses data contained in basic safety messages (BSMs) and signal phase and timing (SPaT) to generate an energy-efficient velocity trajectory for the vehicle to follow. A ~25.7 km (16-mi) urban corridor in Bexar County, Texas, was modeled in a microscopic traffic simulation package and calibrated to match real-world conditions. For the trucks using this algorithm, a nominal reduction of 7% in energy consumption and 6% in trip time was observed in simulation. This was validated by on-track testing of a pair of velocity profiles. The track testing

Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Frazier, Cole, Rengarajan, Sankar, Warden, Rebecca, Brown, Michael, Sarlashkar, Jayant

Measurement and evaluation of the conversion of thermal energy generated on the contact surface of the brake disc into electrical energy using a thermoelectric generator

2022-01-021303/29/2022

The heat generated by the friction between the brake discs and the brake pad, causes the disc’s temperature to rise which affects braking performance. This generated heat flux from the contact surface of the vehicle’s brake disc does not only affect braking performance but also tend be wasted and pollute the environment. However, an accurate system is needed to make efficient use of this generated heat flux, that is usually wasted. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are solid-state gadgets utilized in the conversion of heat to electricity. Hence, the aim of this study is to convert the heat flux generated at the disc contact surface into electrical energy by employing a thermoelectric generator. Additionally, to store the harvested energy to power the battery which in turn charges the temperature monitoring systems. Thermoelectric generators were positioned at different geometrical points of the brake discs to achieve optimal efficiency and energy storage possibilities. A static model is

Fayzullayevich, Jamshid Valiev, Agyeman, Philip, Frimpong, Justice

Path planning strategy of Distributed-driven articulated vehicle considering steering energy consumption

2022-01-034903/29/2022

The over-actuated characteristic of distributed driving vehicle can be used to generate the yaw moment by the reasonable allocation of each wheel driving force, which can reduce the energy consumption in the process of vehicle handling. The dynamic model of articulated vehicle with the electric-hydraulic hybrid steering is established by integrating the differential steering of vehicle. In this paper, the dynamic programming method is used to study the energy consumption of articulated vehicle with electro-hydraulic hybrid steering, and the energy-saving effects under different operating conditions are compared and analyzed. And on this basis, the rule-based control steering strategy for the articulated vehicle is built which can be used on-line. The model of articulated vehicle is established based on ROS platform, and tentacle algorithm is used for path planning of articulated vehicles. The stability and handling energy consumption of the vehicle are calculated for each tentacle

Niu, Tianwei, Shen, Yanhua, Bin, Xu

Thermal Management and Energy Consumption Balanced Design for Active Grill Shutter Control

2022-01-021203/29/2022

The active grill shutters (AGS) on the vehicle have been widely used in recent years due to increased demand on fuel economy and CO2 emission. The closed AGS helps to reduce air drag by preventing air going into underhood, which results in less engine torque and less fuel consumption. The AGS also need to ensure adequate cooling air for radiator, condenser and other components in the underhood, so that the control strategy should be carefully designed for both thermal management and energy consumption. A sport utility vehicle (SUV) equipped AGS is analyzed, and the AGS control strategy is developed with the help of simulation and experiment. Drag coefficients for series of shutter rotation angles are evaluated using a 3-D full-vehicle model. The maximum air drag coefficient benefit is found to be 9 counts, and more benefit is obtained around fully closed status. The fan control is considered as inputs for AGS strategy design, and a four-requirement strategy is developed. A chassis

Yan, Junjie, Liu, Xiaobing, Cheng, Junfeng, Feng, Yanyan, Zan, Jianming, Sun, Richard

Experimental investigation on human thermal comfort in passenger compartment under actual air conditioning usage habits

2022-01-021703/29/2022

With the popularization of automobiles, people’s driving time increases gradually. However, the accompanying problem is that the interior space of the vehicle passenger compartment is narrow and relatively closed. If drivers and passengers are permanently in the uncomfortable passenger compartment, they will feel tired, agitated, inattention, etc., which is prone to traffic accidents. This makes people gradually improve the requirements of driving comfort. And thermal comfort is an important aspect of vehicle comfort, which is closely related to the energy consumption of air conditioning. The thermal environment in the vehicle passenger compartment is a special non-uniform thermal environment. However, due to the complexity of the thermal environment inside the automobile, the basic research on human thermal comfort in the non-uniform thermal environment is carried out in the building environment. The non-uniform thermal environment in the building is mainly caused by the non-uniform

Xu, Xin, zhao, lanping

Optimized Semi-Solid Slurry Aluminum Die Casting for HPDC Structural Components

2022-01-028303/29/2022

Electric Vehicles (EV) are transforming the automobile industry by creating a renewed approach to propulsion through battery powered electric drive unit (EDU). Key to the success of the EV industry is vehicle drive range on a fully charged battery. That limit state is dependent on many factors, but one critical one is vehicle mass. Vehicle mass is a parasitic loss in energy consumption; and therefore, the mass of EV has been valued at much higher levels than for internal combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, finding opportunities for light weight options is crucial. In this paper, optimization method for aluminum semi-solid slurry die cast (SSD) for high pressure die casting (HPDC) will be discussed. A novel approach to slurry preparation, transfer, die operation, and post cast process was developed and was proven on structural components of EDU mounting system. 40% part mass saving was achieved in a study case compared to baseline conventional HPDC design. On average, it is

Jomaa, Sam, Risko, Frank, Xu, Yiwu, Liang, Xiaokang, Suchta, Wojciech, Quaggiotto, Michael

Design and Validation of Energy-optimal Adaptive Cruise Control (EACC)

2022-01-050303/29/2022

The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) is not only influenced by the efficiency of the powertrain components (battery, electric machines, inverters, etc.), but also to a large extend by the driving profile. Therefore, the new function of energy-optimal adaptive cruise control (EACC) is proposed as a new feature in this paper. This function exploits a large potential for energy consumption reduction by optimizing the EVs’ speed trajectory using model predictive control (MPC). EACC optimizes the speed profile of EVs by considering various connected driving information (speed limits, road gradients, predicted future behavior of the vehicle ahead, etc.). To validate the performance of EACC, a prototype system was implemented in an EV. The EV controlled by EACC was driven as the ego-vehicle on a test track. In the test cycles, which represent realistic urban driving scenarios, EACC reduces the energy consumption of the ego-vehicle by up to 13% in comparison to an ego-vehicle

Jia, Yanzhao, Abdelkarim, Anas, Klingbeil, Xiaonan, Görges, Daniel

Evaluating Simulation Driver Model Performance using Dynamometer Test Criteria

2022-01-063803/29/2022

The influence of driver modeling and drive cycle target speed trace modification on vehicle dynamics within energy consumption simulations is studied. EPA dynamometer speed error criteria and the SAE J2951 standard are applied to simulation outputs as proposed components of simulation validation, providing guidelines for acceptable vehicle speed outputs and allowing comparison of simulation results to reported EPA dynamometer test statistics. The combined effect of driver model tuning and drive cycle interpolation methods is investigated for the UDDS, HwFET and US06 drive cycles, with EPA-specified linearly interpolated speed trace and PI controller driver as a baseline result. Additional benefits of driver tuning are presented including a reduction in unnecessarily-aggressive simulated accelerator and brake pedal actuation, resulting in a 50% or greater drop in simulated vehicle RMS jerk and peak jerk in each analyzed case compared to baseline. For the simulated vehicle, a “lazy

Legg, Thomas, Nelson, Douglas

Development of a Willans Line Rule-Based Hybrid Energy Management Strategy

2022-01-090003/29/2022

The pre-prototype development of a simulated rule-based hybrid energy management strategy for a 2019 Chevrolet Blazer RS converted to a parallel P4 full hybrid is presented. A vehicle simulation model is developed using component bench test data and validated using EPA-reported dynamometer unadjusted fuel economy test data. A combined Willans line model is proposed for the engine and transmission, with hybrid control rules based on efficiency-derived engine power thresholds. Algorithms are proposed for battery state of charge (SOC) management including engine loading and one pedal strategies, with battery SOC maintained within 20% to 80% safe limits and charge balanced behavior achieved. The simulated rule-based hybrid control strategy for the hybrid vehicle has an energy consumption reduction of 20% for the Hot 505, 3.6% for the HwFET, and 12% for the US06 compared to the stock vehicle.

Legg, Thomas, Nelson, Douglas

Quantifying System Level Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles in an Urban Corridor

2022-01-017303/29/2022

Numerous studies have demonstrated significant energy reduction for an ego vehicle by up to 20% leveraging Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies [1, 2, 3, 4]. Some studies have also analyzed the impact of such vehicles on the energy consumption of other vehicles in a suburban or a highway corridor [5, 6]. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), in collaboration with Continental and Hyundai, is currently working on a Department of Energy funded project that is focused on quantifying the impact of multiple ego vehicles (smart vehicles) on the total energy consumption of the corridor under various traffic conditions, vehicle electrification level, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technology penetration, and the number of smart (ego) vehicles in an urban setting. A six-kilometer-long urban corridor from Columbus, Ohio was modeled and calibrated via real-world data in PTV Vissim traffic microsimulation software. Five forward-looking powertrain models, consisting of two battery electric vehicles

Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Rengarajan, Sankar, Sarlashkar, Jayant, Hotz, Scott, Bakshi, Kaivalya

Study On Passenger Cabin Under Passive Radiative Cooling Film

2022-01-021603/29/2022

Radiative cooling uses the space cold source to cool the object, and the radiative cooling film prepared based on its principle can reduce the fuel consumption of automobile air conditioning refrigeration. In this paper, according to the passive radiative cooling principle, taking SiO2 as the radiation cooling film of infrared radiation material, the theoretical cooling value of the passenger compartment of the automobile is calculated and analyzed based on the heat balance equation.The influence of radiative cooling film on the temperature field of passenger cabin was studied by finite element analysis.The results show that the cooling film made of SiO2 as passive radiation material has obvious cooling effect on passenger cabin.In the ambient temperature of 308.15K, the theoretical cooling temperature is 6.7K.When radiative cooling film is applied to automobiles, the cooling value of passenger cabin body, seat, instrument panel and other parts reaches 2.2K-5.1K, among which the

Experimental evaluation and VECTO simulations of a hybrid electric bus

2022-01-080703/29/2022

New heavy-duty vehicles are simulated with the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO) to certify their fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in the European Union. VECTO is planned to be utilized also for the certification of vehicles with hybrid electric powertrains, in all topological configurations spanning from P0 to P4 parallel systems as well as series hybrids. A development version of VECTO able to simulate these configurations is already available and was used for this study. In this work we have collected available measurement data from a specific P2 hybrid bus which was run in WHVC on the dyno as well as on the road and a vehicle model was created in VECTO. The VECTO Hybrid Controller was evaluated by comparing the measured and simulated decisions on utilizing the available power sources (fuel/stored electric energy), on regenerating braking and on gear shifting, on a step by step base as well as on a cycle average CO2 emissions result. The results show a good fit

Bitsanis, Evangelos, Broekaert, Stijn, Tansini, Alessandro, Fontaras, Georgios

Development of an Efficient Thermal / Elecric Skipping control Strategy applied to a parallel P3 hybrid electric vehicle

2022-01-089903/29/2022

In recent years automobile manufacturer focused towards an increasing degree of electrification of the powertrains with the aim to reduce pollutants emissions and fuel economy. In the face of more complex design processes and control strategies, these powertrains offer an improved fuel exploitation compared to conventional vehicles thanks to an intelligent energy management along the driving mission. A simulation study is here presented aiming at developing a control strategy for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The strategy is here applied to the control of the parallel P3 powertrain. The simulation model is implemented using vehicle modeling and simulation toolboxes in MATLAB/Simulink. The model includes thermal engine, electric motor, battery pack and DC-DC converter. A map-based approach is used to model thermal engine and electric motor, while a zeroth equivalent circuit model is used to represent the battery pack. The proposed control strategy is based on an alternative

De Bellis, Vincenzo, Piras, Marco, Malfi, Enrica

Simulation of the internal flow and cavitation of hydrous ethanol-gasoline fuels in the multi-hole direct injector

2022-01-061103/29/2022

Hydrous ethanol not only has the advantages of high-octane number and valuable oxygen content, but also reduce the energy consumption in the production process. However, little literature investigated the internal flow and cavitation of hydrous ethanol-gasoline fuels in the multi-hole direct injector. In this simulation, a two-phase fuel flow model in injector is established based on the multi-fluid model of Euler-Euler method, and the accuracy of model is verified. On the basis of this model, the flow of different hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends is calculated under different injection conditions, and the cavitation, flow rate, and velocity at the outlet of the nozzle are predicted. Meanwhile, the influence of temperature and back pressure on the flow is also analyzed. The results show that the use of hydrous ethanol reduces the flow rate, weaken the cavitation in injector, and reduces the turbulent kinetic energy. In addition, with the increase of fuel temperature, the flow velocity

Shi, Xiuyong, Qian, Weiwei, Liao, Yansu, Jiang, Yixiao, Wang, Qiwei, Ni, Jimin

Research on Energy-saving Strategy of Power System of Pure Electric Vacuum Vehicle

2022-01-079603/29/2022

With the advancement of China's urbanization construction, the demand for electric vacuum vehicles continues to increase. Electric vacuum vehicles work together by two motors, and the operating conditions are complex and variable. It is necessary to formulate reasonable strategies for the two motors during the work process. Fuzzy control can handle nonlinear models and is less sensitive to interference. Therefore, this paper takes a pure electric vacuum vehicle as an example, and proposes an energy-saving strategy for the power system based on fuzzy control. Firstly, a two-dimensional fuzzy controller was established to control the rotational speed and torque of the work motor according to the road conditions. Secondly, the economic MAP of the drive motor was developed. Taking into account factors such as SOC, accelerator pedal opening change rate, and work motor speed, the torque was compensated and corrected, a closed-loop control strategy combining driver input and vehicle working

Impact of the Powertrain Sizing on Cradle-to-Grave Emissions and Fuel Cell Degradation in a FCV with a Range-Extender Architecture

2022-01-083003/29/2022

With the rising interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) to reduce the global warming impact of the automotive sector, the industry and car manufacturers are shifting towards producing H2-based or electricity-based vehicles. Plug-in passenger FCVs with a range-extender architecture (FCREx), could be a more versatile with a lower total cost of ownership (TCO) alternative to other FCV configurations, given the current H2 cost. In this investigation, a validated fuel cell (FC) stack model was integrated into a complete FCREx model to study the potential of this architecture in terms of H2 consumption and cradle-to-grave GHG and NOx emissions. First, the FC stack model was calibrated using experimental data. Then, a FC system model including the balance of plant (BoP) was developed and adjusted to the stack specifications. The BoP air management strategy was optimized to ensure maximum performance in steady conditions. From steady-state data, a mean values model of the FC system was

Desantes, Jose, Novella, Ricardo, Pla, Benjamin, Lopez-Juarez, Marcos

Research on the Dual-Motor Coupling Power System Strategy of Electric Sweeping Vehicle

2022-01-081303/29/2022

Sweeping vehicles have made a great contribution to the cleaning of urban roads. Traditional electric sweeping vehicles use main and auxiliary motors to drive the walking system and operating system respectively. However, due to the long-term low-speed operation of the vehicle, there are problems of low motor utilization and high cost. To solve this problem, a dual-motor drive system based on planetary gear coupling is proposed. First, analyze the driving mode of the dual-motor coupling drive system according to the actual working conditions of the sweeper, and re-match the parameters of the motor based on this. Second, under the premise of meeting the dynamic requirements, analyze and divide the working range of each driving mode based on the principle of minimum energy consumption, and use particle swarm algorithm to optimize, obtain the best drive mode switching control and speed distribution strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of the system and strategy is verified by simulation

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