Browse Topic: Smart grid

Items (23)
Demand Side Load Management by Using Priority Based Load Shedding Algorithm with and without Renewable Energy Generation2019-28-007310/11/2019
Demand side load management (DSLM) emphasizes control of the power demanded, by reducing the peak load and control of energy utilization of the system. DSLM is introduced to improve the flexibility of the grid power usage and also to aid the utilization of Renewable Energy Generation (REG) which is intermittent. In this work, implementation of load shedding (LS) algorithm for the residential load is performed with the limit of power as constraint, considering REG and grid in three different modes of operation. Solar and Wind power are the REG considered in this work. Priority Based Load Shedding (PBLS) is performed to limit the power consumption of equipment during peak hours with the implementation of varying pricing signal. In order to implement PBLS, three residential user load data for 24 hours is considered. The users are categorized as low, medium and high priority user. The priority of the user is based on the load consumption for 24 hours. The proposed LS scheme is performed, depending on the power requirements of Home Electric Devices (HEDs) and the priority of consumer. The main objective of cost reduction (power consumption) along with minimization of user discomfort is achieved by using the PBLS algorithm. Simulation results for REG islanded mode, grid connect mode and REG aided grid mode is performed. The further cost comparison is made with and without a load schedule. The scheduling of load curve is performed using Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization.
Rathinam, RajarajeswariDayalan, Suchitra
Optimal Power Management of Vehicle Sourced Military Outposts2017-01-02713/28/2017
This paper considers optimal power management during the establishment of an expeditionary outpost using battery and vehicle assets for electrical generation. The first step in creating a new outpost is implementing the physical protection and barrier system. Afterwards, facilities that provide communications, fires, meals, and moral boosts are implemented that steadily increase the electrical load while dynamic events, such as patrols, can cause abrupt changes in the electrical load profile. Being able to create a fully functioning outpost within 72 hours is a typical objective where the electrical power generation starts with batteries, transitions to gasoline generators and is eventually replaced by diesel generators as the outpost matures. Vehicles with power export capability are an attractive supplement to this electrical power evolution since they are usually on site, would reduce the amount of material for outpost creation, and provide a modular approach to outpost build-up. Military vehicles have the attributes of a microgrid and when connected produce a scalable power generation capability [1]. For example, each vehicle could power a subset of the outpost’s build-up and when connected form a networked microgrid topology. However, vehicles must be available to disconnect dynamically for mobility-centric mission requirements. When this happens, there will likely be a shortage of electrical power requiring prioritized load shedding. Alternatively, excess generation will occur at times motivating an optimal solution to efficiently utilize the generation assets and minimize fuel consumption. An optimal, power management and control scheme is described using a notional 72-hour outpost evolution scenario to illustrate the approach. Particular attention is given to competing objectives such as minimizing fuel consumption while maintaining portable battery state-of-charge for equipment used during patrols. Using an optimal power flow and power coordination controller, vehicle centric microgrid architectures were constructed and simulated. For the uninterrupted outpost construction, the scheduled generation and storage were sufficient to supply all prioritized loads. Conversely, for the interrupted outpost construction, vehicle availability dictated which prioritized loads could be satisfied when unexpected power deficits arise.
Rizzo, DeniseJane, RobertParker, Gordon G.Weaver, WayneMatthews, RonaldCook, Michael
Risks of Lightning to Automotive Occupants and Electrical/Electronic Systems2017-01-00613/28/2017
Lightning strikes on automobiles are usually rare, though they can be fatal to occupants and hazardous to electronic control systems. Vehicles’ metal bodies are normally considered to be an effective shield against lightning. Modern body designs, however, often have wide window openings, and plastic body parts have become popular. Lightning can enter the cabin of vehicles through their radio antennas. In the near future, automobiles may be integrated into the electric power grid, which will cause issues related to the smart grid and the vehicle-to-grid concept. Even today, electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) are charged at home or in parking lots. Such automobiles are no longer isolated from the power grid and thus are subject to electric surges caused by lightning strikes on the power grid. A charging system connected to an EV or PHEV should absorb the surge, but powerful lightning strikes can overwhelm the surge protection and intrude into the electric and electronic (E/E) systems of the vehicles, as often happens with household electrical equipment. This paper discusses the increasing risks of lightning to automotive occupants and E/E systems. To demonstrate the risk to vehicle systems, artificial lightning was generated by a 3 MV-impulse voltage source and supplied to a test vehicle. Arcing at the vehicle’s metal joints was then observed; the electronic system of the instrument panel was destroyed in the experiment. The induced surge voltage and lightning current in the metal body were both measured to determine the impact on the vehicle’s electronic systems. In order to develop a theoretical model for vehicle lightning, a NiCr metal box was also examined under artificial lightning conditions. In these experiments, neither the vehicle’s metal body nor the NiCr box shielded the lightning well. During lightning strikes, significant voltage differences were observed in the metals, and the vehicle body did not work as a common ground. The voltage difference also suggested the generation of an electromagnetic field in the vehicle cabin that can be harmful to vehicle systems.
Alkhteeb, Sultan A.MOho, ShigeruNagashima, YukiNishimura, SeisukeShimizu, Hiroyuki
Experimental Demonstration of Smart Charging and Vehicle-to-Home Technologies for Plugin Electric Vehicles Coordinated with Home Energy Management Systems for Automated Demand Response2016-01-01604/5/2016
In this paper, we consider smart charging and vehicle-to-home (V2H) technologies for plugin electric vehicles coordinated with home energy management systems (HEMS) for automated demand response. In this system, plugin electric vehicles automatically react to demand response events with or without HEMS’s coordination, while vehicles are charged and discharged (i.e., V2H) in appropriate time slots by taking into account demand response events, time-ofuse rate information, and users’ vehicle usage plan. We introduce three approaches on home energy management: centralized energy control, distributed energy control, and coordinated energy control. We implemented smart charging and V2H systems by employing two sets of standardized communication protocols: one using OpenADR 2.0b, SEP 2.0, and SAE standards and the other using OpenADR 2.0b, ECHONET Lite, and ISO/IEC 15118. We show that the both communication protocol sets enable the same energy management by adding some properties and class into ECHONET Lite that are equivalent to existing function sets in SEP 2.0 such as demand response, pricing, energy flow reservation. We evaluated developed systems in a demonstration platform, called the Energy Management System (EMS) Shinjuku Demonstration Center established by Waseda University upon the initiative by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in Japan. We show that developed systems enable automated demand response and peak shift by automatically reacting to demand response events without users’ inconvenience. We also show that smart charging and V2H system with HEMS’s coordination provides more peak demand reduction than one without HEMS’s coordination and one without V2H capability.
Shimizu, TakayukiOno, TomoyaHirohashi, WataruKumita, KunihikoHayashi, Yasuhiro
Smart Charging Standards for Plug-In Electric Vehicles2014-01-18234/1/2014
This paper is the fifth in the series of documents designed to identify the progress on the SAE Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) communication task force that follows 2010-01-0837, 2011-01-0866, 2012-01-1036 and 2013-01-1475. The primary focus of this paper is to discuss the most recent revision of J2847/1 [1], which deals with Smart Charging applications, plus the initial release of J2847/3 [2], which can be thought of as dealing with “Smart Discharging” applications. Both documents are based on the use of the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 (SEP2) Application Protocol Standard (V1.0) which was completed by the ZigBee Alliance in April 2013. The standard was then accepted by the IEEE and subsequently released as IEEE 2030.5 [3]. SEP2 started with a Marketing Requirements Document (MRD) that J2836/1™ [4]expanded for the automotive Use Cases for Smart Charging, The MRD was then used to generate the SEP2 Technical Requirements Document (TRD) that set the automotive requirements in J2931/1 [5]. The TRD was used to generate a SEP2 Application Spec where the specific automotive sequence diagrams, signals and messages are contained in J2847/1. From the SAE progression, J2836/1™ Use Cases set the requirements for the signals and messages in J2847/1. J2836/3™ [6] contains the Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Use Cases for J2847/3 signals and messages, and J2931/1 contains the protocol requirements for all the SAE Plug-in Electric Vehicle communication documents.
Scholer, Richard A.McGlynn, Hank
Communication for Plug-in Electric Vehicles2012-01-10364/16/2012
This paper is the third in the series of documents designed to record the progress on the SAE Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) communication task force. The initial paper (2010-01-0837) introduced utility communications (J2836/1™ & J2847/1) and how the SAE task force interfaced with other organizations. The second paper (2011-01-0866) focused on the next steps of the utility requirements and added DC charging (J2836/2™ & J2847/2) along with initial effort for Reverse Power Flow (J2836/3™ & J2847/3). This paper continues with the following: 1. Completion of DC charging's 1st step publication of J2836/2™ & J2847/2. 2. Completion of 1st step of communication requirements as it relates to PowerLine Carrier (PLC) captured in J2931/1. This leads to testing of PLC products for Utility and DC charging messages using EPRI's test plan and schedule. 3. Progress for PEV communications interoperability in J2953/1. The Use cases, general information and architecture are also being developed and/or updated for the following. 4. Reverse Power Flow (J2836/3™ & J2847/3), 5. Diagnostics (J2836/4™ & J2847/4), 6. Customer to PEV and HAN/NAN communication (J2836/5™ & J2847/5). The existing approach continues for these documents whereas the J2836™ series to capture the use cases and general information that feeds into the J2847 series with corresponding specific requirements. J2931/1 includes the overall and protocol requirements and J2953 includes the interoperability criteria. The SAE document partitioning allows the teams to focus on specific functions but also allows combinations that build on each other (e.g., Reverse Power Flow with off-board conversion would include the DC communication requirements and only add the additional criteria for that aspect of Reverse Power Flow (RPF), including architecture variations). These documents are also expected to progress thru at least three ballot steps with Step 1 being "what we think works," Step 2 "implement and update changes/additions" and Step 3 being a final review and clean-up. However, more intermediate steps may occur as needed. The intent of these standards is to capture the requirements and options that will enable opportunities for the customer to have a better experience with the PEV.
Scholer, Richard A.Bourton, MichaelMepham, DanMaitra, ArindamGodfrey, TimOliver, DougVenkatesh, DonthyTaha, EloiMuller, MichaelFietzek, Cliff
Digital Communications for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2931/1_201201 (Historical)1/24/2012
This SAE Information Report SAE J2931 establishes the requirements for digital communication between Plug-In Vehicles (PEV), the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the utility or service provider, Energy Services Interface (ESI), Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Home Area Network (HAN). This is the first version of this document and completes the step 1 effort that captures the initial objectives of the SAE task force. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on "what we think works" and publish. The effort continues however, to step 2 that allows public review for additional comments and viewpoints, while the task force also continues additional testing and early implementation. Results of the step 2 effort will then be incorporated into updates of this document and lead to a republished version. The SAE J2931 family of documents has been organized into several "slash" subsections: This document, SAE J2931/1, defines architecture and general requirements including association, registration, security, and HAN requirements, as well as mapping to other SAE documents. SAE J2931/2 is under development and is proposed to define a MAC & PHY layer implementation of digital communications using FSK and the SAE J1772™ Pilot wire. SAE J2931/3 is under development and is proposed to define a MAC & PHY layer implementation of digital communications using NB OFDM and either the SAE J1772™ Pilot wire or mains. SAE J2931/4 is under development and is proposed to define a MAC & PHY layer implementation of digital communications using BB OFDM and either the SAE J1772™ Pilot wire or mains. Testing and validation of the aforementioned physical layer specifications is ongoing, and it is possible that the results of said testing may preclude one or more of the proposed solutions as unable to meet the technical requirements. Reduction of the available options to a single, worldwide standard remains the long-term goal. The document mapping of the PEV communication standards are further defined in section 4.
Hybrid - EV Committee
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