Browse Topic: Electric power grid

Items (192)
This SAE Standard encompasses connectors between two cables or between a cable and an electrical component and focuses on the connectors external to the electrical component. This document provides environmental test requirements and acceptance criteria for the application of connectors for direct current electrical systems of 50 V or less in the majority of heavy-duty applications typically used in off-highway machinery. Severe applications can require higher test levels, or field-testing on the intended application.
CTTC C2, Electrical Components and Systems
ABSTRACT A simulation capable of modeling grid-tied electrical systems, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) resource sharing was developed within the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Using the steady state admittance matrix approach, the unknown currents and voltages within the network are determined at each time step. This eliminates the need for states associated with the distributed system. Each vehicle has two dynamic states: (1) stored energy and (2) fuel consumed while the generators have only a single fuel consumed state. One of its potential uses is to assess the sensitivity of fuel consumption with respect to the control system parameters used to maintain a vehicle-centric bus voltage under dynamic loading conditions.
Jane, Robert S.Parker, Gordon G.Weaver, Wayne W.Goldsmith, Steven Y.
With the development of cellular communication technology and for the sake of reducing drag resistance, the multi-lane platoon technology will be more prosperous in the future. In this article, the cooperative vehicle platoon method on the public road is represented. The method’s architecture is mainly composed of the following parts: decision-making, path planning and control command generation. The decision-making uses the finite state machine to make decision and judgment on the cooperative lane change of vehicles, and starts to execute the lane change step when the lane change requirements are met. In terms of path planning, with the goal of ensuring comfort, the continuity of the vehicle state and no collision between vehicles, a fifth-order polynomial is used to fit every vehicle trajectory. In terms of control command generation module, a model predictive control algorithm is used to solve the multi-vehicle centralized optimization control problem. We use the two DOF vehicle model to simulate vehicle dynamics. The front wheel angle and acceleration or braking commands of multiple vehicles are optimized to ensure that the vehicle can well follow the trajectory of the vehicle which is calculated by the control command generation module. At the same time, the energy consumed by performing steering, acceleration and deceleration is also minimized. Finally, in the simulation process, we simulate one direction two lanes scenario. The result shows that the proposed method can effectively handle multi-lane platoon re-configuration scenario.
Chen, GuoshengWu, JianLi, ShuaiZhang, JinghuaDu, ZhiqiangWang, GuojunChen, Zhicheng
EPFL researchers have developed electronic fibers that, when embedded in textiles, can collect a wealth of information about our bodies by measuring subtle and complex fabric deformations. Their technology relies on transmission line theory and offers a host of applications, such as in healthcare and robotics.
Optimal Sizing and Energy Management of a Microgrid Using Single and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization under Autonomous and Grid Connected Mode2019-28-015810/11/2019
The conventional energy sources are getting depleted while at the same time the energy demand keeps growing. Hence, it is important to consider non-conventional energy sources to meet future energy demands. The renewable energy based microgrid system is one of the promising solutions to meet this increasing energy demand. The major parameters under consideration in a micro-grid system are cost-effectiveness, quality of service and energy management. This work concentrates on the energy management of the Photovoltaic/Wind based microgrid system connected to the fuel cell, microturbine and battery under Islanding (or) Autonomous mode and Grid-Connected Mode. The current model of PV, Wind and Battery systems are employed. The Wind, PV and Battery types are chosen from i-HOGA. The optimal combination of these sources with the aim of minimizing the operating cost, pollutant treatment cost and maximizing reliability using both single and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been considered. This microgrid has also been analyzed under three different strategies for both grids connected and islanded mode and the best energy management strategy is obtained after analysis. In addition to this, the type and number of PV, Wind, and Battery to meet the forecasted demand are determined under islanding mode using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). A solitary best-accepted solution is attained from Fuzzy membership function. The algorithm proposed decides the optimal number of units and types of units selected to achieve the optimal cost. The simulation has been performed in MATLAB environment.
Dayalan, SuchitraRathinam, RajarajeswariValliappan, Subramaniyan
Demand Side Load Management by Using Priority Based Load Shedding Algorithm with and without Renewable Energy Generation2019-28-007310/11/2019
Demand side load management (DSLM) emphasizes control of the power demanded, by reducing the peak load and control of energy utilization of the system. DSLM is introduced to improve the flexibility of the grid power usage and also to aid the utilization of Renewable Energy Generation (REG) which is intermittent. In this work, implementation of load shedding (LS) algorithm for the residential load is performed with the limit of power as constraint, considering REG and grid in three different modes of operation. Solar and Wind power are the REG considered in this work. Priority Based Load Shedding (PBLS) is performed to limit the power consumption of equipment during peak hours with the implementation of varying pricing signal. In order to implement PBLS, three residential user load data for 24 hours is considered. The users are categorized as low, medium and high priority user. The priority of the user is based on the load consumption for 24 hours. The proposed LS scheme is performed, depending on the power requirements of Home Electric Devices (HEDs) and the priority of consumer. The main objective of cost reduction (power consumption) along with minimization of user discomfort is achieved by using the PBLS algorithm. Simulation results for REG islanded mode, grid connect mode and REG aided grid mode is performed. The further cost comparison is made with and without a load schedule. The scheduling of load curve is performed using Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization.
Rathinam, RajarajeswariDayalan, Suchitra
An Experimental Study of Atmospheric Icing Process on Power Transmission Line2019-01-20196/10/2019
Atmospheric icing poses a major threat to power transmission lines in cold regions. In the present study, an experimental investigation was conducted to examine the atmospheric icing process on high-voltage power transmission lines and characterize the effects of the ice accretion on the aerodynamic forces acting on the transmission lines. The experimental study was conducted in the Icing Research Tunnel available at Iowa State University (ISU-IRT). A cylinder model with the same diameter of commonly-used high-voltage power transmission lines (i.e., D = 29mm) is subjected to a typical glaze icing condition at an incoming wind speed of 20 m/s, a liquid water content (LWC) of 2.0 g/m3 and an ambient temperature of -5 0C. A high-resolution 3D scanner was used in the present study to extract the 3D shapes of the ice structures accreted over surface of the cylindrical test model as a function of the ice accretion time. While the aerodynamic drag force acting on the test model was measured by using a force transducer during the dynamic ice accreting process, a high-resolution Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was also used to quantify the characteristics of the wake flow behind the test model. It was found that, the drag coefficient of the test model reduced by about 30% during the initial phase of the icing process, and then increased continuously throughout the rest of the icing event. The aerodynamic force measurement results were correlated with the PIV flow field measurements to elucidate the underlying physics.
Veerakumar, RamsankarGao, LinyueLiu, YangHu, Hui
A Framework for Vision-Based Lane Line Detection in Adverse Weather Conditions Using Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication2019-01-06844/2/2019
Lane line detection is a very critical element for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Although, there has been significant amount of research dedicated to the detection and localization of lane lines in the past decade, there is still a gap in the robustness of the implemented systems. A major challenge to the existing lane line detection algorithms stems from coping with bad weather conditions (e.g. rain, snow, fog, haze, etc.). Snow offers an especially challenging environment, where lane marks and road boundaries are completely covered by snow. In these scenarios, on-board sensors such as cameras, LiDAR, and radars are of very limited benefit. In this research, the focus is on solving the problem of improving robustness of lane line detection in adverse weather conditions, especially snow. A framework is proposed that relies on using Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication to access reference images stored in the cloud. These reference images were captured at approximately the same geographical location when visibility was clear and weather conditions were good. The reference images are used to detect and localize lane lines. The proposed framework then uses image registration techniques to align both the sensed image (adverse weather) and the reference image. Once the two images are aligned, the lane line information from the reference image is then superimposed on the local map built by the ADAS or Autonomous driving system. A real-world experiment is designed to evaluate the error in localizing the lane lines using the proposed framework in comparison to ground truth data. The measurements and evaluations are based on data gathered from a test vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a monocular camera, forward looking radar, LiDAR, and GPS/IMU. The initial results show good potential for improving upon current state-of-the art approaches used in today’s automotive industry.
Horani, ModarRawashdeh, Osamah
Optimal Power Management of Vehicle Sourced Military Outposts2017-01-02713/28/2017
This paper considers optimal power management during the establishment of an expeditionary outpost using battery and vehicle assets for electrical generation. The first step in creating a new outpost is implementing the physical protection and barrier system. Afterwards, facilities that provide communications, fires, meals, and moral boosts are implemented that steadily increase the electrical load while dynamic events, such as patrols, can cause abrupt changes in the electrical load profile. Being able to create a fully functioning outpost within 72 hours is a typical objective where the electrical power generation starts with batteries, transitions to gasoline generators and is eventually replaced by diesel generators as the outpost matures. Vehicles with power export capability are an attractive supplement to this electrical power evolution since they are usually on site, would reduce the amount of material for outpost creation, and provide a modular approach to outpost build-up. Military vehicles have the attributes of a microgrid and when connected produce a scalable power generation capability [1]. For example, each vehicle could power a subset of the outpost’s build-up and when connected form a networked microgrid topology. However, vehicles must be available to disconnect dynamically for mobility-centric mission requirements. When this happens, there will likely be a shortage of electrical power requiring prioritized load shedding. Alternatively, excess generation will occur at times motivating an optimal solution to efficiently utilize the generation assets and minimize fuel consumption. An optimal, power management and control scheme is described using a notional 72-hour outpost evolution scenario to illustrate the approach. Particular attention is given to competing objectives such as minimizing fuel consumption while maintaining portable battery state-of-charge for equipment used during patrols. Using an optimal power flow and power coordination controller, vehicle centric microgrid architectures were constructed and simulated. For the uninterrupted outpost construction, the scheduled generation and storage were sufficient to supply all prioritized loads. Conversely, for the interrupted outpost construction, vehicle availability dictated which prioritized loads could be satisfied when unexpected power deficits arise.
Rizzo, DeniseJane, RobertParker, Gordon G.Weaver, WayneMatthews, RonaldCook, Michael
A Tailgate(Trunk) Control System Based on Acoustic Patterns2017-01-16343/28/2017
When customers use a tailgate (or trunk), some systems such as power tailgate and smart tailgate have been introduced and implemented for improving convenience. However, they still have some problems in some use cases. Some people have to search for the outside button to open the tailgate, or they should take out the key and push a button. In some cases, they should move their leg or wait a few seconds which makes some people feel that it is a long time. In addition, they have to push the small button which is located on the inner trim in order to close the tailgate. This paper proposes a new tailgate control technology and systems based on acoustic patterns in order to solve some inconvenience. An acoustic user interaction (AUI) is a technology which responds to human’s rubbing and tapping on a specific part analyzing the acoustic patterns. The AUI has been recently spotlighted in the automotive industry as well as home appliances, mobile devices, musical instruments, etc. The AUI is a technology that can extend to rich-touch beyond multi-touch. The AUI can be easily applied and adapted even to the systems which need a large touch recognition area or have complex shape and surface. This paper addresses how to recognize the users’ intention and how to control the tailgate using acoustic sensors and patterns. If someone who has the smart key wants to open the tailgate, he or she only needs to knock on the outer panel of the tailgate twice. When they want to close the tailgate, just touching anywhere of the inner trim of the tailgate will do. Various digital filters and algorithms are used for acoustic signal processing, and the effectiveness of the proposed methods is shown by a real tailgate system with a micro control unit. Finally, we suggest other applications of vehicles which use AUI technology.
Lee, Hui Sung
Exploration of the Impact of High Voltage Ground Fault in an Electric Vehicle Connected to Earthing Systems Worldwide2017-01-12333/28/2017
Vehicle safety is of paramount importance when it comes to plugging the vehicle into the electric utility grid. The impact of high voltage ground fault has been neglected or, if not, addressed by guidelines extracted from general practices, written in international standards. The agile accretion in Electric Vehicle (EV) development deems an exhaustive study on safety risks pertaining to fault occurrence. While vehicle electrification offers a vital solution to oil scarcity, it is essential that the fast development of the number of electric vehicles on the road does not compromise safety. Meanwhile, the link between technology and demands of society must be governed by vehicle safety. In this paper, a comprehensive study on high voltage (HV) fault conditions occurring in an EV will be conducted. In the next decade, EVs are expected to be prevalent worldwide. Ground fault characteristics are significantly dependent on the earthing system. The state of neutral, supplied by the utility company, in different grounding systems differ from country to country. Moreover, one country could have multiple grounding systems. As will be demonstrated in this paper, each grounding system has a unique implementation. An analytical model describing the theory of the impact of an HV ground fault on a vehicle connected to the TT and TN earthing systems will be developed. Lastly, Safety risks are quantified and assessed for the operation of non-isolated chargers.
Elshaer, Mohamed A.Gale, AllanChen, Chingchi
Risks of Lightning to Automotive Occupants and Electrical/Electronic Systems2017-01-00613/28/2017
Lightning strikes on automobiles are usually rare, though they can be fatal to occupants and hazardous to electronic control systems. Vehicles’ metal bodies are normally considered to be an effective shield against lightning. Modern body designs, however, often have wide window openings, and plastic body parts have become popular. Lightning can enter the cabin of vehicles through their radio antennas. In the near future, automobiles may be integrated into the electric power grid, which will cause issues related to the smart grid and the vehicle-to-grid concept. Even today, electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) are charged at home or in parking lots. Such automobiles are no longer isolated from the power grid and thus are subject to electric surges caused by lightning strikes on the power grid. A charging system connected to an EV or PHEV should absorb the surge, but powerful lightning strikes can overwhelm the surge protection and intrude into the electric and electronic (E/E) systems of the vehicles, as often happens with household electrical equipment. This paper discusses the increasing risks of lightning to automotive occupants and E/E systems. To demonstrate the risk to vehicle systems, artificial lightning was generated by a 3 MV-impulse voltage source and supplied to a test vehicle. Arcing at the vehicle’s metal joints was then observed; the electronic system of the instrument panel was destroyed in the experiment. The induced surge voltage and lightning current in the metal body were both measured to determine the impact on the vehicle’s electronic systems. In order to develop a theoretical model for vehicle lightning, a NiCr metal box was also examined under artificial lightning conditions. In these experiments, neither the vehicle’s metal body nor the NiCr box shielded the lightning well. During lightning strikes, significant voltage differences were observed in the metals, and the vehicle body did not work as a common ground. The voltage difference also suggested the generation of an electromagnetic field in the vehicle cabin that can be harmful to vehicle systems.
Alkhteeb, Sultan A.MOho, ShigeruNagashima, YukiNishimura, SeisukeShimizu, Hiroyuki
Fuel-Optimal Strategies for Vehicle Supported Military Microgrids2016-01-03124/5/2016
Vehicles with power exporting capability are microgrids since they possess electrical power generation, onboard loads, energy storage, and the ability to interconnect. The unique load and silent watch requirements of some military vehicles make them particularly well-suited to augment stationary power grids to increase power resiliency and capability. Connecting multiple vehicles in a peer-to-peer arrangement or to a stationary grid requires scalable power management strategies to accommodate the possibly large numbers of assets. This paper describes a military ground vehicle power management scheme for vehicle-to-grid applications. The particular focus is overall fuel consumption reduction of the mixed asset inventory of military vehicles with diesel generators typically used in small unit outposts. By exploiting peak efficiency operation of the diesel generators and the vehicle’s energy storage systems, the total fuel consumption can be reduced over a typical daily outpost load cycle. While military vehicle energy storage requirements are dominated by silent watch objectives, this work adds another dimension to the objective set to include outpost fuel consumption. Motivated by these requirements, an extensible MATLAB/Simulink simulation of the system was constructed using the complex nodal admittance matrix approach to connect stationary diesel generators and vehicles with two-way power flow for either supporting the power grid or acting as a load for charging their batteries. After describing the model and energy management strategy, simulation studies are used to illustrate the approach using both idealized and measured outpost load data.
Jane, Robert S.Parker, Gordon G.Weaver, WayneRizzo, Denise M.
Experimental Demonstration of Smart Charging and Vehicle-to-Home Technologies for Plugin Electric Vehicles Coordinated with Home Energy Management Systems for Automated Demand Response2016-01-01604/5/2016
In this paper, we consider smart charging and vehicle-to-home (V2H) technologies for plugin electric vehicles coordinated with home energy management systems (HEMS) for automated demand response. In this system, plugin electric vehicles automatically react to demand response events with or without HEMS’s coordination, while vehicles are charged and discharged (i.e., V2H) in appropriate time slots by taking into account demand response events, time-ofuse rate information, and users’ vehicle usage plan. We introduce three approaches on home energy management: centralized energy control, distributed energy control, and coordinated energy control. We implemented smart charging and V2H systems by employing two sets of standardized communication protocols: one using OpenADR 2.0b, SEP 2.0, and SAE standards and the other using OpenADR 2.0b, ECHONET Lite, and ISO/IEC 15118. We show that the both communication protocol sets enable the same energy management by adding some properties and class into ECHONET Lite that are equivalent to existing function sets in SEP 2.0 such as demand response, pricing, energy flow reservation. We evaluated developed systems in a demonstration platform, called the Energy Management System (EMS) Shinjuku Demonstration Center established by Waseda University upon the initiative by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in Japan. We show that developed systems enable automated demand response and peak shift by automatically reacting to demand response events without users’ inconvenience. We also show that smart charging and V2H system with HEMS’s coordination provides more peak demand reduction than one without HEMS’s coordination and one without V2H capability.
Shimizu, TakayukiOno, TomoyaHirohashi, WataruKumita, KunihikoHayashi, Yasuhiro
Spotlight on Design: Automotive Charging Infrastructure: Vehicle and Grid IntegrationSOD-010S1/30/2016
“Spotlight on Design” features video interviews and case studies, focusing on technology breakthroughs, hands-on testimonials, and the importance of fundamentals. Viewers are virtually taken to industry labs and research centers to learn how design engineers solve real-life problems. These challenges include enhancing product performance, reducing cost, improving quality and safety, while decreasing environmental impact, and achieving regulatory compliance. In the episode “Automotive Charging Infrastructure: Vehicle and Grid Integration” (21:00), engineers from NextEnergy and an infrastructure expert from General Motors explain how technologies are rapidly converging to power electric vehicles and support the overall electric grid. This episode highlights: How the fast expansion of charging infrastructure is changing the way electric and hybrid-electric vehicles are gaining the confidence of consumers. The strategic work being developed to expand the presence of charging stations where they are most effective. The new models being developed to make the best possible use of batteries once they are no longer suitable for car use. The importance of the secondary use of car batteries to power local micro-grids, enabling communities to be more energy independent. The need to bring together engineers, grid experts and consumers to establish the best technology and implementation solutions to support a faster adoption of electric cars.
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