Browse Topic: Tire pressure monitoring systems

Items (53)

Application of Machine Learning Technique for Development of Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System

2021-26-001609/22/2021

Tire pressure has a significant impact over driving dynamics, fuel consumption as well as tire life therefore, continuous monitoring of tire pressure becomes imperative for ride comfort, safety and optimum vehicle handling. The two types of systems used for tire pressure monitoring are Direct and Indirect. Direct system deploys pressure sensors at each tire to directly measure pressure value, while indirect systems make use of signals from already existing sensors to predict pressure. Direct tire pressure measurement system will have higher accuracy, but it comes with an additional cost. The indirect system on the other hand demands mandatory ESP system and those based on wheel speed signals are less accurate compared to the direct system however, there is minimum cost addition. The paper presents a digital proof of concept study for indirect tire pressure monitoring system development for Non-ESP vehicles using machine learning technique. For this purpose, a full vehicle multi-physics

Sachan, Richa, Iqbal, Shoaib

Minimum Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities for Aircraft Tire Usage

ARP5265C (Current)

09/20/2021

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, and maintenance of aircraft tires and the maintenance of the operating environment to ensure the safety of support personnel and the safe operation of the aircraft.

A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee

Minimum Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities for Aircraft Tire Usage

ARP5265C-TEST-REC (Historical)09/20/2021

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, and maintenance of aircraft tires and the maintenance of the operating environment to ensure the safety of support personnel and the safe operation of the aircraft.

A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee

Catalog of Landing Gear Systems and Suppliers

AIR5631A (Current)02/03/2021

The purpose of this document is to provide a listing for current commercial and military aircraft landing gear systems and their types and manufacturers. Data has been provided for the following commercial aircraft types; wide body jet airliners, narrow body jet airliners, and turboprop/commuter aircraft and the following military aircraft types; fighter, bomber, cargo, attack, surveillance, tanker and helicopter categories. The aircraft that have been included in this document are in operational service either with airlines, business, cargo or military operators. No information is presented for aircraft that are currently being developed or that are not in extensive usage. This document will provide an informational reference for landing gear engineers to access when evaluating other gear and aircraft systems. Future revisions of this document will add aircraft as they enter into service.

A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee

Tire pressure's impact on EV driving range

20AUTP11_0311/01/2020

A new study shows that tighter control of tire-pressure loss can lead to marked improvement in electric-vehicle efficiency. Electric-vehicle development teams have made great advances in improving vehicle range, mitigating “range anxiety” for the end customer. While much focus has been on advances in battery technology, controls and vehicle aerodynamics, EV driving range also is significantly affected by tires. Energy-inefficient tire construction, sub-optimal inflation and other factors can adversely impact EV range. Tires lose a certain amount of air on a continuous basis. An underinflated tire is less stiff and its deformation is much higher, leading to a larger amount of heat dissipation and ultimately higher rolling resistance and poor range efficiency.

Tang, Lamei, Wei, Sheng, Valentage, Jeffrey, Li, Zheng, Nair, Sujith

Tire Performance Terminology

J2047_201911-TEST-REC (Historical)11/14/2019

This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.

Highway Tire Committee

Tire Performance Terminology

J2047_201911 (Current)

11/14/2019

This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.

Highway Tire Committee

Improvement of the Resilience of a Cyber-Physical Remote Diagnostic Communication System against Cyber Attacks

2019-01-011204/02/2019

In the near future, vehicles will operate autonomously and communicate with their environment. This communication includes Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication, and comunication with cloud-based servers (V2C). To improve the resilience of remote diagnostic communication between a vehicle and external test equipment against cyberattacks, it is imperative to understand and analyze the functionality and vulnerability of each communication system component, including the wired and wireless communication channels. This paper serves as a continuation of the SAE Journal publication on measures to prevent unauthorized access to the in-vehicle E/E system [9], explains the components of a cyber-physical system (CPS) for remote diagnostic communication, analyzes their vulnerability against cyberattacks and explains measures to improve the resiliance.

Subke, Peter, Moshref, Muzafar

2019 Ram Chassis Cab: More capability, more driver-assist tech

19TOFHP04_1204/01/2019

The 2019 Ram 3500, 4500, and 5500 Chassis Cab commercial trucks herald class-leading capability in towing, payload, and Gross Combined Weight Ratings (GCWR). “We drove our engineers bonkers to get the very best,” quipped Jim Morrison, head of Ram Brand at FCA North America. Morrison spoke with Truck & Off-Highway Engineering at the 2019 Chicago Auto Show following the global debut of the 2019 Ram Chassis Cab, which claims segment-leading towing of up to 35,220 lb (15,975 kg). It has the segment's highest GCWR (a combined truck, load and trailer weight) at 43,000 lb (19,504 kg), a 4,500-lb (2,041-kg) increase over the 2018 model.

A Robust Wheel Slip Control Design with Radius Dynamics Observer for EV

10-02-02-000906/18/2018

In order to improve the safety and dynamic performance of electric vehicles equipped with four in-wheel electric motors, and prevent the wheels from locking or slipping when braking or accelerating, a new longitudinal control strategy which combines ASR traction and ABS braking control is proposed using an observation algorithm of effective radius for four wheel of electric vehicle. Using the electric motor torques as the unique actuator signal sources, this combined ASR/ABS can act as acceleration slip regulation (ASR) by preventing the wheels from slipping during acceleration and as an antilock braking system (ABS) by preventing the wheels from getting locked during braking. A variation of effective radius of the wheel’s tire can have an incidence on the longitudinal and lateral control. Moreover, the wheel effective radius observer based on high order sliding mode approach using the information of the electric motor torques and the angular velocities is used in the combined ASR/ABS

Hartani, Kada, Khalfaoui, Mohamed, Merah, Abdelkader, Aouadj, Norediene

An Innovative Design of In-Tire Energy Harvester for the Power Supply of Tire Sensors

2018-01-111504/03/2018

With the development of intelligent vehicle and active vehicle safety systems, the demand of sensors is increasing, especially in-tire sensors. Tire parameters are essential for vehicle dynamic control, including tire pressure, tire temperature, slip angle, longitudinal force, etc.. The diversification and growth of in-tire sensors require adequate power supply. Traditionally, embedded batteries are used to power sensors in tire, however, they must be replaced periodically because of the limited energy storage. The power limitation of the batteries would reduce the real-time data transmission frequency and deteriorate the vehicle safety. Heightened interest focuses on generating power through energy harvesting systems in replace of the batteries. Current in-tire energy harvesting devices include piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic and electromechanical mechanism, whose energy sources include tire deformations, vibrations and rotations. Through comparison, in-tire energy

Liu, Xiaoxue, Yu, Liangyao, Zheng, Sheng, Chang, Jinghu

Effects of Boundary Conditions and Inflation Pressure on the Natural Frequencies and 3D Mode Shapes of a Tire

2017-01-190506/05/2017

Tires are one of the major sources of noise and vibration in vehicles. The vibration characteristic of a tire depends on its resonant frequencies and mode shapes. Hence, it is desirable to study how different parameters affect the characteristics of tires. In the current paper, experimental modal tests are performed on a tire in free-free and fixed conditions. To obtain the mode shapes and the natural frequencies, the tire is excited using a mechanical shaker and the response of the tire to the excitation is measured using three roving tri-axial accelerometers. The mode shapes and resonant frequencies of the tire are extracted using LMS PolyMax modal analysis. The obtained mode shapes in the two configurations are compared using Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) to show how mode shapes of tires change when the tire is moved from a free-free configuration to a fixed configuration. It is shown that some modes of the tire are more sensitive to boundary conditions. Furthermore, the effects

Patil, Kiran, Baqersad, Javad, Bastiaan, Jennifer

Assistance Systems on Hydraulic Excavators and CO ₂ Reduction - Is There Any Correlation?

2017-01-193305/10/2017

Concerning the limitation of greenhouse gases, the Kyoto protocol in 1997defined the first hard facts. A steady increase in the number of participating states as well as a rigorous focus on emission limits - even if some important countries did not sign or withdraw from the protocol - led to high pressure on existing technologies. The presentation therefore will start by discussing the four pillars of possible CO2 reduction options and will lead to the question why there is a correlation to assistance systems on hydraulic excavators. Finally innovative excavator assistance systems and their support to the objectives on CO2 reduction will be presented.

Seifried, Werner

Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Terminology

AIR1489C (Current)05/09/2017

This report has been compiled by the Landing Gear Systems Terminology Panel of SAE Committee A-5 (Aerospace Landing Gear Systems). It represents an effort to gather together those terms commonly used within the discipline. Some terms are of course common to other disciplines as well. Others, however, are unique in form and/or meaning to the landing gear discipline. The need has been noted to set these terms down and provide a standard definition in order that communication within the discipline may be conducted with a common understanding. Full use has been made of available published information, and a list of references is provided. See also References (a) to (e). Terms listed are usually applicable to a general functional area of landing gear disciplines. These general functional areas include; landing impact, directional ground control, velocity control (acceleration, retardation, and arrestment), structural support, ground flotation, and ground maintenance. In the listing of terms

A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee

Safe Travelling Speed of Commercial Vehicles on Curves Based on Vehicle-Road Collaboration

2017-01-008003/28/2017

Mountain road winding and bumpy, traffic accidents caused by speeding frequently happened, mainly concentrated on curves. The present curve warning system research are based on Charge-coupled Device, but the existing obstacles, weather , driving at night and road conditions directly affect the accuracy and applicability. The research is of predictability to identify the curves based on the geographic information and can told the driver road information and safety speed ahead of the road according to the commercial vehicle characteristic of load, and the characteristics of the mass center to reduce the incidence of accidents. In this paper, the main research contents include: to estimate forward bend curvature through the node classification method based on the digital map. Through the deceleration process identification before entering the curve way, the critical safety speed which do not occur side-slip is calculated with the radius of curvature, side friction factor and so on using

Wang, Qilu, Yang, Bo, Tan, Gangfeng, Xiong, Shengguang, Zhou, XiaoXiao

Flight Deck Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)

ARP4102/3 (Current)01/03/2017

This document recommends design criteria for a Flight Deck Tire Pressure Monitoring System. The requirements arise from operational experience of incidents, which have led to considerable damage to aircraft systems and structures caused by tire debris and wheel fragments.

S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft

EDITORIAL: A how-to for car hackers

16AUTP10_0510/01/2016

The new vehicle you've just spent 40 months engineering, testing and validating, that's soon to be in customer hands, is now a big, fat target. The hackers want in. How robust was your threat modeling during development? Where among the vehicle's many potential entry points-the high-risk “attack surfaces” including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB, the OBDII port, tire pressure monitoring system, infotainment, CAN bus, sensors and even an electric car's charging connections-could malicious external data sneak past your built-in defenses to wreak havoc?

Brooke, Lindsay

A Statistical Study of Tire Pressures on Road Going Vehicles

2016-01-157204/05/2016

Published information on studies of something so critical to safety as passenger vehicle tire pressures can be found [1, 2]; however, they only account for rolling tires. Studies related to spare tire pressures are lacking. This paper is the result of measurements on 150+ vehicles and the most surprising results are presented regarding the influence of Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) and the new spare tire locations and use. A statistical study was performed on the collected data to determine the correlation between tire pressures, vehicle age and TPMS. One particular topic of investigation was the relationship between various factors that influence spare tire pressure. Some newer models, particularly some mini-vans, have placed the spare tire in an unusual and inconvenient place for regular maintenance. Based on the data collected, TPMS has a positive influence on rolling tires but not on spare tires. The results support the need for TPMS to also monitor spare tire pressures.

Popat, Jugal, Nabar, Aneesh, Read, Meighan, Fu, Chen, Zhang, Chunhui, Kausik, Galab, Patel, Harsh, Tkacik, Peter Thomas

An Indirect TPMS Algorithm Based on Tire Resonance Frequency Estimated by AR Model

2016-01-045904/05/2016

Proper tire pressure is very important for multiple driving performance of a car, and it is necessary to monitor and warn the abnormal tire pressure online. Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) monitors the tire pressure based on the wheel speed signals of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). In this paper, an indirect TPMS method is proposed to estimate the tire pressure according to its resonance frequency of circumferential vibration. Firstly, the errors of ABS wheel speed sensor system caused by the machining tolerance of the tooth ring are estimated based on the measured wheel speed using Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm and the measuring errors are eliminated from the wheel speed signal. Then, the data segments with drive train torsional vibration are found out and eliminated by the methods of correlation analysis. Using the corrected and selected vibration noise, the resonance frequency of the tire vibration system is identified by Maximum Entropy Spectral

Zhao, Jian, Su, Jing, Zhu, Bing, Shan, Jingwei

Trends in Tire Pressure: An Analysis of Time-Series TPMS Data

2016-01-157404/05/2016

This paper presents findings based on the examination of time-series tire pressure data. Tire pressure is important to vehicle safety due to its effects on vehicle handling and stability, as well as the impact that inappropriate tire pressure has on tire wear and tire failures. Previous research such as NHTSA’s 2001 Tire Pressure Special Study sampled vehicle populations and recorded tire pressures at a single point in time. Such studies yield important insights into tire pressures on individual vehicles and across the vehicle populations, but cannot provide insights into the behavior of tire pressures over time. The data presented in this paper was measured using the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) data from Tesla Model S vehicles. Using Tesla’s on-board diagnostic data logging and remote data retrieval capabilities, the time history of each vehicle’s tire pressures was recorded and fleet-wide data was analyzed. The resulting analysis provides insights into tire pressure

Schwall, Matthew, Garg, Anmol, Shiverick, Jason, Conley, Matthew

RF Repeater Design Considerations for Tire Pressure Monitoring System

2016-01-009704/05/2016

Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) has become a popular system due to regulation in many countries. TPMS consists of sensors that measure air pressure and temperature in the tires. Each sensor transmits tire information to TPMS central unit for display purpose via RF. Commercial trailers having bodies longer than 7 m require RF repeaters to increase the data transmission range. Located near to rear wheels, RF repeater receives sensor signal in the rear wheels and transmits the signal to TPMS central unit. In this paper, we discuss RF repeater which transmits at multiple frequencies in order to increase signal reception. On TPMS central unit, RF receiver is able to tune to receive frequencies used in sensors and RF repeater. Other method for improving reception is to transmit same payload multiple times at same frequency as that of sensor. In the paper, other important specifications are discussed as RF repeater design is concerned. A user’s case of RF repeater is implemented. Time

Gow, Felix, Guan, Lifeng, Park, Jooil, Kim, Jaekwon

Comparative Analysis of Tire Evaluation Methods for an indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System (iTPMS)

2015-01-151904/14/2015

Starting from the USA and followed by the European Union, legal requirements concerning “Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems” (TPMS) for passenger cars and light trucks will be introduced in China as well and therefore in the third of the three largest automobile markets worldwide. Changes of pressure dependent physical tire properties such as dynamic roll radius and a certain tire eigenfrequency, which are included in the ESC-wheel speed signals, indicates pressure loss in an indirect manner. Systems with corresponding working principles are called “indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System” (iTPMS). Since the tire is a structural element with varying characteristics according to the design parameters, the roll radius and frequency behavior due to pressure loss is variable as well. As a consequence, tires have to be evaluated regarding there compatibility to iTPMS during the vehicle development process. In order to firstly reduce the testing effort on the complete vehicle and secondly to

Suender, Robert, Prokop, Günther, Roscher, Thomas

Wheel and Hydraulically Actuated Brake Design and Test Requirements for Military Aircraft

ARP1493C (Current)11/01/2013

This document covers military aircraft wheel and hydraulically actuated brake equipment.

A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee

A Guide for the Damaging Effects of Tire and Wheel Failures

AIR5699 (Historical)10/25/2013

Consideration for the damaging effects to aircraft from the failure of wheels and tires should be evaluated. This document discusses the types of problems in-service aircraft have experienced and methodology in place to assist the designers when evaluating threats for new aircraft design. The purpose of this document is to provide a history of in-service problems, provide a historical summary of the design improvements made to wheels and tires during the past 40 years and to offer methodology which has been used to help designers assess the threat to ensure the functionality of systems and equipment located in and around the landing gear and in wheel wells.

A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee

A Control Algorithm for Electric Power Steering of Tire Blowout Vehicle to Reduce the Impact Torque on Steering Wheel

2013-01-123904/08/2013

Impact torque will be generated on the steering wheel when one tire suddenly blows out on high way, which may cause driver's psychological stress and result in driver's certain misoperations on the car. In this paper, the model of tire blowout vehicle was established; the tire blowout was detected based on the change rate of tire pressure, meanwhile, the rack force caused by tire blowout was estimated through a reduce observer; finally the compensation current was figured out to reduce the impact torque on the steering wheel. Results of simulation tests showed that the control strategy proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the impact torque on the steering wheel and reduce the driver's discomfort caused by tire blowout.

Li, Shaosong, Zong, Changfu, Chen, Guoying, He, Lei

Tire Performance Terminology

J2047_201303-TEST-REC (Historical)03/11/2013

This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.

Highway Tire Committee

Tire Performance Terminology

J2047_201303 (Historical)

03/11/2013

This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.

Highway Tire Committee

Think Outside the Chip: MEMS-Based Systems Solutions

TBMG-1414107/01/2012

MEMS is an acronym for Microelectro mechanical Systems; however, most MEMS implementations to date have not been systems at all, but rather devices. This article reports the constituents and some applications of what is defined as MEMS-based systems solutions, or MBSS. In Europe, this concept is commonly referred to as ”Smart Systems In tegration.” These MBSS use front-end MEMS devices — either one or a combination of many sensors, actuators, and/or structures — that work in conjunction with several other devices including signal conditioning commonly using application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processing (DSP) with embedded microcontrollers and software, energy creation and storage, and networking communications functions.

Terrain Truck: Control of Wheel Rotational Velocities and Tire Slippages

2011-01-215709/13/2011

The dynamics of an AWD vehicle is determined by the interactions between the vehicle's wheels and the tire contact surface. Understanding and controlling these interactions drives the vehicle mobility and energy efficiency. In this paper new issues related to tire slippage control are addressed. The paper analytically demonstrates that two tires on the same axle with the same rotational speeds can have different slippages when the normal reaction and inflation pressure vary due to motion conditions. Hence, a new method is proposed to control the rotational velocity of the wheels in a way that provides the same slippages of the tires by accounting for changes in the normal load and tire inflation pressure. This approach is especially beneficial for vehicles with individual (electric) wheel drives which can be individually controlled by introducing the proposed algorithm for controlling both the vehicle linear velocity and the tire slippages. The developed method is based on continuously

Wilson, Timothy, Siero, Matthew, Kopchick, Christopher, Vantsevich, Vladimir V.

Univariate Analysis for Condition-Based Maintenance: A Case Study

2011-01-101704/12/2011

In this paper, we have proposed a Condition-based Maintenance technique for vehicle tire pressure monitoring utilizing univariate statistical analysis. Statistical techniques are very powerful for predicting the future states based on current and previous states of the system or subsystem. Two important statistical techniques ARAR and Holt-Winters have been studied for their robustness to the predictions of such data set. This paper also performs comparative simulation studies to prove the usefulness of both the algorithms based on the data available from wireless sensor nodes. These sensors are directly mounted on tires externally and report the current air pressure to control unit. The control unit performs tire pressure prognosis using univariate statistical technique.

Prajapati, Ashok, Ganesan, Subramaniam

Cyber Tyre: A Novel Sensor to Improve Vehicle's Safety

2011-01-099004/12/2011

Tires will be protagonists in the new European regulations for safety and fuel economy: in 2012 a tire pressure monitoring system will be mandatory for all new vehicles, enabling as natural consequence the development of the so called “intelligent tire”, able to capture all the relevant information of the contact between the road surface and the rubber, a starting point for new functions development to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption of all vehicles. A description of the methodologies that can be used to extract features from the tires, based on the experience of the development of Cyber Tyre, a high performance sensorized tire, is included in this work; comparison with the same information gained thorough ordinary sensors are provided too. The paper also presents some interesting examples of how data, coming from Cyber Tyres, can be exploited to improve the safety margins of a vehicle, preventing the critical operating condition represented by hydroplaning.

Cheli, Federico, audisio, Giorgio, brusarosco, Massimo, mancosu, Federico, Cavaglieri PhD, Daniele, melzi, Stefano

AIRCRAFT TIRE CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEMS

AIR4830 (Historical)11/30/2009

The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to inform the aerospace industry about various systems available to monitor the inflation pressure or temperature of an aircraft tire. The tire pressure indicating system (TPIS), with cockpit display, is the most widely used of all aircraft tire monitoring systems, and is detailed in this document more than other systems.

A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee

Potential Safety Enhancements using Synthetic Torque Feedback

2009-01-286510/06/2009

Synthetic torque feedback (artificial feel) is valued in the market for enhancing steering performance as perceived by the driver. The possibility of using this same hardware, with minimal control modifications, to aid the driver in responding to tire failures, is discussed.

Sherwin, Kenneth A., Williams, Daniel E.

Catalog of Landing Gear Systems and Suppliers

AIR5631 (Historical)02/19/2009

The purpose of this document is to provide a listing for current commercial and military aircraft landing gear systems and their types and manufacturers. Data has been provided for the following aircraft types: wide body jet airliners, narrow body jet airliners, turboprop/commuter aircraft, cargo/transport aircraft and fighter/attack aircraft. The aircraft that have been included in this document are in operational service either with airlines, business, cargo or military operators. No information is presented for aircraft that are currently being developed or that are not in extensive usage. This document will provide an informational reference for landing gear engineers to access when evaluating other gear and aircraft systems.

A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee

Wheel and Hydraulically Actuated Brake Design and Test Requirements for Military Aircraft

ARP1493B (Historical)06/12/2008

This document covers military aircraft wheel and hydraulically actuated brake equipment.

A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee

Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition

R-36703/25/2008

Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.

Highly Integrated Solutions for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems

2007-01-363808/05/2007

The US requirement for tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) will reach the 100% installation rate this year in accordance with the requirements of FMVSS138 promulgated by the NHTSA. The wide variety of semiconductor technologies available now for direct TPMS can solve the requirements for these systems. However, the wide variation in solutions for TPMS can present a number of end customer issues when there are no standard methods or protocols used in their application. This paper will present an advanced TPMS sensor that includes all of the required features for very complex solutions and presents the issues that result from too many variations in the field. Finally a set of suggested protocols are presented that could help reduce the field issues that may be experienced by the end customer.

Tests Documenting Vehicle Handling with a Temporary-Use Rear Tire and a Run-Flat Rear Tire

2006-01-090504/03/2006

Temporary-use-only spare tires are common standard equipment on motor vehicles while run-flat tires are offered as standard equipment on some motor vehicles. This paper describes testing on a 1995 GMC Safari all-wheel-drive minivan with a rear Uniroyal Hideaway / Temporary-Use-Only tire and a 1997 Mercury Grand Marquis with a self-supporting run-flat tire manufactured by Bridgestone. The testing included circle turn tests and 180° step steer tests at target speeds of either 30 or 35 miles per hour (low speed J-turn test). Control tests were conducted with standard normally inflated tires. Both the standard tires and run-flat tires were also tested in a modified condition involving the removal of the tread and outer steel belt, simulating a tire which has experienced a complete tread-belt separation. The principal conclusions of this work are that temporary-use-only tires have characteristics that do not degrade handling and response of a minivan and that the run-flat tires have

Arndt, Mark W., Arndt, Stephen M.

RF Link Budget Analysis of a 315MHz Wireless Link for Automotive Tire Pressure Monitoring System

2005-01-153204/11/2005

Inclusion of a Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) in a vehicle presents a new design challenge in terms of automotive electrical system integration. This paper examines the dynamic RF signal path characteristics of a TPMS data link operating at 315MHz as a short-range device Electromagnetic modeling results and anechoic chamber measurements provide signal path loss estimates for various system configurations. A qualitative link budget formulation is proposed that accounts for observed dynamic and quasi-static variation of the TPMS signal.

Wiese, Richard W., Song, H.J., Hsu, H.P.

Piezoelectric Devices for Motion Detection in Direct Tire Pressure Monitoring

2005-01-045804/11/2005

Current direct tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) may require some form of motion sensing. This is used to alter operating strategies in order to save battery consumption and/or detect whether an under inflated tire is mounted in the spare location. These motion sensors are usually electro-mechanical switches or MEMS accelerometers which may have reliability and/or power consumption drawbacks. This paper will present how a piezoelectric transducer can be used for this purpose and it advantages in ruggedness, power consumption and cost for TPMS.

Identification of Road Properties in Advanced Active Safety Applications: Overview and Conceptual Solutions

2005-01-148804/11/2005

An important problem of recent active safety applications is data acquisition for parameters of tire-road interaction, especially coefficient of friction or specific forces in contact patch. Analysis of present solutions in this field allows setting off the virtual and hardware-based determination of tire grip properties. The virtual procedures can be subclassified into Dynamics simulation method Statistical method Fuzzy logic method. The hardware-based procedures are connected with On-board sensors of direct tire grip measurement On-board sensors of indirect tire grip measurement Off-board (on-road) sensors. For above mentioned variants the appropriate engineering solutions are considered in the paper. The long-term approach in road identification centers on active safety applications with on-road sensors, which are integrated in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The paper proposes conceptual structure for this system.

Ivanov, Valentin, Shyrokau, Barys, Siakhovich, Uladzimir

Automotive Engineering International 2003-10-01

AUTOOCT0310/01/2003

Body control electronics shapes up The electronics revolution is advancing unabated in vehicle and body control, but the addition of features ranging from electronic power steering to tire pressure monitoring poses numerous challenges for electronics engineers. Telematics comes back on line Interfaces will play a huge role in expected growth. Cadillac XLR The new luxury roadster, designed to go head-to-head with models from Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar, and Lexus, uses an all-new 4.6-L Northstar V8 and innovative features such as adaptive cruise control, Magnetic Ride Control, and keyless access. 2005 Ford GT The company's image vehicle helped develop engineering skills in the race to production. Chrysler Pacifica Safety and infotainment features abound in the upscale 2004 sports tourer. 5 Series changes shape BMW adopted an aluminum/steel hybrid body in the interests of light weight and even weight distribution, and worked with ZF Lenksysteme to introduce active steering. Nissan Quest Nissan

Tire Monitoring Systems Design: A Novel Approach

2003-01-298009/08/2003

Monitoring tires working conditions has proved to be very important for best aircraft ground performances. Thus, to prevent safety risks it is necessary to recognize all the parameters really affecting tires dynamic behaviour and study a proper supervising strategy, able to guarantee an easy and effective security action. It will be proved that measuring tire internal gas pressure (even with internal temperature compensation, then measuring the total internal gas mass) it is not possible to monitor accurately the tire dynamic behaviour. In this paper a new approach to design a new generation of tires monitoring system will be presented.

Barbanti, G., Pellicciari, M., Andrisano, A.

Talking Tires - A Basis for Tire Diagnostics

2003-01-127903/03/2003

Today's tire pressure monitoring systems comprise valve stem mounted wheel units for pressure measurement which are battery-powered. In this contribution, a novel intelligent tire system is presented which provides a wealth of functionality including tire pressure system monitoring. The main features are battery-less operation based on a transponder principle and the permanent, transparent incorporation of the electronics in the tire. Hence, there are no life-time or ecology issues as in battery-based systems, the mounting process is simpler than in valve stem systems and tire identification capabilities are provided. The paper describes the basic system functionality and the key technical parameters to start an industry-wide discussion on standardization.

Benedict, Robert, Shepler, Peter, Fischer, Martin, Wagner, Dieter

Considerations to Improve Battery Life in Direct Tire Pressure Monitoring

2002-01-107803/04/2002

Prior to the year 2001 direct tire pressure monitoring (TPM) has been limited to a feature on upscale vehicles or where “run-flat” tires were fitted; but starting in 2003 a NHSTA regulation will require tire inflation monitoring on all light duty vehicles sold in the United States. Direct tire pressure monitoring using in-tire pressure sensors with an RF data link have proven to be best approach to measuring tire pressure over the widest range of operating conditions. However, these systems need a battery power source requiring an overall life exceeding 10 years. Power management is therefore critical to success in providing a low cost, small size, and lightweight wheel sensor.

Drag and Steering Effects From Disablements of Run Flat Tires

2000-01-131603/06/2000

This paper is the third part of a series of vehicle tests designed and conducted in order to further the understanding of vehicle handling and responses associated with a tire disablement event. The first two parts were published in SAE 970954 Drag and Steering Effects of Under Inflated and Deflated Tires [1], and SAE 1999-01-0447 Drag and Steering Effects from Tire Tread Belt Separation and Loss [2]. All of the test results included herein are presented in a manner to facilitate direct comparison to the previous test programs. Under inflated or deflated tires are known to cause increased forward drag and lateral steering effects on vehicles. These effects are commonly suggested to be the cause of driver loss of control and subsequent vehicular accidents. The increased drag and induced steering effects of under inflated and deflated tires are frequently an issue in an accident reconstruction. In the referenced previous publications, the authors presented vehicle handling response for a

Robinette, Ric D., Fay, Richard J.

Racing Applications for Digital Motion Analysis

98308611/16/1998

This paper reports the results of a study to determine the benefits of utilizing high-speed digital cameras and motion analysis equipment for the purpose of data acquisition on racing vehicles. Having the ability to view the actual race vehicle in its transient or dynamic state, allows the race engineer to better relate and correlate with on-board data acquisition systems (DAS) and ultimately optimize the set-up of the racecar. Furthermore, the sophisticated motion analysis equipment used for this study allows the race engineer to pick points on the digital video and track their relative motions and displacements, thus providing an invaluable measurement tool for evaluating the tire, suspension components, or entire chassis, etc. This investigation examines the use of digital motion analysis for both drag racing vehicles and Indy cars. These race vehicle applications were chosen due to their accessibility during the production of this report and in no way should be considered the only

Moloney, John, Coffey, Stephen, Perez, Andrew

Tire Pressure Warning System for Passenger Car Applications

95104902/01/1995

It has been shown that approximately 15.9 million liters of gasoline per day are wasted ($2 billion annually) in the United States due to improper tire inflation. Additionally, as automotive manufacturers begin using extended mobility, or run-flat tires, a need exists for a system which can detect an underinflated tire. We also know that underinflated tires cause premature tread wear and tear. Optimizing tire life and fuel economy are beneficial to society in general. In the passenger car market, voice of the consumer dictates: 1. Immediate notification of a low tire condition; 2. Key-on notification; 3. No interaction from driver to extinguish telltale once problem resolved; 4. Independent tire monitoring. This paper will describe a rf-based low tire pressure warning system which is being developed by Delco Electronics Corporation.

Rohr, Stephen N., Mendez, Victor

Experience with a Vehicle Energy Audit Using Tire Pressure and Exhaust Gas Analysis

92238610/01/1992

The Alberta Department of Energy has developed a four part Transportation Energy Audit program. The full program incorporates vehicle selection, route planning, driver training, and vehicle maintenance phases. This paper discusses the background and experience using the vehicle maintenance phase. Vehicle maintenance condition is assessed using a simple inspection procedure based on tire pressure and tailpipe exhaust emissions at idle and fast-idle conditions. With these measurements, vehicles are ranked in order of maintenance condition and estimates are made of the potential fuel cost savings obtainable by improved maintenance. Tire under-inflation is converted to potential fuel cost savings using an equation based on tire rolling resistance properties, inflation pressure, and the relative importance of tire rolling resistance in total vehicle fuel consumption. Vehicle tailpipe emissions (for spark ignition engines only) are converted to potential fuel savings using an equation

MacLean, D. G., Checkel, M. D.

New Technology Considerations for Mature Drivers

90019202/01/1990

It is doubtful whether a vehicle designed specifically as an “old person's car” could ever achieve success inasmuch as the culture in which we exist assigns only the most negative of attributes to such characterizations. Nevertheless, there are numerous vehicle technologies that are emerging or under longer range development that may be of special benefit to the elderly. This paper will discuss these technologies, and explain how they might help offset some of the declines in vision and cognition that mature drivers experience through aging. Concern over the mature driver and his or her capabilities to drive safely have received increased emphasis within the private and public sectors over the past several years. While such a concern is appropriate, it would not exist today if automobile manufacturers over the years had failed to develop the various power assist technologies that have enabled adults to continue driving well into advanced age. Without the help of such equipment as

Yanik, Anthony J.

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