Browse Topic: Tire pressure monitoring systems

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Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition [mms update 07.03.25]R-367To be published on 03/22/2099
Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.
Segers, Jorge
Minimum Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities for Aircraft Tire UsageARP5265C (Historical)9/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, and maintenance of aircraft tires and the maintenance of the operating environment to ensure the safety of support personnel and the safe operation of the aircraft.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Catalog of Landing Gear Systems and SuppliersAIR5631A (Current)2/3/2021
The purpose of this document is to provide a listing for current commercial and military aircraft landing gear systems and their types and manufacturers. Data has been provided for the following commercial aircraft types; wide body jet airliners, narrow body jet airliners, and turboprop/commuter aircraft and the following military aircraft types; fighter, bomber, cargo, attack, surveillance, tanker and helicopter categories. The aircraft that have been included in this document are in operational service either with airlines, business, cargo or military operators. No information is presented for aircraft that are currently being developed or that are not in extensive usage. This document will provide an informational reference for landing gear engineers to access when evaluating other gear and aircraft systems. Future revisions of this document will add aircraft as they enter into service.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
Tire Performance TerminologyJ2047_201911 (Current)11/14/2019
This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.
Highway Tire Committee
Improvement of the Resilience of a Cyber-Physical Remote Diagnostic Communication System against Cyber Attacks2019-01-01124/2/2019
In the near future, vehicles will operate autonomously and communicate with their environment. This communication includes Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication, and comunication with cloud-based servers (V2C). To improve the resilience of remote diagnostic communication between a vehicle and external test equipment against cyberattacks, it is imperative to understand and analyze the functionality and vulnerability of each communication system component, including the wired and wireless communication channels. This paper serves as a continuation of the SAE Journal publication on measures to prevent unauthorized access to the in-vehicle E/E system [9], explains the components of a cyber-physical system (CPS) for remote diagnostic communication, analyzes their vulnerability against cyberattacks and explains measures to improve the resiliance.
Subke, Peter, Moshref, Muzafar
2019 Ram Chassis Cab: More capability, more driver-assist tech19TOFHP04_124/1/2019
The 2019 Ram 3500, 4500, and 5500 Chassis Cab commercial trucks herald class-leading capability in towing, payload, and Gross Combined Weight Ratings (GCWR). “We drove our engineers bonkers to get the very best,” quipped Jim Morrison, head of Ram Brand at FCA North America. Morrison spoke with Truck & Off-Highway Engineering at the 2019 Chicago Auto Show following the global debut of the 2019 Ram Chassis Cab, which claims segment-leading towing of up to 35,220 lb (15,975 kg). It has the segment's highest GCWR (a combined truck, load and trailer weight) at 43,000 lb (19,504 kg), a 4,500-lb (2,041-kg) increase over the 2018 model.
Buchholz, Kami
A Robust Wheel Slip Control Design with Radius Dynamics Observer for EV10-02-02-00096/18/2018
In order to improve the safety and dynamic performance of electric vehicles equipped with four in-wheel electric motors, and prevent the wheels from locking or slipping when braking or accelerating, a new longitudinal control strategy which combines ASR traction and ABS braking control is proposed using an observation algorithm of effective radius for four wheel of electric vehicle. Using the electric motor torques as the unique actuator signal sources, this combined ASR/ABS can act as acceleration slip regulation (ASR) by preventing the wheels from slipping during acceleration and as an antilock braking system (ABS) by preventing the wheels from getting locked during braking. A variation of effective radius of the wheel’s tire can have an incidence on the longitudinal and lateral control. Moreover, the wheel effective radius observer based on high order sliding mode approach using the information of the electric motor torques and the angular velocities is used in the combined ASR/ABS systems. First, adjusting the motor torque and based on Fuzzy logic control, the acceleration slip regulation (ASR) is designed to maintain the wheel slip in the optimal range using the angular acceleration and slip rate. Second, for limiting the wheel slip by adjusting the motor torque the sliding mode control is used. Several Matlab/Simulink simulation tests will be carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Hartani, Kada, Khalfaoui, Mohamed, Merah, Abdelkader, Aouadj, Norediene
An Innovative Design of In-Tire Energy Harvester for the Power Supply of Tire Sensors2018-01-11154/3/2018
With the development of intelligent vehicle and active vehicle safety systems, the demand of sensors is increasing, especially in-tire sensors. Tire parameters are essential for vehicle dynamic control, including tire pressure, tire temperature, slip angle, longitudinal force, etc.. The diversification and growth of in-tire sensors require adequate power supply. Traditionally, embedded batteries are used to power sensors in tire, however, they must be replaced periodically because of the limited energy storage. The power limitation of the batteries would reduce the real-time data transmission frequency and deteriorate the vehicle safety. Heightened interest focuses on generating power through energy harvesting systems in replace of the batteries. Current in-tire energy harvesting devices include piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic and electromechanical mechanism, whose energy sources include tire deformations, vibrations and rotations. Through comparison, in-tire energy harvesting systems on basis of the electromagnetic induction principle have the advantage of relatively high energy density. Based on electromagnetic induction, this paper designs a novel design of in-tire energy harvester, taking use of the tire deformation when the tire contacts the ground. This paper describes the innovative design and builds the simulation model of magnetic field, integrated circuit, interaction between magnet and coils with Simulink. This work optimizes the parameters of the design according to the simulation, including the size of magnet, coils, materials, etc.. The induced voltage and power output have been discussed under different driving conditions, taking account of various vehicle speeds and loads. Eventually, this work sets up the test bench and conducts the experiment to verify the simulation result. The simulation result shows maximum induced voltage of 7 V, load power of 6.8 mW. The experimental equivalent induced voltage is 2 V under motor speed of 160 r/min, which is consistent to the simulation result.
Liu, Xiaoxue, Yu, Liangyao, Zheng, Sheng, Chang, Jinghu
2021-12-29.TEST Information Security Risk Management of Vehicles2018-01-00154/3/2018
The results of this work is allowed to identify a number of cybersecurity threats of the automated security-critical automotive systems, which reduces the efficiency of operation, road safety and system safety. Wired or wireless access of the information networks of the modern vehicles allows to gain control over power unit, chassis, security system components and comfort systems. According to the evaluating criterion of board electronics, the presence of poorly-protected communication channels, the 75% of the researched modern vehicles do not meet the minimum requirements of cybersecurity due to the danger of external blocking of vital systems. The revealed vulnerabilities of the security-critical automotive systems lead to the necessity of developing methods for mechanical and electronic protection of the modern vehicle. The law of normal distribution of the mid-points of the expert evaluation of the cyber-security of a modern vehicle has been determined. Based on the system approach, ranking of the main cybersecurity treats is performed. Electronic body systems of modern vehicles are the most likely to be damaged by intruders, which can lead to the vehicle theft. Using the complex of safety criteria of modern vehicles, the probability and possible consequences of risks in the interception of the control of vehicles are determined. The obtained results can be used at the stages of production and operation of the vehicles with the aim to improve cybersecurity, road safety and system safety as a whole taking into account its life-cycle management.
Klets, Dmytro, Gritsuk, Igor V., Makovetskyi, Andrii, Bulgakov, Nickolay, Podrigalo, Mikhail, Kyrychenko, Ihor, Volska, Olena, Kyzminec, Nikolai
A Novel Zero Crossing Method for Mass Estimation in Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System2017-01-18536/5/2017
Knowledge of the vehicle mass is an important factor to measure the tire inflation pressure indirectly. To estimate the mass change from the wheel speed signals, the novel zero crossing method (ZCM) was proposed. The accuracy of the proposed method was demonstrated using the logged vehicle data, and the compatibility with indirect tire pressure monitoring system (iTPMS) was evaluated by statistical analysis. Therefore, the proposed ZCM for vehicle mass estimation can expect technological advances in iTPMS and chassis control systems.
Lee, SangHeon, Kim, TaeHun, Shin, SeungHwan, Lim, YangNam
Effects of Boundary Conditions and Inflation Pressure on the Natural Frequencies and 3D Mode Shapes of a Tire2017-01-19056/5/2017
Tires are one of the major sources of noise and vibration in vehicles. The vibration characteristic of a tire depends on its resonant frequencies and mode shapes. Hence, it is desirable to study how different parameters affect the characteristics of tires. In the current paper, experimental modal tests are performed on a tire in free-free and fixed conditions. To obtain the mode shapes and the natural frequencies, the tire is excited using a mechanical shaker and the response of the tire to the excitation is measured using three roving tri-axial accelerometers. The mode shapes and resonant frequencies of the tire are extracted using LMS PolyMax modal analysis. The obtained mode shapes in the two configurations are compared using Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) to show how mode shapes of tires change when the tire is moved from a free-free configuration to a fixed configuration. It is shown that some modes of the tire are more sensitive to boundary conditions. Furthermore, the effects of inflation pressures on the resonant frequencies and mode shapes of the tire are studied by varying the pressure of the tire and measuring the change in modes of the tire.
Patil, Kiran, Baqersad, Javad, Bastiaan, Jennifer
Assistance Systems on Hydraulic Excavators and CO 2 Reduction - Is There Any Correlation?2017-01-19335/10/2017
Concerning the limitation of greenhouse gases, the Kyoto protocol in 1997defined the first hard facts. A steady increase in the number of participating states as well as a rigorous focus on emission limits - even if some important countries did not sign or withdraw from the protocol - led to high pressure on existing technologies. The presentation therefore will start by discussing the four pillars of possible CO2 reduction options and will lead to the question why there is a correlation to assistance systems on hydraulic excavators. Finally innovative excavator assistance systems and their support to the objectives on CO2 reduction will be presented.
Seifried, Werner
Aerospace Landing Gear Systems TerminologyAIR1489C (Current)5/9/2017
This report has been compiled by the Landing Gear Systems Terminology Panel of SAE Committee A-5 (Aerospace Landing Gear Systems). It represents an effort to gather together those terms commonly used within the discipline. Some terms are of course common to other disciplines as well. Others, however, are unique in form and/or meaning to the landing gear discipline. The need has been noted to set these terms down and provide a standard definition in order that communication within the discipline may be conducted with a common understanding. Full use has been made of available published information, and a list of references is provided. See also References (a) to (e). Terms listed are usually applicable to a general functional area of landing gear disciplines. These general functional areas include; landing impact, directional ground control, velocity control (acceleration, retardation, and arrestment), structural support, ground flotation, and ground maintenance. In the listing of terms and definitions, each term is followed by a code in parenthesis which indicates which basic functional area or major component to which the term is most applicable. Codes indicating basic functional area or major component are as follows: a Landing Gear Systems 1 Landing Gear (General) (L/G) 2 Tire (Tire) 3 Wheel (Whl) 4 Brake (Brk) 5 Nose Wheel Steering (NWS) 6 Shock Absorber (S/A) 7 Brake Control (B/C) b Related Systems 1 Air Vehicle/Aircraft (A/V) 2 Arresting Gear (A/G) 3 Operating Base & Equipment (Base) 4 Catapult (Cat)
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
Safe Travelling Speed of Commercial Vehicles on Curves Based on Vehicle-Road Collaboration2017-01-00803/28/2017
Mountain road winding and bumpy, traffic accidents caused by speeding frequently happened, mainly concentrated on curves. The present curve warning system research are based on Charge-coupled Device, but the existing obstacles, weather , driving at night and road conditions directly affect the accuracy and applicability. The research is of predictability to identify the curves based on the geographic information and can told the driver road information and safety speed ahead of the road according to the commercial vehicle characteristic of load, and the characteristics of the mass center to reduce the incidence of accidents. In this paper, the main research contents include: to estimate forward bend curvature through the node classification method based on the digital map. Through the deceleration process identification before entering the curve way, the critical safety speed which do not occur side-slip is calculated with the radius of curvature, side friction factor and so on using the vehicle lateral dynamics. The safe speed is also restricted by the safety evaluation of highway project and informed to the driver in advance. The pre-warning project can realize real-time dynamic information interaction between vehicle and road .Through the comparison and analysis under the same bend radius other model of safe speed, the results show that the model in terms of safe speed calculation provides a reasonable and accurate operation method, which helps drivers take an appropriate driving operation in time to insure safety.
Wang, Qilu, Yang, Bo, Tan, Gangfeng, Xiong, Shengguang, Zhou, XiaoXiao
Flight Deck Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)ARP4102/3 (Current)1/3/2017
This document recommends design criteria for a Flight Deck Tire Pressure Monitoring System. The requirements arise from operational experience of incidents, which have led to considerable damage to aircraft systems and structures caused by tire debris and wheel fragments.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
EDITORIAL: A how-to for car hackers16AUTP10_0510/1/2016
The new vehicle you've just spent 40 months engineering, testing and validating, that's soon to be in customer hands, is now a big, fat target. The hackers want in. How robust was your threat modeling during development? Where among the vehicle's many potential entry points-the high-risk “attack surfaces” including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB, the OBDII port, tire pressure monitoring system, infotainment, CAN bus, sensors and even an electric car's charging connections-could malicious external data sneak past your built-in defenses to wreak havoc?
Brooke, Lindsay
RF Repeater Design Considerations for Tire Pressure Monitoring System2016-01-00974/5/2016
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) has become a popular system due to regulation in many countries. TPMS consists of sensors that measure air pressure and temperature in the tires. Each sensor transmits tire information to TPMS central unit for display purpose via RF. Commercial trailers having bodies longer than 7 m require RF repeaters to increase the data transmission range. Located near to rear wheels, RF repeater receives sensor signal in the rear wheels and transmits the signal to TPMS central unit. In this paper, we discuss RF repeater which transmits at multiple frequencies in order to increase signal reception. On TPMS central unit, RF receiver is able to tune to receive frequencies used in sensors and RF repeater. Other method for improving reception is to transmit same payload multiple times at same frequency as that of sensor. In the paper, other important specifications are discussed as RF repeater design is concerned. A user’s case of RF repeater is implemented. Time required for a complete transmission or reception is measured in the user’s case. As each TPMS sensor transmits periodically (e.g. 30 s) to the RF repeater, short time is required to change between receive and transmit modes for RF repeater. So the switching time between receive and transmit modes is measured in RF repeater. In the receive mode, RF repeater measures the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI). This RSSI can be used to indicate if location of RF repeater is optimum for receiving sensors in the rear wheels.
Gow, Felix, Guan, Lifeng, Park, Jooil, Kim, Jaekwon
Trends in Tire Pressure: An Analysis of Time-Series TPMS Data2016-01-15744/5/2016
This paper presents findings based on the examination of time-series tire pressure data. Tire pressure is important to vehicle safety due to its effects on vehicle handling and stability, as well as the impact that inappropriate tire pressure has on tire wear and tire failures. Previous research such as NHTSA’s 2001 Tire Pressure Special Study sampled vehicle populations and recorded tire pressures at a single point in time. Such studies yield important insights into tire pressures on individual vehicles and across the vehicle populations, but cannot provide insights into the behavior of tire pressures over time. The data presented in this paper was measured using the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) data from Tesla Model S vehicles. Using Tesla’s on-board diagnostic data logging and remote data retrieval capabilities, the time history of each vehicle’s tire pressures was recorded and fleet-wide data was analyzed. The resulting analysis provides insights into tire pressure changes caused by permeation and slow leaks as well as temperature fluctuations at both drive-cycle and seasonal time scales. The paper also includes examples of tire punctures with resulting pressure data.
Schwall, Matthew, Garg, Anmol, Shiverick, Jason, Conley, Matthew
A Statistical Study of Tire Pressures on Road Going Vehicles2016-01-15724/5/2016
Published information on studies of something so critical to safety as passenger vehicle tire pressures can be found [1, 2]; however, they only account for rolling tires. Studies related to spare tire pressures are lacking. This paper is the result of measurements on 150+ vehicles and the most surprising results are presented regarding the influence of Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) and the new spare tire locations and use. A statistical study was performed on the collected data to determine the correlation between tire pressures, vehicle age and TPMS. One particular topic of investigation was the relationship between various factors that influence spare tire pressure. Some newer models, particularly some mini-vans, have placed the spare tire in an unusual and inconvenient place for regular maintenance. Based on the data collected, TPMS has a positive influence on rolling tires but not on spare tires. The results support the need for TPMS to also monitor spare tire pressures.
Popat, Jugal, Nabar, Aneesh, Read, Meighan, Fu, Chen, Zhang, Chunhui, Kausik, Galab, Patel, Harsh, Tkacik, Peter Thomas
Significance of Tire Pressure Monitoring System in Motorcycle2016-01-16344/5/2016
A tire is one of the most important performance and safety components in a two wheeler. An incorrect tire pressure not only impacts overall performance of a vehicle but also safety and overall fuel economy. The main purpose for appropriate tire pressure is to uniformly distribute vehicle load across the tire contact patch thereby providing an optimal contact between tire and road, effective handling, passenger comfort, maximum tire life and overall vehicle safety. A Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) measures a range of air pressure and alerts for proper tire pressure maintenance. Currently fully fledged tire pressure sensing systems are used in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The use of such system in a two wheeler is yet to be recognized as precondition instead of an added attribute. This paper presents an objective methodology, based on analytical simulation and testing, developed in order to derive the optimal condition for front and rear tire pressures to achieve best performance in ride comfort, handling, braking and fuel economy. All findings justify the importance of TPMS, which ensures maintaining appropriate tire pressures for maximizing performance without substantial, high cost changes to the basic vehicle design.
Bansal, Atul, Jain, Anoop, Srivastava, Prateek, Tiwary, Anant Kumar, Dear, Rishi Kumar
An Indirect TPMS Algorithm Based on Tire Resonance Frequency Estimated by AR Model2016-01-04594/5/2016
Proper tire pressure is very important for multiple driving performance of a car, and it is necessary to monitor and warn the abnormal tire pressure online. Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) monitors the tire pressure based on the wheel speed signals of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). In this paper, an indirect TPMS method is proposed to estimate the tire pressure according to its resonance frequency of circumferential vibration. Firstly, the errors of ABS wheel speed sensor system caused by the machining tolerance of the tooth ring are estimated based on the measured wheel speed using Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm and the measuring errors are eliminated from the wheel speed signal. Then, the data segments with drive train torsional vibration are found out and eliminated by the methods of correlation analysis. Using the corrected and selected vibration noise, the resonance frequency of the tire vibration system is identified by Maximum Entropy Spectral Estimation (MESE) based on Auto-regressive (AR) model. Finally, the proposed algorithm is verified by test data, and the results show that the resonance frequency can be estimated and the changing of tire pressure can be indicated consequently.
Zhao, Jian, Su, Jing, Zhu, Bing, Shan, Jingwei
Vehicle Health Monitoring System Using Secure Wireless Sensor Network2015-01-02044/14/2015
In this paper we propose a secure wireless sensor network system for vehicle health monitoring (VHM). We discuss the architecture of the proposed model, and it's implementation in vehicles. Modified AES-CCM is used to provide confidentiality in the network. In the proposed scheme combination of interactive and non-interactive methods are used for reliable message delivery.
Panja, Biswajit, Wolleschensky, Lars
Comparative Analysis of Tire Evaluation Methods for an indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System (iTPMS)2015-01-15194/14/2015
Starting from the USA and followed by the European Union, legal requirements concerning “Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems” (TPMS) for passenger cars and light trucks will be introduced in China as well and therefore in the third of the three largest automobile markets worldwide. Changes of pressure dependent physical tire properties such as dynamic roll radius and a certain tire eigenfrequency, which are included in the ESC-wheel speed signals, indicates pressure loss in an indirect manner. Systems with corresponding working principles are called “indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System” (iTPMS). Since the tire is a structural element with varying characteristics according to the design parameters, the roll radius and frequency behavior due to pressure loss is variable as well. As a consequence, tires have to be evaluated regarding there compatibility to iTPMS during the vehicle development process. In order to firstly reduce the testing effort on the complete vehicle and secondly to perform the evaluation at an earlier stage in the development process, tires shall be tested on external drum test rigs. This paper researches the systematic differences between the tire evaluation at whole vehicle driving tests on road and at tire test rigs. Based on testing results and simulation models the interaction of tire vibration behavior and suspension influences is analyzed as well as excitation characteristics of roads and cleat crossings.
Suender, Robert, Prokop, Günther, Roscher, Thomas
Development of Active Control Strategy for Flat Tire Vehicles2014-01-08594/1/2014
This paper first presents an algorithm to detect tire blowout based on wheel speed sensor signals, which either reduces the cost for a TPMS or provides a backup in case it fails, and a tire blowout model considering different tire pressure is also built based on the UniTire model. The vehicle dynamic model uses commercial software CarSim. After detecting tire blowout, the active braking control, based on a 2DOF reference model, determines an optimal correcting yaw moment and the braking forces that slow down and stop the vehicle, based on a linear quadratic regulator. Then the braking force commands are further translated into target pressure command for each wheel cylinder to ensure the target braking forces are generated. Some simulations are conducted to verify the active control strategy. From the simulation results, it is shown that this active brake control strategy can not only ensure the flat tire vehicle stability, but also slow down the vehicle with a safe speed and for a shorter distance.
Liu, Haizhen, Deng, Weiwen, Zong, Changfu, Wu, Jian
Securing Connected Vehicles End to End2014-01-03004/1/2014
As vehicles become increasingly connected with the external world, they face a growing range of security vulnerabilities. Researchers, hobbyists, and hackers have compromised security keys used by vehicles' electronic control units (ECUs), modified ECU software, and hacked wireless transmissions from vehicle key fobs and tire monitoring sensors. Malware can infect vehicles through Internet connectivity, onboard diagnostic interfaces, devices tethered wirelessly or physically to the vehicle, malware-infected aftermarket devices or spare parts, and onboard Wi-Fi hotspot. Once vehicles are interconnected, compromised vehicles can also be used to attack the connected transportation system and other vehicles. Securing connected vehicles impose a range of unique new challenges. This paper describes some of these unique challenges and presents an end-to-end cloud-assisted connected vehicle security framework that can address these challenges.
Zhang, Tao, Antunes, Helder, Aggarwal, Siddhartha
Wheel and Hydraulically Actuated Brake Design and Test Requirements for Military AircraftARP1493C (Current)11/1/2013
This document covers military aircraft wheel and hydraulically actuated brake equipment.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
A Guide for the Damaging Effects of Tire and Wheel FailuresAIR5699 (Historical)10/25/2013
Consideration for the damaging effects to aircraft from the failure of wheels and tires should be evaluated. This document discusses the types of problems in-service aircraft have experienced and methodology in place to assist the designers when evaluating threats for new aircraft design. The purpose of this document is to provide a history of in-service problems, provide a historical summary of the design improvements made to wheels and tires during the past 40 years and to offer methodology which has been used to help designers assess the threat to ensure the functionality of systems and equipment located in and around the landing gear and in wheel wells.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
A Control Algorithm for Electric Power Steering of Tire Blowout Vehicle to Reduce the Impact Torque on Steering Wheel2013-01-12394/8/2013
Impact torque will be generated on the steering wheel when one tire suddenly blows out on high way, which may cause driver's psychological stress and result in driver's certain misoperations on the car. In this paper, the model of tire blowout vehicle was established; the tire blowout was detected based on the change rate of tire pressure, meanwhile, the rack force caused by tire blowout was estimated through a reduce observer; finally the compensation current was figured out to reduce the impact torque on the steering wheel. Results of simulation tests showed that the control strategy proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the impact torque on the steering wheel and reduce the driver's discomfort caused by tire blowout.
Li, Shaosong, Zong, Changfu, Chen, Guoying, He, Lei
Tire Performance TerminologyJ2047_201303 (Historical)3/11/2013
This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.
Highway Tire Committee
Think Outside the Chip: MEMS-Based Systems SolutionsTBMG-141417/1/2012
MEMS is an acronym for Microelectro mechanical Systems; however, most MEMS implementations to date have not been systems at all, but rather devices. This article reports the constituents and some applications of what is defined as MEMS-based systems solutions, or MBSS. In Europe, this concept is commonly referred to as ”Smart Systems In tegration.” These MBSS use front-end MEMS devices — either one or a combination of many sensors, actuators, and/or structures — that work in conjunction with several other devices including signal conditioning commonly using application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processing (DSP) with embedded microcontrollers and software, energy creation and storage, and networking communications functions.
Security Aspects of Utilizing Ethernet AVB as the Converged Vehicle Backbone2012-01-07354/16/2012
With increasing demand for and sophistication of automotive applications such as infotainment and driver's assistance, the need for tighter integration between the many networks found in modern vehicles is likewise increasing. To enable this integrated vehicle architecture, there is a growing trend to use the Ethernet AVB as a converged backbone to enable cross-domain data exchange. This paper examines requirements for security and integrity posed by these inter- and intra-ECU and inter-vehicle communications. Solutions are proposed - and gaps are identified - with emphasis given to mapping the broad spectrum of Ethernet security mechanisms to vehicle networking solutions. We begin by examining the security aspects of bridging Body, Chassis/Safety, Powertrain, and Infotainment data, alongside sensor and actuator data across an Ethernet AVB backbone. Specifically discussed is partitioning and application of various Ethernet security solutions including protocols, algorithms, and encryption mechanisms appropriate for vehicular requirements. This includes a discussion of the strengths and vulnerabilities afforded by Ethernet for authenticated ECU/LAN access, data/message integrity, and intrusion protection.
Boatright, Robert, Tardo, Joseph
Terrain Truck: Control of Wheel Rotational Velocities and Tire Slippages2011-01-21579/13/2011
The dynamics of an AWD vehicle is determined by the interactions between the vehicle's wheels and the tire contact surface. Understanding and controlling these interactions drives the vehicle mobility and energy efficiency. In this paper new issues related to tire slippage control are addressed. The paper analytically demonstrates that two tires on the same axle with the same rotational speeds can have different slippages when the normal reaction and inflation pressure vary due to motion conditions. Hence, a new method is proposed to control the rotational velocity of the wheels in a way that provides the same slippages of the tires by accounting for changes in the normal load and tire inflation pressure. This approach is especially beneficial for vehicles with individual (electric) wheel drives which can be individually controlled by introducing the proposed algorithm for controlling both the vehicle linear velocity and the tire slippages. The developed method is based on continuously monitoring the normal load and tire inflation pressure and using them as the inputs to estimate the theoretical linear velocity of the wheel (zero slippage). The control algorithm, based on an inverse dynamics approach, adjusts the applied wheel torques via closed loop feedback control of both the measured angular velocity and slippage of the wheels. A vehicle model, based on empirical data of terrain and tires, is created in LabVIEW software to simulate the tires of a terrain truck to evaluate the control algorithm.
Wilson, Timothy, Siero, Matthew, Kopchick, Christopher, Vantsevich, Vladimir V.
Univariate Analysis for Condition-Based Maintenance: A Case Study2011-01-10174/12/2011
In this paper, we have proposed a Condition-based Maintenance technique for vehicle tire pressure monitoring utilizing univariate statistical analysis. Statistical techniques are very powerful for predicting the future states based on current and previous states of the system or subsystem. Two important statistical techniques ARAR and Holt-Winters have been studied for their robustness to the predictions of such data set. This paper also performs comparative simulation studies to prove the usefulness of both the algorithms based on the data available from wireless sensor nodes. These sensors are directly mounted on tires externally and report the current air pressure to control unit. The control unit performs tire pressure prognosis using univariate statistical technique.
Prajapati, Ashok, Ganesan, Subramaniam
Do Vehicles Need Data Security?2011-01-00404/12/2011
Data security was introduced to vehicles in the 1980's with the electronic theft protection system. Since then data security was also implemented in further electronic systems of vehicles, including theft protection for electronic control units, protection of mileage counter integrity, protection against software manipulation (secure flashing), and secure wireless on-board diagnoses (e.g. via Bluetooth). Vehicles include more and more electronic systems and open communication channels based on public standards, making them vulnerable to a variety of attacks. Security mitigation mechanisms are implemented in software and might be supported by a controller with basic security features. Recently, research was started to centralize security features in a single dedicated security controller. This security controller implements cryptographic methods and provides tamper resistance. Current and future applications with need for security include vehicular communication, feature activation and pay-on-demand applications as well as digital content protection systems. In this work we will analyze which degree of implemented security features in a vehicle is reasonable. We will consider both security features based on secure hardware and software mechanisms. We will distinguish applications that protect a financial asset (e.g. theft protection) and safety applications (e.g. future vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication safety applications). We will evaluate whether there is a threat to safety because of new technologies, and how this threat needs to be mitigated. Finally, we will identify the useful mitigation mechanisms and describe how these need to evolve over time. We will perform the evaluation under the premise of economic security, i.e. always assuming that only economically feasible solutions will be deployed.
Weimerskirch, André
Cyber Tyre: A Novel Sensor to Improve Vehicle's Safety2011-01-09904/12/2011
Tires will be protagonists in the new European regulations for safety and fuel economy: in 2012 a tire pressure monitoring system will be mandatory for all new vehicles, enabling as natural consequence the development of the so called “intelligent tire”, able to capture all the relevant information of the contact between the road surface and the rubber, a starting point for new functions development to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption of all vehicles. A description of the methodologies that can be used to extract features from the tires, based on the experience of the development of Cyber Tyre, a high performance sensorized tire, is included in this work; comparison with the same information gained thorough ordinary sensors are provided too. The paper also presents some interesting examples of how data, coming from Cyber Tyres, can be exploited to improve the safety margins of a vehicle, preventing the critical operating condition represented by hydroplaning.
Cheli, Federico, audisio, Giorgio, brusarosco, Massimo, mancosu, Federico, Cavaglieri PhD, Daniele, melzi, Stefano
AIRCRAFT TIRE CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEMSAIR4830 (Historical)11/30/2009
The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to inform the aerospace industry about various systems available to monitor the inflation pressure or temperature of an aircraft tire. The tire pressure indicating system (TPIS), with cockpit display, is the most widely used of all aircraft tire monitoring systems, and is detailed in this document more than other systems.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Potential Safety Enhancements using Synthetic Torque Feedback2009-01-286510/6/2009
Synthetic torque feedback (artificial feel) is valued in the market for enhancing steering performance as perceived by the driver. The possibility of using this same hardware, with minimal control modifications, to aid the driver in responding to tire failures, is discussed.
Sherwin, Kenneth A., Williams, Daniel E.
Development of Vehicle HMI Module Using Model-Based Design and RCP2009-01-14154/20/2009
LCDs are effective to display abundant information in a compact space. Therefore, the use of TFT or DOT metric displays in dashboard instrument display is getting popular in recent years. However, it is important issue for car makers how to let users know information about vehicle functions or outside environment and manage plentiful information. In this paper, the Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) tool is proposed to design and standardize HMI logic associated with display contents in TFT or dot type LCD applied to an instrument cluster. In addition, it is possible to estimate HMI logic in advance by using this RCP. By this process, we can minimize the design and validation time of the vehicle specific HMI logic and improve the quality. As a result, we can dramatically reduce the total period of developing an instrument cluster. The HMI simulation tool can minimize the difference between display output of simulation and realistic display outcome of instrumentation, because this tool models HMI logic and displays the result on real LCD hardware applied to an instrument cluster. Thus, the RCP simulation tool has an advantage to more realistically estimate the display outcome operated by HMI logic designed. This paper demonstrates how engineers can connect the display hardware of an instrument cluster to the HMI logic created with MATLAB simulink® and assess HMI requirement and the display outcome in advance.
Kwak, Heechon, Kim, Kyungha
Catalog of Landing Gear Systems and SuppliersAIR5631 (Historical)2/19/2009
The purpose of this document is to provide a listing for current commercial and military aircraft landing gear systems and their types and manufacturers. Data has been provided for the following aircraft types: wide body jet airliners, narrow body jet airliners, turboprop/commuter aircraft, cargo/transport aircraft and fighter/attack aircraft. The aircraft that have been included in this document are in operational service either with airlines, business, cargo or military operators. No information is presented for aircraft that are currently being developed or that are not in extensive usage. This document will provide an informational reference for landing gear engineers to access when evaluating other gear and aircraft systems.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
Vehicle On-Board Diagnostics Added Values2008-01-264710/7/2008
Today's vehicles have more and more electronics, and this leads to a greater wealth of information available on a vehicle's communication network. This paper will address the added value of having access to this information. Whether you are the development engineer, the dealership mechanic or the end-user, the information available to the different individuals has become indispensable. Rapid diagnostics of events and faults, automatic correctional interaction of vehicle equipment to compensate failures, as well as preventive maintenance alerts of specific vehicle components are all actions that are helping the various individuals throughout the vehicle's existence. These actions are helping to save time, increase diagnostics accuracy and make the vehicles generally safer. This paper will provide details about a number of events and probable scenarios to demonstrate the added value of having access to the vehicle's communication network.
Hétu, J.-F., Plante, S.
Wheel and Hydraulically Actuated Brake Design and Test Requirements for Military AircraftARP1493B (Historical)6/12/2008
This document covers military aircraft wheel and hydraulically actuated brake equipment.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Highly Integrated Solutions for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems2007-01-36388/5/2007
The US requirement for tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) will reach the 100% installation rate this year in accordance with the requirements of FMVSS138 promulgated by the NHTSA. The wide variety of semiconductor technologies available now for direct TPMS can solve the requirements for these systems. However, the wide variation in solutions for TPMS can present a number of end customer issues when there are no standard methods or protocols used in their application. This paper will present an advanced TPMS sensor that includes all of the required features for very complex solutions and presents the issues that result from too many variations in the field. Finally a set of suggested protocols are presented that could help reduce the field issues that may be experienced by the end customer.
Shaw, Mark
Tests Documenting Vehicle Handling with a Temporary-Use Rear Tire and a Run-Flat Rear Tire2006-01-09054/3/2006
Temporary-use-only spare tires are common standard equipment on motor vehicles while run-flat tires are offered as standard equipment on some motor vehicles. This paper describes testing on a 1995 GMC Safari all-wheel-drive minivan with a rear Uniroyal Hideaway / Temporary-Use-Only tire and a 1997 Mercury Grand Marquis with a self-supporting run-flat tire manufactured by Bridgestone. The testing included circle turn tests and 180° step steer tests at target speeds of either 30 or 35 miles per hour (low speed J-turn test). Control tests were conducted with standard normally inflated tires. Both the standard tires and run-flat tires were also tested in a modified condition involving the removal of the tread and outer steel belt, simulating a tire which has experienced a complete tread-belt separation. The principal conclusions of this work are that temporary-use-only tires have characteristics that do not degrade handling and response of a minivan and that the run-flat tires have characteristics that favorably influence the handling and response of a passenger car that has sustained a loss-of-pressure tire disablement.
Arndt, Mark W., Arndt, Stephen M.
Piezoelectric Devices for Motion Detection in Direct Tire Pressure Monitoring2005-01-04584/11/2005
Current direct tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) may require some form of motion sensing. This is used to alter operating strategies in order to save battery consumption and/or detect whether an under inflated tire is mounted in the spare location. These motion sensors are usually electro-mechanical switches or MEMS accelerometers which may have reliability and/or power consumption drawbacks. This paper will present how a piezoelectric transducer can be used for this purpose and it advantages in ruggedness, power consumption and cost for TPMS.
Shaw, Mark L.
Identification of Road Properties in Advanced Active Safety Applications: Overview and Conceptual Solutions2005-01-14884/11/2005
An important problem of recent active safety applications is data acquisition for parameters of tire-road interaction, especially coefficient of friction or specific forces in contact patch. Analysis of present solutions in this field allows setting off the virtual and hardware-based determination of tire grip properties. The virtual procedures can be subclassified into Dynamics simulation method Statistical method Fuzzy logic method. The hardware-based procedures are connected with On-board sensors of direct tire grip measurement On-board sensors of indirect tire grip measurement Off-board (on-road) sensors. For above mentioned variants the appropriate engineering solutions are considered in the paper. The long-term approach in road identification centers on active safety applications with on-road sensors, which are integrated in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The paper proposes conceptual structure for this system.
Ivanov, Valentin, Shyrokau, Barys, Siakhovich, Uladzimir
Automotive Engineering International 2003-10-01AUTOOCT0310/1/2003
Body control electronics shapes up The electronics revolution is advancing unabated in vehicle and body control, but the addition of features ranging from electronic power steering to tire pressure monitoring poses numerous challenges for electronics engineers. Telematics comes back on line Interfaces will play a huge role in expected growth. Cadillac XLR The new luxury roadster, designed to go head-to-head with models from Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar, and Lexus, uses an all-new 4.6-L Northstar V8 and innovative features such as adaptive cruise control, Magnetic Ride Control, and keyless access. 2005 Ford GT The company's image vehicle helped develop engineering skills in the race to production. Chrysler Pacifica Safety and infotainment features abound in the upscale 2004 sports tourer. 5 Series changes shape BMW adopted an aluminum/steel hybrid body in the interests of light weight and even weight distribution, and worked with ZF Lenksysteme to introduce active steering. Nissan Quest Nissan aimed to break out of the box and change perceptions of the minivan as a whole with its all-new 2004 Quest minivan. Porsche Carrera GT The German automaker employed the highest of high technologies and applied for 70 patents in developing the supersport model. The balance of power Intelligent management of electrical loads and innovative power-saving technologies allow current 14-V electrical architectures to accomodate features and capabilities once thought to be exclusive to 42-V architectures.
Tire Monitoring Systems Design: A Novel Approach2003-01-29809/8/2003
Monitoring tires working conditions has proved to be very important for best aircraft ground performances. Thus, to prevent safety risks it is necessary to recognize all the parameters really affecting tires dynamic behaviour and study a proper supervising strategy, able to guarantee an easy and effective security action. It will be proved that measuring tire internal gas pressure (even with internal temperature compensation, then measuring the total internal gas mass) it is not possible to monitor accurately the tire dynamic behaviour. In this paper a new approach to design a new generation of tires monitoring system will be presented.
Barbanti, G., Pellicciari, M., Andrisano, A.
Talking Tires - A Basis for Tire Diagnostics2003-01-12793/3/2003
Today's tire pressure monitoring systems comprise valve stem mounted wheel units for pressure measurement which are battery-powered. In this contribution, a novel intelligent tire system is presented which provides a wealth of functionality including tire pressure system monitoring. The main features are battery-less operation based on a transponder principle and the permanent, transparent incorporation of the electronics in the tire. Hence, there are no life-time or ecology issues as in battery-based systems, the mounting process is simpler than in valve stem systems and tire identification capabilities are provided. The paper describes the basic system functionality and the key technical parameters to start an industry-wide discussion on standardization.
Benedict, Robert, Shepler, Peter, Fischer, Martin, Wagner, Dieter
Considerations to Improve Battery Life in Direct Tire Pressure Monitoring2002-01-10783/4/2002
Prior to the year 2001 direct tire pressure monitoring (TPM) has been limited to a feature on upscale vehicles or where “run-flat” tires were fitted; but starting in 2003 a NHSTA regulation will require tire inflation monitoring on all light duty vehicles sold in the United States. Direct tire pressure monitoring using in-tire pressure sensors with an RF data link have proven to be best approach to measuring tire pressure over the widest range of operating conditions. However, these systems need a battery power source requiring an overall life exceeding 10 years. Power management is therefore critical to success in providing a low cost, small size, and lightweight wheel sensor.
Shaw, Mark L.
Drag and Steering Effects From Disablements of Run Flat Tires2000-01-13163/6/2000
This paper is the third part of a series of vehicle tests designed and conducted in order to further the understanding of vehicle handling and responses associated with a tire disablement event. The first two parts were published in SAE 970954 Drag and Steering Effects of Under Inflated and Deflated Tires [1], and SAE 1999-01-0447 Drag and Steering Effects from Tire Tread Belt Separation and Loss [2]. All of the test results included herein are presented in a manner to facilitate direct comparison to the previous test programs. Under inflated or deflated tires are known to cause increased forward drag and lateral steering effects on vehicles. These effects are commonly suggested to be the cause of driver loss of control and subsequent vehicular accidents. The increased drag and induced steering effects of under inflated and deflated tires are frequently an issue in an accident reconstruction. In the referenced previous publications, the authors presented vehicle handling response for a range of passenger vehicles that included replicated testing of vehicle handling during and after an air-out disablement, and the results of replicated testing of highway speed tread belt separation test results for a mid-size front wheel drive four door sedan. The authors have collectively been involved in the testing of multiple sudden air-out disablements and forced tread belt detachments involving passenger cars. This publication addresses a similar series of tests which were conducted to obtain comparative drag and lateral steering effects after the disablement of current generation zero pressure, or run flat, type of tires such as those equipped on some upper end vehicles in recent years. These tests were conducted in accordance with the test protocol defined in SAE 970954 [1]. Vehicle handling and response characteristics were evaluated during and after a disablement of a zero pressure run flat tire.
Robinette, Ric D., Fay, Richard J.
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