Browse Topic: On-board diagnostics (OBD)

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Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition [mms update 07.03.25]R-367To be published on 03/22/2099
Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.
Segers, Jorge
On-Board Diagnostics Implementation GuideJ1939/03_202510 (Current)10/01/2025
SAE J1939-03 provides requirements and guidelines for the implementation of on-board diagnostics (OBD) on heavy duty vehicles (HDV) using the SAE J1939 family of standards. The guidelines identify where the necessary information to meet OBD regulations may be found among the SAE J1939 document set. Key requirements are identified here to ensure the interoperability of OBD scan tools across individual OBD-compliant vehicles.Market-defined regulations permit the use of SAE J1939 to meet OBD requirements. Implementers are cautioned to obtain and review the specific regulations for the markets where their products are sold. This document is focused on guidelines and requirements to satisfy the State of California Air Resources Board (CARB), the authors of 13 CCR 1971.1, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Euro IV and V requirements from European Commission directives, and UN/ECE WP 29 GRPE WWH OBD Global Technical Regulation (GTR).
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Design of a Secure Automated Driving Systems Test Data Interface2023-01-082804/11/2023
Vehicles equipped with Level 4 and 5 autonomy will need to be tested according to regulatory standards (or future revisions thereof) that vehicles with lower levels of autonomy are currently subject to. Today, dynamic Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) tests are performed with human drivers and driving robots controlling the test vehicle’s steering wheel, throttle pedal, and brake pedal. However, many Level 4 and 5 vehicles will lack these traditional driver controls, so it will be impossible to control these vehicles using human drivers or traditional driving robots. Therefore, there is a need for an electronic interface that will allow engineers to send dynamic steering, speed, and brake commands to a vehicle. This paper describes the design and implementation of a market-ready Automated Driving Systems (ADS) Test Data Interface (TDI), a secure electronic control interface which aims to solve the challenges outlined above. The interface consists of a communication port
Zagorski, Scott, Nguyen, An, Heydinger, Gary, Abbey, Howard
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Rickard, Christopher, SintzUSER, Jeneane
ML Based Misfire Prognostics using Connected Vehicle Data2022-01-049003/29/2022
For Spark-Ignition engine, misfire reduces gas mileage, increase emissions and even damages the engine. Thus, misfire monitor is required by California Air Resources Board (CARB)’s On-board diagnostics (OBD) II regulations. Misfire rates are determined based on the misfire counts, and the monitored event count. If misfire rates are above pre-set threshold under certain conditions, a misfire Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) will be set and remind the customer for repairing which increase OEM ‘s engine misfire warranty and cause customer satisfaction issue. The objective is to leverage connected vehicle (CV) data to detect potential misfire issue and fix it through calibration software update, thus reduce warranty and improve quality. An LSTM network enables us to input sequence data into a network, and make predictions based on the individual time steps of the sequence data. Moreover, it is capable of learning long-term dependencies which is a perfect fit for misfire feature. Thus, the
Wang, Zhe
Self Diagnostic cars using Infotainment ECU2021-26-002709/22/2021
Nowadays the passenger vehicles are coming with complicated & Multiple ECU's and functions. So the complication in diagnosing a vehicle is increasing day by day. And even for a diagnostic technician it is very complicated to diagnose a vehicle without error description ( DTC - Diagnostic trouble code) and a proper tool from the manufacturer.In vehicles, currently when there is a fault, the MIL (malfunction indication lamp) will glow, indicating that something is wrong. So the user will not be able to find out if the car will stop after driving 100 m or 1 km. Even for a very simple faults ( DTC ), in critical ECU's ( like Engine control, ABS, EPS ), the vehicle cluster will show warning lamps like MIL which will make the driver/user panic. In this situation one need to connect with diagnostic tool in OBD port and read out through good diagnostic software. The idea is by making software in the Infotainment system to read and clear faults from critical ECU's like ABS, ECM & cluster, so
Kannadhasan, Amarnath
Application of Machine Learning Technique for Development of Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System2021-26-001609/22/2021
Tire pressure has a significant impact over driving dynamics, fuel consumption as well as tire life therefore, continuous monitoring of tire pressure becomes imperative for ride comfort, safety and optimum vehicle handling. The two types of systems used for tire pressure monitoring are Direct and Indirect. Direct system deploys pressure sensors at each tire to directly measure pressure value, while indirect systems make use of signals from already existing sensors to predict pressure. Direct tire pressure measurement system will have higher accuracy, but it comes with an additional cost. The indirect system on the other hand demands mandatory ESP system and those based on wheel speed signals are less accurate compared to the direct system however, there is minimum cost addition. The paper presents a digital proof of concept study for indirect tire pressure monitoring system development for Non-ESP vehicles using machine learning technique. For this purpose, a full vehicle multi-physics
Sachan, Richa, Iqbal, Shoaib
Minimum Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities for Aircraft Tire UsageARP5265C (Current)09/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, and maintenance of aircraft tires and the maintenance of the operating environment to ensure the safety of support personnel and the safe operation of the aircraft.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Minimum Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities for Aircraft Tire UsageARP5265C-TEST-REC (Historical)09/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, and maintenance of aircraft tires and the maintenance of the operating environment to ensure the safety of support personnel and the safe operation of the aircraft.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Emissions-Related OBD Systems: A Design OverviewC0708.Multi07/08/2021
On-board diagnostics, required by governmental regulations, provide a means for reducing harmful pollutants into the environment. Since being mandated in 1996, the regulations have continued to evolve and require engineers to design systems that meet strict guidelines. This one day seminar is designed to provide an overview of the fundamental design objectives and the features needed to achieve those objectives for generic on-board diagnostics. The basic structure of an on-board diagnostic will be described along with the system definitions needed for successful implementation. Please note that because of proprietary considerations, this class does not provide details of algorithm design, algorithm performance, or algorithm application. The class will cover general OBD algorithm designs and the features required to promote sound OBD system design. Individuals desiring a more in-depth look at On-Board Diagnostics should consider attending SAE seminar ID# C0707 Designing On-Board
Catalog of Landing Gear Systems and SuppliersAIR5631A (Current)02/03/2021
The purpose of this document is to provide a listing for current commercial and military aircraft landing gear systems and their types and manufacturers. Data has been provided for the following commercial aircraft types; wide body jet airliners, narrow body jet airliners, and turboprop/commuter aircraft and the following military aircraft types; fighter, bomber, cargo, attack, surveillance, tanker and helicopter categories. The aircraft that have been included in this document are in operational service either with airlines, business, cargo or military operators. No information is presented for aircraft that are currently being developed or that are not in extensive usage. This document will provide an informational reference for landing gear engineers to access when evaluating other gear and aircraft systems. Future revisions of this document will add aircraft as they enter into service.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
“Rds_on” Based OBD for Pre-Supply Fuel Pump Driver ModulesSAE-PP-0016001/26/2021
In automotive electronics on-board diagnostics does the fault diagnosis and reporting. It provides the level of robustness required for the control electronics against various faults. The amount of diagnostic information available via on board diagnostics are depends on the type of vehicle. Pre-supply fuel pump is the component in the common rail hydraulic system. It pumps the fuel from the fuel tank to the inlet valve of the high pressure fuel pump. Electronic control unit synchronizes its operation with high pressure fuel pump. A dedicated driver module in the ECU controls the operation of pre-supply fuel pump. The driver module consist of an ASIC with internal voltage, current monitoring modules for the fault diagnosis and the pre-drivers to control external HS and LS power stages. The software part of the OBD programmed in the internal memory of the ASIC. The “Rds_on” of the power MOSFETs are used for the fault detection purpose. The module designed to operate in dual frequencies
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Tire pressure's impact on EV driving range20AUTP11_0311/01/2020
A new study shows that tighter control of tire-pressure loss can lead to marked improvement in electric-vehicle efficiency. Electric-vehicle development teams have made great advances in improving vehicle range, mitigating “range anxiety” for the end customer. While much focus has been on advances in battery technology, controls and vehicle aerodynamics, EV driving range also is significantly affected by tires. Energy-inefficient tire construction, sub-optimal inflation and other factors can adversely impact EV range. Tires lose a certain amount of air on a continuous basis. An underinflated tire is less stiff and its deformation is much higher, leading to a larger amount of heat dissipation and ultimately higher rolling resistance and poor range efficiency.
Tang, Lamei, Wei, Sheng, Valentage, Jeffrey, Li, Zheng, Nair, Sujith
A System and Method to Determine Soak Time2020-01-201609/15/2020
In a competitive engineering business world, there is a constant demand to meet stringent emissions and on board diagnostic (OBD) regulations in a cost-effective manner. Engineers are tasked with the responsibility to innovate and design solutions around cost-cutting measures that involve reducing bill of material costs on the printed circuit board (PCB). Varied features in commercial application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) devices makes it more challenging to create consistent engineering design methods to provide critical inputs for controls and diagnostic strategies. In addition, continuous evolution of the emissions and OBD regulations in the different markets make it challenging for ASIC design manufacturers to evolve their hardware designs quickly. One such input is soak time. Soak time is typically defined as the amount of time the engine has been turned off. Emission controls and OBD algorithms use soak time to enable cold and hot start processing strategies. There are
Sundar, Bharath, Allen, William J.
Accelerated Ageing Method of Three Way Catalyst Run on Test Bed with Emission Performance and Oxygen Storage Capacity Evaluation2020-01-218909/15/2020
The aim of this paper was to describe a method of accelerated three way catalytic converter (TWC) ageing performed on the engine test bed for European On Board Diagnostics (EOBD) monitoring purposes and screening of different catalysts solutions. To accelerate the catalyst ageing process, the exhaust gas temperature was elevated to a range 1000 - 1200°C, which is typical for an ageing cycle performed using ovens. Catalyst emissions performance was checked at new condition (after degreening) and subsequently at predefined ageing intervals, based on the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) evaluation. The emission tests were performed in the laboratory on the chassis dynamometer using legislative cycles. The accelerated ageing method was found to be of use for verifying the EOBD functionality under vehicle operation with a degraded catalyst substrate. Secondly, the described method allows execution of a time-efficient ageing cycle on a test bed in order to validate catalyst chemistry and
Sala, Rafal, Bielaczyc, Piotr
Softing envisions secure, reliable predictive maintenance20TOFHP08_0508/01/2020
Modern heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks and buses but also forestry and agricultural machines or construction equipment, are packed with E/E components that support self-diagnostic functions and increase the quality of maintenance, service, and repair processes. In service workshops, “right the first try” reduces expensive downtime and saves a lot of money. This objective is supported by a process that captures the already generated in-vehicle data and sends it to a cloud server for analysis and the creation of vehicle- and/or fleet-specific predictive maintenance sequences. The sequences support the service technician in the predictive maintenance process.
Subke, Peter
Marine Stern Drive and Inboard Spark-Ignition Engine On-Board Diagnostics Implementation GuideJ1939-5_202006 (Current)06/30/2020
This document describes the application of the SAE J1939 recommended practices for compliance with on-board diagnostic malfunction detection system requirements for marine sterndrive and inboard spark ignition engines, as mandated by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). These Otto-cycle engines are not derived from automotive diesel-cycle engines.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Marine Stern Drive and Inboard Spark-Ignition Engine On-Board Diagnostics Implementation GuideJ1939-5_202006-TEST-REC (Historical)06/30/2020
This document describes the application of the SAE J1939 recommended practices for compliance with on-board diagnostic malfunction detection system requirements for marine sterndrive and inboard spark ignition engines, as mandated by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). These Otto-cycle engines are not derived from automotive diesel-cycle engines.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Automated Diagnosis of Engine Misfire Faults Using Combination Classifiers02-13-02-000706/26/2020
Existing on-board diagnostics vehicle systems can detect the existence of faults, but their diagnostic (fault isolation) capabilities are rather low. Extensions to on-board diagnostics are needed in order to provide a high degree of automated diagnostic support. In this context, we study in this article the problem of internal combustion engine misfires, which constitute a class of automotive faults known to be difficult to diagnose, and present a combination classifier that has excellent performance in classifying the various root causes of misfire faults. We first obtained real-life data and built a database consisting of 2,299 time instances of actual misfire and misfire-free cases. Fault data were captured on several different vehicle makes and models, with each misfire fault belonging to one of three different categories (air-intake, coil-ignition, and fuel-injection), further subdivided into a total of seven subcategories. We then developed a combination classifier (referred to
Suda, Jessica L., Kagaris, Dimitri
Automated Diagnosis of Engine Misfire Faults Using Combination Classifiers02-13-02-0007-TEST-REC06/26/2020
Existing on-board diagnostics vehicle systems can detect the existence of faults, but their diagnostic (fault isolation) capabilities are rather low. Extensions to on-board diagnostics are needed in order to provide a high degree of automated diagnostic support. In this context, we study in this article the problem of internal combustion engine misfires, which constitute a class of automotive faults known to be difficult to diagnose, and present a combination classifier that has excellent performance in classifying the various root causes of misfire faults. We first obtained real-life data and built a database consisting of 2,299 time instances of actual misfire and misfire-free cases. Fault data were captured on several different vehicle makes and models, with each misfire fault belonging to one of three different categories (air-intake, coil-ignition, and fuel-injection), further subdivided into a total of seven subcategories. We then developed a combination classifier (referred to
Suda, Jessica L., Kagaris, Dimitri
Application Layer - DiagnosticsJ1939/73_202006 (Historical)06/09/2020
SAE J1939-73 defines the SAE J1939 messages to accomplish diagnostic services and identifies the diagnostic connector to be used for the vehicle service tool interface. Diagnostic messages (DMs) provide the utility needed when the vehicle is being repaired. Diagnostic messages are also used during vehicle operation by the networked electronic control modules to allow them to report diagnostic information and self-compensate as appropriate, based on information received. Diagnostic messages include services such as periodically broadcasting active diagnostic trouble codes, identifying operator diagnostic lamp status, reading or clearing diagnostic trouble codes, reading or writing control module memory, providing a security function, stopping/starting message broadcasts, reporting diagnostic readiness, monitoring engine parametric data, etc. California-, EPA-, or EU-regulated OBD requirements are satisfied with a subset of the specified connector and the defined messages.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Data-Driven Framework for Fuel Efficiency Improvement in Extended Range Electric Vehicle Used in Package Delivery Applications2020-01-058904/14/2020
Extended range electric vehicles (EREVs) are a potential solution for fossil fuel usage mitigation and on-road emissions reduction. The use of EREVs can be shown to yield significant fuel economy improvements when proper energy management strategies (EMSs) are employed. However, many in-use EREVs achieve only moderate fuel reduction compared to conventional vehicles due to the fact that their EMS is far from optimal. This paper focuses on in-use rule-based EMSs to improve the fuel efficiency of EREV last-mile delivery vehicles equipped with two-way Vehicle-to-Could (V2C) connectivity. The method uses previous vehicle data collected on actual delivery routes and machine learning methods to improve the fuel economy of future routes. The paper first introduces the main challenges of the project, such as inherent uncertainty in human driver behavior and in the roadway environment. Then, the framework of our practical physics-model guided data-driven approach is introduced. For vehicles
Wang, Pengyue, Northrop, William
Virtual Switches and Indicators in Automotive Displays2020-01-136204/14/2020
This paper presents recent advances in automotive microprocessor, operating system, and supporting software technology that supports regulatory and/or functional safety graphics within vehicle cockpit displays. These graphics include “virtual switches” that replace physical switches in the vehicle, as well as “virtual indicators” that replace physical indicator lights. We discuss the functional safety design process and impacts to software and hardware architecture as well as the software design methods to implement End-To-End [E2E] network protection between different ECUs and software processes. We also describe hardware monitoring requirements within the display panel, backlighting, and touch screen and examine an example system design to illustrate the concepts.
Rush, Scott
How Well Can mPEMS Measure Gas Phase Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions?2020-01-036904/14/2020
“Real world emissions” is an emerging area of focus in motor vehicle related air quality. These emissions are commonly recorded using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) designed for regulatory application, which are large, complex and costly. Miniature PEMS (mPEMS) is a developing technology that can significantly simplify on-board emissions measurement and potentially promote widespread use. Whereas full PEMS use analyzers to record NOx, CO, and HCs similar to those in emissions laboratories, mPEMS tend to use electrochemical sensors and compact optical detectors for their small size and low cost. The present work provides a comprehensive evaluation of this approach. It compares measurements of NOx, CO, CO2 and HC emissions from five commercial mPEMS to both laboratory and full regulatory PEMS analyzers. It further examines the use of vehicle on-board diagnostics data to calculate exhaust flow, as an alternative to on-vehicle exhaust flow measurement. The evaluations
Vu, Diep, Szente, Joseph, Loos, Michael, Maricq, Matti
Test Method for the SAE J3138 Automotive Cyber Security Standard2020-01-014204/14/2020
This paper will provide an Overview of Automotive Cyber Security Standards related to the Vehicle OBD-II Data Link. The OBD-II Connector Attack Tree is described with respect to the SAE J3138 requirements for Intrusive vs. non-Intrusive Services. A proposed test method for SAE J3138 is described including hardware and software scripting. Finally, example test results are reviewed and compared with a potential threat boundary.
Zachos, Mark
Requirements for Built-in Service Port for On-Board DiagnosticsJ2744_202003 (Current)03/11/2020
This document presents the requirements for a built-in service port to be used in vehicles intended to comply with Enhanced Evaporative Emissions Requirements. The primary function of the Service Port (Valve Assembly-Evaporative Emission Canister Purge Harness Service) is to provide non-destructive access to the evaporative emissions system to enable testing of the integrity of the system. The Service Port is used to introduce air pressure or fuel vapors into, or evacuates them out of, the system. This access may be used for the following evaluations: • Evaporative System Certifications Canister Loading and Purging • End-of-line Testing System Integrity • Service (e.g. OBD MIL on) Leak Location and Repair Verification • In-Use Compliance Testing Canister Loading and Purging • Inspection/Maintenance Testing System Integrity and Purge Check
Fuel Systems Standards Committee
Permanently or Semi-Permanently Installed Diagnostic Communication Devices, Security GuidelinesJ3005-2_202003 (Current)03/04/2020
The scope of the document is to define the cyber-security best practices to reduce interference with normal vehicle operation, or to minimize risk as to unauthorized access of the vehicle's control, diagnostic, or data storage system; access by equipment (i.e., permanently or semi-permanently installed diagnostic communication device, also known as dongle, etc.) which is either permanently or semi-permanently connected to the vehicle's OBD diagnostic connector, either SAE J1939-13, SAE J1962, or other future protocol; or hardwired directly to the in-vehicle network. This document only specifies requirements and guidance for those diagnostic communication devices and not for the vehicle. Refer to SAE J3138 for requirements for the vehicle side.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Tire Performance TerminologyJ2047_201911 (Current)11/14/2019
This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.
Highway Tire Committee
Tire Performance TerminologyJ2047_201911-TEST-REC (Historical)11/14/2019
This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.
Highway Tire Committee
Development of Data Acquisition and Analysis System: Telemetry in Automotive2019-28-007510/11/2019
Digital data extraction is the most important and advance informative system that are embedded in the modern world functioning machinery to acquire the most precise feedback about the real-time operational situation of the machine to the control centre of operation. This data that is acquired from the machinery can be used to increase the efficiency, operational timing, production-cost and the overall human effort that is required for the operation. This paper focuses on the development on the advanced telemetry system that is capable to acquire real-time data of the modern vehicle wirelessly during its motion. A mobile automotive telemetry system for installation on-board a vehicle, includes: diagnostic structure for monitoring operational functions of the vehicle and generating operational information; memory for storing the generated operational information; and a server, in communication with the diagnostic structure and the memory. The server includes: (a) structure to receive a
Rastogi, Divyansh, Kumar, Gokul, Naiju, Chooriyaparambil Damodaran
E/E Data Link SecurityJ2186_201907 (Current)07/12/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform practice for protecting vehicle components from "unauthorized" access through a vehicle data link connector (DLC). The document defines a security system for motor vehicle and tool manufacturers. It will provide flexibility to tailor systems to the security needs of the vehicle manufacturer. The vehicle modules addressed are those that are capable of having solid state memory contents accessed or altered through the data link connector. Improper memory content alteration could potentially damage the electronics or other vehicle modules; risk the vehicle compliance to government legislated requirements; or risk the vehicle manufacturer's security interests. This document does not imply that other security measures are not required nor possible.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
J1979-DA, Digital Annex of E/E Diagnostic Test ModesJ1979DA_201905 (Historical)05/08/2019
On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) regulations require passenger cars, and light and medium duty trucks, to support communication of a minimum set of diagnostic information to off-board “generic” test equipment. This document specifies the diagnostic data which may be required to be supported by motor vehicles and external test equipment for diagnostic purposes which pertain to motor vehicle emission-related data. SAE J1979 was originally developed to meet U.S. OBD requirements for 1996 and later model year vehicles. ISO 15031 5 was based on SAE J1979 and was intended to combine the U.S. requirements with European OBD requirements for 2000 and later model year vehicles.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Improvement of the Resilience of a Cyber-Physical Remote Diagnostic Communication System against Cyber Attacks2019-01-011204/02/2019
In the near future, vehicles will operate autonomously and communicate with their environment. This communication includes Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication, and comunication with cloud-based servers (V2C). To improve the resilience of remote diagnostic communication between a vehicle and external test equipment against cyberattacks, it is imperative to understand and analyze the functionality and vulnerability of each communication system component, including the wired and wireless communication channels. This paper serves as a continuation of the SAE Journal publication on measures to prevent unauthorized access to the in-vehicle E/E system [9], explains the components of a cyber-physical system (CPS) for remote diagnostic communication, analyzes their vulnerability against cyberattacks and explains measures to improve the resiliance.
Subke, Peter, Moshref, Muzafar
A Resonant Capacitive Coupling WPT-Based Method to Power and Monitor Seat Belt Buckle Switch Status in Removable and Interchangeable Seats2019-01-046504/02/2019
In this study, we present an intelligent and wireless subsystem for powering and communicating with three sets of seat belt buckle sensors that are each installed on removable and interchangeable automobile seating. As automobile intelligence systems advance, a logical step is for the driver’s dashboard to display seat belt buckle indicators for rear seating in addition to the front seating. The problem encountered is that removable and interchangeable automobile seating outfitted with wired power and data links are inherently less reliable than rigidly fixed seating, as there is a risk of damage to the detachable power and data connectors throughout end-user seating removal/re-installation cycles. The present study tackles this issue through outfitting three removable and interchangeable rear seat assemblies with resonant capacitive coupling wireless power transfer as to power each rear seat across a variable gap between the interior paneling and that side of the seat closest to the
Cuddihy, Mark, Pottle, Brian
Security Mechanisms Design of Automotive Gateway Firewall2019-01-048104/02/2019
Automotive security has become one of important topics in recent years under new automotive Electronic and Electrical Architecture (EEA). With the development of Intelligent Connected Vehicle (ICV), it has become possible to hack an automotive through in-vehicle networks. The introduction of Information Communications Technology (ICT) brings more risk threats to automotive. Researchers have shown that an attacker can easily tamper with many automotive functions via On-Board Diagnostic II (OBD-II) or In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI). In order to protect automotive against malicious attacks, automotive security risks were analyzed and then security mechanisms based on network firewall were designed in this paper. Automotive network firewall is a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffics of automotive based on predetermined security rules. The main functions of network firewall include packet filter, anti-DoS and access control. Because of deferent
Luo, Feng, Hou, Shuo
2019 Ram Chassis Cab: More capability, more driver-assist tech19TOFHP04_1204/01/2019
The 2019 Ram 3500, 4500, and 5500 Chassis Cab commercial trucks herald class-leading capability in towing, payload, and Gross Combined Weight Ratings (GCWR). “We drove our engineers bonkers to get the very best,” quipped Jim Morrison, head of Ram Brand at FCA North America. Morrison spoke with Truck & Off-Highway Engineering at the 2019 Chicago Auto Show following the global debut of the 2019 Ram Chassis Cab, which claims segment-leading towing of up to 35,220 lb (15,975 kg). It has the segment's highest GCWR (a combined truck, load and trailer weight) at 43,000 lb (19,504 kg), a 4,500-lb (2,041-kg) increase over the 2018 model.
Buchholz, Kami
CAN-Bus Remote Monitoring: Standalone CAN Sensor Reading and Automotive Diagnostics12-02-01-000302/08/2019
A vehicle may be a font of data for some applications in safety, maintenance, and entertainment systems, once its electronic control units are connected to each other by a Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. By plugging a compatible device on the vehicle onboard diagnostics interface, reading raw data or conducting automotive diagnostics by International Standardization Organization 15765 and Society of Automotive Engineers J1979 is possible. The usual low-cost CAN data acquisition devices do not allow the connection to a cloud service for remote monitoring. Looking at this issue, this work proposes a low-cost NodeMCU CAN shield for data acquisition which is able to read the CAN frame of a Steering Angle Sensor, in Scenario 1, and standardized information from a vehicle such as its speed, identification number, and engine coolant temperature by automotive diagnostics, in Scenario 2. Both vehicle and standalone sensor data will be made available to the system user by the Thinger.io
Stevan Jr., Sergio Luiz, Farinelli, Felipe Adalberto
Application Layer - DiagnosticsJ1939/73_201901 (Historical)01/31/2019
SAE J1939-73 Diagnostics Application Layer defines the SAE J1939 messages to accomplish diagnostic services and identifies the diagnostic connector to be used for the vehicle service tool interface. Diagnostic messages (DMs) provide the utility needed when the vehicle is being repaired. Diagnostic messages are also used during vehicle operation by the networked electronic control modules to allow them to report diagnostic information and self-compensate as appropriate, based on information received. Diagnostic messages include services such as periodically broadcasting active diagnostic trouble codes, identifying operator diagnostic lamp status, reading or clearing diagnostic trouble codes, reading or writing control module memory, providing a security function, stopping/starting message broadcasts, reporting diagnostic readiness, monitoring engine parametric data, etc. California-, EPA-, or EU-regulated OBD requirements are satisfied with a subset of the specified connector and the
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Digital Annex of Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions and Failure Type Byte DefinitionsJ2012DA_201812 (Historical)12/19/2018
The J2012 Digital Annex of Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions Spreadsheet provides DTC information in an excel format for use in your organization's work processes. The column headings include the same information as contained in the J2012 standard. Information in the excel spreadsheet will be updated several times annually, and the spreadsheet includes a column heading denoting which DTC have been updated in the current version.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Data Acquisition from Light-Duty Vehicles Using OBD and CANR-45811/15/2018
Modern vehicles have multiple electronic control units (ECU) to control various subsystems such as the engine, brakes, steering, air conditioning, and infotainment. These ECUs are networked together to share information directly with each other. This in-vehicle network provides a data opportunity for improved maintenance, fleet management, warranty and legal issues, reliability, and accident reconstruction. Data Acquisition from Light-Duty Vehicles Using OBD and CAN is a guide for the reader on how to acquire and correctly interpret data from the in-vehicle network of light-duty (LD) vehicles. The reader will learn how to determine what data is available on the vehicle's network, acquire messages and convert them to scaled engineering parameters, apply more than 25 applicable standards, and understand 15 important test modes. Topics featured in this book include: • Calculated fuel economy • Duty cycle analysis • Capturing intermittent faults Written by two specialists in this field
Walter, Eric, Walter, Richard
Detection of Lane-Changing Behavior Using Collaborative Representation Classifier-Based Sensor Fusion09-06-02-001010/29/2018
Sideswipe accidents occur primarily when drivers attempt an improper lane change, drift out of lane, or the vehicle loses lateral traction. In this article, a fusion approach is introduced that utilizes data from two differing modality sensors (a front-view camera and an onboard diagnostics (OBD) sensor) for the purpose of detecting driver’s behavior of lane changing. For lane change detection, both feature-level fusion and decision-level fusion are examined by using a collaborative representation classifier (CRC). Computationally efficient detection features are extracted from distances to the detected lane boundaries and vehicle dynamics signals. In the feature-level fusion, features generated from two differing modality sensors are merged before classification, while in the decision-level fusion, the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory is used to combine the classification outcomes from two classifiers, each corresponding to one sensor. The results indicated that the feature-level fusion
Gao, Jun, Murphey, Yi Lu
On Board Diagnostics (OBD) for Multi Topology Hybrid Electric Powertrain Architectures2018-01-182709/10/2018
OBD is extended to electric powertrain components in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) architectures to monitor all components which influence vehicle emissions and electrical energy consumption. Besides main electric components, like battery, inverter, electric machines including their thermal management, other electric powertrain components and systems need to be evaluated as part of comprehensive component monitoring. The multiple possible HEV topologies require a complex assessment regarding the OBD relevance decisions of the electric drivetrain components or systems. In addition, specificities to OBD perimeter design in the hybrid architecture need to be appropriately chosen. This paper analyzes in detail the OBD regulation requirements for electric propulsion components as in the US regulation, which is an envelope for major global markets like Europe, China, Japan and Korea. Typical hybrid topologies from the literature and FEV’s comprehensive library are used as citation in this
Soundara Rajan, Ragupathi, Ferzli, Michel, Richert, Felix, Weem, Dirk Van Der
Effects of Environmental Parameters on Real-World NOx Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Using an OBD Approach2018-01-181709/10/2018
OBD (On-Board Diagnostic) test system is applied to research influences of environmental parameters (altitude and environment temperature) on real-world NOx emission and fuel consumption for heavy-duty diesel trucks in this paper. The research results indicate that altitude and environment temperature have great influence on NOx emission rate and fuel consumption. High altitude in range of 3000~4000 m results in NOx emission rate is lower than low and moderate temperature because of air intake amount decreasing. However the fuel consumption rate is higher than lower altitude because altitude influences real-time changes of air inflow and combustion conditions in the cylinder of the engine. NOx emission rate and fuel consumption is more stable at different vehicle speed, VSP and RPM at high altitude, and NOx emission rate fluctuate dramatically at low and moderate altitude. The fuel consumption rate is higher at 10~20 °C than that at lower and higher temperature. The environment
Zhou, Hua, Zhao, Hongwei, Feng, Qian, Yin, Zenghui, Li, JIngyuan, Qin, Kongjian, Li, Mengliang, Cao, Lijuan
Guidelines for Testing and Support of Aerospace, Fiber Optic, Inter-Connect SystemsARP5061A (Current)08/16/2018
ARP5061A provides guidelines for optical performance testing of short haul fiber optic inter-connection systems used in aerospace vehicles. The focus of this document is to introduce the proper testing tools and establish common pre- and post-installation test methods and troubleshooting methodologies.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Early Acquisition and Preservation of Information in a Motor Vehicle CrashJ1674_201807 (Current)07/12/2018
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to offer simplified and prioritized guidelines for collecting and preserving on-scene data related to motor vehicle crashes. It is intended that these guidelines improve the effectiveness of data collection, which will assist subsequent analysis and reconstruction of a particular crash. This document is intended to guide early data collectors whose objectives include documenting information related to the crash. It may be used by law enforcement personnel, safety officials, insurance adjusters and other interested parties. This document identifies categories of scene physical features that deteriorate relatively quickly and recommends documentation task priorities. Detailed methods of collecting data are not part of this document. However, some widely used methods are described in the references in Section 2.
Data Collection and Archiving Standards Committee
A Robust Wheel Slip Control Design with Radius Dynamics Observer for EV10-02-02-000906/18/2018
In order to improve the safety and dynamic performance of electric vehicles equipped with four in-wheel electric motors, and prevent the wheels from locking or slipping when braking or accelerating, a new longitudinal control strategy which combines ASR traction and ABS braking control is proposed using an observation algorithm of effective radius for four wheel of electric vehicle. Using the electric motor torques as the unique actuator signal sources, this combined ASR/ABS can act as acceleration slip regulation (ASR) by preventing the wheels from slipping during acceleration and as an antilock braking system (ABS) by preventing the wheels from getting locked during braking. A variation of effective radius of the wheel’s tire can have an incidence on the longitudinal and lateral control. Moreover, the wheel effective radius observer based on high order sliding mode approach using the information of the electric motor torques and the angular velocities is used in the combined ASR/ABS
Hartani, Kada, Khalfaoui, Mohamed, Merah, Abdelkader, Aouadj, Norediene
Characterization, Conducted ImmunityJ2628_201806 (Current)06/12/2018
The methods included in this document are: a Voltage-Temperature Design Margins. b Voltage Interruptions and Transients. c Voltage Dropouts and Dips. d Current Draw Under a Number of Conditions. e Switch Input Noise These methods are best applied during the Development stage but can be used at all stages (e.g., Pre-Qualification, Qualification or Conformity).
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
An Innovative Design of In-Tire Energy Harvester for the Power Supply of Tire Sensors2018-01-111504/03/2018
With the development of intelligent vehicle and active vehicle safety systems, the demand of sensors is increasing, especially in-tire sensors. Tire parameters are essential for vehicle dynamic control, including tire pressure, tire temperature, slip angle, longitudinal force, etc.. The diversification and growth of in-tire sensors require adequate power supply. Traditionally, embedded batteries are used to power sensors in tire, however, they must be replaced periodically because of the limited energy storage. The power limitation of the batteries would reduce the real-time data transmission frequency and deteriorate the vehicle safety. Heightened interest focuses on generating power through energy harvesting systems in replace of the batteries. Current in-tire energy harvesting devices include piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic and electromechanical mechanism, whose energy sources include tire deformations, vibrations and rotations. Through comparison, in-tire energy
Liu, Xiaoxue, Yu, Liangyao, Zheng, Sheng, Chang, Jinghu
A Proposal to Re-architect Automotive OBD Freeze Frame Storage Requirements and the Associated Service-Oriented Freeze Frame Storage Algorithm Design2018-01-087204/03/2018
Automotive OBD freeze frame storage is mandated by regulations since the creation of OBD-II in 1994. The main purpose is to help service engineers to identify the cause of the associated fault. Although OBD regulations [1] have gone through multiple updates and major changes since 1994, the regulations requirements on freeze frame storage, however, remain almost the same. The flexibility to comply with the mandated requirements allows OEMs to come up with very different designs, and potentially would confuse the service engineers when repairing different powertrains and could compromise the main purpose of helping identify the root cause of faults. In 2015, GM fellows [2], together with SAE J1979 committee members, proposed a set of future requirements on the OBD freeze frame storage with the intention to standardize the requirements by mandating the rules what to store and when to store, the minimum number of frames, and the numbering of the frames. The proposal is better than the
Guo, Yichao, LU, Wei, Terauchi, Kazumichi
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