Browse Topic: Electronic throttle control

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Neural Network Based Throttle Actuator Model for Controller2019-26-02471/9/2019
HiL is a closed loop validation setup widely used in the validation of real-time control systems. In the existing HiL setup, the ECUs to be tested are real while the remaining vehicle is modelled as plant model using Simulink. But some actuators like throttle valve, waste-gate valve, injectors, etc. are not modelled as plant model. Since these actuators exhibit hard nonlinearity, it is difficult to design accurate models of these actuators. So these actuators are connected to the HiL as real hardware components. But the major drawbacks of using real hardware components are: they need more space and they are costly. Hence, in this work, a real-time throttle actuator model for the controller is proposed. A throttle actuator contains a DC motor and a spring loaded flap. To create an accurate ODE based model of the throttle actuator, parameter identification of each component of the throttle actuator needs to be done separately by dismantling the actuator. This approach needs more effort and time. Hence, a robust non-linear learning based model is proposed. The learning based model uses neural network which is trained using input and output data across throttle actuator. To train the model, a new parameter estimation algorithm is also proposed. The proposed parameter estimation process is based on meta-heuristic simulated annealing search algorithm. The proposed model is trained by taking input and output data across the throttle actuator from HiL. The trained model is then validated using WLTP dataset and is found to be working satisfactorily. Hence, the model is planned to be tested real-time on HiL in the next step. In this work, the parameter estimation process is presented.
Khasnabish, Neilay, Suggu, Dhanunjaya, Koppad, Ashwini
Development and Optimisation of an Adaptive Safety Monitor2018-01-08674/3/2018
Fuel economy and emission challenges are pushing automotive OEMs to develop alternative hybrid-electric, and full-electric powertrains. This increases variation in potential powertrain architectures, exacerbating the already complex control software used to coordinate various propulsion devices within the vehicle. Safety of this control software must be ensured through high-integrity software monitoring functions that detect faults and ensure safe mitigating action is taken. With the complexity of the control software, this monitoring functionality has itself become complex, requiring extensive modification for each new powertrain architecture. Significant effort is required to develop, calibrate, and verify to ensure safety (as defined by ISO 26262). But this must also be robust against false fault-detection, thereby maximising vehicle availability to the customer. It is therefore desirable to investigate whether novel approaches for software safety monitoring can address the complexity and calibration burden whilst robustly achieving safety with minimal effect on availability. A novel adaptive safety monitor is proposed as an innovative software fault-detection concept, aiming to enable transferability between powertrains without modification and minimal recalibration effort. This paper will outline challenges faced by current fault-detection methods, and how an adaptive safety monitor concept can overcome them. Development of concept is then discussed, with the introduction of a two-stage algorithm, and a performance analysis is conducted through model simulation, demonstrating improved robustness against false faults. A parameter calibration and optimisation process is demonstrated through design-of-experiments (DoE), concluding with further work and an outlook into future commercial applications, both in the automotive industry and beyond.
Botes, Frederik, McGeoch, David, Darnell, Paul, Hillis, Andrew, Akehurst, Sam
SUPPLIER EYE17AUTP05_085/1/2017
Toward a “by wire” vehicle When President Kennedy proclaimed in 1961 that the U.S. would put a man on the moon by 1969, the engineers and scientists involved knew that building the delivery systems had to be a staged process of constant improvement. Creating the knowledge base, supplier capability, test regimens and importantly, the experience and reliability, were all tightly defined through the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs. Skipping a step or shortcutting any development phase would have resulted in failure. The road to autonomous driving is, to a lesser degree, a “moonshot” of its own. This is becoming evident as new “by wire” capabilities are integrated into the vehicle in stages. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB), Lane Keeping Assistance (LKA) and other enhanced control/detection technologies require a host of new technologies: new sensors operating in “fusion” with others that are more flexible; offering vastly enhanced computing speed and capacity; and networked connectivity are vital building blocks in the incremental journey to SAE Level 4 and Level 5 vehicle autonomy. Virtually every subsystem will need to be modified-and in some cases, re-invented.
Software Test and Calibration Using Virtual Manufacturing2017-01-05363/28/2017
This paper describes how distributive computing along with statistical subsystem simulation can be applied to produce near production ready embedded vehicle software and calibrations. Coupling distributive computing and statistical simulation was first employed over a decade ago at General Motors to design and analyze propulsion subsystem hardware. Recently this method of simulation has been enhanced extending its capabilities to both test embedded vehicle code as well as develop calibrations. A primary advantage of this simulation technique is its ability to generate data from a statistically significant population of subsystems. The result is the acquisition of an optimal data set enabling the development of a robust design now including both embedded code and calibrations. Additionally it has been shown that there are significant economic advantages in terms of time and cost associated with this type of development when compared to traditional method. The following section will describe in detail using examples and data the advantages of this innovative approach to software testing and calibration.
Goodwin, William, Mancuso, Claudio, Brown, Nicolas
Robust Model-Based Discrete Sliding Mode Control of an Automotive Electronic Throttle Body2017-01-05983/28/2017
Electronic throttle control is an integral part of an engine electronic control unit (ECU) that directly affects vehicle fuel economy, drivability, and engine-out emissions by managing engine torque and air-fuel ratio through adjusting intake charge flow to the engine. The highly nonlinear dynamics of the throttle body call for nonlinear control techniques that can be implemented in real-time and are also robust to controller implementation imprecision. Discrete sliding mode control (DSMC) is a computationally efficient controller design technique which can handle systems with high degree of nonlinearity. In this paper, a generic robust discrete sliding mode controller design is proposed and experimentally verified for the throttle position tracking problem. In addition, a novel method is used to predict and incorporate the sampling and quantization imprecisions into the DSMC structure. First, a nonlinear physical model for an electromechanical throttle body is derived. Parameters of the model are determined using techniques of model/parameter identification. Next, a DSMC is formulated for controlling the throttle position. The performance of the DSMC is examined under different sampling and quantization levels via the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The experimental results show that the controller tracking performance is significantly affected by the ADC imprecisions. To this end, ADC effects are modeled and the DSMC control law is reformulated to consider and overcome the uncertainty due to ADC imprecisions. Real-time experimental validation results show that the proposed robust DSMC improves the throttle position tracking performance, under ADC imprecisions, by up to 70% compared to a conventional controller.
Amini, Mohammad Reza, Razmara, Meysam, Shahbakhti, Mahdi
Control Strategy Development of Natural Gas/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine for Heavy Duty Vehicle2016-01-06284/5/2016
An applicable and comprehensive control strategy of a natural gas/diesel dual fuel engine is presented in this paper. The dual fuel engine is converted from a conventional mechanical pump, turbo charged, heavy duty diesel engine. In the dual fuel mode, the pedal position is explained as demanded total fuel quantity, the quantity of pilot diesel and natural gas are calculated in order to provide the equal energy with the original diesel engine at the same operation condition, the proportion of the natural gas is primarily determined by the load rate and the speed of the engine. When the engine is working under light or moderate load, the intake air is throttled in order to improve the brake mean effective pressure and reduce the hydrocarbon emissions of the dual fuel engine, according to target excess air ratio and the quantities of the two fuels, the desired air mass per cycle can be obtained. After that a mean value model based feedforward control is adopted to calculate the electronic throttle position, with a universal exhaust gas oxygen sensor, a proportional-integral controller is designed, therefore feedback control is introduced to the air/fuel ratio control system to enhance its accuracy and robustness. Verification test results show that: the engine which employs the control strategy in this paper can work stably and reliably with less calibration data; the air/fuel ratio is regulated accurately and quickly; dual fuel engine has better fuel economy even though its brake thermal efficiency is lower due to the comparatively low price of natural gas; intake throttling has significant effect on improving the economy and hydrocarbon emission of the dual fuel engine under light and moderate load.
Wang, Long, Chen, Zhanming, Yang, Bo, Zeng, Ke, Zhang, Kongming, Jin, Zebing
Modeling Methodology for ECU Behavioral Verification in a Real Operation2015-01-01724/14/2015
Presented in this research is methodology for modeling the behavior of an automotive ECU (Electronic Control Unit) to verify in a production system. The methodology of this paper is to verify the defects of ECU products during in a real operation, before the defective ECU equipped to an automobile. The performance of an ECU operation is dependent on not only the specification of a hardware device, but also a software program installed in the memory of an ECU. The software program of an ECU is able to be validated before installation, but the validation process is usually executed in a very controllable environment. In order to consider the software program which is frequently changeable in practice, the verification methodology of ECU products as the hardware device and software program integrated is required for detecting defective ECU products caused by inappropriate software program during in manufacturing processes. The main objective of this research is to suggest the modeling methodology of ECU behaviors as the input of a test system. In order to model the system input, this research acquires the data of signals from sensors and loads on actuators, during the operation of an ECU product equipped in a real vehicle. The acquired data is analyzed to generate a model that imitates the behaviors of an ECU in operation. The provided modeling methodology has been implemented and tested with several products.
Ham, Won Kyung, Park, Sangchul, Park, JiMyoung, Ko, Minsuk, Yoo, Min-Ho
Developing Functional Safety Requirements using Process Model Variables2015-01-02754/14/2015
In ISO 26262, the top-level safety goals are derived using the Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment. Functional safety requirements (FSRs) are then derived from these safety goals in the concept phase (ISO 26262-3:2011). The standard does not call out a specific method to develop these FSRs from safety goals. However, ISO 26262-8:2011, Clause 6, does establish requirements to ensure consistent management and correct specification of safety requirements with respect to their attributes and characteristics throughout the safety lifecycle. Hence, there are expectations on the part of system engineers to bridge this gap. The method proposed in this paper utilizes concepts from process modeling to ensure the completeness of these requirements, eliminate any external inconsistencies between them and improve verifiability. The goals of process modeling are to understand the current state of the process in detail, define the desired state of the process and implement techniques to change the state. The process model variables provide the appropriate context needed to define these states. These principles are commonly adopted in the fields of software development and chemical engineering. They are also being used to improve safety in aviation and industrial operations with some success. In an ISO 26262-based product development, process modeling can help define all the safety-relevant attributes of a system and analyze them. With this information, the functional safety requirements can be written with a high level of rigor. Electronic Throttle Control is used in this paper as an example to illustrate the advantages of the proposed method.
Krithivasan, Gokul, Taylor, William, Nelson, Jody
Impact of Mega Trends and the Electronic Content in Vehicles: Technology Leadership Brief2012-01-902510/8/2012
With increasing urbanization, there is a heightened demand for smarter mobility solutions. This implies not only greener mobility, but also state-of-the-art commuting solutions. While “electric” is the buzzword for mobility in the current decade, soon it will be as common as any other mode of transport. Moreover, conventional cars have increased their electronic content both for human-machine interface (HMI) and also within each of the traditional systems such as engine management, steering, suspension, braking and safety systems. As technological paradigm shifts keep changing the way cars are defined, they will redefine the mobility concept in itself at a panoramic level. Recent emergence of carsharing, (as opposed to earlier concepts of carpooling), increased consumer demand to stay connected to the internet and multimedia during transport, a more sophisticated way of controlling vehicular applications, and ensuring a safe commuting experience are all key trends growing in mobility today. On the regulatory side, governmental focus on reducing emissions and fatalities in a smarter, greener society entwines itself into contemporary technological innovations - for both the car manufacturer and the mobility integrator.
Whalen, Lisa, Natarajan, Prana Tharthihara, Rajagopalan, Krishnasami, Chandrasekar, Praveen, Kumar, Anjan
Promoting the Robustness of Calibration-Based Computations2012-01-00304/16/2012
Calibration parameters are extensively used in complex automotive Engine Control Units (ECUs), including ECUs for the engine, transmission, Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), and Electronic Stability Control (ESC). Calibration engineers can set the exact values of calibration parameters for a given software application after the ECU software is built. Such parameters also enable a single set of software to control multiple hardware variants, for example 4-cylinder and 6-cylinder engine variants, or turbo and non-turbo variants. In an ECU, there are often hundreds and sometimes tens of thousands of calibration parameters, some of which are multidimensional tables. With this level of complexity, ensuring that the ECU software using the values from these tables will not encounter an overflow operation, divide by zero condition, or illegal memory access run-time error can be a significant challenge. Due to the connection between hardware and software, such errors could potentially cause hardware damage or unexpected behavior, which in turn can lead to end-user safety concerns With traditional testing it is impossible to exhaustively test such complex software systems, comprised of both calibration parameters and code, to prove that the software is free of run-time errors. Verification based on formal methods may provide a means by which it may be possible to learn more about the quality of the software from a run-time perspective. With formal methods, it is possible to exhaustively verify the software, even software with sophisticated calibration parameters. Using formal methods, engineers can specify the full range of data in the calibration tables and exhaustively verify the software, rather than testing with a limited range of data in the tables.
Abraham, Jay
Development of Electronic Throttle Actuation for a 50cc 2-Stroke Scooter Application2011-32-058111/8/2011
This paper is an introduction to the opportunities, challenges and technical solutions chosen for implementation of an electronic throttle control (ETC) system on a 50cc 2-stroke scooter. The paper outlines the selection of the ETC motor and the choice of the throttle position sensing (TPS) system along with the development of a new twin sensor throttle demand (TDS) twist grip, and briefly describes the benefits achieved in fuel economy, electronic vehicle speed control, improved start-up and idle stability. The ETC software operational strategy; including start flare, idle speed control and vehicle speed control are presented as real world strategies to achieve 22% improvements in fuel economy and accurate electronic vehicle speed control.
Smither, B., Allen, J., Ravenhill, P., Farmer, G., Grosch, P., Demesse, E.
Technologies for Practical Application of a TBW System for Large Motorcycle with Improved Driving Feel, Sound Quality, and Layout Flexibility2010-01-10944/12/2010
Honda R&D has developed a throttle-by-wire (TBW) system that meets the needs of motorcycles where the attitude of the vehicle body is controlled by operation of the throttle. To gain high response and following for the throttle valve, we employed a new adaptive control algorithm. The newly developed system has an idling combustion stabilization function and a three-dimensional control function for the throttle-opening map based on running gear and engine speed. With those functions, we improved the controllability of the motorcycle, especially for small throttle openings. Furthermore, we improved the feeling of the limiter control used in maximum-speed limitation. For the overall system, intake system related devices are consolidated to improve the layout flexibility and expand the mounting options on the motorcycle.
Nishimura, Shin, Tetsuka, Takashi, Asada, Yukihiro, Kono, Tomoya, Tsuyuguchi, Makoto, Nojima, Satoru
Use of Feedback Control to Improve HIL Based ECU System Function Testing2010-01-06634/12/2010
Most times in ECU system function testing, the sensor input signals are directly set to a known value in order to drive the corresponding software variable to within a range of an expected value. This works only if the transfer function from the physical signal input to the software variable is well defined such as the measurement on MAP, A/C pressure, etc. Nevertheless, there are times the transfer function is not clearly defined and it is difficult to drive the software variable to an expected value. One example is throttle position sensor (TPS) test in an electronic throttle control (ETC) system, where TPS is not directly driven by the driver accelerator pedal sensor (APS) and it is very difficult to get TPS to an expected range by only changing APS. This paper introduces a method to use feedback in an HIL based ECU testing system to control outputs to an expected range. In this case study, the signal to be controlled is connected back to the HIL system to provide feedback. The error between the target and the actual signal is used in a PID control system to adjust the input signal dynamically and keep the signal to be controlled within the targeted range. Two different feedback methods, namely hardware feedback by physically connecting the signal to be controlled to HIL simulator and software feedback by reading back the software variable to be controlled through ASAP3 protocol between the HIL simulator and ECU instrumentation tool, are evaluated.
Chen, Yixin, Carpenter, Rob
Optimization of PID Control for Engine Electronic Throttle System Using Iterative Feedback Tuning2009-01-03704/20/2009
The Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) system is more and more used and increasingly becoming a standard part of the engine. It controls the amount of air intake into the cylinders by precisely positioning the throttle plate at the desired opening. An ETC system provides the possibility of improving the overall engine and vehicle performance because with such a mechanism, the engine controller can decide and set the throttle position not only based on driver intention, but also taking into consideration the specific engine operation mode information, such as safety factors, emission constraints, etc. After the throttle position target is determined, the requirement for the ETC system is that the throttle plate should achieve the commanded position as accurately and as quickly as possible. In many cases the controller is designed by first establishing a model of the electronic throttle system using experimental identification. However, due to such nonlinear effects as static friction, dynamic friction, and nonlinear return springs etc., identification of a model for the electronic throttle system sometimes does not give good results. This makes a controller design based on the model far from optimal. Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) is a method for directly tuning the controller parameters based on the data of closed loop experiments without the need for an explicit model of the system. This property makes IFT an attractive method for ETC design. In this paper a Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2-DOF) Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for an engine electronic throttle system is designed and the PID control gains are optimized using IFT. The application shows that the IFT method gives very good performance for controller tuning.
Jiang, Shugang, Smith, Michael H., Kitchen, James
Research of Electronically Controlled Throttle System for Large Motorcycles2009-01-10474/20/2009
There are various demands concerning the motorcycle rider’s throttle input such as nonlinearly engine output attribute control and maximum speed control. To realize those demands by electronic control, we mounted the Drive-by-Wire (DBW) throttle system, which is currently being used on existing automobiles, to motorcycles, but the system failed to meet the demands of the motorcycle. Response to the throttle speed change was an issue; therefore, we built up the control system to satisfy the motorcycle’s demand for response by changing the high speed response equation of adaptive sliding mode control and adding the hysteresis property correction equation of the throttle body drive-train. As a result, we could realize response equivalent to that of a mechanical throttle.
Abe, Takeru, Asada, Yukihiro, Tsuyuguchi, Makoto, Yamazaki, Ryutaro, Hotta, Kazuhito
Model Based Control System Design and Control Strategies on ETC2008-32-00389/9/2008
We are mass-producing the electronic throttle body (ETB). The nonlinearity of electronic throttle friction and the return spring Limp-Home affects the valve positioning performance of the electronic throttle control (ETC) system. The nonlinear computer ETB model was built based on mechanical and electrical design and experimental data. Two steps were used for the throttle valve controller design. The computer model was verified and designed by comparing the simulation results and the real throttle valve experimental data. A rapid prototyping processor was used for performance tests and validation of the controller and a low performance microprocessor was used for testing the implementation of the ETC, using the automatic production code generator.
Hazu, Kenichi, Yokoyama, Munekazu
Investigation of Transient Performance for Gasoline Engine with Electronic Throttle Control System2008-01-17826/23/2008
The calibration of the electronic throttle unit and the pedal unit was made. Based on it, an electronic control system of electronic throttle was designed and installed on a 4G18 engine. Engine experiment was made especially for its transient working condition. Engine performance at transient working condition was investigated. The test results indicate that the optimum way of opening the throttle valve is to open the throttle valve to the target location at once, when 4G18 engine transit from 2000r/min to 3000r/min without load. And its optimum calibration for the electronic throttle control unit is made based on the test results. The control system, the experiment, the test results and the calibration were introduced in this paper.
Nan, Xu, Xiumin, Yu, Jinguang, Ling, Ping, Sun, Wensuo, Yi, Yunkan, Wang, Langsi, Ke
ECU Software Abnormal Behavior Detection Based On Mahalanobis-Taguchi Technique2008-01-12194/14/2008
To confirm the correct operation and detect the potential errors in the ever more complicated automotive ECU application software are very challenging. This paper presents a new approach to detect potential ECU application software abnormal behavior based on the Mahalanobis Distance, the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System, and vehicle driving data playback capability with a simulator. Vehicle driving data is recorded by instrumentation calibration tools and played back on the test bench to stimulate the ECU. In our study, the normal behavior is characterized by the Mahalanobis Distance (MD), which is calculated from the data set logged while playing back the recorded vehicle maneuvers while the ECU is flashed with “baseline software” that was believed to be error free. Then the MDs were calculated from a new data set logged while playing back the same vehicle maneuvers while the ECU was flashed with the new software. The large MDs resulting from the new software indicate times when the new software behaved abnormally. An MD from the data set that is above a threshold indicates a potential software error, which must be investigated in detail by an expert. Some encouraging experimental results using the method on Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) sub-system tests are presented and indicate the capability for this method to detect potential software errors.
Chen, Yixin, Phillips, John
Electronic Throttle Control for Motorcycles2007-32-004410/30/2007
Gasoline engines use throttle valves to control the intake air flow and thereby power and torque output. Throttle valves in today's motorcycles are mechanical; they are linked to the accelerator hand grip by a throttle cable. In cars, this type of system has mostly been replaced by electronic throttle control (ETC). An electronic throttle device is controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU) based on the input from a sensor in the accelerator pedal. In the motorcycle market, the first ETC systems that have appeared on the market have been intermediate solutions with remaining mechanical links. Detailing benefits of an ETC system without these mechanics, the paper proposes a full ETC system without mechanical links for motorcycles. Components required for the realization of an ETC system are an electronic throttle device or a throttle actuator, an accelerator hand grip sensor and an ECU. A study has been conducted on a mass production on-road sport motorcycle in order to prove feasibility of an ETC system. Exemplary evaluation results show improvements in emission technology (catalyst heating) and driveability. The paper points out that a task remaining is the definition of an industry wide motorcycle ETC safety concept for detection of malfunction and proper failure reaction.
WENGERT, Jörg, ROMMEL, Dierk, KRZOK, Ronny
Application of Fuzzy Neural Networks in the Intelligent Mobile Vehicle's Steering Control2007-01-35868/5/2007
With the aim of improving vehicle steering stability through the introduction of active steering control in obstacle avoidance, the author undertook the development of the fuzzy neural networks. By using back propagation neural network as the base, it can use fuzzy theory and neural networks together to form a fuzzy neural networks control system. So it can auto pick-up the fuzzy rule and build the subordinate function. The result of simulation analyses and experiments indicate that the method proposed in the paper can achieve safe and stability in steering control of obstacle avoidance of intelligent mobile vehicle.
Xin, Jianghui, Li, Shunming
Creating Human Machine Interface (HMI) Based Tests within Model-Based Design2007-01-07804/16/2007
Many of the multimedia and convenience features in today's passenger vehicles involve Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs), such as the radio face plate or the remote key fob. The functional requirements for these systems are often written in terms of the customer interaction with the interface device. In the past, design engineers would not begin to test requirements for these systems until prototype hardware was available. However, many product development organizations are shifting from this hardware-based traditional development cycle, which relies on designing via a prototype and test iteration, to Model-Based Design. Unfortunately, testing systems with complex human machine interface requirements becomes less intuitive when the prototypes are removed from the design process, because the test cases must be scripted into the modeling environment instead of being applied directly to a prototype of the interface device. In this paper we will show how engineers can create a “soft” representation of an automotive HMI and record the test procedure when specified as a series of interactions with the interface, such as button presses. Next, we will demonstrate how the test procedure can be captured and exported to an editable file for re-use with Model-Based Design. Lastly, we will show how a test file can be used to populate a test harness within the Simulink® software environment.
Fillyaw, Chris, Friedman, Jonathan, Prabhu, Sameer M.
Key Factors in Improving Microcontroller Performance and Features2006-21-000610/16/2006
The increasingly stringent requirements in relation to safety, fuel economy, emission reduction, and onboard diagnostics are pushing the automotive industry toward more innovative solutions and a rapid increase in microcontroller performance. This paper will list the key factors necessary to increase overall data throughput and provide the right features to satisfy the coming drivetrain requirements. The paper will address different aspects such as: microcontroller architecture, cores, memories, silicon technologies, assembly / packaging, and development tools. It will also present techniques to improve modularity, scalability and configurability that will offer a migration path to permit the evolution and even revolution of drivetrain electronics. Since quality and reliability requirements are among the most stringent of any application fields, the paper will outline the path to reach zero-defect products. Other factors that will be addressed include technology evolution: The shrink path beyond 130 nm will be analyzed to identify advantages, constraints and costs. A comparison of new solutions will be presented for future nonvolatile memories. The architecture trade-off using embedded versus standalone memory will be examined. The automotive microcontroller industry faces the enormous challenge of bringing together high performance, harsh environment, quality, safety, reliability, durability, long-term delivery, scalability, configurability, and evolution at low cost. This challenge can only be met through close collaboration between OEMs, Tier1s and microcontroller manufacturers.
Leteinturier, Patrick
Sensitivity of Contact Electronic Throttle Control Sensor to Control System Variation2006-01-07634/3/2006
The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of the advantages of a non-contact electronic throttle control (ETC) air control valve position sensor over the potentiometer technology of contacting position sensors. The non-contact position sensing offers the industry an opportunity to take advantage of an improved ability to assess reliability of the product and utilize accelerated testing techniques with improved robustness to control system perturbations. Specifically; eliminating the contact wear failure mechanism reduces the complexity, and duration of ETC air control valve life testing and increases the robustness of the ETC system to noise factors from the control system variation.
Garrick, Robert D.
Powertrain Challenges Impact on Semi-conductor Solutions2005-26-30810/23/2005
The objective of the paper is to provide to the attendees a status and trends of the silicon technologies to support the challenges of powertrain electronics. Improved fuel efficiency and clean combustion engine combined with high requirements for fun to drive require performance increase of a factor 10 in the next 5 years. The target is to design the right and cost effective semiconductor solution to sense, control and actuate the engine. The challenge is especially high for small cars. Infineon offers sensors, microcontrollers and power semiconductors for Powertrain platforms and therefore owns the right technologies to manufacture those devices.
Leteinturier, Patrick
An Encoding Scheme for Reporting Sensor Signal Values2005-01-13664/11/2005
This paper presents a novel encoding scheme as an alternative to Analog amplitude encoding for communicating sensor signals. The scheme has the potential of becoming a non-proprietary industrial standard for communicating sensor information to electronic control modules. Key features of the encoding scheme are the ability to communicate two sensor values using only 3 wires (power, ground and signal) with 12 bit resolution within 1ms. The scheme includes a checksum for error detection and a mechanism for reporting serial data such as low rate sensor information, part numbers or fault codes. Data is communicated to the receiving module by varying the time between discrete (single edge polarity) transitions. The encoding is self-calibrating and does not require an expensive crystal in the sending module (assumed to be a low-cost ASIC) to maintain signal integrity.
Costin, Mark, Stockbridge, Jack, Horner, Robert, McKim, Dale, Hobein, Dirk, Morin, Jeff, Irle, Henning, Großmann, Alex, Nunneley, John, Prybula, Roman
An Adaptive Nonlinear Strategy of Electronic Throttle Control2004-01-08973/8/2004
An adaptive electronic throttle control strategy is proposed with the aim to provide robust and precise positioning of the throttle plate. The control strategy consists of a PID controller and a nonlinear compensator of friction and limp-home effects. The adaptation mechanism includes auto-tuning and self-tuning algorithms. The auto-tuner provides automatic adjustment of the key control strategy parameters without any prior knowledge of the process parameters. The self-tuning algorithms are based on the permanent, on-line estimation of the DC motor armature resistance, battery voltage, and limp-home position. The control strategy and the adaptation algorithms are verified experimentally.
Deur, Joško, Pavkovi, Danijel, Peri, Nedjeljko, Jansz, Martin, Hrovat, Davor
Integrated Modeling and Analysis of Automotive Embedded Control Systems with Real-Time Scheduling2004-01-02793/8/2004
As the complexity of automotive embedded software grows, it is desirable to bring as much automation into the development process as possible, as evidenced by efficient code generators from modeling tools such as Simulink. However, the current development process does not pay enough attention to non-functional issues such as real-time requirements. Modeling tools such as Simulink do not allow representation of the target platform, so it is not possible to analyze real-time behavior in the early design stage. The typical approach is to download the executable to the target micro-controller and measure to see if there are any missed deadlines. We describe a tool that can be used to model system-level software and hardware architectures and analyze system timing behavior at early design stages, and assess the impact of the target platform on control system performance.
Gu, Zonghua, Wang, Shige, Kim, Jeong Chan, Shin, Kang G.
X-by-Wire: Opportunities, Challenges and Trends2003-01-01133/3/2003
This paper will outline the results of a study performed to analyze the market introduction of x-by-wire applications in the context of weak global industry environment, technological and legislative challenges, standardization issues and end customer benefits. This paper attempts to provide a bird-view on influence factors and impacts for the x-by-wire market, including e.g. the end customer's acceptance and legal environment driving further development in specific areas. Further, major driving forces on semiconductor/component level will be outlined regarding e.g. pin-count, computation performance and heat dissipation, but also possible scenarios and solutions towards safe and efficient system design and partitioning.
Kelling, Nico A., Leteinturier, Patrick
High Reliability Electronic Throttle System Design2003-01-07083/3/2003
Electronic throttle control has been receiving increased attention lately as a technique for attaining highly accurate idling air control and improving emissions. To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to achieve greater robustness in control performance, and to compensate for the production variability of individual units and degradation of parts over time. Up to now, it has been difficult for PID control systems to recognize uncertain disturbances, and this has been an impediment to achieving balance between robustness and responsiveness. To attain robustness, an adaptive control system has been constructed which utilizes sliding mode control and includes an identifier to perform sequential calculations. This technology has realized previously unattainable levels of robustness, accuracy, and responsiveness in an electronic throttle control system.
Hashimoto, Eiji, Ishiguro, Tetsuya, Yasui, Yuji, Akazaki, Shusuke
Seamless Solutions for Powertrain Systems2002-01-13033/4/2002
Fuel efficiency and clean combustion engine versus high engine performance - which will increase up to factor 10 in the next 5 years - with less engine displacement are driving more complex engine control systems in today's and future vehicles. The challenge is not only to design a perfect engine, but also to incorporate the right semiconductors. Beside this demand on high sophisticated electronics the demand on cost reduction - especially for small cars - is one driving factor for a smart partitioning. Infineon offers sensors, microcontrollers and power semiconductors for today's engine management platforms and therefore owns the right technologies to manufacture those devices. This opens up the possibility to integrate more functionality in less devices as in today's partitioning or to define electronics to simplify complex control strategies and to optimize the performance of each device. This paper gives an overview about semiconductors for current engine management systems and will present an outlook how smart partitioning satisfies the increasing demands on system performance and increased functionality but can reduce system costs, too.
Hoika, Juergen, Estl, Hannes, Krall, Gunther, Weitzel, Joachim, Leteinturier, Patrick
Neural Network Based Feedforward Control for Electronic Throttles2002-01-11493/4/2002
This paper addresses feedforward tracking control for electronic throttles. A robust and accurate tracking control scheme based on the training of a Neural Network model and feedback term (PID) is developed. The Neural Network based term can be trained off-line. This feedfoward term serves as a mathematical model capable of describing Electronic Throttle dynamics over a wide range. We have shown that by adding the Neural Network based feedforward control to a common feedback control method, such as the gain-scheduled PID used in many ETC production controllers, that the tracking control performance criteria such as transient errors, steady state errors, response time and overshoot, are greatly improved. Experiments conducted on a production Electronic Throttle Body with a Motorola H-brigde driver IC have shown good results utilizing this approach.
Yang, Hanlong, Liu, Louis Yizhang, Wasacz, Bryon
Electronic Throttle Control With Contactless Position Sensor And Smart Power Full-Bridge2001-01-09843/5/2001
Electronic throttle systems are becoming more and more important in today's motor vehicles. These systems consist of: a throttle valve with an electrical actuator and a transmission a position feedback an electronic acceleration pedal an electronic control unit (ECU) a semiconductor h-bridge for driving the motor. The electronic acceleration pedal gives a set point to the ECU. A control signal is generated and moves the motor of the throttle valve with a semiconductor h-bridge to the requested position. The voltage drop of a potentiometer is used here as control feedback signal. The potentiometer in the throttle valve is moved very often and has a rough environment like high temperature and vibrations. Therefore this system has a lot of problems with mechanical attrition and reliability during the whole system lifetime. The accuracy of the position control decreases over time. To avoid mechanical wear and tear, Infineon Technologies has developed a new concept for measuring the throttle position, based on a contactless sensor. The GMR-C6 is a giant magneto-resistive sensor which detects changes in the direction of a magnetic field. The present SAE paper will describe the construction of the sensor, the signal conditioning and the software algorithms. Moreover, a semiconductor h-bridge which has been specially developed for electronic throttle control will also be introduced. A complex logic circuit in the smart power device allows a very extensive diagnosis which is necessary to fulfill OBDII. Our vision for the future is a mechatronic solution for the throttle. That means all components are integrated into the throttle package. The control of the position is done internally. Only 4 wires are left: 2 for supply and 2 for communication.
Pechlaner, Andreas, Steurich, Björn
Smart IGBT for Advanced Ignition Systems2001-01-12203/5/2001
Increasing fuel costs and emission regulations force the car manufacturers to develop powerful but efficient engines. The 3-liter car (3-liter/100 km fuel consumption → 80 miles/gallon) is one of the slogans. To fulfill these requirements a fully electronic controlled Engine Management is necessary. Carburetor systems are replaced by fuel injection systems. Direct injection for Diesel as well as for gasoline engines is the clear trend for the future. The mechanical throttle systems, used for a long time will not fit to the requirements of direct injection. A DC motor for electronic throttle control in conjunction with λ regulation and exhaust gas recirculation are the key elements for low emission cars. Also the automotive ignition system is in a process of change today. Coming from distributor systems, which were substituted by distributorless ignitions systems with double spark coils, we are facing today single coil systems like ‘coil on plug’ or ‘pencil coils’ and ion current measurement for knock detection. This SAE paper will discuss the new requirements and introduce a Smart Ignition IGBT from Infineon Technologies as a solution.
Preuschoff, Claus
Gearbox-Integrated Mechatronic Control A New Approach to Handle Powertrain Complexity2000-01-11591/6/2000
Current world-wide trends in powertrain development for passenger cars and light trucks indicate a diversification of engine operational principles and gear-box automation. Both for the functional and physical domain of the relevant controllers this may lead to a severely increased number of control unit variants. The paper proposes a torque information based controller communication to fight functional complexity. A physical integration of the local controller to the engine / gear-box resulting in mechatronic control modules further-on cuts the variants. These ideas have been set into mass-production already by integrated air/fuel systems (IAFS). For the transmission this same approach now has been realized in mass-production by the first mechatronic transmission module which integrates the electronics, valve-body and sensors of a new 5 speed transmission.
Gander, Helmut, Loibl, Josef, Ulm, Michael
The Design and Development of a Dedicated Propane Fuel System for the General Motors Medium Duty Truck9819218/11/1998
A dedicated closed-loop propane fuel system has been developed for the General Motors Medium Duty truck with a 7.4 liter engine. The fuel metering system consists of a closed-loop controlled regulator and mixer. Regulator output pressure is controlled by a pulse-width modulated vacuum signal from the mixer for off-idle operation. Idle fuel is provided by an electronically controlled, fuel metering solenoid valve. Additionally, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) fail-safe performance of the Electronic Throttle Control system has also been achieved. This fuel system is an example of how an open loop regulator-mixer system can be enhanced with electronic controls to achieve significant improvements in emission signature, driveability, and customer satisfaction.
Jensen, Bryan, Oprea, Radu, Westerdale, Timothy, Hussain, Syed
Development of a Scanning Laser Radar for ACC9806152/23/1998
This paper introduces the cruise control system with distance control function, that is called Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), that uses a scanning laser radar as a sensor to detect preceding vehicles. With the goal of increasing the driving convenience and comfort when compared to the conventional cruise control, lots of ACC systems have been proposed and developed. This paper presents ACC system using the scanning laser radar which was developed by Toyota, and describes the adaptation of the system specifications. This ACC system was able to greatly reduce the driver's work load, and increased the driver's convenience and comfort when operating the cruise controls system. In addition, we were able to design this system to be highly dependable and inexpensive and supply it to the market as a result of incorporating various ideas for improvements.
Furui, Nobuyuki, Miyakoshi, Hironori, Noda, Masayuki, Miyauchi, Kunihiro
Model Based Diagnosis for the Air Intake System of the SI-Engine9702092/24/1997
Because of legislative regulations like OBDII, on-board diagnosis has gained much interest lately. A model based approach is suggested for the diagnosis of the air intake system of an SI-engine. Important research issues are modeling concepts, residual generation and evaluation, overall performance, and limiting factors. The diagnosis system is based on a non-linear semi-physical model and uses a combination of different residual generation methods. It is capable of detecting and isolating faults in the throttle actuator, throttle sensor, air mass now sensor and manifold pressure sensor. The scheme is experimentally validated on a real production engine.
Nyberg, Mattias, Nielsen, Lars
Architectures for Electronic Powertrain Control9700242/24/1997
The new vehicle generations will have electronic architectures much more complex than we thought some years ago. This presentation should give a status and an outline of future electronic solutions in powertrain control.
Hettich, Gerhard, Alberter, Günther
Longitudinal Autonomous Vehicle Control Utilizing Access to Electronic Throttle Control, Automatic Transmission and Brakes9610092/1/1996
Different realizations of adaptive cruise control systems (ACC) have been tested. Firstly, only throttle access has been realized. In addition to this, the second realization utilizes access to the automatic transmission ECU. Finally, the third realization includes access to the brakes. Essentially, the first two versions are characterized by different states (e.g. acceleration, hold speed, deceleration), while the third version is based on continuous longitudinal vehicle control, e.g. using fuzzy methods [1]. Practical results showed high system stability for all three ACC versions. Advantages and disadvantages of each realization have been worked out based on simulated and measured results. Measurements showed that the first two solutions are sufficient to handle many traffic situations. However, in comparison with these versions, the third realization turned out to be the most powerful one.
Hoess, Alfred, Hosp, Werner, Doerfler, Reiner, Rauner, Hans
Electronic Throttle Control (ETC): A Cost Effective System for improved Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Driveability9603382/1/1996
This paper shows that the functional integration of Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) into the engine control strategy allows improvements of emissions and fuel economy without making compromises in respect of driveability. A cost effective way for realizing ETC is the integration of the control electronics into the engine control unit (ECU). The paper describes the consequences of such an integration for the ECU hardware and software. Special attention is given to the ETC related safety aspects. Another chapter discusses different technologies for the throttle actuator drive. This is followed by a brief description of a suitable control strategy for a throttle actuator. Finally the paper gives also an overview about current status and development trends of accelerator pedal sensors necessary for ETC.
Streib, Hans-Martin, Bischof, Hubert
The Development of Two-Valve Type Electronic Controlled Throttle Body9504322/1/1995
In order to improve the driving stability of the vehicle and optimize its throttle response, electronically controlled throttle systems are put into practical use as a means for controlling the vehicle's drive force. At this time, we have developed a two-valve type electronically controlled throttle body which offers superior fail-safe and limp-home functions.
Nishitani, Tsutomu, Kono, Yasuaki, Sakakibara, Yozo, Yasuda, Takeru, Kitamura, Sunao
Electronic Throttle Control for Light Diesel and Gasoline Engines92246911/1/1992
It is widely recognised that medium and heavy duty diesel engines are increasingly utilising electronic control to optimise injection timing, pressures and governing to ensure that maximum performance capability is realised and that adherence to latest and future legal emissions are met. The addition of electronic diesel control on a vehicle also provides the manufacturer with the opportunity to increase the user and operational features list by software development of existing controls. This increase in features has been well received by the end user and there is now an expectance that top range vehicles will include cruise control, speed limiting, traction control and other features as standard when these vehicles are equipped with electronically controlled engines. On medium and light application engines, electronic diesel control may not be necessary to meet emissions and there are indications (particularly in Europe) that these light to medium engines will not include electronic diesel control or governing until well into the year 2000. It is therefore apparent that users of a wide range of vehicles will be accepting and utilising features on heavy vehicles that are not yet available on the medium to light vehicle ranges. The application of an electronic throttle control system such as the one described in this paper will provide many of the safety, economy and user features of electronic engine control in an adaptable form for the vehicle manufacturers at a lower cost than a full engine management system.
Hamilton, W. R.
THRUST CONTROL COMPUTER SYSTEMARINC703-2 (Current)10/31/1983
The characteristics of a TCCS within the Automatic Flight System are defined in this standard for throttle control. The standard also provides general and specific design guidance for the development and installation of a TCCS.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
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