Browse Topic: Electronic throttle control

Items (35)

Modeling Methodology for ECU Behavioral Verification in a Real Operation

2015-01-017204/14/2015

Presented in this research is methodology for modeling the behavior of an automotive ECU (Electronic Control Unit) to verify in a production system. The methodology of this paper is to verify the defects of ECU products during in a real operation, before the defective ECU equipped to an automobile. The performance of an ECU operation is dependent on not only the specification of a hardware device, but also a software program installed in the memory of an ECU. The software program of an ECU is able to be validated before installation, but the validation process is usually executed in a very controllable environment. In order to consider the software program which is frequently changeable in practice, the verification methodology of ECU products as the hardware device and software program integrated is required for detecting defective ECU products caused by inappropriate software program during in manufacturing processes. The main objective of this research is to suggest the modeling

Ham, Won Kyung, Park, Sangchul, Park, JiMyoung, Ko, Minsuk, Yoo, Min-Ho

Impact of Mega Trends and the Electronic Content in Vehicles: Technology Leadership Brief

2012-01-902510/08/2012

With increasing urbanization, there is a heightened demand for smarter mobility solutions. This implies not only greener mobility, but also state-of-the-art commuting solutions. While “electric” is the buzzword for mobility in the current decade, soon it will be as common as any other mode of transport. Moreover, conventional cars have increased their electronic content both for human-machine interface (HMI) and also within each of the traditional systems such as engine management, steering, suspension, braking and safety systems. As technological paradigm shifts keep changing the way cars are defined, they will redefine the mobility concept in itself at a panoramic level. Recent emergence of carsharing, (as opposed to earlier concepts of carpooling), increased consumer demand to stay connected to the internet and multimedia during transport, a more sophisticated way of controlling vehicular applications, and ensuring a safe commuting experience are all key trends growing in mobility

Whalen, Lisa, Natarajan, Prana Tharthihara, Rajagopalan, Krishnasami, Chandrasekar, Praveen, Kumar, Anjan

Federal - Motor Vehicle Safety Standards/Accelerator Control Systems

RS-BNA-APR_12_0504/16/2012

Proposed rule of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration amends regulations under 40 CFR 571 to revise the federal motor vehicle safety standard for accelerator control systems. The rule addresses the failure modes of electronic throttle control systems and includes test procedures for hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. The rule also adds a new provision for brake-throttle override systems. Comments are due June 15, 2012. Contact: Michael Pyne; NHTSA, Office of Crash Avoidance Standards; (202-366-4171)

Inside development of unimore's high-performance formula sae engine

12MOMD0330_0104/01/2012

THE ADOPTION OF A SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE, INSTEAD OF THE MORE POWERFUL INLINE FOUR CYLINDER, REQUIRED A MUCH BIGGER EFFORT FOR GETTING AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF POWER. FORMULA SAE AND ITS EQUIVALENT in the U.K. named Formula Student are competitions among university students who have to design, build, and race a car complying with specific rules issued by SAE International. The final classification of the competition derives from the sum of the scores achieved in the single events, which are divided into statics (design: 150 points at maximum, cost: 100 points, and presentation: 75 points) and dynamics (acceleration: 75 points, skid pad: 50 points, and endurance: 400 points). As far as the engine is concerned, the technical regulations require one or more four-stroke engines running on gasoline or E85 with a total displacement not exceeding 610 cm3, and the air for all engines must pass through a single air intake restrictor. This restrictor is circular in shape and placed between the

Development of Electronic Throttle Actuation for a 50cc 2-Stroke Scooter Application

2011-32-058111/08/2011

This paper is an introduction to the opportunities, challenges and technical solutions chosen for implementation of an electronic throttle control (ETC) system on a 50cc 2-stroke scooter. The paper outlines the selection of the ETC motor and the choice of the throttle position sensing (TPS) system along with the development of a new twin sensor throttle demand (TDS) twist grip, and briefly describes the benefits achieved in fuel economy, electronic vehicle speed control, improved start-up and idle stability. The ETC software operational strategy; including start flare, idle speed control and vehicle speed control are presented as real world strategies to achieve 22% improvements in fuel economy and accurate electronic vehicle speed control.

Smither, B., Allen, J., Ravenhill, P., Farmer, G., Grosch, P., Demesse, E.

Technologies for Practical Application of a TBW System for Large Motorcycle with Improved Driving Feel, Sound Quality, and Layout Flexibility

2010-01-109404/12/2010

Honda R&D has developed a throttle-by-wire (TBW) system that meets the needs of motorcycles where the attitude of the vehicle body is controlled by operation of the throttle. To gain high response and following for the throttle valve, we employed a new adaptive control algorithm. The newly developed system has an idling combustion stabilization function and a three-dimensional control function for the throttle-opening map based on running gear and engine speed. With those functions, we improved the controllability of the motorcycle, especially for small throttle openings. Furthermore, we improved the feeling of the limiter control used in maximum-speed limitation. For the overall system, intake system related devices are consolidated to improve the layout flexibility and expand the mounting options on the motorcycle.

Nishimura, Shin, Tetsuka, Takashi, Asada, Yukihiro, Kono, Tomoya, Tsuyuguchi, Makoto, Nojima, Satoru

Use of Feedback Control to Improve HIL Based ECU System Function Testing

2010-01-066304/12/2010

Most times in ECU system function testing, the sensor input signals are directly set to a known value in order to drive the corresponding software variable to within a range of an expected value. This works only if the transfer function from the physical signal input to the software variable is well defined such as the measurement on MAP, A/C pressure, etc. Nevertheless, there are times the transfer function is not clearly defined and it is difficult to drive the software variable to an expected value. One example is throttle position sensor (TPS) test in an electronic throttle control (ETC) system, where TPS is not directly driven by the driver accelerator pedal sensor (APS) and it is very difficult to get TPS to an expected range by only changing APS. This paper introduces a method to use feedback in an HIL based ECU testing system to control outputs to an expected range. In this case study, the signal to be controlled is connected back to the HIL system to provide feedback. The

Chen, Yixin, Carpenter, Rob

Research of Electronically Controlled Throttle System for Large Motorcycles

2009-01-104704/20/2009

There are various demands concerning the motorcycle rider’s throttle input such as nonlinearly engine output attribute control and maximum speed control. To realize those demands by electronic control, we mounted the Drive-by-Wire (DBW) throttle system, which is currently being used on existing automobiles, to motorcycles, but the system failed to meet the demands of the motorcycle. Response to the throttle speed change was an issue; therefore, we built up the control system to satisfy the motorcycle’s demand for response by changing the high speed response equation of adaptive sliding mode control and adding the hysteresis property correction equation of the throttle body drive-train. As a result, we could realize response equivalent to that of a mechanical throttle.

Abe, Takeru, Asada, Yukihiro, Tsuyuguchi, Makoto, Yamazaki, Ryutaro, Hotta, Kazuhito

Optimization of PID Control for Engine Electronic Throttle System Using Iterative Feedback Tuning

2009-01-037004/20/2009

The Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) system is more and more used and increasingly becoming a standard part of the engine. It controls the amount of air intake into the cylinders by precisely positioning the throttle plate at the desired opening. An ETC system provides the possibility of improving the overall engine and vehicle performance because with such a mechanism, the engine controller can decide and set the throttle position not only based on driver intention, but also taking into consideration the specific engine operation mode information, such as safety factors, emission constraints, etc. After the throttle position target is determined, the requirement for the ETC system is that the throttle plate should achieve the commanded position as accurately and as quickly as possible. In many cases the controller is designed by first establishing a model of the electronic throttle system using experimental identification. However, due to such nonlinear effects as static friction

Jiang, Shugang, Smith, Michael H., Kitchen, James

Model Based Control System Design and Control Strategies on ETC

2008-32-003809/09/2008

We are mass-producing the electronic throttle body (ETB). The nonlinearity of electronic throttle friction and the return spring Limp-Home affects the valve positioning performance of the electronic throttle control (ETC) system. The nonlinear computer ETB model was built based on mechanical and electrical design and experimental data. Two steps were used for the throttle valve controller design. The computer model was verified and designed by comparing the simulation results and the real throttle valve experimental data. A rapid prototyping processor was used for performance tests and validation of the controller and a low performance microprocessor was used for testing the implementation of the ETC, using the automatic production code generator.

Hazu, Kenichi, Yokoyama, Munekazu

Investigation of Transient Performance for Gasoline Engine with Electronic Throttle Control System

2008-01-178206/23/2008

The calibration of the electronic throttle unit and the pedal unit was made. Based on it, an electronic control system of electronic throttle was designed and installed on a 4G18 engine. Engine experiment was made especially for its transient working condition. Engine performance at transient working condition was investigated. The test results indicate that the optimum way of opening the throttle valve is to open the throttle valve to the target location at once, when 4G18 engine transit from 2000r/min to 3000r/min without load. And its optimum calibration for the electronic throttle control unit is made based on the test results. The control system, the experiment, the test results and the calibration were introduced in this paper.

Nan, Xu, Xiumin, Yu, Jinguang, Ling, Ping, Sun, Wensuo, Yi, Yunkan, Wang, Langsi, Ke

ECU Software Abnormal Behavior Detection Based On Mahalanobis-Taguchi Technique

2008-01-121904/14/2008

To confirm the correct operation and detect the potential errors in the ever more complicated automotive ECU application software are very challenging. This paper presents a new approach to detect potential ECU application software abnormal behavior based on the Mahalanobis Distance, the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System, and vehicle driving data playback capability with a simulator. Vehicle driving data is recorded by instrumentation calibration tools and played back on the test bench to stimulate the ECU. In our study, the normal behavior is characterized by the Mahalanobis Distance (MD), which is calculated from the data set logged while playing back the recorded vehicle maneuvers while the ECU is flashed with “baseline software” that was believed to be error free. Then the MDs were calculated from a new data set logged while playing back the same vehicle maneuvers while the ECU was flashed with the new software. The large MDs resulting from the new software indicate times when the new

Chen, Yixin, Phillips, John

Electronic Throttle Control for Motorcycles

2007-32-004410/30/2007

Gasoline engines use throttle valves to control the intake air flow and thereby power and torque output. Throttle valves in today's motorcycles are mechanical; they are linked to the accelerator hand grip by a throttle cable. In cars, this type of system has mostly been replaced by electronic throttle control (ETC). An electronic throttle device is controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU) based on the input from a sensor in the accelerator pedal. In the motorcycle market, the first ETC systems that have appeared on the market have been intermediate solutions with remaining mechanical links. Detailing benefits of an ETC system without these mechanics, the paper proposes a full ETC system without mechanical links for motorcycles. Components required for the realization of an ETC system are an electronic throttle device or a throttle actuator, an accelerator hand grip sensor and an ECU. A study has been conducted on a mass production on-road sport motorcycle in order to prove

WENGERT, Jörg, ROMMEL, Dierk, KRZOK, Ronny

Application of Fuzzy Neural Networks in the Intelligent Mobile Vehicle's Steering Control

2007-01-358608/05/2007

With the aim of improving vehicle steering stability through the introduction of active steering control in obstacle avoidance, the author undertook the development of the fuzzy neural networks. By using back propagation neural network as the base, it can use fuzzy theory and neural networks together to form a fuzzy neural networks control system. So it can auto pick-up the fuzzy rule and build the subordinate function. The result of simulation analyses and experiments indicate that the method proposed in the paper can achieve safe and stability in steering control of obstacle avoidance of intelligent mobile vehicle.

Xin, Jianghui, Li, Shunming

Sensitivity of Contact Electronic Throttle Control Sensor to Control System Variation

2006-01-076304/03/2006

The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of the advantages of a non-contact electronic throttle control (ETC) air control valve position sensor over the potentiometer technology of contacting position sensors. The non-contact position sensing offers the industry an opportunity to take advantage of an improved ability to assess reliability of the product and utilize accelerated testing techniques with improved robustness to control system perturbations. Specifically; eliminating the contact wear failure mechanism reduces the complexity, and duration of ETC air control valve life testing and increases the robustness of the ETC system to noise factors from the control system variation.

Garrick, Robert D.

Modified Nonlinear Quadratic Gaussian Control with Guaranteed Stability Margin

2006-01-146604/03/2006

In this paper the robustness of Beaman’s Nonlinear Quadratic Gaussian control method is discussed and then Hedrick’s Nonlinear Quadratic Gaussian control (NQG) synthesis is introduced. Based on these methods, a modified NQG control is presented. This controller possesses guaranteed stability phase and gain margins. The numerical algorithm of this method is described. An illustrative example of engine throttle control is included to demonstrate the application of the proposed method to nonlinear systems.

Wu, Gang

An Adaptive Nonlinear Strategy of Electronic Throttle Control

2004-01-089703/08/2004

An adaptive electronic throttle control strategy is proposed with the aim to provide robust and precise positioning of the throttle plate. The control strategy consists of a PID controller and a nonlinear compensator of friction and limp-home effects. The adaptation mechanism includes auto-tuning and self-tuning algorithms. The auto-tuner provides automatic adjustment of the key control strategy parameters without any prior knowledge of the process parameters. The self-tuning algorithms are based on the permanent, on-line estimation of the DC motor armature resistance, battery voltage, and limp-home position. The control strategy and the adaptation algorithms are verified experimentally.

Deur, Joško, Pavkovi, Danijel, Peri, Nedjeljko, Jansz, Martin, Hrovat, Davor

Microprocessor requirements soar

AUTOFEB04_0402/01/2004

Networks and emissions control are driving the switch to more powerful 32-bit chips. As automotive designers add more microcontrollers to their vehicles, they are also moving up in computing power, adopting 32-bit chips in a number of applications. The trends to increased networking, tighter emissions controls, and automated software coding are among the factors driving the movement upward in CPU (central processing unit) power. Powertrain applications were the first to use the powerful chips. Engine controllers, which must fire a precise amount of fuel into a chamber, have used 32-bit chips for some time, and other applications have also doubled word length. “In powertrains, it's at least two to one, with 32 bits seeing twice the use of 16-bit chips,” said Tom Siegel, Manager of Integrated Circuits and Technology Development at Delphi. Many vendors say there will not be any 16-bit CPUs in the powertrain when current designs hit the market. “We're moving all our powertrain controllers

Costlow, Terry

High Reliability Electronic Throttle System Design

2003-01-070803/03/2003

Electronic throttle control has been receiving increased attention lately as a technique for attaining highly accurate idling air control and improving emissions. To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to achieve greater robustness in control performance, and to compensate for the production variability of individual units and degradation of parts over time. Up to now, it has been difficult for PID control systems to recognize uncertain disturbances, and this has been an impediment to achieving balance between robustness and responsiveness. To attain robustness, an adaptive control system has been constructed which utilizes sliding mode control and includes an identifier to perform sequential calculations. This technology has realized previously unattainable levels of robustness, accuracy, and responsiveness in an electronic throttle control system.

Hashimoto, Eiji, Ishiguro, Tetsuya, Yasui, Yuji, Akazaki, Shusuke

X-by-Wire: Opportunities, Challenges and Trends

2003-01-011303/03/2003

This paper will outline the results of a study performed to analyze the market introduction of x-by-wire applications in the context of weak global industry environment, technological and legislative challenges, standardization issues and end customer benefits. This paper attempts to provide a bird-view on influence factors and impacts for the x-by-wire market, including e.g. the end customer's acceptance and legal environment driving further development in specific areas. Further, major driving forces on semiconductor/component level will be outlined regarding e.g. pin-count, computation performance and heat dissipation, but also possible scenarios and solutions towards safe and efficient system design and partitioning.

Kelling, Nico A., Leteinturier, Patrick

VISION-RP - A New Tool for Simultaneous Bypass Rapid Prototyping and ECU Calibration

2003-01-013503/03/2003

This paper describes a new tool that provides simultaneous ECU (Electronic Control Unit) bypass rapid prototyping and calibration in an integrated system. In the development of automotive electronic control systems, various calibration tools have long been used to aid in the calibration and verification of control algorithms. In addition, bypass rapid prototyping has become widely used to help speed the development of new control algorithms [1] [2]. MATLAB® and Simulink®, from The MathWorks, Inc. have been widely used as the preferred modeling environment for this rapid prototyping [1] [2]. Until now, no system could provide both the ability to perform bypass rapid prototyping using Simulink and ECU calibration in a single completely integrated system. This paper describes such a system. The system was designed as a co-development effort between Accurate Technologies Inc. and The MathWorks. It is an integration of the calibration capability in the ATI's VISION system and the rapid

Correa, Colt R., Balasubramaniam, Ramesh, Toeppe, Steve, Shull, Donn

A New Vehicle Technology HIGHLIGHTS A heavy-duty Ram

AUTOOCT02_0510/01/2002

Chrysler Group engineers have included several firsts for the 2003 Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 pickups, including side curtain airbags and power adjustable pedals. The 2002 Dodge Ram 1500 provided an excellent base for the 2003 Dodge Ram Heavy Duty trucks, said Rick Aneiros, Vice President of Design and Ram Design Team Leader. Chrysler Group engineers were taking into account the development needs of the heavy-duty series from the beginning of the Ram 1500 design process, he said. For example, the grille was designed to be large enough to handle the cooling needs of the larger 2500/3500 powertrains. The family resemblance is not only evident in the exterior styling of the pickups, but also under their skin, with a hydroformed frame design similar to their lighter-duty sibling. And like the 1500, the heavy-duty models incorporate enhanced safety features, several of which are firsts for the segment. The trucks feature the first heavy-duty pickup application of side curtain airbags; pre

Gehm, Ryan

New connections for automobiles

AUTOAPR01_0304/01/2001

Thanks to innovative technologies and applications, flexible circuitry is helping drive new trends, such as modularity, in automotive design, according to Sheldal. As cars become more complex, many existing component technologies are being reinvented to provide new value and service to automobile manufacturers. Flexible circuitry falls into this category. While its role as a thin, reliable, and efficient interface for instrument displays and audio systems is well established, advancements such as satellite navigation units, “smart” ignition systems, and even radio-controlled HVAC are enabling flexible circuitry to take on new and more task-critical functions. Flexible interconnects have helped greatly in advancing manufacturing and assembly techniques while reducing total system costs and improving performance. Innovative modular assemblies, in particular, have benefited from large-format flexible circuits that allow easy assembly, increased component integration, lower weight, and

Electronic Throttle Control With Contactless Position Sensor And Smart Power Full-Bridge

2001-01-098403/05/2001

Electronic throttle systems are becoming more and more important in today's motor vehicles. These systems consist of: a throttle valve with an electrical actuator and a transmission a position feedback an electronic acceleration pedal an electronic control unit (ECU) a semiconductor h-bridge for driving the motor. The electronic acceleration pedal gives a set point to the ECU. A control signal is generated and moves the motor of the throttle valve with a semiconductor h-bridge to the requested position. The voltage drop of a potentiometer is used here as control feedback signal. The potentiometer in the throttle valve is moved very often and has a rough environment like high temperature and vibrations. Therefore this system has a lot of problems with mechanical attrition and reliability during the whole system lifetime. The accuracy of the position control decreases over time. To avoid mechanical wear and tear, Infineon Technologies has developed a new concept for measuring the

Pechlaner, Andreas, Steurich, Björn

Smart IGBT for Advanced Ignition Systems

2001-01-122003/05/2001

Increasing fuel costs and emission regulations force the car manufacturers to develop powerful but efficient engines. The 3-liter car (3-liter/100 km fuel consumption → 80 miles/gallon) is one of the slogans. To fulfill these requirements a fully electronic controlled Engine Management is necessary. Carburetor systems are replaced by fuel injection systems. Direct injection for Diesel as well as for gasoline engines is the clear trend for the future. The mechanical throttle systems, used for a long time will not fit to the requirements of direct injection. A DC motor for electronic throttle control in conjunction with λ regulation and exhaust gas recirculation are the key elements for low emission cars. Also the automotive ignition system is in a process of change today. Coming from distributor systems, which were substituted by distributorless ignitions systems with double spark coils, we are facing today single coil systems like ‘coil on plug’ or ‘pencil coils’ and ion current

Preuschoff, Claus

The Nissan Hybrid Vehicle

2000-01-156804/02/2000

Technologies applied to the Nissan Tino Hybrid, marketed in March 2000, in Japan, are expected to evolve into the core powertrain technologies of the future, for the following technical advantages inherent to hybrid EVs: 1 Regeneration of deceleration energy 2 Motor driven propulsion at low speed, combined with power-assisted operation in the mid- and high-load ranges. It is expected that a number of models will be introduced to the market in the future, which pursue these advantages in various forms, resulting in HEV technologies to accelerate the use of electric power for the vehicle. Fuel cell vehicles will be included in this future scenario. In this paper, our view on the future HEV technologies will be described. In addition, the latest technologies applied to the Nissan Tino Hybrid will be introduced.

Matsuo, Isaya, Miyamoto, Takeshi, Maeda, Hiromasa

Gearbox-Integrated Mechatronic Control A New Approach to Handle Powertrain Complexity

2000-01-115901/06/2000

Current world-wide trends in powertrain development for passenger cars and light trucks indicate a diversification of engine operational principles and gear-box automation. Both for the functional and physical domain of the relevant controllers this may lead to a severely increased number of control unit variants. The paper proposes a torque information based controller communication to fight functional complexity. A physical integration of the local controller to the engine / gear-box resulting in mechatronic control modules further-on cuts the variants. These ideas have been set into mass-production already by integrated air/fuel systems (IAFS). For the transmission this same approach now has been realized in mass-production by the first mechatronic transmission module which integrates the electronics, valve-body and sensors of a new 5 speed transmission.

Gander, Helmut, Loibl, Josef, Ulm, Michael

The Design and Development of a Dedicated Propane Fuel System for the General Motors Medium Duty Truck

98192108/11/1998

A dedicated closed-loop propane fuel system has been developed for the General Motors Medium Duty truck with a 7.4 liter engine. The fuel metering system consists of a closed-loop controlled regulator and mixer. Regulator output pressure is controlled by a pulse-width modulated vacuum signal from the mixer for off-idle operation. Idle fuel is provided by an electronically controlled, fuel metering solenoid valve. Additionally, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) fail-safe performance of the Electronic Throttle Control system has also been achieved. This fuel system is an example of how an open loop regulator-mixer system can be enhanced with electronic controls to achieve significant improvements in emission signature, driveability, and customer satisfaction.

Jensen, Bryan, Oprea, Radu, Westerdale, Timothy, Hussain, Syed

Development of a Scanning Laser Radar for ACC

98061502/23/1998

This paper introduces the cruise control system with distance control function, that is called Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), that uses a scanning laser radar as a sensor to detect preceding vehicles. With the goal of increasing the driving convenience and comfort when compared to the conventional cruise control, lots of ACC systems have been proposed and developed. This paper presents ACC system using the scanning laser radar which was developed by Toyota, and describes the adaptation of the system specifications. This ACC system was able to greatly reduce the driver's work load, and increased the driver's convenience and comfort when operating the cruise controls system. In addition, we were able to design this system to be highly dependable and inexpensive and supply it to the market as a result of incorporating various ideas for improvements.

Furui, Nobuyuki, Miyakoshi, Hironori, Noda, Masayuki, Miyauchi, Kunihiro

Architectures for Electronic Powertrain Control

97002402/24/1997

The new vehicle generations will have electronic architectures much more complex than we thought some years ago. This presentation should give a status and an outline of future electronic solutions in powertrain control.

Hettich, Gerhard, Alberter, Günther

Electronic Throttle Control (ETC): A Cost Effective System for improved Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Driveability

96033802/01/1996

This paper shows that the functional integration of Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) into the engine control strategy allows improvements of emissions and fuel economy without making compromises in respect of driveability. A cost effective way for realizing ETC is the integration of the control electronics into the engine control unit (ECU). The paper describes the consequences of such an integration for the ECU hardware and software. Special attention is given to the ETC related safety aspects. Another chapter discusses different technologies for the throttle actuator drive. This is followed by a brief description of a suitable control strategy for a throttle actuator. Finally the paper gives also an overview about current status and development trends of accelerator pedal sensors necessary for ETC.

Streib, Hans-Martin, Bischof, Hubert

Longitudinal Autonomous Vehicle Control Utilizing Access to Electronic Throttle Control, Automatic Transmission and Brakes

96100902/01/1996

Different realizations of adaptive cruise control systems (ACC) have been tested. Firstly, only throttle access has been realized. In addition to this, the second realization utilizes access to the automatic transmission ECU. Finally, the third realization includes access to the brakes. Essentially, the first two versions are characterized by different states (e.g. acceleration, hold speed, deceleration), while the third version is based on continuous longitudinal vehicle control, e.g. using fuzzy methods [1]. Practical results showed high system stability for all three ACC versions. Advantages and disadvantages of each realization have been worked out based on simulated and measured results. Measurements showed that the first two solutions are sufficient to handle many traffic situations. However, in comparison with these versions, the third realization turned out to be the most powerful one.

Hoess, Alfred, Hosp, Werner, Doerfler, Reiner, Rauner, Hans

The Development of Two-Valve Type Electronic Controlled Throttle Body

95043202/01/1995

In order to improve the driving stability of the vehicle and optimize its throttle response, electronically controlled throttle systems are put into practical use as a means for controlling the vehicle's drive force. At this time, we have developed a two-valve type electronically controlled throttle body which offers superior fail-safe and limp-home functions.

Nishitani, Tsutomu, Kono, Yasuaki, Sakakibara, Yozo, Yasuda, Takeru, Kitamura, Sunao

Electronic Throttle Control for Light Diesel and Gasoline Engines

92246911/01/1992

It is widely recognised that medium and heavy duty diesel engines are increasingly utilising electronic control to optimise injection timing, pressures and governing to ensure that maximum performance capability is realised and that adherence to latest and future legal emissions are met. The addition of electronic diesel control on a vehicle also provides the manufacturer with the opportunity to increase the user and operational features list by software development of existing controls. This increase in features has been well received by the end user and there is now an expectance that top range vehicles will include cruise control, speed limiting, traction control and other features as standard when these vehicles are equipped with electronically controlled engines. On medium and light application engines, electronic diesel control may not be necessary to meet emissions and there are indications (particularly in Europe) that these light to medium engines will not include electronic

Hamilton, W. R.

THRUST CONTROL COMPUTER SYSTEM

ARINC703-2 (Current)10/31/1983

The characteristics of a TCCS within the Automatic Flight System are defined in this standard for throttle control. The standard also provides general and specific design guidance for the development and installation of a TCCS.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

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