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J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_201402 (Current)12/8/2025
The J1939 Digital Annex The J1939 Digital Annex, introduced in August 2013, offers key J1939 technical data in an Electronic Spreadsheet that can be easily searched, sorted, and adapted to other formats. J1939DA contains all of the SPNs (parameters), PGNs (messages), and other J1939 data previously published in the SAE J1939 top level document. J1939DA also contains all of the SLOTs, Manufacturer ID Codes, NAME Functions, and Preferred Addresses previously published in the SAE J1939 top level and the J1939-71 document. J1939DA contains the complete technical details for all of the SPNs and PGNs previously published in the SAE J1939-71 document. For all other SPNs and PGNs which are published in a document other than SAE J1939-71, J1939DA lists only basic details along with a reference to the document that contains the complete technical details. J1939DA replaces, and expands upon, the 1939 Companion Spreadsheet (CS1939), which was last published through November 2012. The data fields included in J1939DA for PGNs are: PGN Parameter Group Label Acronyn EDP DP PF PGN Length PS PGN Description Multipacket Transmission Rate PGN Data Length Default Priority PGN Reference PGN Document The data fields included in J1939DA for SPNs are: SPN SPN Name SPN Description SPN Length Resolution Offset Data Range Operational Range Units SLOT Identifier SPN Type SPN Reference SPN Document The J1939 Digital Annex is current through Fourth Quarter 2013 and can be purchased separately or as part of the SAE J1939 Standards Collection on the Web.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
electric - take 2SAE-PP-0779211/4/2022
electric
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
testing collections assignmentSAE-PP-030347/8/2022
blah blah blah collections
Rickard, Christopher
Ice Undercutting Test Method for AMS1431 and AMS1435 Runway Deicing/Anti-Icing ProductsAS6172 (Current)10/28/2021
This test method provides stakeholders (runway deicing/anti-icing product manufacturers, users, regulators, and airport authorities) with relative ice undercutting capacity of runway deicing/anti-icing products, by measuring the area of ice undercut pattern as a function of time. Such runway deicing/anti-icing products are often also used on taxiways and other paved areas. This test method does not quantitatively measure the theoretical or extended time of ice undercutting capability of ready-to-use runway deicing/anti-icing products in liquid or solid form.
G-12 Runway Deicing Product Committee
testing a new preprint from start to finishSAE-PP-0048610/20/2021
and uploading a new version of the PDF
SintzADMIN, JenEANE, rao, sumana, SintzUSER, Jeneane, rao, sumana, rao, sumana, rao, sumana
e2e workflow 10/19SAE-PP-0048010/19/2021
asdf
SintzADMIN, JenEANE
citation check in edgeSAE-PP-004639/29/2021
check check
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane
testing tasksSAE-PP-004619/28/2021
So Many Tasks
SintzADMIN, Jeneane
test new 3 to1SAE-PP-004339/23/2021
fingers crossed
SintzUSER, Jeneane
asdfSAE-PP-004329/23/2021
asdf
SintzUSER, Jeneane
workflow e2e - take 2 (jms test)SAE-PP-004319/23/2021
take 2
SintzUSER, Jeneane
A Novel Ecological & Energized Modules (EEMs) Infrastructures, Civil Engineering and Transportation System (Part Ⅰ)SAE-PP-004229/16/2021
An ecological & energized modules (EEMs) living underlying and fundamental system, which is with a general interest in almost all the human living & ecological system, civil engineering, and infrastructures and transportation system, etc. It is the basics, underlying and fundamental system of zero energy, zero-water consumption, zero-carbon with a 100% greening rate, 100% clean energy, high-quality air, and powerful carbon capture system with significant positive spillover for global carbon removal and carbon balance, and climate challenges, etc. There are two main categories of materials used in current civil engineering, infrastructures, and roads system, in which one is steel, and the other is concrete. It is like the components of the human body. The steel is the skeleton, the concrete is the flesh, and the ecological & energized modules EEMs concrete structures and systems is the powerful integumentary system with advanced multi-mode functionality. Not only is the EEMs system a protective layer, a landscape layer, a construction method of easy, fast, efficient, noiseless, and zero-dependence on the large complex equipment, but it is also a super-smart road system, a clean energy system, a carbon capture system, and a quality air system, etc. Honeycomb and prestressed structures have been used in the EEMs system, which is with high strength, high reliability, and high durability in almost all transportation systems, civil engineering, and infrastructures. Furthermore, the encoded and sensor-equipped EEMs road system with further optical processing will have multiple functions, such as the smart traffic system, excellent safety efficacy, and good visual effects, etc.
Rxiv, Mo
Standard Practice for HabitabilitySAE1007 (Historical)9/14/2021
This Standard specifies the Habitability processes throughout planning, design, development, test, production, use and disposal of a system. Depending on contract phase and/or complexity of the program, tailoring of this standard may be applied. The primary goals of a contractor Habitability program include: Ensuring that the system design complies with the customer Habitability requirements and that discrepancies are reported to management and the customer. Identifying, coordinating, tracking, prioritizing, and resolving Habitability risks and issues and ensuring that they are: ○ Reflected in the contractor proposal, budgets, and plans ○ Raised at design, management, and program reviews ○ Debated in Working Group meetings ○ Coordinated with Training, Logistics, and the other HSI disciplines ○ Included appropriately in documentation and deliverable data items Ensuring that Habitability requirements are applied to all personnel environments, including operators, maintainers, trainers, and support personnnel. Identifying and pursuing opportunities to reduce Habitability costs. Ensuring that Habitability considerations are addressed in analyses, design decisions, trade-offs, and design changes (e.g., Engineering Change Proposals (ECP)). Conducting Habitability analysis activities and supporting human factors analyses (e.g., workload analysis) and other HSI domain analyses to provide evidence to support design decisions and trade-offs and to coordinate shared data. Ensuring that Habitability analyses, results and recommendations are timely, technically competent/complete, and included in design decisions, tradeoffs, and changes. Ensuring that environments experienced by subjects in experiments, simulations, tests, evaluations, and demonstrations are consistent with the customer’s Habitability requirements and meet the U.S. Government and DoD policies for protecton of human subjects. Ensuring that Habitability issues discovered in test, evaluation, demonstration, Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E), and operations are resolved in a technically competent/complete and timely manner.
G-45 Human Systems Integration
Taxonomy and Definition of Safety Principles for Automated Driving System (ADS)J3206_202107 (Current)7/7/2021
This SAE Information Report classifies and defines a harmonized set of safety principles intended to be considered by ADS and ADS-equipped vehicle development stakeholders. The set of safety principles herein is based on the collection and analysis of existing information from multiple entities, reflecting the content and spirit of their efforts, including: SAE ITC AVSC Best Practices CAMP Automated Vehicle Research for Enhanced Safety - Final Report RAND Report - Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework U.S. DOT: Automated Driving Systems 2.0 - A Vision for Safety Safety First for Automated Driving (SaFAD) UNECE WP29 amendment proposal UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRVA/2019/13 On a Formal Model of Safe and Scalable Self-Driving Cars (Intel RSS model) SAE J3018 This SAE Information Report provides guidance for the consideration and application of the safety principles for the development and deployment of ADS and ADS-equipped vehicles. This SAE Information Report is not intended to encompass all aspects of system-level safety for an ADS-equipped vehicle, including communication with other traffic participants. Addressing all identified safety principles is intended to support, but not fully ensure, comprehensive system-level safety. As an SAE Information Report, this document is non-normative, imposes no requirements, and does not address: Requirements for methodology, metrics, and/or acceptance thresholds. Ethics-related safety principles, or any link between the safety principles defined in this document and ethical studies/frameworks. Conformance with safety principles for purposes of liability and/or fault assignment. As ADS technology and deployment are expanded in the future, this document may be reconsidered for future revision including normative requirements.
On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee
Fiber Optic Harsh Environment Test Methods Cross Reference DocumentAIR6282A (Current)6/10/2021
This report provides cross reference matrices detailing current test methods used in the qualification processes of fiber optic connectors, termini and cables for aerospace, telecommunications, and naval applications. The cross-reference allows the end user to select the test methods most suitable for qualifying a component, or to identify alternative test methods where a specific test is not defined in a referenced document. The report also provides information on what area each type of referenced document has been developed for.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Light Transmitting Glass Covers for Exterior Aircraft LightingAIR5689B (Current)5/13/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides definitions of and inspection criteria for defects commonly encountered in molded glass covers for exterior aircraft lighting.
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
Night Vision Goggle (NVG) Compatible Light SourcesARP4168B (Current)5/13/2021
This ARP covers three common light sources, incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode that, when NVG filtered, can be used to illuminate NVG compatible aerospace crew stations. It is recognized that many other different light sources can also be used for this purpose. Also see 2.1.1 for other SAE documents that cover particular applications within the crew station environment. This ARP sets forth recommendations for the design of NVG compatible lighting, utilizing these light sources, that will meet the requirements of MIL-L-85762 Lighting, Aircraft, Interior, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. This also includes the replacement document MIL-STD-3009: Lighting, Aircraft, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. Although this ARP concentrates on lamp light sources for illumination, the information contained within this ARP may be directly applied to incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode information display devices. Regardless of the light source, the focus of this document is the understanding that the radiometric energy that can be amplified by the Night Vision Goggles (NVG’s) must be filtered to such an extent that it will not impact the operational use of the NVG’s while still allowing sufficient visible (photometric) energy to be viewed by the pilot.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Capacitive Fuel Gauging System AccuraciesAIR1184B (Current)4/23/2021
This report is intended to identify the various errors typically encountered in capacitance fuel quantity measurement systems. In addition to identification of error sources, it describes the basic factors which cause the errors. When coupled with appraisals of the relative costs of minimizing the errors, this knowledge will furnish a tool with which to optimize gauging system accuracy, and thus, to obtain the optimum overall system within the constraints imposed by both design and budgetary considerations. Since the subject of fuel measurement accuracy using capacitance based sensing is quite complex, no attempt is made herein to present a fully-comprehensive evaluation of all factors affecting gauging system accuracy. Rather, the major contributors to gauging system inaccuracy are discussed and emphasis is given to simplicity and clarity, somewhat at the expense of completeness. An overview of capacitive fuel gauging operation can be found in AIR5691. This document also discusses how to analyze fuel gauging system accuracy as a result of combining the effects of the error sources described here.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Landing Gear AlignmentAIR5556 (Current)4/23/2021
The purpose of this Aerospace Information Report is to provide the industry with methodologies for measuring tire/wheel gear alignment and the range of acceptable alignment settings for various types of non-military landing gear. This AIR will focus on the general aviation, corporate, and regional aircraft landing gear but could have applicability to commercial aircraft.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
Aircraft Noise Level Reduction Measurement of Building FaçadesARP6973 (Current)4/14/2021
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides two methods for measuring the aircraft noise level reduction of building façades. Airports and their consultants can use either of the methods presented in this ARP to determine the eligibility of structures exposed to aircraft noise to participate in an FAA-funded Airport Noise Mitigation Project, to determine the treatments required to meet project objectives, and to verify that such objectives are satisfied.
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
High-Resolution Optical Reflectometry Network End-to-End Data Link Evaluation SystemAIR6552/2 (Current)4/8/2021
This document establishes methods to obtain, store, and access data about the health of a fiber optic network using a commercially available high-resolution reflectometer. This document is intended for: Managers Engineers Contracting Officers Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Interactive Lane Change with Adaptive Vehicle Speed2021-01-00944/6/2021
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) has gained an enormous interest in the past decade with growing complexity in systems software and hardware. One of the most challenging ADAS features to develop is lane change as it requires full awareness of the objects surrounding the Ego vehicle as well as performing safe and convenient maneuvers. This paper discusses a camera-based lane change approach that is designed to improve the driver’s safety and comfort with the help of LiDAR object detection. The forward-facing camera is capable of detecting the Ego and adjacent lane lines as well as the moving objects in the camera’s field of view. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was also developed for the driver to interact with the lane change feature by visualizing the sensor data and optionally request the vehicle to change lanes when the system suggests that it is safe to do so. Path planning and following algorithms were developed to plan the path between the center of the Ego lane and the center of the right/left adjacent lanes. The developed algorithms were implemented on FEV’s Smart Vehicle Demonstrator and tested on highway roads. The test results show that the vehicle was able to successfully achieve the lane change by following the planned path and adjusting its speed based on the surrounding objects and curvature of the road.
Alzu'bi, Hamzeh, Taylor, Elizabeth, Matta, Sherif, Tasky, Tom
Automated Highway Overtaking: A Perspective from Decision-Making2021-01-01274/6/2021
This paper presents a comprehensive decision-making algorithm for highway overtaking maneuvers, one of the highest risk maneuvers. For such, an overtaking scenario is divided into four phases: approach phase in which the host or overtaking vehicle (HV) detects a slow-moving lead vehicle (LV) in the same lane; left lane change and passing phase in which the HV performs a left lane change and passes the LV; right lane change phase in which the HV comes back to its original lane and free-flowing phase in which the HV maintains its lane and the initially set velocity. Depending on the phase-wise safety zones, the decision-making algorithm makes two decisions: change lane (1 = left lane change, 0 = maintain the same lane, -1 = right lane change) and adjust speed (1 = accelerate, 0 = maintain the current speed, -1 = decelerate). The proposed decision-making algorithm complements the human driver’s decision-making process and can be easily adapted for individual users. Safety and comfort constraints used for defining safety zones and reference trajectories are verified using the highD dataset, consisting of naturalistic vehicle trajectories on German highways. The decision-making algorithm is coupled with a trajectory planner and an operational controller to develop an automated overtaking system. The developed overtaking system is verified in a virtual environment (a combination of Simcenter Prescan and Matlab) by performing many simulations. The results demonstrate the robustness of the decision-making algorithm.
Tomar, Abhishek Singh, Forrai, Alexandru, Tillema, Frans
Speed Planning System for Commercial Vehicles in Mountainous Areas2021-01-01264/6/2021
There are a large number of curves and slopes in the mountainous areas. Unreasonable acceleration and deceleration in these areas will increase the burden of the brake system and the fuel consumption of the vehicle. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a speed planning and promotion system for commercial vehicles in mountainous areas. The wind, slope, curve, engine brake, and rolling resistances are analyzed to establish the thermal model of the brake system. Based on the thermal model, the safe speed of the brake system is acquired. The maximum safe speed on the turning section is generated by the vehicle dynamic model. And the economic speed is calculated according to the fuel consumption model. The planning speed is provided based on these models. This system can guide the driver to handle the vehicle speed more reasonably. According to the simulation, compared to cruise control, speed planning can save fuel consumption at a mean value of 9.13% in typical mountainous areas. The field test of a typical commercial vehicle shows that this system can increase fuel efficiency by 4.26% compared to an experienced driver during a journey in a mountainous area.
Peng, Dengzhi, Fang, Kekui, Tian, Zhongpeng, Zhang, Yuxiao, Tan, Gangfeng
Development of Fault Detection and Emergency Control for Application to Autonomous Vehicle2021-01-00754/6/2021
This paper describes a failsafe system of automated driving vehicles. The failsafe system consists of the following two parts: sliding mode observer-based environment sensor, chassis sensor fault detection, and emergency deceleration control. Two sliding mode observers are designed to reconstruct the fault of acceleration and environment sensor(Lidar) in a longitudinal direction. In the environment sensor's fault detection part, the longitudinal vehicle model receives clearance and relative velocity values. Therefore, failure diagnosis is possible regardless of environmental sensors, such as radar, lidar, and camera. This paper's sensor data is the failure of Delphi's Electronically Scanning Radar (ESR) and Ibeo's LUX Lidar installed in an autonomous vehicle. The emergency deceleration control algorithm employs the sliding mode control with adaptive convergence time. In the event of a failure, it is significant to control the vehicle within a short period safely. The Adaptive convergence time concept proves a mathematical convergence of the vehicle control time after a failure occurs. As soon as the error occurred, the error was proved to always converge to zero within the final time. Thus, the proposed method introduces the concept of convergence time, and mathematically demonstrates that the state reached the reference target within the specified time when a failure occurred. In the emergency control part, two processing unit hardware structures are adopted to comply with SAE International standard J3016 and NHTSA autonomous vehicle safety report standards. The proposed fail-safe detection algorithm is evaluated through vehicle test data, and the fail-safe control algorithm evaluates through computer simulation and vehicle tests.
Jong Min, Lee, Oh, Kwang Seok, Song, Taejun
An Online Coverage Path Planning Method for Sweeper Trucks in Dynamic Environments2021-01-00954/6/2021
In this paper, a novel online coverage path planning (CPP) method for autonomous sweeper trucks in closed areas is proposed. This method can efficiently generate executable paths for sweeper trucks that cover all feasible uncleaned areas without getting tracked in dead-end, i.e., no backward behaviors required and avoid dynamic obstacles. To reach that end, a modified biological inspired neuron network method considering vehicle constrains is developed, where the dynamic of each neuron is determined by the shunting function. The path will be iteratively generated based on local neuron dynamics. In order to avoid dead-end, a detour algorithm combing with back iteration is introduced to search the nearest uncleaned area that can be reached within vehicle constrains. The proposed method is empirically approved to be computationally efficient and adaptive to maps with arbitrary shapes. The feasibility of generated paths is validated in simulations, where the pure pursuit method is applied to achieve path following. The truck model in the simulation achieves 100% coverage with reasonable cross-track errors.
Zhang, Weiyang, Sun, Yong, Yu, Wenbo, XU, MENG
rtyeuy testing testing testingSAE-PP-003593/3/2021
etyirui
SintzADMIN, Jeneane
Unauthorized Laser Illuminations: Pilot Operational ProceduresARP5598A (Current)3/1/2021
This document addresses the operational safety and human factors aspects of unauthorized laser illumination events in navigable airspace. The topics addressed include operational procedures, training, and protocols that flight crew members should follow in the event of a laser exposure. Of particular emphasis, this document outlines coping strategies for use during critical phases of flight. Although lasers are capable of causing retinal damage, most laser cockpit illuminations, to date, has been relatively low in irradiance causing primarily startle reactions, visual glare, flashblindness and afterimages. Permanent eye injuries from unauthorized laser exposures have been extremely rare. This document describes pilot operational procedures in response to the visual disruptions associated with low to moderate laser exposures that pilots are most likely to encounter during flight operations. With education and training, pilots can take actions that safeguard both their vision and the safety of their passengers.
G10-OL Operational Laser Committee
workflow - take 2SAE-PP-003172/19/2021
workflow - take 2
testing rc-2255SAE-PP-003132/19/2021
testing rc-2255
csp1071 test Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated DrivingSAE-PP-002902/18/2021
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper firstly summarizes the profound reform of automated driving on the road traffic industry in terms of vehicles, infrastructure, practitioners, and transportation services. Based on China's current administrative rules and traffic regulations, the legal and institutional obstacles in automatic driving are analyzed. This paper proposes a traffic law and regulation framework to promote the development of automated driving. The proposed framework can help the transport authority administrate automated driving in legal identity, demonstration application, transportation operation, practitioner management, and scene management. Finally, the policy suggestions to help develop automated driving are put forward. Through enhanced supervision, mutual recognition of qualification, regulation mode innovation, ecosystem construction, and multi-party cooperation, the automated driving market and partners' vitality can be significantly stimulated
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, Anthony, Lindsay
7.0.107 - Design and Development of Capacitance Type Level Sensor for Automotive Vehicle ApplicationSAE-PP-002832/4/2021
Fuel level sensor is a device to indicate the level of the fuel in fuel tank fitted in an automobile. This will have features to communicate the fuel level to the dashboard of the vehicle and is of significant attention to the driver during vehicle usage. The advanced instrumentation provides a lot of information on the dashboard display such as information about fuel level, computing mileage, miles to go or miles to empty, fuel economy, average mileage, etc. Presently, the float arm type with Thick Film Resistor(TFR) and Reed switch type fuel level sensors are being used. To have accurate information for computing, the present sensors are not supporting due to its limitations like nonlinearity, fluctuating output due to slosh, output variations in steps and not continuous. The measurement accuracy of the fuel level sensor needs to be focused to rely on the information available on the dashboard instrument. Hence, it is vital to have a sensor with better reliability, accuracy and adaptability. Capacitance technology based level sensor is identified for development as one of the solutions to meet the demands of the above requirements and this paper portrays the complete perspective and design methodology of capacitance based fuel level sensor. The basics of capacitance measurement, design concepts, design validations, proto-type results are elaborated in this paper.
Lname, Fname
Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated DrivingSAE-PP-002462/3/2021
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper firstly summarizes the profound reform of automated driving on the road traffic industry in terms of vehicles, infrastructure, practitioners, and transportation services. Based on China's current administrative rules and traffic regulations, the legal and institutional obstacles in automatic driving are analyzed. This paper proposes a traffic law and regulation framework to promote the development of automated driving. The proposed framework can help the transport authority administrate automated driving in legal identity, demonstration application, transportation operation, practitioner management, and scene management. Finally, the policy suggestions to help develop automated driving are put forward. Through enhanced supervision, mutual recognition of qualification, regulation mode innovation, ecosystem construction, and multi-party cooperation, the automated driving market and partners' vitality can be significantly stimulated. Keywords: Traffic Law and Regulation, Automated Driving, Administrative Rules and regulations, Road Testing, Demonstration Application, Commercial Operation
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Splicer, Fusion, Fiber Optic, AerospaceAS6479 (Current)12/18/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines fiber optic fusion splicers acceptable for the installation and repair of fiber optic interconnects in aerospace applications. Two different application environments are defined, depending on whether there is risk of flammable vapor or hazardous atmosphere being present. Equipment suited to flammable or hazardous environments may be over specified for factory, depot, or other relatively safe environments. To address these different application environments, two types of fusion splicer will be specified in applicable detail specifications: Type I. For hazardous environments specifically including potentially flammable or explosive atmospheres. Type II. For environments in which it is established that there is no risk of flammable or explosive vapors being present.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Vehicle Transport Unit Load Device (ULD)ARP1554D (Current)11/30/2020
The tests are static in nature to minimize complexity and cost of required testing facilities. As far as practical, applied static loads should take into account the combined static and dynamic loads anticipated in service. It is intended that tests shall be non-destructive in nature and not result in damage unless ultimate load conditions are employed. Test equipment and methods of testing described are not meant to be restrictive. Alternate equivalent methods to accomplish the desired results may be employed. In selected cases, tests may be repeated under ultimate load conditions when required for substantiation of analytical data. If this becomes necessary, the parts deformed may be removed and replaced prior to the retest.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Fire Resistant Container Design, Performance, and Testing RequirementsAS8992 (Current)10/27/2020
This Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the minimum design and performance criteria and testing methods of passive fire resistant containers (FRCs) used either: a In those cargo compartments of civil transport aircraft where they constitute one means of complying with applicable airworthiness regulations, or b On a voluntary basis, when deemed appropriate by operators to improve fire protection in aircraft cargo compartments where airworthiness regulations do not mandate their use.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Development Process - Aerospace Fly-By-Wire Actuation SystemARP5007A (Current)10/9/2020
This document provides a description of a process for development of fly-by-wire actuation systems. Included are (1) the development of requirements for the servo-actuator hardware and the electronics hardware and software, (2) actuator and servo-electronics interface definitions and, (3) the required communications and interactions between the servo-actuator and the servo-electronics designers.
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Development and Qualification of Composite Landing GearsAIR5552 (Historical)9/17/2020
This information report provides general guidance for the design considerations, qualification in endurance, strength and fatigue of landing gear using composite components as principle structural elements. The information discussed herein includes the development and evaluation of design data considering: the potential for imbedded manufacturing defects, manufacturing process variations, the component operating environment, potential damage threats in service, rework and overhaul, and inspection processes. This AIR mainly discusses the use of thick composites for landing gear structural components. Considerations and recommendations provided in this AIR may therefore differ greatly from considerations and recommendations found in widely accepted composite design references such as CMH-17 and Advisory Circulars such as AC 20-107(B).
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee NEW Name Goes Her
2021 Mustang Mach-E20AUTP08_017/1/2020
Ford's first dedicated electric platform reveals the challenges and opportunities in developing a state-of-the-art EV. The 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E is an all-new vehicle. It's Ford's first dedicated battery electric vehicle (BEV) and it's built on an all-new electric vehicle (EV) platform. If that wasn't enough pressure on its development team, the Mach-E also leverages the Mustang nameplate traditionally reserved for iconic sports coupes and serves as a technology flagship debuting a host of new features to expand convenience and safety. One of the lead engineers has likened it to simultaneously engineering an EV, a cellphone and an SUV. “You're delivering the vehicle, that's old-school stuff, we created that at Ford. Now we've got to deliver the new-school stuff too,” explained Robert Iorio, vehicle engineering manager for the Mustang Mach-E.
Seredynski, Paul
Comprehensibility Testing for Pictogram-Based Aircraft Signs and PlacardsARP8996 (Current)4/27/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) applies to comprehensibility testing of aircraft markings, signs, and placards that are intended to provide information to passengers, crew, or ground personnel exclusively through pictorial symbols (pictograms). Markings, signs, and placards where text is complemented by pictograms are not in the scope of this document. In case text and pictograms are used in a redundant manner, comprehension testing is not required.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Research on Tracking Algorithm for Forward Target-Vehicle Using Millimeter-Wave Radar2020-01-07024/14/2020
In order to solve such problems that the millimeter-wave radar is of large computation, poor robustness and low precision of the target tracking algorithm, this paper presents an algorithmic framework for millimeter-wave radar tracking of target-vehicles. The target measurement information outside the millimeter- wave radar detection range is eliminated by the data plausibility judgment method based on the millimeter-wave radar detection parameters. Target clustering is made using Manhattan distance, to eliminate clutter interference and cluster multiple target measurements into one. The data association is made by use of nearest neighbor to determine the correspondence between information received measured by the radar and the real target. The vehicle is the key detection target of the vehicle millimeter-wave radar during road driving. These target-vehicles generally have no vertical movement or small moving speed in the vertical direction, so only the movement of the target-vehicle in the XY plane needs to be considered. Since the target-vehicle motion state has the characteristics of small mobility, a constant acceleration model is established based on the millimeter-wave radar motion coordinate system to describe the motion state of the front target-vehicle. The motion state are tracked and optimized by the algorithm of improved adaptive extended Kalman filter (IAEKF), because it is difficult to determine the statistical property of its measurement noise. A differential position system is formed by installing a base station on the ground and RT3000s on the ego-vehicle and target-vehicle, respectively. Differential Position System is formed by installing Base Station on the ground and high-precision inertial navigator RT3000s and RT-XLANs on the ego-vehicle and target-vehicle, respectively. By use of the differential position system, with effective communication, the relative distance and speed information between both vehicles can be obtained in real time to verify the accuracy of the millimeter-wave radar target tracking algorithm. Results show the proposed algorithm is feasible and of high estimation accuracy.
Song, Shiping, Wu, Jian, Yang, Yu, He, Rui, Chen, Xuesong, Li, Xin
Obstacle Avoidance Using Model Predictive Control: An Implementation and Validation Study Using Scaled Vehicles2020-01-01094/14/2020
Over the last decade, tremendous amount of research and progress has been made towards developing smart technologies for autonomous vehicles such as adaptive cruise control, lane keeping assist, lane following algorithms, and decision-making algorithms. One of the fundamental objectives for the development of such technologies is to enable autonomous vehicles with the capability to avoid obstacles and maintain safety. Automobiles are real-world dynamical systems - possessing inertia, operating at varying speeds, with finite accelerations/decelerations during operations. Deployment of autonomy in vehicles increases in complexity multi-fold especially when high DOF vehicle models need to be considered for robust control. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is a powerful tool that is used extensively to control the behavior of complex, dynamic systems. As a model-based approach, the fidelity of the model and selection of model-parameters plays a role in ultimate performance. Hardware-in-the-loop testing of such algorithms can often prove to be complex in its design as well as in its implementation. Therefore, in this paper, we explore a less-used deployment toolchain that combines the power of ROS (Robot Operating System) for intra-robot communication with motors and sensors with the rich library of controller models in Simulink Real-Time. In particular we explore this rapid-control-prototyping in real-time to deploy Model Predictive Control for Obstacle Avoidance on a ROS-based scaled-vehicle. We found that this framework is user-friendly and contains great potential for educational and research-bed deployments - with a short development and deployment time that can fit neatly in one semester.
Bulsara, Ardashir, Raman, Adhiti, Kamarajugadda, Srivatsav, Schmid, Matthias, Krovi, Venkat N
A Stability-Guaranteed Time-Delay Range for Feedback Control of Autonomous Vehicles2020-01-00904/14/2020
The vehicles with level-5 autonomy (L5AVs) that have no human driver in the loop are also known as self-driving cars. L5AVs are assumed the next generation of ground transportation, which have growing attention from both industry and academia in most recent years. Most of the work related to feedback strategies of L5AVs are on developing mapping systems through a variety of sensors. These systems can be considered as an analogue to the perception and central nervous system of human drivers. For instance, innovative visualization systems are more powerful when compared to the visual perception system of a person, yet, mapping demands high computation loads. This burden causes delay in the feedback loop and thus, it might have an unfavorable influence on proper and safe control action. This study investigates the effect of time delay occurring in mapping systems on the stability of the controlled vehicle. An algorithm entitled as “Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots - CTCR” is used to calculate a safe delay range as a remedy for the time delay caused by mapping systems. The CTCR analysis is applied to a linearized two degree-of-freedom bicycle model for different velocities. The critical time delay values, which determines the boundary between the stability and instability of the controlled vehicle, are calculated based on the vehicle dynamics. Finally, results are drawn for a regular weave test by computer simulations, in which a non-linear vehicle model is used. The proposed approach is validated by exhibiting that a delay value outside the safe range leads the vehicle instability.
Kirli, Ahmet, Arslan, Mehmet Selçuk
MPC Controller for Autonomous Formula Student Vehicle2020-01-00894/14/2020
Autonomous vehicles in formula student competition is a relatively new competition, with most of the teams testing new concepts every year with their challenger for the season. A background search conducted reflects the various concept changes offered by the FS teams in Formula student Germany each year. Hence, it can be concluded that the teams are uncertain about many concepts in an autonomous vehicle. This paper explores one such aspect; the choice of controller governs the steering capabilities of the autonomous vehicle. An MPC controller is used to build a basic controller model for the autonomous vehicle in the formula student competition. A bicycle model representative of the Oxford Brookes Racing team's electric vehicle is modeled, and the MPC controller is used to check various vehicle dynamic parameters in Simulink.
R, Shreyas, Bradley, Andrew, Collier, Gordana
Iterative Dynamic Programming Based Model Predictive Control of Energy Efficient Cruising for Electric Vehicle with Terrain Preview2020-01-01324/14/2020
As a global optimization method, dynamic programming (DP) can be employed to seek the optimal velocity with minimum energy consumption for EV on given driving cycles. Due to its terrible computational burden, conventional DP is not suitable for real-time implementation especially with higher dimensions. In this paper, we propose an iterative dynamic programming (IDP) approach to reduce computing time firstly. The IDP can obtain the optimal control laws alike the conventional DP by converging the optimal control strategy iteratively and save considerable computing time. Second, the developed IDP and model predictive control (MPC) are combined to establish a real-time cruising controller called IDP-MPC for an EV with terrain preview. In the predictive controller, we use the IDP to solve a constrained finite horizon nonlinear optimization problem. Finally, to assess the performance of the proposed cruising controller, simulation on a realistic urban expressway road terrain is implemented. Energy-saving potential of the IDP-MPC controller is explored by comparing to DP and constant speed (CS) cruising controllers. The comparative study indicates that the IDP-MPC controller can obtain near-optimal energy-saving capacity compared to DP controller.
Ju, Fei, Zhuang, Weichao, Wang, Liangmo, Wang, Qun
Decision Making and Trajectory Planning for Lane Change Control Inspired by Parallel Parking2020-01-01344/14/2020
Lane-changing systems have been developed and applied to improve environmental adaptability of advanced driver assistant system (ADAS) and driver comfort. Lane-changing control consists of three steps: decision making, trajectory planning and trajectory tracking. Current methods are not perfect due to weaknesses such as high computation cost, low robustness to uncertainties, etc. In this paper, a novel lane changing control method is proposed, where lane-changing behavior is analogized to parallel parking behavior. In the perspective of host vehicle with lane-changing intention, the space between vehicles in the target adjacent lane can be regarded as dynamic parking space. A decision making and path planning algorithm of parallel parking is adapted to deal with lane change condition. The adopted algorithm based on rules checks lane-changing feasibility and generates desired path in the moving reference system at the same speed of vehicles in target lane. Compared to algorithm for static parking space, the uncertainty of the space between moving vehicles and host vehicle dynamics raises stricter requirements for algorithms. Works are conducted to deal with dynamically changing scenarios, such as design of safety zone and exit conditions to avoid collision. Simulation under PreScan-Simulink environment shows that the proposed method outperforms in lane change scenarios and achieves strong robustness to inter-vehicle dynamics.
Yu, Liangyao, Ru, Ze, Lu, Zhenghong, Liang, Guanqun, Xiong, Cenbo, Lanie, Abi, Wang, Ruyue
Effects of a Probability-Based Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory on Dilemma Zone Exposure2020-01-01164/14/2020
Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) systems have the objective of providing a recommended speed to arrive at a traffic signal during the green phase of the cycle. GLOSA has been shown to decrease travel time, fuel consumption, and carbon emissions; simultaneously, it has been demonstrated to increase driver and passenger comfort. Few studies have been conducted using historical cycle-by-cycle phase probabilities to assess the performance of a speed advisory capable of recommending a speed for various traffic signal operating modes (fixed-time, semi-actuated, and fully-actuated). In this study, a GLOSA system based on phase probability is proposed. The probability is calculated prior to each trip from a previous week’s, same time-of-day (TOD) and day-of-week (DOW) period, traffic signal controller high-resolution event data. By utilizing this advisory method, real-time communications from the vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) become unnecessary, eliminating data-loss related issues. The effects of three different advice approaches (conservative, balanced, and aggressive) on dilemma zone exposure are analyzed. Proof of concept is carried out by simulating drives through a test-route composed of an arterial that had historical high-resolution traffic signal event logs for a series of actuated-coordinated traffic signals during different TOD and DOW. A comparison was performed between unadvised and GLOSA advised trips obtained from approximately 486,000 simulated trajectories. Results were obtained by analyzing the vehicle’s probability of stopping from utilizing Traffic Engineering dilemma zone theory. Reductions of 93% in the amount of hard brakings and 96% in the number of crossings through red light were observed with the proposed system. This data suggests the feasibility of a probability-based advisory, as well as the viability of utilizing the proposed GLOSA system to minimize dilemma zone exposure.
Saldivar-Carranza, Enrique, Li, Howell, Kim, Woosung, Mathew, Jijo, Bullock, Darcy, Sturdevant, James
Decision Making and Trajectory Planning of Intelligent Vehicle’ s Lane-Changing Behavior on Highways under Multi-Objective Constrains2020-01-01244/14/2020
Discretionary lane changing is commonly seen in highway driving. Intelligent vehicles are expected to change lanes discretionarily for better driving experience and higher traffic efficiency. This study proposed to optimize the decision-making and trajectory-planning process so that intelligent vehicles made lane changes not only with driving safety taken into account, but also with the goal to improve driving comfort as well as to meet the driver’ s expectation. The mechanism of how various factors contribute to the driver’s intention to change lanes was studied by carrying out a series of driving simulation experiments, and a Lane-Changing Intention Generation (LCIG) model based on Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) was proposed. The inputs of the Bi-LSTM were data fragments of several influencing factors including the relative velocity and the distance between the relative vehicles, the type of the preceding vehicles, and the average velocity of the adjacent traffic flows, that over a certain period of time, which was determined via examining subjects’ visual behaviors of the left view mirror or the right view mirror. By combining the LCIG model with a feasibility judgement model which was based on minimum safety spacing (MSS), a lane-changing decision-making model satisfying driving safety and drivers’ expectation was proposed. The model was trained with a part of trajectory dataset obtained from the simulation driving experiments. The jerk was taken into full consideration as boundary condition on the basis of seventh-degree polynomial trajectory planning. The proposed decision-making model were verified against a test dataset from the other parts of experimental data and the results show that the model resembles the lane-changing decision-making process of human drivers in real-world.
Nie, Linzhen, Yin, Zhishuai, Huang, Haoran
Analysis of Dashcam Video for Determination of Vehicle Speed2020-01-08774/14/2020
Using dashcam video footage to extract reliable vehicle speed data can be challenging when the only available image stream comes from a camera whose optical parameters are unknown. One means of overcoming such difficulties uses visible landmarks and features within the video frame whose dimensions can be independently measured. While good results have been obtained by others using a Total Station or LiDAR to physically measure locations for such purposes, this approach could prove difficult if a site of interest is inaccessible (e.g. on a busy highway that cannot be shut down) or if relevent features of the target location have changed (e.g. due to construction or even restriping of lanes lines). As an alternative to direct scene measurement, it is proposed that measurement of features visible in overhead satellite images be used to dimension relevant features visible in the video. In this work, videos from individual dashcams and phone-based cameras were used to calculate average vehicle speed by tracking individual features as they pass through and then exit the image frame. Because the features used herein are limited to periodically-occurring markings such as lane lines, average vehicle speed is calculated based solely on distances referenced to these features as well as video frame rate. Although limited in scope, a major advantage of this approach is that it eliminates the need for camera calibration, because only one small patch of the image frame is used for the average speed calculation. In this study, selected video sequences were used to calculate vehicle speed at speeds ranging from 16 - 65 mph, with results corresponding to the vehicle’s speedometer display for all but the lowest frame rates.
Leifer, Jack, Marquez, Alvaro
LiDAR-Based Urban Autonomous Platooning Simulation2020-01-07174/14/2020
The technological advancements of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) sensors enable the ability to; achieve autonomous vehicle platooning, increase the capacity of road lanes, and reduce traffic. This article focuses on developing urban autonomous platooning using LiDAR and GPS/IMU sensors in a simulation environment. Gazebo simulation is utilized to simulate the sensors, vehicles, and testing environment. Two vehicles are used in this study; a Lead vehicle that follows a preplanned trajectory, while the remaining vehicle (Follower) uses the LiDAR object detection and tracking information to mimic the Lead vehicle. The LiDAR object detection is handled in multiple stages: point cloud frame transformation, filtering and down-sampling, ground segmentation, and clustering. The tracking algorithm uses the clustering information to provide position and velocity of the Lead vehicle which allows for vehicle platooning. This paper covers the LiDAR object detection and tracking algorithms as well as the autonomous platooning control algorithms which were tested in a simulation environment. Test results illustrate that the Follower vehicle was able to attain the autonomous platooning based on the LiDAR data.
Alzu'bi, Hamzeh, Tasky, Tom
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