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J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_201402 (Current)12/8/2025
The J1939 Digital Annex The J1939 Digital Annex, introduced in August 2013, offers key J1939 technical data in an Electronic Spreadsheet that can be easily searched, sorted, and adapted to other formats. J1939DA contains all of the SPNs (parameters), PGNs (messages), and other J1939 data previously published in the SAE J1939 top level document. J1939DA also contains all of the SLOTs, Manufacturer ID Codes, NAME Functions, and Preferred Addresses previously published in the SAE J1939 top level and the J1939-71 document. J1939DA contains the complete technical details for all of the SPNs and PGNs previously published in the SAE J1939-71 document. For all other SPNs and PGNs which are published in a document other than SAE J1939-71, J1939DA lists only basic details along with a reference to the document that contains the complete technical details. J1939DA replaces, and expands upon, the 1939 Companion Spreadsheet (CS1939), which was last published through November 2012. The data fields included in J1939DA for PGNs are: PGN Parameter Group Label Acronyn EDP DP PF PGN Length PS PGN Description Multipacket Transmission Rate PGN Data Length Default Priority PGN Reference PGN Document The data fields included in J1939DA for SPNs are: SPN SPN Name SPN Description SPN Length Resolution Offset Data Range Operational Range Units SLOT Identifier SPN Type SPN Reference SPN Document The J1939 Digital Annex is current through Fourth Quarter 2013 and can be purchased separately or as part of the SAE J1939 Standards Collection on the Web.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
electric - take 2SAE-PP-0779211/4/2022
electric
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
testing collections assignmentSAE-PP-030347/8/2022
blah blah blah collections
Rickard, Christopher
Ice Undercutting Test Method for AMS1431 and AMS1435 Runway Deicing/Anti-Icing ProductsAS6172 (Current)10/28/2021
This test method provides stakeholders (runway deicing/anti-icing product manufacturers, users, regulators, and airport authorities) with relative ice undercutting capacity of runway deicing/anti-icing products, by measuring the area of ice undercut pattern as a function of time. Such runway deicing/anti-icing products are often also used on taxiways and other paved areas. This test method does not quantitatively measure the theoretical or extended time of ice undercutting capability of ready-to-use runway deicing/anti-icing products in liquid or solid form.
G-12 Runway Deicing Product Committee
testing a new preprint from start to finishSAE-PP-0048610/20/2021
and uploading a new version of the PDF
SintzADMIN, JenEANE, rao, sumana, SintzUSER, Jeneane, rao, sumana, rao, sumana, rao, sumana
e2e workflow 10/19SAE-PP-0048010/19/2021
asdf
SintzADMIN, JenEANE
citation check in edgeSAE-PP-004639/29/2021
check check
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane
testing tasksSAE-PP-004619/28/2021
So Many Tasks
SintzADMIN, Jeneane
test new 3 to1SAE-PP-004339/23/2021
fingers crossed
SintzUSER, Jeneane
asdfSAE-PP-004329/23/2021
asdf
SintzUSER, Jeneane
workflow e2e - take 2 (jms test)SAE-PP-004319/23/2021
take 2
SintzUSER, Jeneane
A Novel Ecological & Energized Modules (EEMs) Infrastructures, Civil Engineering and Transportation System (Part Ⅰ)SAE-PP-004229/16/2021
An ecological & energized modules (EEMs) living underlying and fundamental system, which is with a general interest in almost all the human living & ecological system, civil engineering, and infrastructures and transportation system, etc. It is the basics, underlying and fundamental system of zero energy, zero-water consumption, zero-carbon with a 100% greening rate, 100% clean energy, high-quality air, and powerful carbon capture system with significant positive spillover for global carbon removal and carbon balance, and climate challenges, etc. There are two main categories of materials used in current civil engineering, infrastructures, and roads system, in which one is steel, and the other is concrete. It is like the components of the human body. The steel is the skeleton, the concrete is the flesh, and the ecological & energized modules EEMs concrete structures and systems is the powerful integumentary system with advanced multi-mode functionality. Not only is the EEMs system a protective layer, a landscape layer, a construction method of easy, fast, efficient, noiseless, and zero-dependence on the large complex equipment, but it is also a super-smart road system, a clean energy system, a carbon capture system, and a quality air system, etc. Honeycomb and prestressed structures have been used in the EEMs system, which is with high strength, high reliability, and high durability in almost all transportation systems, civil engineering, and infrastructures. Furthermore, the encoded and sensor-equipped EEMs road system with further optical processing will have multiple functions, such as the smart traffic system, excellent safety efficacy, and good visual effects, etc.
Rxiv, Mo
Standard Practice for HabitabilitySAE1007 (Historical)9/14/2021
This Standard specifies the Habitability processes throughout planning, design, development, test, production, use and disposal of a system. Depending on contract phase and/or complexity of the program, tailoring of this standard may be applied. The primary goals of a contractor Habitability program include: Ensuring that the system design complies with the customer Habitability requirements and that discrepancies are reported to management and the customer. Identifying, coordinating, tracking, prioritizing, and resolving Habitability risks and issues and ensuring that they are: ○ Reflected in the contractor proposal, budgets, and plans ○ Raised at design, management, and program reviews ○ Debated in Working Group meetings ○ Coordinated with Training, Logistics, and the other HSI disciplines ○ Included appropriately in documentation and deliverable data items Ensuring that Habitability requirements are applied to all personnel environments, including operators, maintainers, trainers, and support personnnel. Identifying and pursuing opportunities to reduce Habitability costs. Ensuring that Habitability considerations are addressed in analyses, design decisions, trade-offs, and design changes (e.g., Engineering Change Proposals (ECP)). Conducting Habitability analysis activities and supporting human factors analyses (e.g., workload analysis) and other HSI domain analyses to provide evidence to support design decisions and trade-offs and to coordinate shared data. Ensuring that Habitability analyses, results and recommendations are timely, technically competent/complete, and included in design decisions, tradeoffs, and changes. Ensuring that environments experienced by subjects in experiments, simulations, tests, evaluations, and demonstrations are consistent with the customer’s Habitability requirements and meet the U.S. Government and DoD policies for protecton of human subjects. Ensuring that Habitability issues discovered in test, evaluation, demonstration, Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E), and operations are resolved in a technically competent/complete and timely manner.
G-45 Human Systems Integration
Taxonomy and Definition of Safety Principles for Automated Driving System (ADS)J3206_202107 (Current)7/7/2021
This SAE Information Report classifies and defines a harmonized set of safety principles intended to be considered by ADS and ADS-equipped vehicle development stakeholders. The set of safety principles herein is based on the collection and analysis of existing information from multiple entities, reflecting the content and spirit of their efforts, including: SAE ITC AVSC Best Practices CAMP Automated Vehicle Research for Enhanced Safety - Final Report RAND Report - Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework U.S. DOT: Automated Driving Systems 2.0 - A Vision for Safety Safety First for Automated Driving (SaFAD) UNECE WP29 amendment proposal UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRVA/2019/13 On a Formal Model of Safe and Scalable Self-Driving Cars (Intel RSS model) SAE J3018 This SAE Information Report provides guidance for the consideration and application of the safety principles for the development and deployment of ADS and ADS-equipped vehicles. This SAE Information Report is not intended to encompass all aspects of system-level safety for an ADS-equipped vehicle, including communication with other traffic participants. Addressing all identified safety principles is intended to support, but not fully ensure, comprehensive system-level safety. As an SAE Information Report, this document is non-normative, imposes no requirements, and does not address: Requirements for methodology, metrics, and/or acceptance thresholds. Ethics-related safety principles, or any link between the safety principles defined in this document and ethical studies/frameworks. Conformance with safety principles for purposes of liability and/or fault assignment. As ADS technology and deployment are expanded in the future, this document may be reconsidered for future revision including normative requirements.
On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee
Fiber Optic Harsh Environment Test Methods Cross Reference DocumentAIR6282A (Current)6/10/2021
This report provides cross reference matrices detailing current test methods used in the qualification processes of fiber optic connectors, termini and cables for aerospace, telecommunications, and naval applications. The cross-reference allows the end user to select the test methods most suitable for qualifying a component, or to identify alternative test methods where a specific test is not defined in a referenced document. The report also provides information on what area each type of referenced document has been developed for.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Light Transmitting Glass Covers for Exterior Aircraft LightingAIR5689B (Current)5/13/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides definitions of and inspection criteria for defects commonly encountered in molded glass covers for exterior aircraft lighting.
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
Night Vision Goggle (NVG) Compatible Light SourcesARP4168B (Current)5/13/2021
This ARP covers three common light sources, incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode that, when NVG filtered, can be used to illuminate NVG compatible aerospace crew stations. It is recognized that many other different light sources can also be used for this purpose. Also see 2.1.1 for other SAE documents that cover particular applications within the crew station environment. This ARP sets forth recommendations for the design of NVG compatible lighting, utilizing these light sources, that will meet the requirements of MIL-L-85762 Lighting, Aircraft, Interior, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. This also includes the replacement document MIL-STD-3009: Lighting, Aircraft, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. Although this ARP concentrates on lamp light sources for illumination, the information contained within this ARP may be directly applied to incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode information display devices. Regardless of the light source, the focus of this document is the understanding that the radiometric energy that can be amplified by the Night Vision Goggles (NVG’s) must be filtered to such an extent that it will not impact the operational use of the NVG’s while still allowing sufficient visible (photometric) energy to be viewed by the pilot.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Capacitive Fuel Gauging System AccuraciesAIR1184B (Current)4/23/2021
This report is intended to identify the various errors typically encountered in capacitance fuel quantity measurement systems. In addition to identification of error sources, it describes the basic factors which cause the errors. When coupled with appraisals of the relative costs of minimizing the errors, this knowledge will furnish a tool with which to optimize gauging system accuracy, and thus, to obtain the optimum overall system within the constraints imposed by both design and budgetary considerations. Since the subject of fuel measurement accuracy using capacitance based sensing is quite complex, no attempt is made herein to present a fully-comprehensive evaluation of all factors affecting gauging system accuracy. Rather, the major contributors to gauging system inaccuracy are discussed and emphasis is given to simplicity and clarity, somewhat at the expense of completeness. An overview of capacitive fuel gauging operation can be found in AIR5691. This document also discusses how to analyze fuel gauging system accuracy as a result of combining the effects of the error sources described here.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Landing Gear AlignmentAIR5556 (Current)4/23/2021
The purpose of this Aerospace Information Report is to provide the industry with methodologies for measuring tire/wheel gear alignment and the range of acceptable alignment settings for various types of non-military landing gear. This AIR will focus on the general aviation, corporate, and regional aircraft landing gear but could have applicability to commercial aircraft.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
Aircraft Noise Level Reduction Measurement of Building FaçadesARP6973 (Current)4/14/2021
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides two methods for measuring the aircraft noise level reduction of building façades. Airports and their consultants can use either of the methods presented in this ARP to determine the eligibility of structures exposed to aircraft noise to participate in an FAA-funded Airport Noise Mitigation Project, to determine the treatments required to meet project objectives, and to verify that such objectives are satisfied.
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
High-Resolution Optical Reflectometry Network End-to-End Data Link Evaluation SystemAIR6552/2 (Current)4/8/2021
This document establishes methods to obtain, store, and access data about the health of a fiber optic network using a commercially available high-resolution reflectometer. This document is intended for: Managers Engineers Contracting Officers Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Automated Highway Overtaking: A Perspective from Decision-Making2021-01-01274/6/2021
This paper presents a comprehensive decision-making algorithm for highway overtaking maneuvers, one of the highest risk maneuvers. For such, an overtaking scenario is divided into four phases: approach phase in which the host or overtaking vehicle (HV) detects a slow-moving lead vehicle (LV) in the same lane; left lane change and passing phase in which the HV performs a left lane change and passes the LV; right lane change phase in which the HV comes back to its original lane and free-flowing phase in which the HV maintains its lane and the initially set velocity. Depending on the phase-wise safety zones, the decision-making algorithm makes two decisions: change lane (1 = left lane change, 0 = maintain the same lane, -1 = right lane change) and adjust speed (1 = accelerate, 0 = maintain the current speed, -1 = decelerate). The proposed decision-making algorithm complements the human driver’s decision-making process and can be easily adapted for individual users. Safety and comfort constraints used for defining safety zones and reference trajectories are verified using the highD dataset, consisting of naturalistic vehicle trajectories on German highways. The decision-making algorithm is coupled with a trajectory planner and an operational controller to develop an automated overtaking system. The developed overtaking system is verified in a virtual environment (a combination of Simcenter Prescan and Matlab) by performing many simulations. The results demonstrate the robustness of the decision-making algorithm.
Tomar, Abhishek Singh, Forrai, Alexandru, Tillema, Frans
Interactive Lane Change with Adaptive Vehicle Speed2021-01-00944/6/2021
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) has gained an enormous interest in the past decade with growing complexity in systems software and hardware. One of the most challenging ADAS features to develop is lane change as it requires full awareness of the objects surrounding the Ego vehicle as well as performing safe and convenient maneuvers. This paper discusses a camera-based lane change approach that is designed to improve the driver’s safety and comfort with the help of LiDAR object detection. The forward-facing camera is capable of detecting the Ego and adjacent lane lines as well as the moving objects in the camera’s field of view. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was also developed for the driver to interact with the lane change feature by visualizing the sensor data and optionally request the vehicle to change lanes when the system suggests that it is safe to do so. Path planning and following algorithms were developed to plan the path between the center of the Ego lane and the center of the right/left adjacent lanes. The developed algorithms were implemented on FEV’s Smart Vehicle Demonstrator and tested on highway roads. The test results show that the vehicle was able to successfully achieve the lane change by following the planned path and adjusting its speed based on the surrounding objects and curvature of the road.
Alzu'bi, Hamzeh, Taylor, Elizabeth, Matta, Sherif, Tasky, Tom
An Online Coverage Path Planning Method for Sweeper Trucks in Dynamic Environments2021-01-00954/6/2021
In this paper, a novel online coverage path planning (CPP) method for autonomous sweeper trucks in closed areas is proposed. This method can efficiently generate executable paths for sweeper trucks that cover all feasible uncleaned areas without getting tracked in dead-end, i.e., no backward behaviors required and avoid dynamic obstacles. To reach that end, a modified biological inspired neuron network method considering vehicle constrains is developed, where the dynamic of each neuron is determined by the shunting function. The path will be iteratively generated based on local neuron dynamics. In order to avoid dead-end, a detour algorithm combing with back iteration is introduced to search the nearest uncleaned area that can be reached within vehicle constrains. The proposed method is empirically approved to be computationally efficient and adaptive to maps with arbitrary shapes. The feasibility of generated paths is validated in simulations, where the pure pursuit method is applied to achieve path following. The truck model in the simulation achieves 100% coverage with reasonable cross-track errors.
Zhang, Weiyang, Sun, Yong, Yu, Wenbo, XU, MENG
Development of Fault Detection and Emergency Control for Application to Autonomous Vehicle2021-01-00754/6/2021
This paper describes a failsafe system of automated driving vehicles. The failsafe system consists of the following two parts: sliding mode observer-based environment sensor, chassis sensor fault detection, and emergency deceleration control. Two sliding mode observers are designed to reconstruct the fault of acceleration and environment sensor(Lidar) in a longitudinal direction. In the environment sensor's fault detection part, the longitudinal vehicle model receives clearance and relative velocity values. Therefore, failure diagnosis is possible regardless of environmental sensors, such as radar, lidar, and camera. This paper's sensor data is the failure of Delphi's Electronically Scanning Radar (ESR) and Ibeo's LUX Lidar installed in an autonomous vehicle. The emergency deceleration control algorithm employs the sliding mode control with adaptive convergence time. In the event of a failure, it is significant to control the vehicle within a short period safely. The Adaptive convergence time concept proves a mathematical convergence of the vehicle control time after a failure occurs. As soon as the error occurred, the error was proved to always converge to zero within the final time. Thus, the proposed method introduces the concept of convergence time, and mathematically demonstrates that the state reached the reference target within the specified time when a failure occurred. In the emergency control part, two processing unit hardware structures are adopted to comply with SAE International standard J3016 and NHTSA autonomous vehicle safety report standards. The proposed fail-safe detection algorithm is evaluated through vehicle test data, and the fail-safe control algorithm evaluates through computer simulation and vehicle tests.
Jong Min, Lee, Oh, Kwang Seok, Song, Taejun
Speed Planning System for Commercial Vehicles in Mountainous Areas2021-01-01264/6/2021
There are a large number of curves and slopes in the mountainous areas. Unreasonable acceleration and deceleration in these areas will increase the burden of the brake system and the fuel consumption of the vehicle. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a speed planning and promotion system for commercial vehicles in mountainous areas. The wind, slope, curve, engine brake, and rolling resistances are analyzed to establish the thermal model of the brake system. Based on the thermal model, the safe speed of the brake system is acquired. The maximum safe speed on the turning section is generated by the vehicle dynamic model. And the economic speed is calculated according to the fuel consumption model. The planning speed is provided based on these models. This system can guide the driver to handle the vehicle speed more reasonably. According to the simulation, compared to cruise control, speed planning can save fuel consumption at a mean value of 9.13% in typical mountainous areas. The field test of a typical commercial vehicle shows that this system can increase fuel efficiency by 4.26% compared to an experienced driver during a journey in a mountainous area.
Peng, Dengzhi, Fang, Kekui, Tian, Zhongpeng, Zhang, Yuxiao, Tan, Gangfeng
rtyeuy testing testing testingSAE-PP-003593/3/2021
etyirui
SintzADMIN, Jeneane
Unauthorized Laser Illuminations: Pilot Operational ProceduresARP5598A (Current)3/1/2021
This document addresses the operational safety and human factors aspects of unauthorized laser illumination events in navigable airspace. The topics addressed include operational procedures, training, and protocols that flight crew members should follow in the event of a laser exposure. Of particular emphasis, this document outlines coping strategies for use during critical phases of flight. Although lasers are capable of causing retinal damage, most laser cockpit illuminations, to date, has been relatively low in irradiance causing primarily startle reactions, visual glare, flashblindness and afterimages. Permanent eye injuries from unauthorized laser exposures have been extremely rare. This document describes pilot operational procedures in response to the visual disruptions associated with low to moderate laser exposures that pilots are most likely to encounter during flight operations. With education and training, pilots can take actions that safeguard both their vision and the safety of their passengers.
G10-OL Operational Laser Committee
workflow - take 2SAE-PP-003172/19/2021
workflow - take 2
testing rc-2255SAE-PP-003132/19/2021
testing rc-2255
csp1071 test Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated DrivingSAE-PP-002902/18/2021
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper firstly summarizes the profound reform of automated driving on the road traffic industry in terms of vehicles, infrastructure, practitioners, and transportation services. Based on China's current administrative rules and traffic regulations, the legal and institutional obstacles in automatic driving are analyzed. This paper proposes a traffic law and regulation framework to promote the development of automated driving. The proposed framework can help the transport authority administrate automated driving in legal identity, demonstration application, transportation operation, practitioner management, and scene management. Finally, the policy suggestions to help develop automated driving are put forward. Through enhanced supervision, mutual recognition of qualification, regulation mode innovation, ecosystem construction, and multi-party cooperation, the automated driving market and partners' vitality can be significantly stimulated
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, Anthony, Lindsay
7.0.107 - Design and Development of Capacitance Type Level Sensor for Automotive Vehicle ApplicationSAE-PP-002832/4/2021
Fuel level sensor is a device to indicate the level of the fuel in fuel tank fitted in an automobile. This will have features to communicate the fuel level to the dashboard of the vehicle and is of significant attention to the driver during vehicle usage. The advanced instrumentation provides a lot of information on the dashboard display such as information about fuel level, computing mileage, miles to go or miles to empty, fuel economy, average mileage, etc. Presently, the float arm type with Thick Film Resistor(TFR) and Reed switch type fuel level sensors are being used. To have accurate information for computing, the present sensors are not supporting due to its limitations like nonlinearity, fluctuating output due to slosh, output variations in steps and not continuous. The measurement accuracy of the fuel level sensor needs to be focused to rely on the information available on the dashboard instrument. Hence, it is vital to have a sensor with better reliability, accuracy and adaptability. Capacitance technology based level sensor is identified for development as one of the solutions to meet the demands of the above requirements and this paper portrays the complete perspective and design methodology of capacitance based fuel level sensor. The basics of capacitance measurement, design concepts, design validations, proto-type results are elaborated in this paper.
Lname, Fname
Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated DrivingSAE-PP-002462/3/2021
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper firstly summarizes the profound reform of automated driving on the road traffic industry in terms of vehicles, infrastructure, practitioners, and transportation services. Based on China's current administrative rules and traffic regulations, the legal and institutional obstacles in automatic driving are analyzed. This paper proposes a traffic law and regulation framework to promote the development of automated driving. The proposed framework can help the transport authority administrate automated driving in legal identity, demonstration application, transportation operation, practitioner management, and scene management. Finally, the policy suggestions to help develop automated driving are put forward. Through enhanced supervision, mutual recognition of qualification, regulation mode innovation, ecosystem construction, and multi-party cooperation, the automated driving market and partners' vitality can be significantly stimulated. Keywords: Traffic Law and Regulation, Automated Driving, Administrative Rules and regulations, Road Testing, Demonstration Application, Commercial Operation
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Splicer, Fusion, Fiber Optic, AerospaceAS6479 (Current)12/18/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines fiber optic fusion splicers acceptable for the installation and repair of fiber optic interconnects in aerospace applications. Two different application environments are defined, depending on whether there is risk of flammable vapor or hazardous atmosphere being present. Equipment suited to flammable or hazardous environments may be over specified for factory, depot, or other relatively safe environments. To address these different application environments, two types of fusion splicer will be specified in applicable detail specifications: Type I. For hazardous environments specifically including potentially flammable or explosive atmospheres. Type II. For environments in which it is established that there is no risk of flammable or explosive vapors being present.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Vehicle Transport Unit Load Device (ULD)ARP1554D (Current)11/30/2020
The tests are static in nature to minimize complexity and cost of required testing facilities. As far as practical, applied static loads should take into account the combined static and dynamic loads anticipated in service. It is intended that tests shall be non-destructive in nature and not result in damage unless ultimate load conditions are employed. Test equipment and methods of testing described are not meant to be restrictive. Alternate equivalent methods to accomplish the desired results may be employed. In selected cases, tests may be repeated under ultimate load conditions when required for substantiation of analytical data. If this becomes necessary, the parts deformed may be removed and replaced prior to the retest.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Fire Resistant Container Design, Performance, and Testing RequirementsAS8992 (Current)10/27/2020
This Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the minimum design and performance criteria and testing methods of passive fire resistant containers (FRCs) used either: a In those cargo compartments of civil transport aircraft where they constitute one means of complying with applicable airworthiness regulations, or b On a voluntary basis, when deemed appropriate by operators to improve fire protection in aircraft cargo compartments where airworthiness regulations do not mandate their use.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Development Process - Aerospace Fly-By-Wire Actuation SystemARP5007A (Current)10/9/2020
This document provides a description of a process for development of fly-by-wire actuation systems. Included are (1) the development of requirements for the servo-actuator hardware and the electronics hardware and software, (2) actuator and servo-electronics interface definitions and, (3) the required communications and interactions between the servo-actuator and the servo-electronics designers.
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Development and Qualification of Composite Landing GearsAIR5552 (Historical)9/17/2020
This information report provides general guidance for the design considerations, qualification in endurance, strength and fatigue of landing gear using composite components as principle structural elements. The information discussed herein includes the development and evaluation of design data considering: the potential for imbedded manufacturing defects, manufacturing process variations, the component operating environment, potential damage threats in service, rework and overhaul, and inspection processes. This AIR mainly discusses the use of thick composites for landing gear structural components. Considerations and recommendations provided in this AIR may therefore differ greatly from considerations and recommendations found in widely accepted composite design references such as CMH-17 and Advisory Circulars such as AC 20-107(B).
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee NEW Name Goes Her
2021 Mustang Mach-E20AUTP08_017/1/2020
Ford's first dedicated electric platform reveals the challenges and opportunities in developing a state-of-the-art EV. The 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E is an all-new vehicle. It's Ford's first dedicated battery electric vehicle (BEV) and it's built on an all-new electric vehicle (EV) platform. If that wasn't enough pressure on its development team, the Mach-E also leverages the Mustang nameplate traditionally reserved for iconic sports coupes and serves as a technology flagship debuting a host of new features to expand convenience and safety. One of the lead engineers has likened it to simultaneously engineering an EV, a cellphone and an SUV. “You're delivering the vehicle, that's old-school stuff, we created that at Ford. Now we've got to deliver the new-school stuff too,” explained Robert Iorio, vehicle engineering manager for the Mustang Mach-E.
Seredynski, Paul
Comprehensibility Testing for Pictogram-Based Aircraft Signs and PlacardsARP8996 (Current)4/27/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) applies to comprehensibility testing of aircraft markings, signs, and placards that are intended to provide information to passengers, crew, or ground personnel exclusively through pictorial symbols (pictograms). Markings, signs, and placards where text is complemented by pictograms are not in the scope of this document. In case text and pictograms are used in a redundant manner, comprehension testing is not required.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Parameter Identification for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Model2020-01-08584/14/2020
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system has emerged as the state-of-art power source for the electric vehicle, but the widespread commercial application of fuel cell vehicle is restricted by its short service life. An enabling high accuracy model holds the key for better understanding, simulation, analysis, subsystem control of the fuel cell system to extract full power and prolong the lifespan. In this paper, a quasi-dynamic lumped parameters model for a 3kW stack is introduced, which includes filling-and-emptying volume sub-models for the relationships between periphery signals and internal states, static water transferring sub-model for the membrane, and empirical electrochemical sub-model for the voltage response. Several dynamic experiments are carried out to identify unknown parameters of the model. According to the periphery measurable signals, the model is parameterized using a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA)/particle swarm optimization (PSO) method, which combined the advantages of conventional GA and PSO to reduce risks of being trapped into local optima. Comparison of the identified results and test voltages shows that the model is capable of predicting the voltage response with the relative errors between simulated and measured results less than 5%. Then, the properties of internal states with respect to the time, such as gas partial pressure within the cavity, the water content of the membrane, and relative humidity, are analyzed. Lastly, a step simulated current is injected into the model under different periphery conditions, and the frequency relationships between current and internal states are analyzed using a fast Fourier transform method. To decrease the spectral leakage error, the time domain data is processed by the Hanning window.
Yuan, Hao, Dai, Haifeng, Wei, Xuezhe
Parametric Study of Reduced Span Side Tapering on a Simplified Model with Wheels2020-01-06804/14/2020
Many modern vehicles have blunt rear end geometries for design aesthetics and practicality; however, such vehicles are potentially high drag. The application of tapering; typically applied to an entire edge of the base of the geometry is widely reported as a means of reducing drag, but in many cases, this is not practical on real vehicles. In this study side tapers are applied to only part of the side edge of a simplified automotive geometry, to show the effects of practical implementations of tapers. The paper reports on a parametric study undertaken in Loughborough University’s Large Wind Tunnel with the ¼ scale Windsor model equipped with wheels. The aerodynamic effect of implementing partial side edge tapers is assessed from a full height taper to a 25% taper in both an upper and lower body configuration. These were investigated using force and moment coefficients, pressure measurements and planar particle image velocimetry (PIV). These geometries showed that the drag reductions are maximised with a 50% span, generating a vertically symmetric wake and less taper drag contribution when compared to a full span taper.
Varney, Max, Passmore, Martin, Swakeen, Ryan, Gaylard, Adrian
Vibration Control of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating MR Damper Using Fuzzy Self-Tuning PID Approach2020-01-10824/14/2020
In this paper, a nonlinear semi-active vehicle suspension system using MR fluid dampers is investigated to enhance ride comfort and vehicle stability. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy self-tuning PID control techniques are applied as system controllers to compute desired front and rear damping forces in conjunction with a Signum function method damper controller to assess force track-ability of system controllers. The suggested fuzzy self-tuning PID operates fuzzy system as a PID gains tuner to mitigate the vehicle vibration levels and achieve excellent performance related to ride comfort and vehicle stability. The equations of motion of four-degrees-of-freedom semi-active half-vehicle suspension system incorporating MR dampers are derived and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. Control performance criteria including bounce and pitch motions are evaluated in both time and frequency domains in order to quantify the effectiveness of proposed system controllers under bump and random road disturbances. Fuzzy self-tuning PID controller gives a better force tracking than fuzzy logic. The performance of both controlled semi-active suspension systems using MR dampers is compared with MR passive and conventional passive to show the efficiency of the proposed controlled suspension systems. The simulation results prove that the semi-active MR suspension system controlled using fuzzy self-tuning PID controller can offer significant improvements of ride comfort and vehicle stability among all investigated systems.
Gad, Ahmed Shehata, Oraby, W., Metered, H.
Multi-Mode Controller Design for Active Seat Suspension with Energy-Harvesting2020-01-10834/14/2020
In this paper, a multi-mode active seat suspension with a single actuator is proposed and built. A one-DOF seat suspension system is modelled based on a quarter car model of commercial vehicle with an actuator which is comprised of a DC motor and a gear reducer. Aiming at improving ride comfort and reducing energy consumption, a multi-mode controller is established. According to the seat vertical acceleration and suspension dynamic travel signals, control strategies switch between three modes: active drive mode, energy harvesting mode and plug breaking mode. In active drive mode, the DC motor works in driving state and its output torque which calculated by LQR algorithm is controlled by a current-loop controller; In energy harvesting mode, the DC motor works in generator state by which induced current can charge the power source, in this mode, the DC motor is considered as a damper which damping coefficient is decided by the charging current and controlled by Skyhook algorithm; In plug breaking mode, the DC motor works in the plug breaking state and its inverse voltage reaches to maximum to stop the suspension movement quickly. Simulations are carried out with random road and triangle block as the road excitation. The simulation results show that the multi-mode control strategy improves the ride comfort a lot compared with passive seat suspension, which effectively reduces energy consumption compared with fully active control strategy meanwhile.
Zhang, Zhenrui, Zhang, Yunqing, Xu, Peijun
Autonomous Vehicles Camera Blinding Attack Detection Using Sequence Modelling and Predictive Analytics2020-01-07194/14/2020
Autonomous vehicles are waiting to address the global automotive mobility challenges through an intelligent smart transportation system, which includes advanced sensor-actuator configurations to control, navigate, and drive the vehicles. Multi-sensor data fusion from the key sensors such as camera, radar, and lidar is used to achieve the environmental perception for autonomous vehicles by capturing the various attributes of the environment. Cameras are the dominant sensors to achieve the perception by providing vision capability to vehicles. The direct interface of the cameras with the dynamic driving environment carries numerous attack surfaces on the camera. Blinding attacks on the cameras are one of the critical attacks with an intention to blind the cameras either fully or partially by projecting light into the cameras to hide the objects which results in failure in object detection. Here, the blinding attack detection approach is proposed which detects the blinding attacks on the camera in a dynamic driving environment by camera data predictive analytics. The proposed system predicts the future next frame of the video at each time instance and compares the received frame from the camera with the predicted frame at that instance to detect the blinding attacks. The incoming frames from the camera are sequentially modeled using a convolutional encoder-decoder neural network to predict the consecutive future frames, and the predicted frames are compared with the received camera frames to identify the similarity measure between the predicted and incoming camera frames of the same instance. Further, the approach detects the blinding on the camera, if the similarity measure calculated falls below a fixed threshold. The similarity measure which is inversely proportional to the amount of blinding is used to identify the blinding attacks. The predictive analytics of the sequentially modeled video frames with similarity measurement is used for the successful detection of blinding attacks.
D H, Sharath Yadav, Ansari, Asadullah
Selftrust - A Practical Approach for Trust Establishment2020-01-07204/14/2020
In recent years, with increase in external connectivity (V2X, telematics, mobile projection, BYOD) the automobile is becoming a target of cyberattacks and intrusions. Any such intrusion reduces customer trust in connected cars and negatively impacts brand image (like the recent Jeep Cherokee hack). To protect against intrusion, several mechanisms are available. These range from a simple secure CAN to a specialized symbiote defense software. A few systems (e.g. V2X) implement detection of an intrusion (defined as a misbehaving entity). However, most of the mechanisms require a system-wide change which adds to the cost and negatively impacts the performance. In this paper, we are proposing a practical and scalable approach to intrusion detection. Some benefits of our approach include use of existing security mechanisms such as TrustZone® and watermarking with little or no impact on cost and performance. In addition, our approach is scalable and does not require any system-wide changes. To detect intrusions, we propose a combination of TrustZone® secure space approach along with a mechanism of static and dynamic watermarks. The current scope of research is restricted to architectures which provide a secure space to execute software. The research is an enhancement over the current TrustZone® implementation for device control post intrusion. In conclusion, the proposed approach is a simple and scalable mechanism for detection and control of intrusion.
Abhyankar, Ranjit Vinayak, A, Sreenath
Research on Tracking Algorithm for Forward Target-Vehicle Using Millimeter-Wave Radar2020-01-07024/14/2020
In order to solve such problems that the millimeter-wave radar is of large computation, poor robustness and low precision of the target tracking algorithm, this paper presents an algorithmic framework for millimeter-wave radar tracking of target-vehicles. The target measurement information outside the millimeter- wave radar detection range is eliminated by the data plausibility judgment method based on the millimeter-wave radar detection parameters. Target clustering is made using Manhattan distance, to eliminate clutter interference and cluster multiple target measurements into one. The data association is made by use of nearest neighbor to determine the correspondence between information received measured by the radar and the real target. The vehicle is the key detection target of the vehicle millimeter-wave radar during road driving. These target-vehicles generally have no vertical movement or small moving speed in the vertical direction, so only the movement of the target-vehicle in the XY plane needs to be considered. Since the target-vehicle motion state has the characteristics of small mobility, a constant acceleration model is established based on the millimeter-wave radar motion coordinate system to describe the motion state of the front target-vehicle. The motion state are tracked and optimized by the algorithm of improved adaptive extended Kalman filter (IAEKF), because it is difficult to determine the statistical property of its measurement noise. A differential position system is formed by installing a base station on the ground and RT3000s on the ego-vehicle and target-vehicle, respectively. Differential Position System is formed by installing Base Station on the ground and high-precision inertial navigator RT3000s and RT-XLANs on the ego-vehicle and target-vehicle, respectively. By use of the differential position system, with effective communication, the relative distance and speed information between both vehicles can be obtained in real time to verify the accuracy of the millimeter-wave radar target tracking algorithm. Results show the proposed algorithm is feasible and of high estimation accuracy.
Song, Shiping, Wu, Jian, Yang, Yu, He, Rui, Chen, Xuesong, Li, Xin
Development of a Camera-Based Driver State Monitoring System for Cost-Effective Embedded Solution2020-01-12104/14/2020
To prevent the severe consequences of unsafe driving behaviors, it is crucial to monitor and analyze the state of the driver. Developing an effective driver state monitoring (DSM) systems is particularly challenging due to limited computation capabilities of embedded systems in automobiles and the need for finishing processing in real-time. However, most of the existing research work was conducted in a lab environment with expensive equipment while lacking in-car benchmarking and validation. In this paper, a DSM system that estimates driver's alertness and drowsiness level as well as performs emotion detection built with a cost-effective embedded system is presented. The proposed system consists of a mono camera that captures driver's facial image in real-time and a machine learning based detection algorithm that detects facial landmark points and use that information to infer driver's state. In the detection module, driver's distraction level is evaluated by estimating head-pose through solving a perspective-n-point problem, drowsiness level is estimated by processing eyelid related parameters extracted from facial keypoints data, and machine learning approach was used for emotion state monitoring. It is discovered for emotion recognition that using multilayer perceptron (MLP) network reached the accuracy of 93% on DISFA (Denver Intensity of Spontaneous Facial Action) dataset when combined with Action Units (AU) analysis. The performance of the developed DSM system has been verified in both laboratory and in-vehicle condition, and the experimental results showed its effectiveness in both normal and low lighting conditions. Moreover, the performance of the developed algorithm using commercially available low-cost cameras as well as memory and processing speed analysis considering the required embedded system design has also been examined.
Zhou, Xunfei, Wingert, Tobias, Sauer, Maximilian, Kundu, Subrata
Driver Drowsiness Behavior Detection and Analysis Using Vision-Based Multimodal Features for Driving Safety2020-01-12114/14/2020
Driving inattention caused by drowsiness has been a significant reason for vehicle crash accidents, and there is a critical need to augment driving safety by monitoring driver drowsiness behaviors. For real-time drowsy driving awareness, we propose a vision-based driver drowsiness monitoring system (DDMS) for driver drowsiness behavior recognition and analysis. First, an infrared camera is deployed in-vehicle to capture the driver’s facial and head information in naturalistic driving scenarios, in which the driver may or may not wear glasses or sunglasses. Second, we propose and design a multi-modal features representation approach based on facial landmarks, and head pose which is retrieved in a convolutional neural network (CNN) regression model. Finally, an extreme learning machine (ELM) model is proposed to fuse the facial landmark, recognition model and pose orientation for drowsiness detection. The DDMS gives promptly warning to the driver once a drowsiness event is detected. The proposed CNN and ELM models are trained in a drowsy driving dataset and are validated on public datasets and field tests. Comparing to the end-to-end CNN recognition model, the proposed multi-modal fusion with the ELM detection model allows faster and more accurate detection with minimal intervention. The experimental result demonstrates that DDMS is able to provide real-time and effective drowsy driving alerts under various light conditions to augment driving safety.
Li, Rui, Brand, Howard, Gopinath, Aditya, Kamarajugadda, Srivatsav, Yang, Liang, Wang, Weitian, Li, Bing
Anisotropic Material Behavior and Design Optimization of 3D Printed Structures2020-01-02284/14/2020
Traditional manufacturing processes such as injection or compression molding are often enclosed and pressurized systems that produce homogenous products. In contrast, 3D printing is exposed to the environment at ambient (or reduced) temperature and atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, the printing process itself is mostly “layered manufacturing”, i.e., it forms a three-dimensional part by laying down successive layers of materials. Those characteristics inevitably lead to an inconsistent microstructure of 3D printed products and thus cause anisotropic mechanical properties. In this paper, the anisotropic behaviors of 3D printed parts were investigated by using both laboratory coupon specimens (bending specimens) and complex engineering structures (A-pillar). Results show that the orientation of the infills of 3D printed parts can significantly influence their mechanical properties. Parts with 0-degree filament orientation are seen to have the most favorable responses, including Young’s modulus, maximum strength, failure strain, and toughness. The findings also suggest that the 3D printed products could be theoretically “designed” or “tailored” by adjusting the infill angles to achieve optimal performance. The 3D printed A-pillar structure has been designed by utilizing the multilayered composite theory through a finite element method. With the mid-plane model, the layers in a 3D printed product can be properly designed and optimized based on given loading conditions. The designs have been evaluated through both computational and physical tests and consistent results have been obtained.
Garcia, Jordan, Harper, Robert, Bradley, Coilin, Schmidt, John, Lu, Y Charles
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