Browse Topic: Electromagnetic compatibility

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Field Measurements of the Airflow in the Urban Environment: An RPAS Use-Case in Montréal, CanadaF-0080-2024-11335/7/2024
A use-case was conducted in Montréal in the summer and fall of 2023 to measure urban airflow characteristics using a small Remotely-Piloted Air System (sRPAS). The goal of the study was to acquire urban airflow data in a real environment in order to validate urban airflow characteristics from laboratory-scale testing conducted previously. The use-case took place in the downtown core of Montréal and involved flights from two hospitals to a variety of other buildings. The sRPAS was instrumented with an airflow measurement system. Fixed rooftop anemometer stations were also installed on top of buildings along the flight paths to measure urban airflow at altitudes within close proximity to rooftops. The study generated a valuable data set for characterizing sRPAS operations in urban environments. A number of operational challenges were experienced including the difficulty associated with visual line of sight operations with an urban backdrop, avoiding conditions that could lead to loss of command and control link, and the need to monitor electromagnetic interference during flight operations. The use-case produced evidence of the impact of urban airflows on the stability and response of sRPAS. High wind speeds and turbulence intensities were found in the urban flow field of Montréal. The sRPAS use-case results were used to validate wind-speed and turbulence characteristics from laboratory-scale testing on Canadian cities.
McTavish, Sean, Wall, Alanna, Barber, Hali
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File Structures for a Node Capability File (NCF) and LIN Description File (LDF)J2602-3_202110 (Current)10/1/2021
This document covers the requirements for SAE implementations based on ISO 17987. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance to which all compatible systems, design and development tools, software, ECUs, and media shall be designed. This will assure consistent and unambiguous serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier. This document may be referenced by any vehicle OEM component technical specification that describes any given ECU in which the single wire data link controller and physical layer interface is located. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, ECU suppliers, LIN controller suppliers, LIN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers. The term “master” has been replaced by “commander” and term “slave” with “responder” in the following sections.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures for Integrated Circuits - Integrated Circuit EMC Measurement Procedures - General and DefinitionsJ1752/1_202109 (Current)9/21/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides supporting information for the emission and immunity measurement procedures defined in the SAE J1752 series of documents.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Electromagnetic Interference Measurement Antennas; Calibration MethodARP958E (Current)9/1/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice outlines a standardized and economical method for the checkout and calibration of electromagnetic interference measurement antennas. Its application is for use when measuring a source 1 m from the antenna in a shield room. This is the typical distance used in performing military EMC testing. The influence of the shield room on the measured field strength is not considered. This standard does not address the measurement of emissions from an unknown distributed source, yet it attempts to resemble reality by using another antenna, in the calibration method, that represents a distributed source. This document presents a technique to determine antenna factors for antennas used primarily in performing measurements in accordance with References 2.1 and 2.2. The purpose of Revision B was to include the calibration of other antennas, such as biconical, horn, monopole and small loop antennas that are also specified for use in these same references. Revision D includes a specific procedure for loop antennas that are separated by 1 m from the device under test. Revision E adds the inclusion of modern instrumentation, instruction on how to calibrate the hybrid antenna, and attempts to improve upon the clarity of this document for the user.
AE-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Committee
Real-Time Network Defense of SAE J1939 Address Claim Attacks02-14-03-00268/30/2021
Heavy vehicles are essential for the modern economy, delivering critical food, supplies, and freight throughout the world. Connected heavy vehicles are also driven by embedded computers that utilize internal communication using common standards. However, some implementations of the standards leave an opening for a malicious actor to abuse the system. One such abuse case is a cyber-attack known as the “Address Claim Attack.” Proposed in 2018, this attack uses a single network message to disable all communication to and from a target electronic control unit, which may have a detrimental effect on operating the vehicle. This article demonstrates the viability of the attack and then describes the implementation of a solution to prevent this attack in real time without requiring any intervention from the manufacturer of the target devices. The defense technique uses a bit-banged Controller Area Network (CAN) filter to detect the attack. Once an attack is discovered, the defender induces a CAN protocol error to remove the malicious message from the network. We discuss our results in terms of their applicability for Address Claim Attacks and possible implications for preventing a variety of network-based attacks in real time.
Campo, Matthew Timothy, Mukherjee, Subhojeet, Daily, Jeremy
Guide for Installation of Electrical Wire and Cable on Aircraft Landing GearAIR4004A (Current)8/9/2021
Recent field experience has indicated significant problems with some types of wire and cables as routed on aircraft landing gear. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to identify environmental concerns the designer should consider, materials that appear to be most suitable for use in these areas, routing, clamping, and other protection techniques that are appropriate in these applications. In recent years aircraft certification regulatory agencies introduced new regulations regarding Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS) to further enhance safety of the associated systems and aircraft overall.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee NEW Name Goes Her
Aircraft Fluorescent Lighting Ballast/Fixture Safety StandardAS4914E (Current)6/10/2021
The purpose of this standard is to recommend minimum performance requirements to assist the specification writer in establishing a failsafe airplane interior Fluorescent light assembly design. This standard relates to the design of lamp ballasts, lampholders, fixtures, and installation of the same.
A-20C Interior Lighting
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) TerminologyJ1715_202105 (Historical)5/28/2021
This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Connector Accessories, Electrical General Specification forAS85049F (Current)4/14/2021
This specification covers connector accessories for use with electrical connectors; see 6.8.
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Test Plan/Procedure for AS5643/1 S400 Copper Media Interface Characteristics Over Extended DistancesAS5706A (Current)4/14/2021
This document establishes test plans/procedures for the AS5643/1 Slash Sheet. The AS5643/1 Slash Sheet establishes guidelines for the use of IEEE Std 1394-2008 as a data bus network in military and aerospace vehicles. It encompasses the data bus cable and its interface electronics for a system utilizing S400β over copper medium over extended lengths.
AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee
Design, Development and Test Criteria - Solid State Proximity Switches/Systems for Landing Gear ApplicationsAIR1810C (Current)2/3/2021
This document examines the most important considerations relative to the use of proximity sensing systems for applications on aircraft landing gear. In general, the recommendations included are applicable to other demanding aircraft sensor installations where the environment is equally severe.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee NEW Name Goes Her
Landing Gear Switch Selection CriteriaAIR5024 (Current)2/3/2021
The scope of this document is to discuss the differences between electromechanical and proximity position sensing devices when used on landing gears. It also contains information, which may be helpful, when applying either type of technology after the selection has been made. The purpose is to help the designer make better choices when selecting a position-sensing device. Once that choice has been made, this document includes information to improve the reliability of new or current designs. It is not intended to replace recommendations from sensor manufacturers or actual experience, but to provide a set of general guidelines.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee NEW Name Goes Her
Fuel Level Point SensingAIR6325 (Current)11/30/2020
This report is intended to identify the various existing technologies used for a fuel level sensing system. In addition to sensing technologies, it describes the basic architecture of fuel level sensing systems and their association with fuel gauging system to increase integrity of fuel measurement and management. As the fuel level sensing system is generally based on electrical components within fuel tanks, a specific focus is made on fuel tank explosion safety protection. An overview of the capacitive fuel gauging operation can be found in AIR5691.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_202010 (Historical)10/20/2020
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. This standard is intended to be used in stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion); dynamic applications may be considered in the future. In this version, only above-ground (surface mounted) installations are covered; flush mounted installations have been discussed but are not yet ready for inclusion. SAE J2954 contains requirements for safety, performance, and interoperability. It also contains recommended methods for evaluating electromagnetic emissions, but the requirements and test procedures are controlled by regulatory bodies. Development of the interoperability requirements in this standard employed a performance-based evaluation of candidate designs using a standardized test station and procedures, resulting in defining reference devices which are used to determine acceptable performance of products.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Portable Emergency Lighting Systems for Flight Crew MembersARP1798B (Historical)7/14/2020
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to recommend general design and performance characteristics for hand-held portable, emergency lighting systems (note: the portable portion of this system that contains the lamp and reflector will be identified throughout the remainder of this document simply as a “flashlight”) intended for use by crew members of commercial aircraft during any emergency situation, within or outside of the aircraft cabin, where emergency lighting is required.
A-20C Interior Lighting - Test
Auxiliary Power Unit Electrical Interface Requirements for Class Eight TrucksJ2891_202004 (Current)4/29/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the design and application of a 120 VAC single phase engine based auxiliary power unit or GENSET. This document is intended to provide design direction for the single phase nominal 120 VAC as it interfaces within the truck 12 VDC battery and electrical architecture providing power to truck sleeper cab hotel loads so that they may operate with the main propulsion engine turned off.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Development of Electrostatic Capacity Type Steering Sensor Using Conductive Leather2020-01-12094/14/2020
Today’s progress in electronic technologies is advancing the process of making vehicles more intelligent, and this is making driving safer and more comfortable. In recent years, numerous vehicles equipped with high-level Advance Driving Assist System (ADAS) have been put on the market. High-level ADAS can detect impending lane deviation, and control the vehicle so that the driver does not deviate from the lane. Lane departure prevention systems are able to detect imminent departure from the road, allowing the driver to apply control to prevent lane departure. These systems possess enormous potential to reduce the number of accidents resulting from road departure, but their effectiveness is highly reliant on their level of acceptance by drivers. The effectiveness of the systems will depend on when they are providing driving assistance, what level of laxness in terms of maintaining contact with the steering wheel is allowed on the part of the driver, and what level of assistance the system provides. In order to prevent accidents caused by the driver's confidence in the system beforehand, detection of the state of the driver’s steering is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this developed conductive-coating steering system is to enhance the functionality of driver status identification in high-level ADAS in the range of ordinary operation. A conductive coating is used with high-level ADAS to add functions that detect the driver’s pulse rate and grip on the steering wheel. In the range of ordinary operation, steering wheel grip firmness was increased by 20%, and the heating performance of the steering wheel heater was increased by 32%, to enhance comfort.
Odate, Shotaro, Sakamoto, Naohiro, Midorikawa, Yukinori
Vehicle Design Considerations Enabling High-Performance Charging2020-01-14404/14/2020
Customer requirements such as range anxiety and charging time are the driver for increasing the charging power of battery-electric vehicles (BEV). High-performance charging (HPC) theoretically enables time targets of faster than 30 kilometers (19 miles) recharging per minute. Due to physical limitations (i.e., current limits of the components) a charging power of more than 200 kilowatt arises the question of the voltage level required to fulfill the power demand. One possible approach to achieve a high charging power is increasing the battery voltage, i.e., increase the voltage level from 400 V to 800 V. This publication discusses the main aspects of charging by incorporating all high-voltage components in the vehicle. An increase of the voltage level and charging power affect all high-voltage components. The thermal management of the battery has to be considered. High-voltage vehicle architecture design considerations are discussed including thermal-management and battery-design aspects. Different charging characteristics from electric vehicles (EVs) available, are compared with an estimated fast charging profile which is based on theoretical background of available cells including consideration of physical and chemical limits (e.g., thermal-limits, cell-degradation). Additionally, higher-performance charging (HPC) also require consideration of the public charging infrastructure. Extending the technical point of view with customer values, the charging efficiency is considered including the infrastructure. Furthermore, customer acceptance and market forecasts are considered. Higher voltage levels enable higher power also for other components in the vehicle, such as the electric drives, high-voltage heaters, compressors and voltage converters. To determine the optimum voltage level, for a reference vehicle used in this paper, all those considerations are compared in the discussion. Focusing on the early development phase of a complete vehicle, criteria for conceptual design considerations are discussed incorporating the high-voltage vehicle architecture and the battery from the thermal point of view.
Paar, Christian Josef, Waser, Helmut Martin, Kreimaier, Heimo, Cuenca-Jaen, Inés, Eibler, Florian
State of the Art Survey on Comparison of Physical Fingerprinting-Based Intrusion Detection Techniques for In-Vehicle Security2020-01-07214/14/2020
Controller area network (CAN) is used as a legacy protocol for in-vehicle communication. However, it lacks basic security features such as message authentication, integrity, confidentiality, etc., because the sender information in the message is missing. Hence, it is prone to different attacks like spoofing attacks, denial of service attacks, man in the middle and masquerade attacks. Researchers have proposed various techniques to detect and prevent these attacks, which can be split into two classes: (a) MAC-based techniques and (b) intrusion detection-based techniques. Further, intrusion detection systems can be divided into four categories: (i) message parameter- based, (ii) entropy-based, (iii) machine Learning-based and (iv) fingerprinting-based. This paper details state-of- the-art survey of fingerprinting-based intrusion detection techniques. In addition, the advantages and limitations of different fingerprinting-based intrusion detection techniques methods will be discussed.
Hafeez, Azeem, Rehman, Khurram, Malik, Hafiz
Harness Wireless IoT Sensors for Integrated Building ManagementTBMG-361533/1/2020
The Internet of Things (IoT) is proving its impact on the real estate sector. According to forecasts, building automation will lead the growth rate of connected devices in 2020. Smart building endpoints are expected to grow by 42 percent next year, reaching the staggering number of 440 million. Facility managers, real estate owners, as well as commercial and industrial businesses are looking to deploy IoT for its multifold benefits — from augmenting building efficiency and lowering costs, to improving tenants’ experience. These exciting opportunities come from granular insights into disparate aspects of building operations — all accessible from a centralized management platform.
EMC Laboratory RF Radiated Emission Report for Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) TagsAIR5747A (Current)2/28/2020
This paper contains RF radiated emission and susceptibility data from passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags and readers operating at 13.56 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.45 GHz. Laboratory test procedures incorporated the methods of RTCA DO-160D (test procedures for aviation electrical/electronic equipment) and DO-233 (test procedures for consumer portable electronic devices (PEDs)). Only one commercially available system was evaluated per established operating frequencies.
G-18 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Aero Applications
Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields - Bulk Current Injection (BCI) MethodJ1113/4_202002 (Current)2/24/2020
This SAE Standard defines a method for evaluating the immunity of automotive electrical/electronic devices to radiated electromagnetic fields coupled to the vehicle wiring harness. The method, called bulk current injection (BCI), uses a current probe to inject RF onto the wiring harness in the frequency range of 1 to 400 MHz. BCI is one of a number of test methods that can be used to simulate the electromagnetic field. The test method refers to ISO 11452-4 (please refer to ISO 11452-4 for test procedures). In addition to ISO 11452-4, this test method also includes a differential bulk current injection (DBCI) test. DBCI is described in Section 4 of this document.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Low-latency cameras, onboard computing combine to offer advanced operator assistance20TOFHP02_072/1/2020
Modern industrial machines have been using cameras for years to improve visibility and eliminate blind spots. With the introduction of Ethernet cameras, an accepted standard for networked computing, more complex and cost-effective camera configurations can be implemented into on- and off-highway vehicles. One such configuration is the EMOS camera from Stoneridge-Orlaco, which fulfills requirements for use in most vehicles with its EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) conformity and resistance to shock, vibration and water. The camera boasts a low system latency thanks to the use of the RTP protocol over UDP, meaning the system is not slowed down by an internal browser, unlike some conventional IP cameras. As communication with the camera uses this independent protocol, developers have a choice of peripheral equipment and do not need to rely on a browser interface. The flexibility of the camera also offers the opportunity for advanced image processing and additional sensor fusion like lidar.
Lindfors, Ken
Design and Handling Guide Radio Frequency Absorptive Type Wire and Cables (Filter Line, AS85485)AIR4465A (Historical)1/31/2020
This document presents design and application information which will allow optimized utilization of filter line wire and cable purchased to AS85485. Filter line wire is defined and design information is presented. The electrical and mechanical performance characteristics of the wire, along with recommended harnessing methods and techniques, are also presented.
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Splicer, Fusion, Fiber Optic, Aerospace Non-Explosion-Proof (Type II)AS6479/2 (Current)1/30/2020
This detail specification defines fiber optic fusion splicers acceptable for the installation and repair of a wide range of optical fibers and cables with virtually no insertion loss, particularly in aerospace applications, but not in flammable or explosive atmospheres (Type II). The requirements for acquiring the splicer described herein shall consist of this specification and the latest issue of AS6479.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Splicer, Fusion, Fiber Optic, Aerospace, Explosion-Proof (Type I)AS6479/1 (Current)1/30/2020
This detail specification defines fiber optic fusion splicers acceptable for the installation and repair of a wide range of optical fibers and cables with virtually no insertion loss in hazardous environments (potentially flammable or explosive atmospheres, Type I), particularly aerospace applications. The requirements for acquiring the splicer described herein shall consist of this specification and the latest issue of AS6479.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Fiber Optic Sensors for Aerospace ApplicationsAIR6258 (Current)1/30/2020
This document is intended to describe technologies available, application needs, and operational requirements relating to the use of fiber optic sensing systems on aerospace platforms: a To define standard terminology used in describing fiber optic sensing systems and their performance. b To identify current interfaces used for fiber optic sensing systems. c To define environmental, reliability, and maintainability capabilities of fiber optic sensing system components. d To describe the fiber optic sensor and instrumentation technologies that forms the current state of the art. e To describe current and future unmet needs of the aerospace industry for measurements using fiber optic sensors.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Balancing Strategy for a Battery Applied in HEV Based on Bi-directional Flyback Converter and Outlier Detection2019-36-02421/13/2020
Dissipative cell balancing generates heat during its operation. Current techniques do not guarantee optimal balance of battery pack energy, requiring a high-cost Battery Management System (BMS) solution and wasting energy in the form of heat. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles uses the combustion engine to recharge the battery. Therefore, this feature requires a BMS balancing system capable of optimizing battery capacity and still be energy efficient. In this way, a non-dissipative balancing system would be interesting, especially if an algorithm works with the former non-dissipative balancing method, which efficiently determines which cells are unbalanced. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to perform non-dissipative balance of lithium-ion cells. This method considers which cells inside a certain range are considered balanced and cells outside this range are considered unbalanced. The range is given by the median of the cells terminal voltage summed with a threshold defined by experimental tests. Due the non-dissipative method presented herein is conceived through Flyback topology, the cells above this range are discharged and their extra energy is employed to charge the lowest charged cells, which were below the range. Simulation results which after the first 5 hours of balancing, the maximum difference does not exceed 1% and the standard deviation 0.5% until the end of the simulation, reducing SOC standard deviation by more than 33 times in one day operation. This result shows the strategy is promising to make a more efficient balancing mechanism for Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
Marques, Felipe L. R., Aranha, Juliana C. M. S., Padela, Fernando F., Rosolem, Maria de Fátima N. C., Beck, Raul F.
How to Protect Patients from Potential Electrical FailureTBMG-357771/1/2020
People and power don’t mix well, and this is particularly true when people are medical patients. Aside from the more usual environment of a medical facility, patients are also increasingly using medical devices at home. Medical equipment is therefore heavily regulated by standards-based requirements and subsequent product testing to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare professionals alike.
Interface Standard, Airborne EO/IR Systems, ElectricalAS6129A (Current)11/19/2019
This standard defines a generic set of electrical interfaces between a host aircraft (“platform”) and an electro-optic/infrared (EO/IR) sensor. This includes connectors, cabling, fiber optics, signals, and power.
AS-1C Avionic Subsystems Committee
Research on Test Method for Shielding Effectiveness to Cable of Vehicles2019-01-507011/4/2019
With the development of electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVS), high voltage and large-current are applied to cables. Therefore, it is important to avoid electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems of cables, and a measurement methods is necessary for the shielding effectiveness of shielding cables. This paper discusses the existing test methods of cable shielding effectiveness and summarizes the main problems and deficiencies. Then, according to the practical requirements of high voltage cable testing, the direct injection method based on the national standard GB/T 18655-2018 (modified international standard CISPR 25) is proposed. The test method is verified by constructing a practical test platform. The test result show that the platform built can meet the test requirements of the new energy vehicles (NEVs) GB/T 18387 test frequency band 150k~30MHz, and can also meet the test requirements of the 150k~108MHz frequency band of the key component conducted emission of NEVs.
Jiang, Li, Chen, Xichen, Liu, Haiming, Wu, Zaiyuan, Wang, Yun
Research on Electromagnetic Compatibility for Wireless Charging System of Electric Vehicles2019-01-505711/4/2019
Currently, there are no specific standards on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test for wireless charging system of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the EMC test items have been summarized in some international standards. And the national standard is under developing. In order to support the formulation of corresponding national standards and regulations, promote the rapid development of EVs industry and support the implementation of the national strategy of new energy vehicles (NEVs) and intelligent network vehicle, we carry out the EMC test for wireless charging systems. In this paper, the wireless charging system of EVs is taken as the research object, which can also been called equipment under test (EUT). Firstly, an introduction of the research status was summarized. And then, the influence parameters such as output power and offset are analyzed. Based on the analysis, the EMC test was implemented to evaluate the EMC performance of EUT. Finally, the relevant research results will provide support for the formulation of national standard.
Jiang, Li, Liu, Haiming, Ding, Yifu, Zhang, Xu, Zhang, Yue
Aircraft Electrical InstallationsARP4404C (Current)9/19/2019
It is the purpose of this document to present design recommendations that will provide a basis for satisfactory and safe electrical installations in transport aircraft. This document is not intended to be a complete electrical installation design handbook. However, the requirements for safety extend so thoroughly throughout the electric systems that few areas of the installation are untouched by the document. It is recognized that individual circumstances may alter the details of any design. It is, therefore, important that this document not be considered mandatory but be used as a guide to good electrical application and installation design. Transport aircraft electric systems have rapidly increased in importance over a number of years until they are now used for many functions necessary to the successful operation of the aircraft. An ever increasing number of these functions are critical to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants. The greatly increased power available in electric systems is another factor in aircraft safety. These considerations make it essential that aircraft electrical design practices be carefully considered from the standpoint of safety and reliability. It is believed that this document will be of value in pointing out potential difficulties and in solving many of the problems.
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP4103A (Current)9/17/2019
This document recommends design and performance criteria for aircraft lighting systems used to illuminate flight deck controls, luminous visual displays used for transfer of information, and flight deck background and instrument surfaces that form the flight deck visual environment. This document is for commercial transport aircraft except for applications requiring night vision compatibility.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
MARK 3 AVIATION SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSARINC781-8 (Current)9/10/2019
This document sets forth the desired characteristics of an aviation satellite communication (satcom) system intended for installation in all types of commercial transport and business aircraft. The intent of this document is to provide general and specific guidance on the form factor and pin assignments for the installation of the avionics primarily for airline use. It also describes the desired operational capability of the equipment to provide data and voice communications, as well as additional standards necessary to ensure interchangeability. This Characteristic specifies equipment using Inmarsat satellites operating in L-band. Ku-band and Ka-band equipment is specified in ARINC Characteristic 791. Supplement 8 adds new Diplexer Low Noise Amplifiers (DLNA) to protect Inmarsat’s Classic Aero and SwiftBroadband (SBB) satcom equipment from possible ground-based LTE and ATCt (Ligado) interference.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Understanding Fiber Optic Transceiver Design and Test Rules19AERP09_039/1/2019
The design of avionics systems must balance several factors. First, engineers want to increase the performance of the systems installed in aircraft or spacecraft. Second, they want to reduce the size and weight of the equipment that must be carried. Third, they want to maximize the safety of the in-flight systems and maintain communication between the aircraft or spacecraft and other flight vessels and the command center, regardless of the circumstances.
Using Monolithic Filters to Address EMI in Medical DevicesTBMG-351009/1/2019
Many factors are conspiring to increase the amount of “noise” or interference that can disturb the functionality and even damage electronic devices, starting with the sheer number used in our vicinity at any given time. Today’s Wi-Fi or Bluetooth-enabled medical instruments and even medical implants provide a prime example.
Understanding Fiber Optic Transceiver Design and Test RulesTBMG-351199/1/2019
The design of avionics systems must balance several factors. First, engineers want to increase the performance of the systems installed in aircraft or spacecraft. Second, they want to reduce the size and weight of the equipment that must be carried. Third, they want to maximize the safety of the in-flight systems and maintain communication between the aircraft or spacecraft and other flight vessels and the command center, regardless of the circumstances.
10 Things to Consider When Specifying Small Metal and Plastic EnclosuresTBMG-351229/1/2019
Your new industrial electronic product has been designed and the board components specified. It has been prototyped, either on a development board to check functionality and performance or laid out on a final PCB design. It has been debugged, tested, tweaked, tested again, and finally signed off for production. So far, so good. Now all that has to be done is to decide on the enclosure. In the ideal world, the enclosure would have been selected far earlier in the process so that, in particular, the size constraints of the PCB would be known. In the real world, the first question is normally, “What size box do I need?”
Data connectivity in HARSH ENVIRONMENTS19TOFHP08_038/1/2019
Ensuring high-speed data transmission requires OEM designers to think more about components, placement and the impact of environmental conditions early in design. Technology advances are increasingly bringing a new level of connectivity to industrial and commercial vehicles. Customers are demanding functionality that automates or enhances operational tasks to increase driver productivity and safety and, in many cases, also brings down total cost of ownership. Features such as automatic adaptive braking and steering, onboard diagnostics, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication and cameras that give the driver a 360-degree view of their environment are becoming basic customer requirements. These features require large amounts of data to be transmitted at high speeds. As engineers design new models to meet these customer demands, the challenge is to ensure signal integrity and data transmission in the harsh environment of the trucking and off-highway industries.
Manko, Christian
How Miniaturized Distributed Modular Architecture Advances Avionics DesignTBMG-348658/1/2019
Most of today’s collision-avoidance, in-flight-entertainment (IFE), air-to-ground-communications, and other avionics systems employ electronics packaging based on the Aeronautics Radio INC (ARINC) 600 standard. Compared to the older ARINC 404 standard dating from the 1970s that defined “black box” enclosures and racks within aircraft, ARINC 600 specified a Modular Concept Unit (MCU) – the basic building block module for avionics. An ARINC 600 metal enclosure can hold up to 12 MCUs, allowing a lot of computing power to be placed in a centralized “box.” By making it possible to run numerous applications over a real-time network, ARINC 600 enabled “next generation” integrated modular avionics (IMA).
Cable Construction for Machine Vision ConnectivityTBMG-348828/1/2019
Along with the onslaught of Internet of Things (IoT) and wirelessly enabled devices, cloud connectivity has become a major benefit for a range of applications from commercial to military. As of 2018, Ethernet networking surpassed Fieldbus technology in industrial settings (Figure 1). This is partly due to the growth of industrial IoT (IIoT) where the central gateway to all the sensor nodes is necessarily connected to the cloud via a hardwired Ethernet connection. In industrial settings, power over Ethernet (PoE) links can serve cameras for machine vision, to sensors for multi-modal processing capabilities. This article overviews industrial Ethernet, some of its major pain points including networking dynamics, and cable construction specific to industrial applications.
Nominal High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Waveforms19AERP08_088/1/2019
Calculating the characteristics of high-altitude electromagnetic pulses created by the detonation of a nuclear device. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia Even before the Trinity nuclear test in July of 1945, physicists predicted a transient electromagnetic signal would be caused by high-energy photons released from the detonation interacting with the air around the detonation. Predictions of these signals were difficult to make due to the complexity of the physics unleashed by the detonation. Post-World War II, there was a period of active atmospheric nuclear testing until 1962, during which measurements of these signals were made in order to understand the phenomena that were previously largely viewed as an annoyance and impediment to other instrumentation. The name “electromagnetic pulse” (EMP) began to be used to refer to these signals.
Communication Transceivers Qualification Requirements - CANJ2962/2_201907 (Current)7/18/2019
This document covers the requirements for transceiver qualification. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance for the CAN transceiver in the IC to which all compatible transceivers shall be designed. No other features in the IC are tested or qualified as part of this recommended practice. This will assure robust serial data communication among all connected devices, regardless of supplier. The goal of SAE J2962-2 is to commonize approval processes of CAN transceivers across OEMs. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, CAN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Communication Transceivers Qualification Requirements - LINJ2962/1_201907 (Current)7/18/2019
This document covers the requirements for transceiver qualification. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance for the LIN transceiver block in the IC to which all compatible transceivers shall be designed. No other features in the IC are tested or qualified as part of this recommended practice. This will assure robust serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier. The goal of SAE J2962-1 is to commonize approval processes of LIN transceivers across OEMs. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, LIN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
S400 Copper Media Interface Characteristics Over Extended DistancesAS5643/1A (Current)7/9/2019
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes guidelines for the use of IEEE-1394-2008 Beta (formerly IEEE-1394b) as a data bus network in military and aerospace vehicles. It encompasses the data bus cable and its interface electronics for a system utilizing S400 over copper medium over extended lengths. This document contains extensions/restrictions to “off-the-shelf” IEEE-1394 standards, and assumes that the reader already has a working knowledge of IEEE-1394. This document does not identify specific environmental requirements (electromagnetic compatibility, temperature, vibration, etc.); such requirements will be vehicle-specific and even LRU-specific. However, the hardware requirements and examples contained herein do address many of the environmental conditions that military and aerospace vehicles may experience. One should refer to the appropriate sections of MIL-STD-461E for their particular LRU, and utilize handbooks such as MIL-HDBK-454A and MIL-HDBK-5400 for guidance. This document is referred to as a “slash sheet” and accompanies the AS5643B base standard.
AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee
Machining Capabilities Enhance Space-Related ProgramsTBMG-347367/1/2019
Insaco Quakertown, PA
Panoramic Thermal Imaging Technology19AERP06_036/1/2019
A New Concept in Naval Defense SPYNEL sensors are passive wide area surveillance systems with automatic intrusion detection and tracking capabilities. The 360° thermal sensors offer 24/7 situational awareness by detecting and tracking an unlimited number of targets in real time, on land, air and sea. HGH Infrared Systems recently won a multimillion contract from a leading shipyard, to equip three new warships with the latest generation of SPYNEL panoramic thermal cameras.
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