Browse Topic: Voltage regulators

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DC-DC Converters for High Reliability eVTOL Auxiliary Power SystemsTBMG-5214712/01/2024
Magazine Article
Research on the Control Method of Staggered Parallel Boost Structure in Fuel Cell System2023-01-702810/30/2023
Fuel cells’ soft output characteristics and mismatched voltage levels with subordinate electrical devices necessitate the use of DC/DC converters, which are an important part of the power electronic subsystem of the fuel cell system. The staggered parallel Boost topology is commonly employed in fuel cell DC/DC converters. This paper focuses on the control characteristics of the two-phase interleaved parallel Boost topology in the context of a fuel cell system. Specifically, we derive the small-signal model and output-control transfer function of the topology, and design a controller based on frequency characteristic analysis. Our proposed controller uses a cascaded double-ring structure and supports both constant current and constant voltage switching modes. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed control strategy, we conduct simulation and prototype testing. The simulation and DC/DC converter prototype are configured according to the output characteristics of the fuel cells, and
Ma, Tiancai, Liu, QiLin, Xie, Jiaojiao
Technical Paper
Performance Analysis of High gain DC-DC Converter for Solar PV Applications2022-28-049511/18/2022
The conventional energy resources continue to experience a depleting trend particularly with the growing energy demand to support the ongoing automation phase in the industries. Besides the other challenges include environmental issues in the form of global warming and increasing concerns of pollution to the atmosphere. It invites attention to exploring the use of renewable sources and among the many options Solar PV systems draw a greater attention. However, the non-linear nature of the I-V characteristic of the solar cell allows the delivery of the maximum power only at a specific point called Maximum Power Point, which depends on the solar irradiance, cell temperature and load conditions. The immediate requirement relates to improving the efficiency of the Solar PV system and therefore the focus orients to introduce a high gain DC-DC converter interface between the Solar PV and the load, with a purpose to envisage the transfer of power at a high efficiency. The methodology resorts
V, BHUVANESHWARI, Rajendran, R., M, SUBASHINI
Technical Paper
Immersion Cooling for Power Electronics2022-28-044611/09/2022
The ability to precisely control electrical voltages on a large scale has made possible many efficient, powerful innovations, from high-speed electric trains to wind turbines to electric drive motors for everything from heavy earthmoving equipment to personal electric vehicles (EVs). But the equipment that manages this process — including power inverters, thyristors and variable-speed drives — requires high-performance power electronics cooling. As temperatures rise, the efficiency, reliability, and life spans of these devices drop, and the power electronics inside HEVs and EVs are no exception. Advancements in power electronic thermal management technologies will enable next generation automotive to fulfill increasingly demanding mission objectives. DC-DC converter and inverter systems slated for higher performances, reliable and sustainable applications. Even with very high efficiencies, the components of these systems produce kilowatts of power loss in the form of heat. The current
Sahoo, Pranati
Technical Paper
Using Miniaturized Power Modules to Reduce the Weight and Volume of the Power Electronics2022-01-088103/29/2022
New EV’s consume up to 20x more electric power (going from 3kW to over 50kW) which puts significant strain on the power delivery network. Hard switching DC-DC converter topologies result in a hefty increase in conventional power electronics that consume space, increase weight and limit range. Using miniaturized, thermally adept power modules, the power electronics can be reduced significantly and save up to 50% in size and 80% in weight. To meet the immediate and long-term demands of EV power requires innovation and miniaturization of solutions that are flexible, scalable, and re-usable. The ability to convert power between 800/400V and 48 /12 V at high efficiency leveraging fast transients can revolutionize automotive power electronics. A modular approach using fixed ratio converters further reduces size and weight throughout the vehicle by reducing cabling and harness weight. Scalable modules can be added and substituted to create flexible designs that reduce part qualification time
Green, Gregory, Kowalyk, Patrick
Technical Paper
Eliminating the 12V battery with use of Sine Amplitude Converter modules to create 12V power from the high voltage vehicle battery2022-01-082303/29/2022
The 12V lead-acid car battery is dead. Europe has decreed that no new cars will have lead-acid batteries after 2030, creating a considerable challenge for OEMs to find alternative solutions. Power modules leveraging Sine Amplitude Converter (SAC™) topology enable replacement of the 12V battery by directly converting power from the high voltage (400V or 800V) main vehicle battery. The primary battery (800v/400v) can directly power 12V loads only with high density DC-DC converter with a transient response that meets or exceeds the performance of a 12V battery. Power modules leveraging proprietary SAC topology far exceeds the slew rate—the transient response—of 12V lead-acid batteries in a much smaller and lighter system. A modular approach leveraging SAC can process millions of amperes per second from the high voltage battery to the load eliminating any dips or loads falling out of regulation. Bench testing shows that modular power can deliver a response three times faster than a typical
Kowalyk, Patrick
Technical Paper
Creating Compatibility between Level 3 DC Fast Chargers and Vehicle Batteries with an On-board Conversion Module2022-01-019103/29/2022
Incompatibility between existing Level 3 charging infrastructure and emerging xEV vehicles is a major source of range anxiety today, and solving this problem is essential if OEMs are to continue their drive to electrify vehicles. Consumers need to be confident that the charger they find will charge their vehicle. Onboard conversion solutions offer a more holistic approach than building out charging infrastructure to enable 400V or 800V compatibility. An onboard approach can be adopted much more quickly and with no capital investment in charging infrastructure. The incompatibility between 800V batteries and 400V chargers can be solved through “battery virtualization.” With battery virtualization, the charger “sees” a 400V battery on one side of the onboard charger even while the 800V battery is connected to the other side. This approach starts from the battery voltage and adapts it to the voltage range acceptable by charging station. This paper will address how we virtualize a battery
Muhedinovic, Haris
Technical Paper
Implementation, integration, testing and performance evaluation of compact, battery-less alternator with external regulator on diesel engine for avionics application2021-26-050909/22/2021
This paper describes the implementation, integration, testing and performance evaluation of compact and battery–less alternator for diesel engine for avionics. The key responsibility of this alternator is to generate 2.8kW power with 28V regulated power supply using alternator control unit (ACU) for various loads. The alternator has been integrated and installed on the diesel engine and further tested on dynamometer and thrust cradle with propeller combination. The alternator when used in conjunction with ACU has ability to boot strap field voltage during low speed operation. Self-excitation ability has been derived from residual magnetism in the rotor pole pieces. The alternator with ACU system has ability to self-excite and generate power even in the absence of battery voltage i.e. in battery less system or those in which the battery is not always connected to the alternator. The voltage regulation of 28V, +/- 1V achieved with ripple up to 1.0V, which is well within limit. Using
TRIPATHI, S K, Radhakrishna, D, Patel, T S
Technical Paper
Communication Transceivers Qualification Requirements - EthernetJ2962-3_202109 (Historical)09/21/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the requirements for ethernet physical layer (PHY) qualification. Requirements stated in this document provide a minimum standard level of performance for the PHY in the IC to which all compatible ethernet communications PHY shall be designed. When the communications chipset is an ethernet switch with an integrated automotive PHY (xBASE-T1), then the testing shall include performance for all switch PHY ports as well as each controller interface. No other features in the IC are tested or qualified as part of this SAE Recommended Practice. This assures robust serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier. The goal of SAE J2962-3 is to commonize approval processes of ethernet PHYs across OEMs. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, ethernet PHY suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Recommended Practice
Communication Transceivers Qualification Requirements - EthernetJ2962-3_202109-TEST-REC (Historical)09/21/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the requirements for ethernet physical layer (PHY) qualification. Requirements stated in this document provide a minimum standard level of performance for the PHY in the IC to which all compatible ethernet communications PHY shall be designed. When the communications chipset is an ethernet switch with an integrated automotive PHY (xBASE-T1), then the testing shall include performance for all switch PHY ports as well as each controller interface. No other features in the IC are tested or qualified as part of this SAE Recommended Practice. This assures robust serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier. The goal of SAE J2962-3 is to commonize approval processes of ethernet PHYs across OEMs. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, ethernet PHY suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Recommended Practice
Aircraft Cargo ConveyorARP1836C (Current)04/08/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) outlines the functional and design requirements for a b self-propelled belt conveyor for handling baggage and cargo at aircraft bulk cargo holds. Additional considerations and requirements may legally apply in other countries. As an example, for operation in Europe (E.U. and E.F.T.A.), the applicable EN standards shall be complied with.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Recommended Practice
Supercapacitor Hybrid VehicleSAE-PP-0023902/03/2021
Electric vehicles (EVs) has been in the rise in popularity, and as a result, opportunities for alternative power systems research have expanded. Traditional EVs consist of lithium-ion battery for the power source as they can provide long vehicle range at a relatively low cost. [1] Supercapacitors (SCs) are energy storage devices with the high-power density and low energy density, which means it can deliver and handle a high amount of energy in a short period, but energy deliverance is significantly shorter compared to batteries. As a result, supercapacitors cannot be the primary power source in electric vehicles as a long vehicle driving range is essential. However, supercapacitors are currently being studied for a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. Compare to lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors have higher charge/discharge efficiency, charge acceptance, and cycle life [2]. Using a supercapacitor as an ancillary device has been shown to reduce power loads on batteries.
Anthony, Lindsay
Pre-Print Article
1.1.203 - Development and Control of Evasive Steer Assist Using Rear Wheel SteeringSAE-PP-0021802/02/2021
A first step towards autonomous rear-end collision avoidance is to start providing natural support to driver in avoiding collision by steering and braking intervention. The proposed system detects slower-moving and stationary vehicles ahead and classifies the risk of having a rear-end-collision. If the risk is high and there is insufficient space to avoid a collision by braking only, the system helps the driver to steer around the obstacle by steering rear toe angle of the wheels individually. A lot of research already exist in the rear wheel steering but the role of rear wheel steering in collision avoidance is not researched yet in great details. Rear wheel steering is used to increase agility and manoeuvrability of vehicle at lower vehicle speed and stability of vehicle at higher vehicle speed. In the situation of the high speed rear end collision where steering is more effective than braking the strategy of control design of rear wheel steering needs to be dynamically updated
Mutagaana, Festo
Pre-Print Article
LEAD-FREE SOLDER VALIDATION TEST PLANUSCAR40-2 (Current)11/19/2020
This guideline is applicable to existing lead solder production products that will change to lead-free solder processes to meet the ELV Directive 2000/53/EC Annex II, exemption 8B requirements. This guideline is applicable to similar products used by multiple OEM's that have the same manufacturing processes / equipment. The intent is to streamline the supplier’s environmental testing via common qualification to reduce timing, quantities, and costs.
USCAR
Specification
Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Safety Systems Information ReportJ2990/2_202011 (Current)11/04/2020
This information report provides an overview of a typical high voltage electric propulsion vehicle (xEV) and the associated on-board safety systems typically employed by OEM’s to protect these high voltage systems. The report aims to improve public confidence in xEV safety systems and dispel public misconceptions about the likelihood of being shocked by the high voltage system, even when the vehicle has been damaged. The report will document select high voltage systems used for xEV’s and describe safety systems employed to prevent exposure to the high voltage systems.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Information Report
Creating Safe, Reliable Circuits for Next-gen EVs20AVEP11_0911/01/2020
Design considerations for building robust circuit protection in electrified and increasingly automated vehicles. Designing circuits for electrified vehicles is extremely challenging. To ensure robust and safe designs that can withstand overloads, transients, and electrostatic discharge (ESD), designers need to ensure their circuits have the necessary components that will prevent damage. This article presents recommendations for both circuit protection and efficient control using the on-board charger as an example circuit. Hybrid vehicles, as seen in the Fig. 1 schematic, represent the worst-case scenario for designers who must develop circuitry that can withstand transients from both the internal combustion engine and the highpower electric motors. In this environment, the on-board charger must contend with the AC power line and its potential for generating overloads and transients.
Colby, Jim
Magazine Article
Eddy Current Inspection of Open Fastener Holes in Aluminum Aircraft StructureARP4402A (Current)09/22/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice establishes the requirements and procedures for eddy current inspection of open fastener holes in aluminum aircraft structures.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Recommended Practice
Eddy Current Inspection of Open Fastener Holes in Aluminum Aircraft StructureARP4402A-TEST-REC (Historical)09/22/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice establishes the requirements and procedures for eddy current inspection of open fastener holes in aluminum aircraft structures.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Recommended Practice
E-MOTORCYCLE PROJECT pushes battery boundaries20AUTP08_0207/01/2020
For Triumph's TE-1 project, new materials and cell technologies target greater energy density and overall performance. Williams Advanced Engineering's CEO explains. Leveraging its experience in motor-racing technology, hypercars and jet fighters, Williams Advanced Engineering (WAE) is playing a key role in a developing a new high-performance battery system aimed at one of mobility's most package-critical, mass-intensive and promising vehicle applications: electric motorcycles. The project is a partnership with the U.K.'s Triumph Motorcycles, electric-drives specialist Integral Powertrain, and the University of Warwick Manufacturing Group. It is supported by the British government's Innovate program. The project aims to “generate technological innovation for future motorcycles,” said WAE's CEO Craig Wilson, in an interview with SAE's Automotive Engineering.
Birch, Stuart
Magazine Article
Plug Power, Lightning Systems partner to produce fuel-cell-electric trucks20TOFHP06_0706/01/2020
A first-of-its-kind propulsion alternative for transporting products between ports, warehouses and distribution centers is on the horizon. “The Class 6 fuel-cell-electric vehicle (FCEV) is a perfect zero-emission solution for the movement of goods through the ‘middle miles,’” said Andy Marsh, CEO of Plug Power Inc., a supplier of hydrogen fuel-cell systems. Plug Power and electric drivetrain manufacturer Lightning Systems recently partnered to produce what they claim is the world's first hydrogen fuel-cell-powered electric Class 6 truck. Built off the Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 6500XD platform, the standard FCEV has an estimated driving range of 200 miles (322 km). An extended-range option doubles the range to 400 miles (644 km). “The most important benefit of a fuel cell-equipped BEV is operating range,” said Tim Reeser, CEO of Lightning Systems. “Many intermodal delivery routes in the United States are greater than 150 miles, making the fuel-cell-equipped BEV an ideal piece of
Buchholz, Kami
Magazine Article
Annual Product Guide20TOFHP06_1206/01/2020
Magazine Article
Auxiliary Power Unit Electrical Interface Requirements for Class Eight TrucksJ2891_202004 (Current)04/29/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the design and application of a 120 VAC single phase engine based auxiliary power unit or GENSET. This document is intended to provide design direction for the single phase nominal 120 VAC as it interfaces within the truck 12 VDC battery and electrical architecture providing power to truck sleeper cab hotel loads so that they may operate with the main propulsion engine turned off.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Recommended Practice
Auxiliary Power Unit Electrical Interface Requirements for Class Eight TrucksJ2891_202004-TEST-REC (Historical)04/29/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the design and application of a 120 VAC single phase engine based auxiliary power unit or GENSET. This document is intended to provide design direction for the single phase nominal 120 VAC as it interfaces within the truck 12 VDC battery and electrical architecture providing power to truck sleeper cab hotel loads so that they may operate with the main propulsion engine turned off.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Recommended Practice
Development of New Power Control Unit with Small Size and Low Cost for Small Hybrid Vehicle with Two-motor Hybrid System2020-01-045804/14/2020
A new power control unit (PCU) has been developed for a Honda small hybrid vehicle with a two-motor hybrid system launched in 2020. For small hybrid vehicles, downsizing and reducing costs of hybrid systems are major challenges. As such, there were emphatic requirements for the newly developed PCU to be small and affordable. To satisfy these requirements for the PCU, new technologies and components have been introduced such as an all-in-one type intelligent power module (IPM) with integrated functions and reverse conducting IGBT (RC-IGBT), a new control sequence for voltage control unit (VCU), and revised PCU packaging to improve cooling performance. The new IPM has a printed-circuit board (PCB) equipped with an electric control unit (ECU) and gate drive circuits, 7 current sensors, and a power module with RC-IGBTs. This functional integration led to a reduction in the number of main electrical PCU assembly components from 9 in the previous PCU to 2 in the new PCU. In addition, the
Nonaka, Kenichi, Takebayashi, Kenichi, Kashimura, Yukiya, Ueno, Yuichiro, Kondo, Yasuhiko
Technical Paper
Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of Electric Traction Drives with an Efficiency Optimized DC-DC Converter Control2020-01-046204/14/2020
In order to reduce development cost and time, frontloading is an established methodology for automotive development programs. With this approach, particular development tasks are shifted to earlier program phases. One prerequisite for this approach is the application of Hardware-in-the-Loop test setups. Hardware-in-the-Loop methodologies have already successfully been applied to conventional as well as electrified powertrains considering various driving scenarios. Regarding driving performance and energy demand, electrified powertrains are highly dependent on the dc-link voltage. However, there is a particular shortage of studies focusing on the verification of variable dc-link voltage controls by Hardware-in-the-Loop setups. This article is intended to be a first step towards closing this gap. Thereto, a Hardware-in-the-Loop setup of a battery electric vehicle is developed. The electric powertrain consists of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine and an inverter, which are
Etzold, Konstantin, Scheer, René, Fahrbach, Timm, Zhou, Shuang, Goldbeck, Rafael, Guse, Daniel, Frie, Fabian, Sauer, Dirk Uwe, De Doncker, Rik W., Andert, Jakob
Technical Paper
Design of a Flexible Hybrid Powertrain Using a 48 V-Battery and a Supercapacitor for Ultra-Light Urban Vehicles2020-01-044504/14/2020
Global warming has put the transport sector, a major contributor of CO2 emissions, under high pressure to improve efficiency. In this context, ultra-light vehicles weighting less than 500 kg, as well as hybrid powertrains, are nowadays seen as promising development trends. The design process of the powertrain of a vehicle combining the advantages of the two concepts is presented in this paper. Through a performance study based on a simple MATLAB model, and mathematical simulation, a proposal is made. A powertrain using a battery and supercapacitor 48V dual power source network, two electric motors and clutches to switch between conventional, parallel, series and full electric modes proves to be an interesting system in terms of performance and costs. A simulation study conducted on a scenario with different outcome possibilities showed that high modularity of the system allows to achieve fuel efficiencies equivalent to approximately 3 l/100 km on the Artemis cycle. Finally, integration
El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae, Miliani, El Hadj, Carlos Da Silva, Daniel, Couillandeau, Matthieu, Gonod, Charlie, Miller, Guillaume
Technical Paper
Development of Power Control Unit for Compact-Class Vehicle2020-01-045604/14/2020
Toyota Motor has developed a new compact class hybrid vehicle (HV). This vehicle incorporates a new hybrid system to improve fuel efficiency. For this system, a new power control unit (PCU) has been developed that is downsizing, lightweight, and high efficiency. It is also important to have a highly adaptable function that can be applied to various car models. This paper describes the development of PCUs that play an important role in new systems.
Ikeyama, Toshio, Ishikawa, Keitaro, Nozawa, Natsuki
Technical Paper
Powertrain Thermal System Development for Small BEV2020-01-138304/14/2020
The dynamic performance of battery electric vehicles (BEV) is affected by battery output power, which depends on state of charge (SOC) and the temperature of battery cells. The temperature of the batteries varies in particular with the environment, in which the user stores the vehicle, and the battery output power. It is therefore necessary to employ thermal management systems that can control the battery temperature within the optimal range under severely hot and cold conditions in BEVs. A highly sophisticated thermal management system and its operation strategy were developed to fulfill the above requirements. The powertrain components to be thermo-controlled were located into two coolant circuits having different temperature range. The compact and efficient front-end heat exchangers were designed to optimally balance the cooling performance of powertrain, cabin comfort, vehicle aerodynamics and the vehicle design. The battery pack was optimally thermo-controlled by precisely
Ohnuma, Yoshikazu, Yamagishi, Yosuke, Minami, Katsuya
Technical Paper
Energy Management of Dual Energy Source of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles2020-01-059504/14/2020
With the growing shortage of oil resources and the increasingly strict environmental regulations, countries are vigorously developing new energy vehicles, and as a truly zero-emission vehicle in the application, fuel cell electric vehicles can not only completely replace gasoline cars in term of fuel, but also have the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency, short hydrogenation time and long driving range. For Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCEV), and the Energy Management Control Strategy is the "core" of the whole vehicle control system, which has a direct and significant effect on the power and economy of the vehicle. In this paper, the "dual energy source system" composed of fuel cell and power battery is taken as the research object. Based on the proposed power system structure, a fuel cell hybrid power management control strategy is designed, and the simulation model based on Matlab/Simulink and real vehicle are adopted to perform performance verification on standard
Zhao, Yongqiang, Song, Haoyuan, Liu, Yuanzhi, Yu, Zhao
Technical Paper
Sensorless Individual Cell Temperature Measurement by Means of Impedance Spectroscopy Using Standard Battery Management Systems of Electric Vehicles2020-01-086304/14/2020
Lithium ion technology is state of the art for actual hybrid and electrical vehicles. It is well known that lithium ion performance and safety characteristics strongly depend on temperature. Thus, reliable temperature measurement and control concepts for lithium ion cells are mandatory for applications in electrical cars. Temperature sensors for all individual cells increase the battery complexity and cost of a battery management system. Normally, temperature is measured on module level in current battery packs, without observation of the individual cell temperature. Sensorless cell impedance-based temperature measurement concepts have been published and are validated in laboratory studies. Dedicated test equipment is usually applied, which is not useful for automotive series application. This work describes a practical approach to enable impedance-based sensorless internal temperature measurement for all individual cells using state-of-the art battery management system components
Haussmann, Peter, Melbert, Joachim
Technical Paper
Step by Step Conversion of ICE Motorcycle to a BEV Configuration2020-01-143604/14/2020
With the mass movement toward electrification and renewable technologies, the scope of innovation of electrification has gone beyond the automotive industry into areas such as electric motorcycle applications. This paper provides a discussion of the methodology and complexities of converting an internal combustion motorcycle to an electric motorcycle. In developing this methodology, performance goals including, speed limits, range, weight, charge times, as well as riding styles will be examined and discussed. Based on the goals of this paper, parts capable of reaching the performance targets are selected accordingly. Documentation of the build process will be presented along with the constraints, pitfalls, and difficulties associated with the process of the project. The step-by-step process that is developed can be used as a guideline for future build and should be used as necessary. During the development and conversion process, the model of the electric motorcycle was developed in
Lawrence, Matthew D., Siavoshani, Saeed
Technical Paper
DC-Link Capacitor Sizing in HEV/EV e-Drive Power Electronic System from Stability Viewpoint2020-01-046804/14/2020
Selection of the DC-link capacitance value in an HEV/EV e-Drive power electronic system depends on numerous factors including required voltage/current ratings of the capacitor, power dissipation, thermal limitation, energy storage capacity and impact on system stability. A challenge arises from the capacitance value selection based on DC-link stability due to the influence of multiple hardware parameters, control parameters, operating conditions and cross-coupling effects among them. This paper discusses an impedance-based methodology to determine the minimum required DC-link capacitance value that can enable stable operation of the system in this multi-dimensional variable space. A broad landscape of the minimum capacitance values is also presented to provide insights on the sensitivity of system stability to operating conditions. The target example considered is an HEV e-Drive power electronic system consisting of one bidirectional dc/dc converter and two three-phase electric machine
Sridharan, Srikanthan, Kikuchi, Jun
Technical Paper
A Novel Supervisory Control and Analysis Approach for Hybrid Electric Vehicles2020-01-119204/14/2020
There are many methods developed over the past decade to solve the problem of energy management control for hybrid electric vehicles. A novel method is introduced in this paper to address the same problem which reduces the problem to a set of physical equations and maps. In simple terms, this method directly calculates the actual cost or savings in fuel energy from the generation or usage of electric energy. It also calculates the local optimum electric power that yields higher electric fuel savings (EFS) or lower electric fuel cost (EFC) in the fuel energy that is spent for driving the vehicle (which in general does not take the system to the lowest engine Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)). Based on this approach, a control algorithm is developed which attempts to approach the global optimum over a drive cycle. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the theoretical background and mathematical formulation of EFX (EFS/EFC) metric and explain the development of EFX maps
Kondipati, Nithin, Liu, Xiaobing, Mohon, Sara, Semenov, Dmitriy, Shutty, John
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Future Topologies and Architectures for High-Reliability Electrical Distribution Systems2020-01-129604/14/2020
Within the scope of the development of autonomous vehicles, the mandatory reliability requirements of the electrical power supply, and consequently of the electrical distribution system (EDS), are increased considerably. In addition, the overall rising number of electrical functions leads to significantly higher electrical power demands, while strict cost, weight and packaging constraints must be upheld. Current developments focus on adding redundancies, enhancing physical robustness, or dimensioning critical components. New approaches address predictive power management, better diagnostic capabilities, and, the subject of this paper, alternative topologies and architectures [1]. These are derivations of the conventional tree structure, as well as ring- or linear-bus-based zonal architectures, which feature in part distributed storage devices or semiconductor switches that rearrange the power paths in case of a fault [2,3]. The presented approach is a method for both the systematic
Brabetz, Ludwig, Ayeb, Mohamed, Lehmann, Janis, Löwer, Benjamin
Journal Article
Development of Hydrogen Powered Fuel Cell e-Snowmobiles2019-32-0555-TEST-REC01/24/2020
In the highly innovative and holistic flagship project HySnow (Decarbonisation of Winter Tourism by Hydrogen Powered Fuel Cell Snowmobiles), funded by the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund, the decarbonization of winter tourism is being demonstrated. Within this project, two prototype e-snowmobiles have been developed including the adaption of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM-FC) system for the low temperature and high-performance targets and the integration of the drivetrain into the vehicle. In this paper the drivetrain development process of the prototype e-snowmobiles will be presented with the aim to derive specifications for the drivetrain components as PEM-FC system, hydrogen storage system, electric drive, battery and power electronics. Based on typical use cases for snowmobiles overall vehicle specifications and requirements are defined. Associated driving cycles are investigated and used as input for the development process. Subsequently, analyses regarding
Pertl, Patrick, Aggarwal, Martin, Trattner, Alexander, Hinterberger, Walter, Foxhall, Nigel
Technical Paper
Development of Hydrogen Powered Fuel Cell e-Snowmobiles2019-32-055501/24/2020
In the highly innovative and holistic flagship project HySnow (Decarbonisation of Winter Tourism by Hydrogen Powered Fuel Cell Snowmobiles), funded by the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund, the decarbonization of winter tourism is being demonstrated. Within this project, two prototype e-snowmobiles have been developed including the adaption of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM-FC) system for the low temperature and high-performance targets and the integration of the drivetrain into the vehicle. In this paper the drivetrain development process of the prototype e-snowmobiles will be presented with the aim to derive specifications for the drivetrain components as PEM-FC system, hydrogen storage system, electric drive, battery and power electronics. Based on typical use cases for snowmobiles overall vehicle specifications and requirements are defined. Associated driving cycles are investigated and used as input for the development process. Subsequently, analyses regarding
Pertl, Patrick, Aggarwal, Martin, Trattner, Alexander, Hinterberger, Walter, Foxhall, Nigel
Technical Paper
How to Protect Patients from Potential Electrical FailureTBMG-3577701/01/2020
People and power don’t mix well, and this is particularly true when people are medical patients. Aside from the more usual environment of a medical facility, patients are also increasingly using medical devices at home. Medical equipment is therefore heavily regulated by standards-based requirements and subsequent product testing to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare professionals alike.
Magazine Article
Development of Electric 4WD System For Compact Hybrid Car2019-01-221612/19/2019
In 2016, NISSAN launched a new electric power train for compact cars that shares the traction system for electric vehicle. NISSAN had utilized this high potential electric powertrain to combine the simple 4WD system, driven by electric motor. In 2002, NISSAN released a simple electric motor driven 4WD system for compact car that converts the engine output to electricity and drives the rear wheels with a direct current (DC) electric motor. This paper describes the system configuration and the value of new driving by combination of electric 4WD and new electric powertrain.
Konishi, Yasuhiro, Taira, Masahito, Ito, Hideaki Ootsuka Tomohiro, Yoshimoto, Kantaro
Technical Paper
Development Strategy for 4th Generation PCU2019-01-230912/19/2019
Toyota Motor Corporation has developed new Hybrid Vehicle (HV) and Plug in Hybrid Vehicles (PHV) from Compact class to Medium class. These vehicles incorporate newly developed hybrid systems for the improvement of fuel efficiency. The feature of these new generation power control unit is smaller, lighter, and higher efficiency than the previous generation. To adapt to various output systems, a development strategy of new generation Power Control Unit (PCU) was established. Based on the strategy, the development efficiency was improved. In this Paper, the strategy is described.
Jojima, Yuki
Technical Paper
System Level Vehicle Model Development of Light Heavy Duty Battery Electric Vehicle in GT-Suite2019-01-236912/19/2019
Model based development is an approach pursued to obtain an advanced insight into powertrain & vehicle development. This approach enables the ability to trace errors early on, thereby reducing the dependence on field testing and saving cost & time involved in the development process. The purpose of this study is to develop a system level battery electric vehicle model using GT-Suite as modeling platform, for Light Heavy Duty applications. The outcome of this study is electric range estimation, performance analysis, component sizing and optimization for inverter-motor and battery components. The model has been developed using a map-based approach. Hence, the simulation time is faster than real-time, requires less input data and can be used for preliminary range & performance estimation. The model fidelity has been validated against performance, acceleration, deceleration and coast-down data obtained from field testing. Apart from field data, standard EPA drive cycles and customer usage
Pasupathi, Santhosh, Shetty, Aishwarya, Rathod, Smruti, Bergsieker, Gerald
Technical Paper
Cetrax Lite - Implementation on a Light Duty truck2019-01-237112/19/2019
Electric mobility becomes more and more important for commercial vehicle applications. Hybrid or electric vehicles help to reduce CO2 and other emissions, but also have additional benefits like reduced noise. The driveline design plays a crucial role for the operation of such vehicles but for an effective design, costs and on-weight also have to be considered. ZF Electric strategy provides tailored driveline solutions for Light Commercial Vehicles. This presentation resumes the implementation of such a driveline concept into a Japanese made LCV, where the differences between European and Asian application cases have been evaluated. The project shows a proof of concept where mechanics, HV system and functions have been tested in order to implement a series production design.
de la Cruz, Rafel Pascual, Speck, Frank-Detlef
Technical Paper
Design and Analysis of Sigma Z-Source Inverter for PV Applications2019-28-012310/11/2019
Traditional Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) produces lesser output voltage than the input and causes shoot-through due to the gating of the semiconductor device connected in same leg. The ZSI is used to overcome the inadequacies of VSI. The ZSI has been extensively used in electric drives, PV system and UPS. The conventional ZSI suffers some disadvantages like restricted boost capability, discontinuity in input current and large inrush current. These limitations are overcome by using a transformer which replaces the inductor in the impedance source network. In high-voltage gain applications, the single transformer-based ZSI topologies requires more turns ratio which requires large size transformer. For improving the boost capability, the TZSI is used. The Z-source network of the TZSI constitutes two transformers with low turns ratio. TZSI has certain demerits such as restricted boost capability, high inrush current and discontinuity in the input current. However, TZSI requires high turns
Nallathambi, Kalaiarasi, Rangarajan, Uthra, Daniel, Anitha
Technical Paper
A Fuzzy Logic Based Energy Management of Grid Connected Hybrid Energy System2019-28-007610/11/2019
On account of boundless presence and eco-friendly nature of Sustainable Energy Sources (SES) like Wind system, PV etc. power generation using SES became more captivating. This work concentrates on Energy Management (EM) of grid synchronized Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) along with fuzzy logic control. Where the HRES system is a combination of solar panel and wind turbine as sources. Along with an electrical battery for energy storage via an interface using a DC-DC fused CUK-SEPIC converter with multiple input is adopted. This convertor is employed to incorporate the HRES to the main grid. In addition to grid integration a Fuzzy Logic Based (FLB) controller is employed to increase the efficiency of the system. The converter topology used is a crossbreed of wind and solar power system, which is used to eliminate the inclusion of MPPT. A two level framework is imposed, which includes a logic controller to ensure efficient EM when HRESs are interconnected with the grid. Simulation
Dayalan, Suchitra, Rathinam, Rajarajeswari, Pandey, Pranav, Adap, Mrutyunjay
Technical Paper
Fuel Cell-Based Powertrain Analysis for Tramway Systems2019-24-0248-TEST-REC10/07/2019
In this paper, a comparison of three different hybrid powertrains is analysed. The numerical model is used to simulate powertrain behaviour in rail application, on a pre-set drive cycle, composed of many acceleration and decelerations, in order to test the components features. The numerical model is dynamic and it is implemented in Matlab-Simulink environmental. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (FC) is used; it is the most used in transport applications, thanks to its lower temperature compared to the other fuel cell types, which allows fast start up operation and rapid demand changes. A standard supercapacitor (SC), given by higher power density, is utilized as the energy storage system (ESS), Regarding the battery (B), two types are considered, because the battery is used both as prime mover and main component of the ESS; Li-ion batteries are chosen, owing to their good trade-off between specific power and energy. Therefore, three configurations, FC-SC, FC-B and B-SC, are
Fragiacomo, Petronilla, Piraino, Francesco
Technical Paper
Fuel Cell-Based Powertrain Analysis for Tramway Systems2019-24-024810/07/2019
In this paper, a comparison of three different hybrid powertrains is analysed. The numerical model is used to simulate powertrain behaviour in rail application, on a pre-set drive cycle, composed of many acceleration and decelerations, in order to test the components features. The numerical model is dynamic and it is implemented in Matlab-Simulink environmental. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (FC) is used; it is the most used in transport applications, thanks to its lower temperature compared to the other fuel cell types, which allows fast start up operation and rapid demand changes. A standard supercapacitor (SC), given by higher power density, is utilized as the energy storage system (ESS), Regarding the battery (B), two types are considered, because the battery is used both as prime mover and main component of the ESS; Li-ion batteries are chosen, owing to their good trade-off between specific power and energy. Therefore, three configurations, FC-SC, FC-B and B-SC, are
Fragiacomo, Petronilla, Piraino, Francesco
Technical Paper
Aircraft Electrical InstallationsARP4404C (Current)09/19/2019
It is the purpose of this document to present design recommendations that will provide a basis for satisfactory and safe electrical installations in transport aircraft. This document is not intended to be a complete electrical installation design handbook. However, the requirements for safety extend so thoroughly throughout the electric systems that few areas of the installation are untouched by the document. It is recognized that individual circumstances may alter the details of any design. It is, therefore, important that this document not be considered mandatory but be used as a guide to good electrical application and installation design. Transport aircraft electric systems have rapidly increased in importance over a number of years until they are now used for many functions necessary to the successful operation of the aircraft. An ever increasing number of these functions are critical to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants. The greatly increased power available in
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Recommended Practice
Inductive Power Transfer for Spaceflight SystemsTBMG-3491308/01/2019
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed technology that uses inductive power transfer (IPT) for wireless power interfaces between spaceflight elements (such as the payload, vehicle, and pad). Current spaceflight systems require traditional hardwire connections for power interfaces. This introduces risk of failure due to such factors as bent pins and contact contamination, as well as other disadvantages.
Magazine Article
Hybrid and EV First and Second Responder Recommended PracticeJ2990_201907-TEST-REC (Historical)07/29/2019
xEVs involved in incidents present unique hazards associated with the high voltage system (including the battery system). These hazards can be grouped into three categories: chemical, electrical, and thermal. The potential consequences can vary depending on the size, configuration, and specific battery chemistry. Other incidents may arise from secondary events such as garage fires and floods. These types of incidents are also considered in the recommended practice (RP). This RP aims to describe the potential consequences associated with hazards from xEVs and suggest common procedures to help protect emergency responders, tow and/or recovery, storage, repair, and salvage personnel after an incident has occurred with an electrified vehicle. Industry design standards and tools were studied and where appropriate, suggested for responsible organizations to implement. Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries used for vehicle propulsion power are the assumed battery system of this RP. This chemistry is
Hybrid - EV Committee
Recommended Practice
Hybrid and EV First and Second Responder Recommended PracticeJ2990_201907 (Current)07/29/2019
xEVs involved in incidents present unique hazards associated with the high voltage system (including the battery system). These hazards can be grouped into three categories: chemical, electrical, and thermal. The potential consequences can vary depending on the size, configuration, and specific battery chemistry. Other incidents may arise from secondary events such as garage fires and floods. These types of incidents are also considered in the recommended practice (RP). This RP aims to describe the potential consequences associated with hazards from xEVs and suggest common procedures to help protect emergency responders, tow and/or recovery, storage, repair, and salvage personnel after an incident has occurred with an electrified vehicle. Industry design standards and tools were studied and where appropriate, suggested for responsible organizations to implement. Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries used for vehicle propulsion power are the assumed battery system of this RP. This chemistry is
Hybrid - EV Committee
Recommended Practice
Communication Transceivers Qualification Requirements - CANJ2962/2_201907 (Current)07/18/2019
This document covers the requirements for transceiver qualification. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance for the CAN transceiver in the IC to which all compatible transceivers shall be designed. No other features in the IC are tested or qualified as part of this recommended practice. This will assure robust serial data communication among all connected devices, regardless of supplier. The goal of SAE J2962-2 is to commonize approval processes of CAN transceivers across OEMs. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, CAN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Recommended Practice
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