Browse Topic: Relays

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Experimental Exploration of Battery-Engine Hybrid-Electric Power SharingF-0081-2025-03615/20/2025
A regulated hybrid-electric power sharing architecture was developed and tested for VTOL applications. In this architecture, there are two power supply branches and one load. The first branch draws power from an engine-generator, and it has additional components of an AC-DC rectifier, a DC-DC buck converter, and a power diode. The second branch draws power from a battery, and it has additional components of a solid-state relay, a DC-DC boost converter, and a power diode. Any specified ratio of battery-to-engine power can be achieved with this architecture. Testing on the full range of power share ratios was conducted at a low load power of 300W. The key conclusions are that: (1) regulated power sharing is feasible between an AC supply and a DC battery, including the extremes of all engine and no battery to all battery and no engine, (2) a specified power share ratio can be achieved both in steady-state and transient conditions, and (3) there is a delay in achieving a specified power
Schmidt, John, Xu, Huan, Datta, Anubhav
Key Fob Relay Attack Prevention With Pattern Matching2022-01-01323/29/2022
Key FOB relay attack is new form of cybersecurity attack which was demonstrated by hacker on many vehicles from different manufacturers. In this type of attack the hacker works in pair. 1 hacker will be near the vehicle and other is positioned near the user who has keys. Hacker initiates the communication between key fob and vehicle by catching signals with RF receiver and retransmitting signals through the Signal generator. This way hacker creates a RF bridge between vehicle and key fob. Since both ECU’s are communicating with each other they assume that user is near car. After security handshake car is unlocked and engine can also be started This paper is a new solution which will provide some degree of defense for this attack. This logic is built around the power level of received signal between the vehicle and key fob. Both vehicle ECU and key fob will have capability to evaluate the power level of received RF signal. Vehicle ECU and KeyFob Ecu’s will evaluate the power level of
Kulkarni, Ashwin
Design of Smart Dual-Stage Battery Isolator for Commercial Vehicles2022-01-08643/29/2022
The battery isolator is a pivotal safety component in the complete commercial vehicle electrical system and with the reinforcement in safety norms has witnessed several modifications over time. Generally mounted and operated within proximity of the vehicle battery bank, the latest safety norms demand its operation to be controlled remotely from the driver cabin with its operation switch in close vicinity of the driver. While this mandate improves the general accessibility and ease of use of the isolator, it also imposes new challenges to the newer and more sophisticated electronics control network demanded by the present ever stringent emission norms. Driven by habit and lack of knowledge in the composure of the vehicle control system, the human tendency inclines to use the isolator out of its intended utility zone- immediately, post ignition switch-off. While this habit seems innocuous at first glance, it imposes a detrimental impact on the vehicle controllers (ECU and Telematics) and
Saha, Satya, Gaurav, Kumar, Patidar, Rahul, Patra, Arka
Selecting Electrical Safety Relay Modules for Optimal PerformanceTBMG-374438/1/2020
Designers of industrial automated machinery and equipment must follow regulations and standards to ensure they are delivering safe electrical designs; however, there have been cases where uncertainty about the standards has led to overly cautious and costly designs. Or in the worst cases, safety design has been compromised by concerns regarding excessive complexity and cost.
Quantifying Autonomous Soaring on a Surveillance and Communications Relay Mission20AERP06_106/1/2020
Research demonstrates that a surveillance mission is still achievable by unmanned vehicles while performing autonomous soaring. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC Missions for small unmanned aircraft (Group 1 and Group 2) include over-the-hill surveillance and providing airborne communications relay points. Greater endurance is almost universally desired by operators to increase the time spent on-station performing the mission and reduce the number and frequency of takeoffs and landings. Autonomous soaring techniques were first proposed by Wharington and refined by Allen as a method to find convective thermal updrafts and gain altitude energy. While several autonomous soaring algorithms have been implemented on unmanned aircraft and demonstrated significant endurance gains, the technology of autonomous soaring has not yet bridged the gap from research to practical application for a mission.
CONTACTS, ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, SOCKET, CRIMP REMOVABLE (FOR MIL-DTL-12883/44, MIL-DTL-12883/45, MIL-DTL-12883/46, AND MIL-DTL-12883/52 RELAY)AS39029/101B (Historical)12/5/2019
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Guarding of Starter System EnergizationJ1493_201908 (Current)8/8/2019
This SAE Standard describes guarding to help prevent hazardous machine movement caused by activation of the starter motor by bypassing the starter control system. This document is applicable to off-road, self-propelled work machines, as identified in SAE J1116, and agricultural tractors, as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390, which have the potential for hazardous machine movement as a result of bypassing the starter control system and powering of the starter motor.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Standardized Symbols for Electrical Circuit DiagramsJ2221_201905 (Current)5/16/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice identifies graphic symbols used in electrical circuit diagrams. The symbols aid troubleshooting electrical systems.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Understanding the “Black Art” of RF and Microwave SwitchingTBMG-341264/1/2019
Understanding RF, especially microwave switching, can be a challenge. In many cases, test systems have been compromised because a test engineer did not consider all the components of their test system: instruments, switching, cabling, Mass Interconnect (test fixture interface), fixture design, and so on. Each component has its own set of characteristics. With RF and microwave components, effects including insertion loss, VSWR, bandwidth, and so on all need to be considered as well.
Understanding the “Black Art” of RF and Microwave Switching19AERP04_064/1/2019
Understanding RF, especially microwave switching, can be a challenge. In many cases, test systems have been compromised because a test engineer did not consider all the components of their test system: instruments, switching, cabling, Mass Interconnect (test fixture interface), fixture design, and so on. Each component has its own set of characteristics. With RF and microwave components, effects including insertion loss, VSWR, bandwidth, and so on all need to be considered as well. Higher bandwidth is a constant demand. The most obvious current example is the emergence of 5G systems that will be hitting the market in the near future, but there are many defense systems - often with their own protocols - that are now operating at RF and high-frequency bandwidths. In short, the need to employ repeatable, accurate RF and microwave switching systems is only going to increase, and while this may appear to be a “sexy” subject, without a proper appreciation of the challenges involved, test
Generalized Query Tool for Accessing the Database of the Mars Relay Operations Service (MaROS)TBMG-263642/1/2017
The Generalized Query Tool for accessing the database of MaROS can be utilized in three modes: (1) batch mode where a user's authentication data is inserted directly along with a desired query to the database, (2) interactive mode where a desired query is known and can be entered directly, and (3) interactive mode with a query “wizard” that walks a user through the steps needed to construct a valid query to the database. In all three cases, the successful execution of the script results in data from the MaROS database being made available to the user in a comma-separated output file. For new users, it is recommended to use the third mode to build a sample query and then tailor that as desired for use with the first or second modes.
A First Strategy for Smoothing Transients in Switching Controls of Aerospace and Automotive Systems2016-36-040210/25/2016
Switching controls are those that can switch between control or plant modes to perform their functions. They have the advantage of being simpler to design than an equivalent control system with a single mode. However, the transients between those modes can introduce steps or overshootings in the state variables, and this can degrade the performance or even damage the control or the plant. So, the smoothing of such transients is vital for their reliability and mantainability. This is can be of extreme importance in the aerospace and automotive fields, plenty of switchings between manual and autopilot modes via relays, or among gears via clutches, for example. In this work, we present a first strategy for smoothing transients in switching controls of aerospace and automotive systems. To do that, we review the literature, present and adopt a criterion to determine the coefficients of a control system which should optimize the trajectory of the control signal during the switching between
Amaral, Jairo Cavalcanti, de Oliveira e Souza, Marcelo Lopes
Mike Krainak, Laser and Electro-Optics Branch Head, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MDTBMG-245194/25/2016
In 2020, NASA's first-ever integrated-photonics modem will be tested aboard the International Space Station. Mike Krainak leads the development of the modem, which integrates optics-based functions such as lasers, switches, and wires onto a microchip. The technology will improve the way NASA sends and receives data during space missions.
SCaN Optical Link Assessment Tool Version 2TBMG-241263/1/2016
In response to the requirements of the Space-Based Relay Study (SBRS) undertaken by NASA in 2013, as well as the Integrated Radio and Optical Communications (iROC) project being conducted by NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) beginning in 2012, a calculation procedure was required to rapidly assess the operation of optical communication links originating from within deep space (in particular, from around Mars in the case of iROC), as well as within the near-Earth scenarios of LEO and GEO (in the case of SBRS). Such an assessment included the specification of the design components of the optical system to achieve reliable communications as prescribed by one or several metrics that indicate overall system operation. Additionally, it was also desired to be able to dynamically evaluate such optical link operation as the satellite/earth orbital positions evolve during the mission lifetime.
SCaN Optical Link Budget ToolTBMG-2347912/1/2015
In response to the requirements of the Space-Based Relay Study (SBRS) undertaken by NASA in 2013, as well as the Integrated Radio and Optical Communications (iROC) project being conducted by NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) beginning in 2012, a calculation procedure was required to rapidly assess the operation of optical communication links originating from within deep space (in particular, from around Mars in the case of iROC), as well as within the near-Earth scenarios of LEO (low-Earth orbit) and GEO (geostationary Earth orbit) in the case of SBRS. Such an assessment included the specification of the design components of the optical system to achieve reliable communications as prescribed by one or several metrics that indicate overall system operation.
Mars Relay CubeSatTBMG-228739/1/2015
When NASA and other agencies send landers to Mars and other planets, they rely on existing orbiters to relay the data during the critical entry, descent, and landing (EDL) phase. The current orbiters are aging and there are no current NASA plans to replace them. Future landers have a critical challenge to communicate during a very risky mission phase. The InSight mission will land on Mars in September 2016 with no direct-to-Earth radio link. Instead, Insight expects the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) to be fully functional and placed in an orbit to be in view of the EDL time and place. MRO will take many hours to play back the data to Earth, leaving the project staff without knowledge if their valuable spacecraft has made it safely.
Capacitive Load Switching: Extending Relay Switching Life and Reliability in Military and Aerospace Power Systems2014-01-22089/16/2014
This paper will illustrate how the increasing electrical power demands of military and aerospace applications can continue to successfully be met by high performance electromechanical relays. To meet these higher demands engineering compatibility must be properly understood between the intended application demands and relay switching performance parameters. With high performance electromechanical relays continuing to play a critical part in military and aerospace applications it is more important than ever that engineers capture all of the electrical power switching requirements. A critical area within powering military and aerospace systems is relay life when capacitive load switching. Capacitive loads generate high current levels that are transient in duration and often adversely affect the relay lifespan at the component level and the military or aerospace application reliability at the systems level. Often these transients, while brief in nature, can dramatically exceed the steady
Baldwin, Michael
Standardized Symbols for Electrical Circuit DiagramsJ2221_201408 (Historical)8/19/2014
This SAE Recommended Practice identifies graphic symbols used in electrical circuit diagrams. The symbols aid troubleshooting electrical systems.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Guarding of Starter System EnergizationJ1493_201309 (Historical)9/30/2013
This SAE Standard describes guarding to help prevent hazardous machine movement caused by activation of the starter motor by bypassing the starter control system. This document is applicable to off-road, self-propelled work machines, as identified in SAE J1116 and Agricultural Tractors as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390 which have the potential for hazardous machine movement as a result of bypassing the starter control system and powering of the starter motor.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Advanced Strategic and Tactical Relay Request Management for the Mars Relay Operations ServiceTBMG-172279/1/2013
This software provides a new set of capabilities for the Mars Relay Operations Service (MaROS) in support of Strategic and Tactical relay, including a highly interactive relay request Web user interface, mission control over relay planning time periods, and mission management of allowed strategic vs. tactical request param eters. Together, these new capabilities expand the scope of the system to include all elements critical for Tactical relay operations.
Real-Time Multimission Event Notification System for Mars RelayTBMG-172649/1/2013
As the Mars Relay Network is in constant flux (missions and teams going through their daily workflow), it is imperative that users are aware of such state changes. For example, a change by an orbiter team can affect operations on a lander team. This software provides an ambient view of the real-time status of the Mars network.
Bilayer Protograph Codes for Half-Duplex Relay ChannelsTBMG-169818/1/2013
Direct to Earth return links are limited by the size and power of lander devices. A standard alternative is provided by a two-hops return link: a proximity link (from lander to orbiter relay) and a deep-space link (from orbiter relay to Earth). Although direct to Earth return links are limited by the size and power of lander devices, using an additional link and a proposed coding for relay channels, one can obtain a more reliable signal. Although significant progress has been made in the relay coding problem, existing codes must be painstakingly optimized to match to a single set of channel conditions, many of them do not offer easy encoding, and most of them do not have structured design.
CONTACTS, ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, SOCKET, CRIMP REMOVABLE (FOR MIL-DTL-12883/44, MIL-DTL-12883/45, MIL-DTL-12883/46, AND MIL-DTL-12883/52 RELAY)AS39029/101A (Historical)4/20/2013
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Aluminum Introduction in Electrical Distribution Systems2013-01-03974/8/2013
For well known reasons, aluminum is challenging copper in automotive EDS. Shortage of resources, material price pressure, gas emission and weight reductions are strong intensives for a break-through. How to support the change, opportunistic solutions or more systematic roll out? Let see Pros and Cons and solutions examples.
Chretien, Louis
Development of a Smart Main Relay Assembly using IGBTs for xEV Battery System2013-01-17644/8/2013
This paper proposes a smart main relay assembly or power relay assembly for xEV battery system. The role of main relay assembly is to connect and disconnect main high voltage battery and loads including the inverter. Current main relay is usually a special electro-mechanical relay which has a gas chamber to suppress electrical sparks between relay contacts for switching high current safely. The gas-chambered electro-mechanical relay is relatively too heavy and bulky to decrease design flexibility and may worsen fuel economy. The proposed smart main relay assembly uses IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) for transient states to switches on or off, and uses relays for steady states to connect or disconnect current. As no spark induces to relay contacts directly with the proposed method, conventional electro-mechanical relays without gas-chambers can be used. Therefore the mass and volume can be reduced to increase gas mileage and also reduce the material cost. Using a current sensor
Lee, Taeyeon, Jung, Byungsub, Lee, Sang-Ryong, Kim, Ho-Kyung, Wie, Sa-Heun, Kwon, Dae-Hwan, Joo, Min-Chul
Smart Rear Defog2013-01-15104/8/2013
Smart Rear Defog can be defined as an optimized control algorithm that sets the state of a vehicle's rear defog relay based on a logical assessment of vehicle parameters and environmental conditions. The use of the optimized control algorithm will minimize the amount of user interaction needed to operate the rear defogger and it will minimize the amount of heat rejected to the environment which in turn will improve the vehicle's real world fuel economy or electric range. This paper provides a detailed description of the smart rear defog control system as well as evidence to demonstrate its robustness to variances in environmental conditions and vehicle usage compared to the traditional rear defog system commonly used in many vehicles today.
Delorme, Gilles
Relay Forward-Link File Management Services (MaROS Phase 2)TBMG-159013/1/2013
This software provides the servicelevel functionality to manage the delivery of files from a lander mission repository to an orbiter mission repository for eventual spacelink relay by the orbiter asset on a specific communications pass. It provides further functions to deliver and track a set of missiondefined messages detailing lander authorization instructions and orbiter data delivery state. All of the information concerning these transactions is persisted in a database providing a high level of accountability of the forwardlink relay process.
Mars Relay Lander and Orbiter Overflight Profile EstimationTBMG-1525912/1/2012
This software allows science and mission operations to view graphs of geometric overflights of satellites and landers within the Mars (or other planetary) networks. It improves on the MaROS Web interface within any modern Web browser, in that it adds new capabilities to the MaROS suite.
Relays Enable Curiosity Rover’s Chemistry InstrumentTBMG-1517111/1/2012
NASA’s Curiosity rover landed in the Gale Crater on Mars on August 5, having flown over 127 million miles since its November 2011 launch. As part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, Curiosity will look for evidence of past or present habitable environments.
Mars Express Forward Link Capabilities for the Mars Relay Operations Service (MaROS)TBMG-146889/1/2012
This software provides a new capability for landed Mars assets to perform forward link relay through the Mars Express (MEX) European Union orbital spacecraft. It solves the problem of standardizing the relay interface between lander missions and MEX.
MaROS: Information Management ServiceTBMG-109469/1/2011
This software is provided by the Mars Relay Operations Service (MaROS) task to a variety of Mars projects for the purpose of coordinating communications sessions between landed spacecraft assets and orbiting spacecraft assets at Mars. The Information Management Service centralizes a set of functions previously distributed across multiple spacecraft operations teams, and as such, greatly improves visibility into the end-to-end strategic coordination process. Most of the process revolves around the scheduling of communications sessions between the spacecraft during periods of time when a landed asset on Mars is geometrically visible by an orbiting spacecraft. These “relay” sessions are used to transfer data both to and from the landed asset via the orbiting asset on behalf of Earth-based spacecraft operators.
Epiretinal Prosthesis Surgically Implanted in the EyeTBMG-102376/1/2011
In a healthy eye, the photoreceptors (rods and cones) on the retina convert light into tiny electrochemical impulses that are sent through the optic nerve and into the brain, where they are decoded into images. If the photoreceptors no longer function correctly — due to conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa — the first step in this process is disrupted, and the visual system cannot transform light into images.
Epiretinal Prosthesis Surgically Implanted in the EyeTBMG-TB-0102376/1/2011
A miniature video camera housed in a pair of glasses captures a scene and relays the information to a receiver in the implant. In a healthy eye, the photoreceptors (rods and cones) on the retina convert light into tiny electrochemical impulses that are sent through the optic nerve and into the brain, where they are decoded into images. If the photoreceptors no longer function correctly — due to conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa — the first step in this process is disrupted, and the visual system cannot transform light into images.
MaROS: Web Visualization of Mars Orbiting and Landed AssetsTBMG-98735/1/2011
Mars Relay operations currently involve several e-mails and phone calls between lander and orbiter teams in order to settle on an agreed time for performing a communication pass between the landed asset (i.e. rover or lander) and orbiter, then back to Earth. This new application aims to reduce this complexity by presenting a visualization of the overpass time ranges and elevation angle, as well as other information. The user is able to select a specific overflight opportunity to receive further information about that particular pass.
Wireless Orbiter Hang-Angle Inclinometer SystemTBMG-96124/1/2011
A document describes a system to reliably gather the hang-angle inclination of the orbiter. The system comprises a wireless handheld master station (which contains the main station software) and a wireless remote station (which contains the inclinometer sensors, the RF transceivers, and the remote station software). The remote station is designed to provide redundancy to the system. It includes two RF transceivers, two power-management boards, and four inclinometer sensors.
CFDP for Interplanetary Overlay NetworkTBMG-94283/1/2011
The CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems) File Delivery Protocol for Interplanetary Overlay Network (CFDP-ION) is an implementation of CFDP that uses ION’s DTN (delay tolerant networking) implementation as its UT (unit-data transfer) layer. Because the DTN protocols effect automatic, reliable transmission via multiple relays, CFDP-ION need only satisfy the requirements for Class 1 (“unacknowledged”) CFDP. This keeps the implementation small, but without loss of capability.
CONTACTS, ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, SOCKET, REMOVABLE (FOR MIL-PRF-6106 AND MIL-DTL-12883/40 AND /41 RELAY SOCKETS)AS39029/92A (Historical)12/7/2010
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Practical Hybrid Contactors2010-01-175111/2/2010
This paper presents a design for a low loss long life high current contactor consisting of a mechanical contactor teamed with an electronic circuit that eliminates switching stress on the mechanical contacts. A design for a practical 115V 3 phase double throw current protected Hybrid Contactor is presented, along with laboratory and field test data. The idea for a hybrid contactor is not a new one, having been applied since electronic devices became readily available in the 1960s. The key concept is to parallel the mechanical contacts with electronic devices (thyristors or FETs) to handle the current during mechanical contact transition. The mechanical contactor is specially designed to provide low conduction losses without needing to withstand arcing events. The contactor also includes bus control and over-current protection features.
Potter, Fred
Enabling IP Header Compression in COTS Routers via Frame Relay on a Simplex LinkTBMG-862010/1/2010
NASA is moving toward a network-centric communications architecture and, in particular, is building toward use of Internet Protocol (IP) in space. The use of IP is motivated by its ubiquitous application in many communications networks and in available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology. The Constellation Program intends to fit two or more voice (over IP) channels on both the forward link to, and the return link from, the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) during all mission phases. Efficient bandwidth utilization of the links is key for voice applications.
AutoGen Version 5.0TBMG-76023/1/2010
Version 5.0 of the AutoGen software has been released. Previous versions, variously denoted “Autogen” and “autogen,” were reported in two articles: “Automated Sequence Generation Process and Software” (NPO-30746), Software Tech Briefs (Special Supplement to NASA Tech Briefs), September 2007, page 30, and “Autogen Version 2.0” (NPO-41501), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 31, No. 10 (October 2007), page 58.
All Motors are Stepping MotorsTBMG-93702/1/2010
In 1938, General Electric began producing a two-phase synchronous induction motor which, at 60 Hz, ran at 75 RPM. The low speed resulted from using a different number of rotors to stator poles or teeth, which made the motor a good bi-directional control motor. This motor was used by Superior Electric Company of Bristol, CT, to run power driven autotransformers used to dim lights in auditoriums and similar applications. General Electric ceased producing this motor in the mid 1950’s due to slow sales.
Wireless Network Cocast: Location-Aware Cooperative Communications with Linear Network CodingTBMG-632012/1/2009
In wireless networks, reducing aggregate transmit power and having even power distribution increase the network lifetime. The conventional direct transmission (DTX) scheme results in high aggregate transmit power and uneven power distribution. In conventional DTX, where mobile units directly transmit their information to a common destination, the distant mobile units require more transmit power to provide a comparable quality of service (QoS) to that of the closer ones. Consequently, high aggregate transmit power (the sum of all transmit power of individual mobile units) and uneven power distribution among the units exist in the network. These two issues result in low network lifetime, which is defined as the time until the first mobile unit dies. It is wellknown that diversity techniques such as time diversity, frequency diversity, and spatial diversity result in reduction of transmit power and thus can be used to improve network lifetime. Three location- aware cooperation-based
Siemens Processor Helps KUKA Boost Robot ProductivityTBMG-949012/1/2009
KUKA Flexible Production Systems is a leading producer of production systems for car bodies and chassis. When KUKA decided to become a Tier I supplier of automobile bodies to Chrysler, they needed to use their extensive knowledge of body shops and find a partner willing to work with them to change the landscape of the North American market.
Wireless Network Cocast: Location-Aware Cooperative Communications with Linear Network CodingTBMG-TB-00632012/1/2009
This technique enables power distribution and transmission in uniformly distributed networks. In wireless networks, reducing aggregate transmit power and having even power distribution increase the network lifetime. The conventional direct transmission (DTX) scheme results in high aggregate transmit power and uneven power distribution. In conventional DTX, where mobile units directly transmit their information to a common destination, the distant mobile units require more transmit power to provide a comparable quality of service (QoS) to that of the closer ones. Consequently, high aggregate transmit power (the sum of all transmit power of individual mobile units) and uneven power distribution among the units exist in the network. These two issues result in low network lifetime, which is defined as the time until the first mobile unit dies. It is wellknown that diversity techniques such as time diversity, frequency diversity, and spatial diversity result in reduction of transmit power
Cooperative Single-Antenna Node NetworksTBMG-582110/1/2009
Future tactical networks will be complex, with severe constraints on energy and bandwidth, operating in dynamic and unpredictable environments. By exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium and spatially dispersed nodes, some of these advantages can be realized through cooperation among single-antenna nodes in a network.
Relay Sequence Generation SoftwareTBMG-56929/1/2009
Due to thermal and electromagnetic interactivity between the UHF (ultra-high frequency) radio onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), which performs relay sessions with the Martian landers, and the remainder of the MRO payloads, it is required to integrate and de-conflict relay sessions with the MRO science plan. The MRO relay SASF/PTF (spacecraft activity sequence file/ payload target file) generation software facilitates this process by generating a PTF that is needed to integrate the periods of time during which MRO supports relay activities with the rest of the MRO science plans. The software also generates the needed command products that initiate the relay sessions, some features of which are provided by the lander team, some are managed by MRO internally, and some being derived.
Detector Module for Testing Silicon Carbide Semiconductor DevicesTBMG-55518/1/2009
Long-term stress testing of silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor devices is required to determine suitability for power electronics applications. During testing, preventable catastrophic failures can occur due to drift in steady-state operation or transients that shift the device outside of its safe operating range. Both steady-state and transient drift are easily monitored values including temperature, on-state resistance, voltage, and current, as well as others. By measuring and reacting to shifts in these values, device damage can be minimized.
Wireless Devices for Temperature MonitoringTBMG-50464/1/2009
The growth of wireless instrumentation technology has provided new ways to apply temperature measurement sensors, combined with personal computers, to collect, tabulate, and analyze data. For complex, multi-sensor applications, wireless devices provide a means to eliminate the nuisance of running multiple leads over long distances through harnesses or conduit to a control room, instrument panel, or equipment rack, while keeping track of leads. For simpler one- or two-sensor applications, it means installing the wireless sensor and setting up the receiver.
Safely Stopping Motion Using Discrete WiringTBMG-96802/1/2009
Functional machine safety using discrete wiring is an established way to protect workers from injury, and protect companies from the expense associated with accidents and downtime.
Deciphering the New SUMIT™ SpecificationTBMG-62181/1/2009
The new SUMIT specification is managed by the Small Form Factor Special Interest Group (SFF-SIG). SFF-SIG is a newly formed, non-profit industry group that develops, promotes, and supports small form factor circuit board specifications and related technologies. The group embraces the latest technologies, but also has a philosophy of maintaining legacy compatibility and enabling smooth transitions to next-generation interfaces.
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