Browse Topic: Battery cell chemistry

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Circularity and LCA: Enhancing Sustainability in the Indian Electric Vehicle Sector2026-26-02391/16/2026
The global shift to electric vehicles (EVs) is vital for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but their sustainability hinges on effective battery lifecycle management. This review examines the interplay between Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and circular economy (CE) principles in EVs, with a focus on both international trends and India-specific challenges. We analyze CE strategies such as extending battery lifespan, second-life applications, and recycling integrated with LCA to evaluate environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. Key areas include battery chemistry, LCA methodologies, policy frameworks, and industrial practices, informed by a synthesis of over 50 peer-reviewed articles, technical papers, and sustainability reports. Challenges include inconsistent LCA baselines, low material recovery in informal recycling, and regulatory gaps, particularly in India. Despite these, innovations like solid-state batteries and advanced recycling techniques offer promise
Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji, Kumar, Om, Sankar M, Gopi, Kumar, Rajiv
State of Health Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Methods, Comparisons, and Future Directions2026-26-02081/16/2026
As the world is moving towards electric vehicles , we are observing a wide use of Lithium-Ion batteries in modern transportation. Lithium-Ion Batteries offer several advantages over conventional battery systems, including higher energy density that is energy stored per unit mass, longer Cycle Life, faster Charging rates, low Self-Discharge, lighter weight, and ease of maintenance as the memory effect present in other batteries is absent . Of course, challenges remain, e.g. accurate battery State of Health (SOH) estimation which stays as an indispensable parameter for safety and useability. Inaccurate SOH estimation can lead to unexpected vehicle behavior and a degraded end-user experience, especially due to incorrect "distance to empty" predictions. Also, different battery chemistries present various challenges, creating need of tailored models. In this paper, different SOH estimation techniques are reviewed and compared in detail . The SOH estimation approaches are broadly classified
Patel, Parvez, Bhagat, Ayush
Comprehensive Insights on Techniques for Managing and Preventing Thermal Runaway in EV Lithium-Ion Batteries.2026-26-01711/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms, risks, and mitigation strategies associated with thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). It begins by emphasizing the urgency of the issue, identifying key vulnerabilities within EV battery systems that contribute to runaway events. A multiscale, stage-wise breakdown of thermal runaway progression is provided, illustrating how physical, chemical, and thermal interactions compound during failure scenarios. The study analyzes global incident data from 2000 to 2025, revealing trends in human health impacts, vehicle damage, and public safety concerns. Particular attention is given to how battery aging, manufacturing defects, and external abuse conditions elevate the likelihood and severity of thermal runaway. Current emergency response protocols and state-of-the-art mitigation technologies are critically evaluated to identify best practices and existing gaps in safety management. A
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS: Extending Battery Life with Software134697/24/2024
What if you could give your EV a range boost via an over-the-air software update? It's possible with the software defined battery. By augmenting battery chemistry with intelligent algorithms and machine learning, Qnovo supplies the most advanced battery management software to the world's leading smartphone, automotive and energy storage manufacturers. With cutting-edge features like super-fast charging, more available battery capacity, and longer lifespan, Qnovo is creating the energy storage systems of the future. Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sits down with Nadim Maluf, Co-founder and CEO, to discuss how Qnovo is extending the life of batteries, helping to balance the grid, and even expanding into aerospace. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There you can learn about how the joint venture between Rivian and Volkswagen will impact EV manufacturing in the United States.
Hineman, Marcie
Multifidelity Uncertainty Quantification in Battery Performance for eVTOL Flights Under Material and Loading UncertaintiesF-0080-2024-11675/7/2024
This study addresses safety concerns within the rapidly evolving Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft domain, focusing on efficient tools to quantify uncertainties in lithium-ion battery behavior - a critical aspect of eVTOL. One major issue with quantifying uncertainty is the prohibitive computational cost associated with many queries of an expensive-to-evaluate computational model. This work employs three physics-based battery models models of varying fidelity and cost to estimate the mean and the variance of the selected quantities of interest through a multifidelity method to reduce the computation cost. By combining information from multiple cheaper, lower-fidelity models through the Multifidelity Monte Carlo method, we significantly reduce the number of high-fidelity samples required for a prescribed mean-squared error, consequently reducing computational costs down to a tractable level. The proposed methodology is applied to estimate the mean and the variance
Diaz Flores Caminero, Alvaro, Kim, H. Alicia, Chaudhuri, Anirban, Guibert, Alexandre
Fast Charging at Cold Conditions—Model-Based Control Enabled by Multi-Scale Multi-Domain Plant Model2022-01-08573/29/2022
Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are a promising technology to provide CO2-free mobility. The enabler for BEVs is a battery that provides maximum driving ranges, short charging times and a long lifetime. Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are an established technology used most likely in many future BEV applications. LIB typically use anodes materials with high share of graphite where inappropriate charging procedures will compromise their lifetime. Under certain conditions, lithium ions deposit as metallic lithium, react with the electrolyte and cause a loss of capacity. The challenge is to derive charging strategies along the physical limits, fast and not yet damaging. This requires a thorough understanding of the electrochemical cause-effect relationships in the battery in interaction with the thermoregulation management at a given charging strategy. Models are a key factor to understand, describe and exploit physics earlier in development phases. Modelling of batteries is important as
Wurzenberger, Johann C., Lechner, Christoph, Jelovic, Mario, Mele, Igor, Katrasnik, Tomaz
Extending the Range of Electric Vehicles Through the Use of a Dual-Chemistry Battery System2022-01-08513/29/2022
Electric vehicle range and charging time are two factors which limit the acceptability of the electric powertrain as a practical replacement for those customers who need a vehicle for longer distance driving. The electric vehicle range is directly proportional to the useful energy available within the energy storage system. The useful energy can be increased by combining two complementary battery chemistries which operate in a parallel configuration. The dual chemistries combined with the appropriate supervisory controls are ratioed to allow the energy storage system to operate more efficiently, regardless of the driver demand. The energy transfer of the dual chemistry system is enhanced in both discharging and charging due to a reduction of I2R losses. This reduction in power losses while fast charging has the benefit of reducing the overall charging time and increasing the available SOC. Simulation of the system indicated additional benefits such as reduced stress, less internal
Potter, James
Design Methodology for Energy Storage System in Motorsports Using Statistical Analysis of Mission Profile2022-01-08043/29/2022
In recent years, many motorsports have been developing competitions based on electric vehicles. The demanding performance requires the battery pack to have the perfect balance between energy, power, and weight. This research paper presents a systematic methodology for the initial design of the battery pack (size and cell chemistry) by statistically analyzing the characteristics of the mission profile. The power profile for the battery pack of a motorsport vehicle can be estimated considering the duty cycle of a racing car using the technical and sporting regulations and vehicle parameters. In this paper, many statistical metrics correlated to this power profile have been defined and analyzed (such as the max, mean, and standard deviation of the power profile, the total energy consumed, and the expected heat generation). These metrics have been used to estimate the cell energy and power density requirement and the pack sizing considering the weight constraints. A formal methodology to
Khanna, Yatin, D'Arpino, Matilde, Ramesh, Prashanth
Battery Heat Load Estimation and modeling its Thermal management using Air Conditioning System of an Electric Vehicle2021-28-023110/1/2021
The performance of lithium-ion batteries and its service life depends on its operating temperature. Operating the battery above 45 °C degrades the performance of the battery and reduces its service life. The high-temperature operation also leads to thermal runaway. So there is a need to monitor the operating temperature and voltage output of the battery using a battery thermal management system to ensure its safety. Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) is a part of the battery management system. The effectiveness of the battery thermal management system depends on the battery pack design, battery chemistry, vehicle operating characteristics and ambient conditions. In this work, a refrigerant-based BTMS is modeled using MATLAB Simulink. Refrigerant R134a used in the air conditioning system of an Electric Vehicle is used as an evaporative cooling medium to cool the batteries. The battery pack is submerged in the pool of refrigerant for cooling and to control the battery temperature
Kaliaperumal, MuthuKrishnan
Measuring Properties of Li-Ion Battery ElectrolyteJ3042_202101 (Current)1/27/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a set of test methods for characterizing lithium-ion battery electrolytes. These test methods are applicable to existing electrolyte materials and allow different facilities to conduct testing in a common manner. Solid electrolytes are expected to be commercially used for large scale batteries in the future. However, characterizing solid electrolytes may require methods different from those contained in this document. Such methods are not addressed in this document. It is not within the scope of this document to establish acceptance criteria for test results, as this is usually established between the vendor and customer. It is also not within the scope of this document to examine the electrochemical properties of an electrolyte, since these are influenced by electrolyte composition. In addition, establishing an electrolyte composition appropriate for all applications is not feasible.
Battery Materials Testing Committee
Measuring Properties of Li-Ion Battery ElectrolyteJ3042_202101-TEST-REC (Historical)1/27/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a set of test methods for characterizing lithium-ion battery electrolytes. These test methods are applicable to existing electrolyte materials and allow different facilities to conduct testing in a common manner. Solid electrolytes are expected to be commercially used for large scale batteries in the future. However, characterizing solid electrolytes may require methods different from those contained in this document. Such methods are not addressed in this document. It is not within the scope of this document to establish acceptance criteria for test results, as this is usually established between the vendor and customer. It is also not within the scope of this document to examine the electrochemical properties of an electrolyte, since these are influenced by electrolyte composition. In addition, establishing an electrolyte composition appropriate for all applications is not feasible.
Battery Materials Testing Committee
FEV and the Art of EV Testing20AUTP10_0110/1/2020
The legendary powertrain-engineering group has expanded its global footprint into EV testing and development to keep pace with changing technologies and customer demand. Before the impending flood of electric vehicles (EV) expected for the 2025 timeframe enters the market, every one of them - and their subsystems - must be fully tested, validated and calibrated. Companies specializing in engineering, design and testing services are making significant investments to meet industry demand in this already-booming field. One of them, the Aachen, Germany-based FEV Group, has expanded its global footprint into the electrification-testing realm in a big way. Famous for its powertrain-development competency, FEV recently added a 12,000-m2 (∼130,000 ft2) facility dedicated to testing batteries, electric drives and related components. Dubbed eDLP, the complex is among the largest test facilities in FEV's global network and claims to be the largest independent battery-test facility in the world
Brooke, Lindsay
Long-life Batteries for the IIoTTBMG-376659/1/2020
The remote wireless devices used throughout the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) should use long-life lithium batteries to deliver reliable performance that reduces the total cost of ownership. Using long-life lithium batteries can eliminate the need for hard-wiring devices to AC power, which can cost as much as $100/ft, or even more in remote locations.
Cadillac reveals Lyriq electric vehicle20AUTP09_129/1/2020
Cadillac recently revealed its Lyriq crossover, the first of a coming stable of electric vehicles (EVs) from Cadillac and GM's other brands. And although Cadillac already trails many other luxury-brand rivals in launching an EV, the Lyriq - which Cadillac for now is choosing to call a “show car” - will not be in showrooms until sometime in late 2022. The midsize, five-passenger crossover is built on GM's dedicated EV architecture and will be powered by the company's new Ultium lithium-ion battery system (https://www.sae.org/news/2020/03/gm-electrification-unveil) in an approximately 100-kW pack capacity that is claimed to provide up to 300 miles (482 km) of driving range. The Lyriq also will be fitted with the latest version of GM's Super Cruise (SAE Level 3) assisted-driving capability that adds automatic lane-changing to the hands-off driving experience on approximately 200,000 miles (321,868-km) of high-definition-mapped U.S. roads.
Visnic, Bill
STATIC TESTING of EV components20AUTP09_049/1/2020
Firing nails into your latest Li-ion battery pack is but one of many regimens in the comprehensive testing of new electric vehicles. The market for electric vehicles (EVs) continues to grow. To offset the immense weight of their batteries, a heightened focus has been put on lightweighting, which has brought many new materials and components into the global automotive supply chain. These components and assemblies, including polymer films used for Li-ion battery cell separators and the packs they ultimately form, require development and production quality testing to verify their mechanical properties. One of the methodologies, static mechanical testing, is commonly performed by universal testing machines operated within manufacturing and research labs. Put simply, universal testing machines are designed to hold a test specimen and subject it to tensile (pull) or compression (push) forces by moving the machine's crosshead up or down. Transducers, such as a load cell, capture valuable data
Caesar, Dan
Machine Learning Method for Battery DevelopmentTBMG-368545/1/2020
Battery performance can make or break the electric vehicle experience, from driving range to charging time to the lifetime of the car. For decades, advances in electric vehicle batteries have been limited by a major bottleneck: evaluation times. At every stage of the battery development process, new technologies must be tested for months or even years to determine how long they will last.
Methods for Leak Testing Lithium-Ion Batteries to Assure Quality with Proposed Rejection Limit Standards2020-01-04484/14/2020
A method is presented discussing how to reliably and quantitatively detect leakage from battery cells through the detection of escaping liquid electrolyte vapors, typically dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The proposed method does not require the introduction of an additional test gas into battery cells. The test system, which is non-destructive in nature, is applicable to non-rigid pouch cells and rigid prismatic or cylindrical cells. Lithium-ion batteries are a more suitable energy source for many applications because of their high energy density and low self-discharge rate. In the automotive powertrain sector, the lithium-ion battery market share is growing rapidly, with particularly high demand being placed on battery service life and safety. Requirements regarding maximum cell temperature, electrical load power or discharge power of the cell can be controlled by cooling and power management of the battery cell. A single defect in a cell housing can only be detected through leak detection
Wetzig, Daniel, Reismann, Maximillian
Brake Power Availability Led Optimisation of P0 versus P2 48V Hybrid Powertrain Architectures2020-01-04394/14/2020
Through improving the 48V hybrid vehicle archetype, governmental emission targets could be more easily met without incurring the high costs associated with increasing levels of electrification. The braking energy recovery function of hybrid vehicles is recognised as an effective solution to reduce emissions and fuel consumption in the short to medium term. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods to maximise the braking energy recovery capability of the 48V hybrid electric vehicle over pre-selected drive cycles using appropriately sized electrified components. The strategy adopted was based upon optimising the battery chemistry type via specific power capability, so that overall brake power is equal to the maximum battery charging power in a typical medium-sized passenger car under typical driving. This will maximise the regenerative braking energy whilst providing a larger torque assistance for a lower battery capacity. Dynamic simulation models were developed using GT-DRIVE
Alnamasi, Khaled, Terry, Simon, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair
New Ultium battery system underpins GM's EV future20AUTP04_094/1/2020
General Motors in March gave media, investors and key dealers the first look at the electric-vehicle (EV) onslaught it is readying for production, along with related propulsion, battery and charging technologies. Staged at the company's Technical Center in Warren, Mich., with engineers and designers as presenters, GM's unprecedented vehicle and technology unveiling was the largest single aggregation of new EVs any OEM has yet revealed at one time. The company revealed 11 battery EVs, including CUVs and SUVs for Chevrolet, Buick and Cadillac; a long-wheelbase Cadillac “flagship” sedan; a Hummer EV pickup and SUV to be sold under the GMC brand and a Cruise self-driving shuttle. All were shown in late-prototype form under a “no photography” mandate. It was a powerful underscore of GM's wide-scope plan to industrialize its battery-electric vehicle future.
Brooke, Lindsay
Electrifying GM20AUTP03_013/1/2020
After two decades of hybrid development, General Motors puts its full futurepropulsion focus on BEV technology-with vertically integrated development and production. General Motors' long, convoluted journey toward vehicle electrification has finally arrived at an earlier-than-expected destination: total commitment to a battery-electric future. GM is officially “all in” on BEVs as its future propulsion strategy, with some 20 electric models slated for launch by 2023. The Detroit-Hamtramck plant is being transformed into GM's first dedicated EV production facility. Its product cadence, set to begin within the year, will be led by electric Chevrolet and Cadillac crossovers. Joining them is GM's first electric pickup that will resurrect the still-popular Hummer nameplate within the GMC brand. The company aims to sell one million EVs globally by 2026, asserts CEO Mary Barra, while it continues to evolve its profit-driving IC-powered trucks and crossovers (and develop self-driving vehicles
Storage Batteries for Start-Stop OperationsJ3012_202002 (Current)2/10/2020
This SAE recommended practice applies to 12 V lead-acid storage batteries that are designed specifically for start-stop operations in on-road passenger vehicles or light trucks. Included are definitions of terms, general testing requirements, key performance characteristics, and life testing. Properties not unique to start-stop batteries should be tested according to SAE J537 or other applicable testing protocols.
Start-Stop Battery Committee
Replacement of a 50cc Two-stroke Engine with an Electric Powertrain2019-32-06231/24/2020
As global regulations look to create a dramatic reduction in CO2 emission and other forms of pollution, companies with products that rely on engine technology must be ready to take on the electrification challenge. Applications that remain using two-stroke engine technology continue to exist due to their very high power density requirements. However, their history of higher pollution compared to four-stroke engines makes them a target to be regulated out of existence. Such high power two-stroke applications include high performance off-road motorcycles. In this type of product, electrification can solve not only pollution challenges but market challenges, such as ridership and public perception. By addressing the core problems presented by the two-stroke engine and turning challenges into opportunity, a strong attraction is created to convert a two-stroke engine motorcycle to an electric vehicle. With Automotive electric vehicle technology paving the way, the basis for cost effective
Beeker, Jesse
EDITORIAL: GM goes ‘all in’ on EVs20AUTP02_051/1/2020
Twenty-five years ago I drove a prototype of General Motors' first electric vehicle, the pioneering and unfairly maligned EV-1, before its public debut. I'll never forget piloting the quiet little EV, with a program engineer as passenger, from GM's Milford proving ground to a diner in a nearby village. Four EV-1s were in our group that day, and when we emerged from lunch there were the cars, parked in line across the street. Each was coupled to its own portable charging stand that engineers had set up.
Brooke, Lindsay
Mercedes Vision AVTR concept a beacon for sustainability20AUTP02_111/1/2020
At the keynote for the 2020 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Mercedes-Benz unveiled its VISION AVTR concept vehicle representing a far-forward look at the company's future design, materials and technologies. Inspired by the James Cameron film Avatar (with the director on hand at CES for its reveal), and representing a sustainable vision of zero-emission mobility, the VISION AVTR concept was introduced by Ola Källenius, M-B's chairman of the board. The fully-electric, AWD, 4-seat concept features a 110-kWh battery and a 700-km (434-mi) range. It is M-B's idea of sustainable luxury - a form of electro-mobility “in harmony with people and nature.” The VISION AVTR concept uses 100%-recyclable organic battery technology and leverages a host of artificial intelligence (AI) to maximize vehicle performance and efficiency, including integrated solar-panels designed to provide power back to the grid.
Seredynski, Paul
Chemical Mixture Widens the Temperature Range for Electric Car BatteriesTBMG-3570812/1/2019
A combination of chemicals was created that could help electric cars power their way through the extreme temperatures that degrade the efficiency of current lithium-ion batteries. Combinations of compounds in electrolytes, in the laboratory, allow lithium-ion batteries to function very well both in sub-zero temperatures (Fahrenheit) — which are reached often during the winter in the northern United States and other parts of the world — and in very hot temperatures like those in the summer in the southwestern US. Those are temperatures where today's batteries — used to power electric cars, cellphones, laptops, and other devices — often retain little charge and expend it quickly.
Design and Development of Automotive Battery Management System2019-28-249811/21/2019
Battery operated vehicle needs accurate management system because of its quick changes in State of Charge (SoC) due to aggressive acceleration profiles and regenerative braking. Li-ion battery needs control over its operating area for the safe working. The main objective of the proposed system is to develop a BMS having algorithms to estimate accurate SoC, balance individual cells, thermal management, and provide safe area of operation defined by voltage and temperature. Proposed methodology uses Coulomb Counting as well as Model-based Design approach wherein nonlinear behavior of battery is modeled as Equivalent Circuit Model to compute the SoC and degradation effect on battery to decide the end of life of battery. Also performing Inductive Active Balancing on cells to equalize the charge. The study aims on deploying the model-based system on embedded platform which would help industry to reduce the model development time and focus on development of controlling algorithms for high end
Dange, Dipali, Ballal, Radhika, Murali, Meera, Sonawane, D.N., Prakash, AK
Real World Energy Efficiency Calculation for e-Rickshaws - A Comparative Study (Lead Acid Vs Lithium Ion Battery Vehicles)2019-28-248611/21/2019
E-Rickshaws are receiving considerable attention as a sustainable passenger transportation in Indian mobility space. As per the recent reports, more than 1.5 million e-rickshaws are currently operating in the country. These are quieter, cleaner and convenient mode for last mile connectivity and are typically used for short distance (<10 Km) commutation. For owners, these vehicles offer value in terms of affordability and operating cost. Challenge for manufacturers is to design a vehicle which balances the requirements of both passengers and owners. Energy efficiency (Energy consumption per Km) influences such critical decisions. There is always a difference between the catalog value and actual on-road Energy efficiency figures and therefore it's important to really understand owner requirements w.r.t. market where vehicle is going to be operated. In this study, we collected data for different types of E-rickshaws in real world scenarios in city operations and determined the energy
Jain, Nishit, Gupta, Smit
Recommended Practice for Determining Material Properties of Li-Battery SeparatorJ2983_201910 (Current)10/14/2019
This SAE RP provides a set of test methods and practices for the characterization of the properties of Li-battery separator. The test methods in this RP have been grouped into one of three categories: 1 Separator material parameters: Minimum set of separator properties to be measured. 2 Chemistry/customer-specific parameters: Properties that are dependent on the application, customer needs and/or requirements, manufacturing process, etc. This RP will include the current best practice methodologies for these tests, with an understanding that the best practice methodologies are evolving as more information is learned. 3 R&D parameters: Properties that are dependent on the application, customer needs and/or requirements, manufacturing process, etc. The methodologies in this third section are under development and have not yet achieved broad application. It is not within the scope of this document to establish criteria for the test results, as this is usually established between the
Battery Materials Testing Committee
Q&A: A Circulatory System for RobotsTBMG-351469/1/2019
Robert F. Shepherd is Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. He is leading a team exploring the use of hydraulic fluids in soft robots to also serve as a source of energy.
Q&A19AUTP09_159/1/2019
Few battery experts in the mobility industry can match the engineer/entrepreneur spirit of Subash Dhar. In a career spanning nearly 40 years, Dhar is co-inventor of over 45 patents and patent applications in the field of advanced batteries and fuel cell technologies. He led the team that developed and commercialized the nickel-metal hydride technology used in the Toyota Prius and has served in leadership positions at XALT Energy, Ener-1, EnerDel, and Ovonic. Dhar, a chemical engineer, recently founded a new company, American Battery Solutions, Inc., focused on module and pack engineering, assembly, and battery-systems integration. He's aiming for EV customers in the transportation, industrial-, and commercial-vehicle sectors who are seeking expertise at low and medium volumes. With $50 million in capital backing from NY-based KCK Group, Dhar purchased foundational assets from Bosch's North American battery-systems business, including a testing lab, a 172,000 square-foot plant in Ohio
Hybrid and EV First and Second Responder Recommended PracticeJ2990_201907 (Current)7/29/2019
xEVs involved in incidents present unique hazards associated with the high voltage system (including the battery system). These hazards can be grouped into three categories: chemical, electrical, and thermal. The potential consequences can vary depending on the size, configuration, and specific battery chemistry. Other incidents may arise from secondary events such as garage fires and floods. These types of incidents are also considered in the recommended practice (RP). This RP aims to describe the potential consequences associated with hazards from xEVs and suggest common procedures to help protect emergency responders, tow and/or recovery, storage, repair, and salvage personnel after an incident has occurred with an electrified vehicle. Industry design standards and tools were studied and where appropriate, suggested for responsible organizations to implement. Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries used for vehicle propulsion power are the assumed battery system of this RP. This chemistry is
Hybrid - EV Committee
Hybrid and EV First and Second Responder Recommended PracticeJ2990_201907-TEST-REC (Historical)7/29/2019
xEVs involved in incidents present unique hazards associated with the high voltage system (including the battery system). These hazards can be grouped into three categories: chemical, electrical, and thermal. The potential consequences can vary depending on the size, configuration, and specific battery chemistry. Other incidents may arise from secondary events such as garage fires and floods. These types of incidents are also considered in the recommended practice (RP). This RP aims to describe the potential consequences associated with hazards from xEVs and suggest common procedures to help protect emergency responders, tow and/or recovery, storage, repair, and salvage personnel after an incident has occurred with an electrified vehicle. Industry design standards and tools were studied and where appropriate, suggested for responsible organizations to implement. Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries used for vehicle propulsion power are the assumed battery system of this RP. This chemistry is
Hybrid - EV Committee
Impact-Resistant Battery Electrolyte Solidifies When HitTBMG-346336/1/2019
Lithium-ion batteries commonly used in consumer electronics are notorious for bursting into flame when damaged or improperly packaged. Inspired by the unusual behavior of some liquids that solidify on impact, researchers have developed a practical and inexpensive way to help prevent these fires.
Battery Electrolyte Doubles Driving Range for Electric VehiclesTBMG-346106/1/2019
Conventional electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries that power household electronics like computers and cellphones are not suitable for lithium-metal batteries. Lithium-metal batteries that replace a graphite electrode with a lithium electrode are the holy grail of energy storage systems because lithium has a greater storage capacity and, therefore, a lithium-metal battery has double or triple the storage capacity. That extra power enables electric vehicles to drive more than two times longer between charges.
Design of a Grid-Friendly DC Fast Charge Station with Second Life Batteries2019-01-08674/2/2019
DC-fast charge (DCFC) may be amenable for widespread EV adoption. However, there are potential challenges associated with implementation and operation of the DCFC infrastructures. The integration of energy storage systems can limit the scale of grid installation required for DCFC and enable more efficient grid energy usage. In addition, second-life batteries (SLBs) can find application in DCFC, significantly reducing installation cost when compared to solutions based on new battery packs. However, both system architecture and control strategy require optimization to ensure an optimal use of SLBs, including degradation and thermal aspects. This study proposes an application of automotive SLBs for DCFC stations where high power grid connection is not available or feasible. Several SLBs are connected to the grid by means of low power chargers (e.g. L2 charging station), and a DC/DC converter controls the power to the EV power dispenser. The architecture of the DC bus, the size and state
D'Arpino, Matilde, Cancian, Massimo
Effects of Temperature on Mechanical Response of Lithium Ion Batteries to External Abusive Loads2019-01-10024/2/2019
This paper focuses on mechanical properties of lithium ion batteries subjected to mechanical loading. Researchers have studied mechanical properties of batteries under room temperature. However, the operating temperature for these cells can change from -20 to +60 degrees Celsius. Therefore, characterization of cell’s response under varying temperature is of utmost importance. We have tested battery components and cells at a range of temperatures and have documented the changes in mechanical properties. Our results show that extreme hot or cold temperatures can have a significant effect on the mechanical response of lithium ion batteries under crush and indentation.
Gilaki, Mehdi, Sahraei, Elham
Pushing the Energy Limits of Lithium Ion Batteries through Fluorinated Materials2019-01-05954/2/2019
The use of electrolytes containing small fluorinated molecules to enable stable high voltage (>4.3 V) battery operation is the focus of this project. Previously, it has been shown that it is possible to operate lithium ion batteries utilizing several different cathode chemistries up to 4.5 V. Energy gains of 30-50% have been demonstrated when the battery is cycled at 4.5 V. High voltage cycling is accomplished by reducing the gas generation originating from electrolyte decomposition at high voltage. The primary mechanism for this is not completely understood, but the hypothesis is that the fluorinated molecules form a film on the highly oxidizing cathode. The protective film formation allows stable cycle life during high voltage operation. In addition, fluorinated electrolytes have the added benefit of being less flammable which increases safety performance of lithium ion batteries. Highly fluorinated binder materials offer a variety of advantages (lower modulus, higher chemical
Sunstrom, Joseph, Falzone, Alec, Gilmore, Michael, Hendershot, Ron, Meserole, Chad, Sandoval, Abundio, Grumbles, Emily, Costa, Melissa, Haque, Arsela
PICKUP SHOCKER!19AUTP01_011/1/2019
With the R1T, Rivian emerges as the startup most likely to build the electric vehicle all of America will want to own. Rivian founder and CEO R.J. Scaringe isn't claiming he's developed the formula for cold fusion, but it's possible he's cracked a code of similar import to the automotive world: the formula to make electric vehicles truly resonate with mainstream America. It seems simple, really. Develop a fresh-looking and cleverly designed pickup truck-and make it electric.
Visnic, Bill
Brake System Design for Dedicated BEV Architectures2018-01-187010/5/2018
As fossil fuels dwindle and more electric vehicles enter the market, there is an opportunity to reevaluate the standard brake system. This paper will discuss and compare the differences in brake system sizing between a non-regenerative braking internal combustion engine vehicle and a dedicated battery electric vehicle with regenerative braking. It will use a model derived from component dynamometer testing and vehicle test data of a mid-size production vehicle. The model will be modified for the mass and regenerative braking capabilities of a battery electric vehicle. The contribution of regenerative braking energy will be analyzed and compared to show its impact on component sizing, thermal sizing, and lining life. The detailed design study will calculate the parameters for caliper, rotor design, actuation, etc., that are optimized for 100% regen enabled vehicles.
Shenberger, Michael J., Antanaitis, David
Study of machine learning algorithms to state of health estimation of iron phosphate lithium-ion battery used in fully electric vehicles2018-36-01789/3/2018
State of Health (SOH) is an important parameter in Battery Management Systems (BMS) because it avoids the failure of a battery that could lead to reduced performance, operational impairment and even catastrophic failure, especially in electric vehicles. However a reliable battery state estimation management system in electric vehicles greatly depends on the validity and generalizability of battery models. This paper presents a generic data-driven approach for lithium-ion battery health management that eliminates the dependency of battery physical models for SOH estimation. In this work, iron phosphate Lithium-ion batteries were used. They were repeatedly submitted to charge-discharge cycles based on standard IEC and ISO profiles. The tension, current, charge, cell temperature and ambient temperature were constantly monitored in this period, and one big data set was created and stored. This data was then used to explore Machine Learning algorithms to estimate State of Charge (SOC) and
Santos, Sender Rocha dos, Aranha, Juliana C. M. S., Nascimento, Thiago Chiachio do, Vieira, Daniel, Junior, Eloy M. O., Cerri, Fernando
Design of an energy storage system with blended of Li-ion batteries for pure electric vehicle of high performance2018-36-01809/3/2018
The state of art in Li-ion cells has one technologic gap to find in the same cell all requirements of performance to a vehicle that need high impulse and high autonomy combined. Certain Li-ion cells have characteristics of high energy density that exhibit high voltage and high rate capability, but have poor cycling and low power capacity. Alternately, other types of cells have high power density exhibit good thermal stability, good cycling, and high rate regime operation characteristics but have low rate capability and low voltage. Blending different cathode Li-ion cells in the same Energy Storage System is a new approach to design the better batteries for Pure Electric Vehicle of High Performance. This paper is intended to develop an Energy Storage System that take the advantage of the unique properties of each electric type of Li-ion cell and optimize its performance with respect to the automotive operating requirements. Therefore is presented the constrain requirements for selection
Santos, Sender Rocha dos, Aranha, Juliana C. M. S., Cerri, Fernando Augusto, Nascimento, Thiago Chiachio do, Rosolem, Maria de Fátima Negreli Campos, Sansão, Juliano C., Hamacek, Paulo Vitor B., Guillaumon, Fábio Zilse
Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Lithium-Metal BatteriesTBMG-324898/1/2018
Lithium-metal batteries — which can hold up to ten times more charge than lithium-ion batteries — haven't been commercialized because of a fatal flaw: as the batteries charge and discharge, lithium is deposited unevenly on the electrodes. This buildup cuts the lives of these batteries too short to make them viable, and more importantly, can cause the batteries to short-circuit and catch fire.
Environmentally Friendly, Rechargeable Proton BatteryTBMG-288605/1/2018
A working, rechargeable proton battery was developed that could store more energy than currently available lithium-ion batteries. Potential applications include household storage of electricity from solar photovoltaic panels. With some modifications and scaling up, the proton battery technology may also be used for medium-scale storage on electricity grids as well as powering electric vehicles.
Nonaqueous Redox Flow BatteryTBMG-288805/1/2018
Researchers have created a material that consists of carefully structured molecules designed to be particularly electrochemically stable in order to prevent the battery from losing energy to unwanted reactions. In this type of battery, called nonaqueous redox flow, energy is stored in negatively and positively charged solutions inside large tanks.
Efficient Electro-Thermal Model for Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries2018-01-04324/3/2018
The development of a comprehensive battery simulator is essential for future improvements in the durability, performance and service life of lithium-ion batteries. Although simulations can never replace actual experimental data, they can still be used to provide valuable insights into the performance of the battery, especially under different operating conditions. In addition, a single-cell model can be easily extended to the pack level and can be used in the optimization of a battery pack. The first step in building a simulator is to create a model that can effectively capture both the voltage response and thermal behavior of the battery. Since these effects are coupled together, creating a robust simulator requires modeling both components. This paper will develop a battery simulator, where the entire battery model will be composed of four smaller submodels: a heat generation model, a thermal model, a battery parameter model and a voltage response model. The paper will provide a
Mathew, Manoj, Mastali, Mehrdad, Catton, John, Samadani, Ehsan, Fowler, Michael
Modeling and Validation of 48V Mild Hybrid Lithium-Ion Battery Pack2018-01-04334/3/2018
As part of the midterm evaluation of the 2022-2025 Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Standards, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed simulation models for studying the effectiveness of 48V mild hybrid electric vehicle (MHEV) technology for reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles. Simulation and modeling of this technology requires a suitable model of the battery. This article presents the development and validation of a 48V lithium-ion battery model that will be integrated into EPA’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) vehicle simulation model and that can also be used within Gamma Technologies, LLC (Westmont, IL) GT-DRIVE™ vehicle simulations. The battery model is a standard equivalent circuit model with the two-time constant resistance-capacitance (RC) blocks. Resistances and capacitances were calculated using test data from an 8 Ah, 0.4 kWh, 48V (nominal) lithium-ion battery obtained from a Tier 1 automotive supplier, A123
Lee, SoDuk, Cherry, Jeff, Safoutin, Michael, McDonald, Joseph, Olechiw, Michael
Making the case for battery-electric fleet power17TOFHP12_0312/1/2017
Battery systems edge closer to a tipping point as commercial and heavy-duty fleets broaden their application. Battery-electric power is drawing more and more applications to commercial and heavy-duty fleets as the zero-emission technology edges closer to a tipping point. “We're not at critical mass in any market yet with battery-electric,” said Rick Herndon, Chief Executive Officer of Voltabox of Texas Inc., a manufacturer of Li-ion battery systems. One market undergoing dramatic change is commuter buses. “All the big players recognize they have to have electric, especially for municipal applications,” he said. Herndon and other technology experts spoke with Truck & Off-Highway Engineering during The Battery Show and Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology conferences in Novi, MI.
Buchholz, Kami
Carry-On Portable Oxygen ConcentratorsAS8059 (Current)11/7/2017
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) applies to a personal, portable oxygen concentrator (POC) to be supplied and used by a passenger requiring supplemental oxygen therapy while traveling on board civil, commercial, or personal aircraft. It covers a POC during both self-powered battery operation and while powered from an aircraft seat’s electrical power through the use of an accessory adapter. The POC is not intended to be connected to the aircraft’s oxygen systems or to be used by any aircraft personnel in any method of treatment or first aid of the general flying public.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Nickel Cadmium Vented Rechargeable Aircraft Batteries (Non-Sealed, Maintainable Type)AS8033 (Current)10/26/2017
The Nickel Cadmium battery covered by this Aerospace Standard is the type which is generally, although not exclusively, used for engine starting purposes in turbine-powered aircraft and/or on aircraft with turbine type Auxiliary Power Units. This turbine starting function requires high power delivery rates from the battery for 15 to 30 seconds or more for each engine start. This same battery may also be used at lower power delivery rates, as the final redundant source of emergency electrical energy for the operation of essential flight equipment for required periods of 30 to 60 minutes. The battery generally consists of a group of plastic jarred cells contained within an enclosing battery case. They are electrically connected in series with each other and usually terminate in an electrical connector mounted in the case front wall. The battery case may be secured to the aircraft structure by any of a number of clamping techniques. The outer or battery case is ventilated to purge it of
AE-7B Power Management, Distribution and Storage
Automatic Generation of Online Optimal Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Powertrain Simulation2017-24-01739/4/2017
Due to more and more complex powertrain architectures and the necessity to optimize them on the whole driving conditions, simulation tools are becoming indisputable for car manufacturers and suppliers. Indeed, simulation is at the basis of any algorithm aimed at finding the best compromise between fuel consumption, emissions, drivability, and performance during the conception phase. For hybrid vehicles, the energy management strategy is a key driver to ensure the best fuel consumption and thus has to be optimized carefully as well. In this regard, the coupling of an offline hybrid strategy optimizer (called HOT) based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) and an online equivalent-consumption-minimization strategy (ECMS) generator is presented. Additionally, methods to estimate the efficiency maps and other overall characteristics of the main powertrain components (thermal engine, electric motor(s), and battery) from a few design parameters are shown. Finally, the use of such tool
Dabadie, Jean-Charles, Sciarretta, Antonio, Font, Gregory, Le Berr, Fabrice
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