Sealed electronic components are the basic components of aerospace equipment, but the issue of internal loose particles greatly increases the risk of aerospace equipment. Traditional material recognition technology has a low recognition rate and is difficult to be applied in practice. To address this issue, this article proposes transforming the problem of acquiring material information into the multi-category recognition problem. First, constructing an experimental platform for material recognition. Features for material identification are selected and extracted from the signals, forming a feature vector, and ultimately establishing material datasets. Then, the problem of material data imbalance is addressed through a newly designed direct artificial sample generation method. Finally, various identification algorithms are compared, and the optimal material identification model is integrated into the system for practical testing. The results show that the proposed material

Gao, Yajie, Wang, Guotao, Jiang, Aiping, Yan, Huizhen

Localisation of Ultra-short Sound Emissions from Automotive Components by Using the Sound Field Scanning Method

2025-01-009205/05/2023

Design verification and quality control of automotive components require the analysis of the source location of ultra-short sound events, for instance the engaging event of an electromechanical clutch or the clicking noise of the aluminium frame of a passenger car seat under vibration. State-of-the-art acoustic cameras allow for a frame rate of about 100 acoustic images per second. Considering that most of the sound events introduced above can be far less than 10ms, an acoustic image generated at this rate resembles an hard-to-interpret overlay of multiple sources on the structure under test along with reflections from the surrounding test environment. This contribution introduces a novel method for visualizing impulse-like sound emissions from automotive components at 10x the frame rate of traditional acoustic cameras. A time resolution of less than 1ms eventually allows for the true localization of the initial and subsequent sound events as well as a clear separation of direct from

Rittenschober, Thomas

Study on Cavitation Effect of Hydraulic Retarder

2022-01-116909/19/2022

Hydraulic retarder is important auxiliary brake device which widely used in commercial vehicles for its economy, safety and driving comfort, however cavitation will occur and reduce the braking performance when hydraulic retarder operates at high speed. In this paper, a model of hydraulic retarder considering cavitation effect was established, and the reliability of the model was verified by comparing with the external characteristics of the product which was obtained from Voith’s official discloses data. Then the cavitation of hydraulic retarder under high-speed working condition was studied by the establishing simulation model. The simulation model can describe and analyze the internal flow field in the hydraulic retarder, and can be used as an important tool for the development and optimization of hydraulic retarder in the future. When hydraulic retarder’s rotational speed is about 1500rpm, the cavitation will be observed in the working chamber. When the outlet flow rate is low and

HUANG, Yong, Yu, Liangyao, Cheng, Yiming, Wang, Ruoqi

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT ACCELERATED TESTING

2022-01-024003/29/2022

Analysis of the Current Trends in Development Accelerated Testing In 2020 ELSEVIER published author's book "Trends in Development Accelerated Testing for Automotive and Aerospace Engineering". As featured on CNN, Forbes, and Inc - BookAuthority, identifies and rates the best books in the Word based on recommendations by thought leaders and experts, this book made it to BookAuthority's best aerospace Engineering books (#43) and best Automotive Engineering books (#14) of all times (see "100 Best Aerospace Engineering Books of All Times" and "52 Best Automotive Engineering Books of All Times"). This paper will discuss the continuation - trends in development accelerated testing as result of the analysis current situation (2019 - 2021) on examples of automotive and aerospace areas. As was mentioned in the previous author's publications, the technical progress of product's testing is moving much slowly, then the technical progress in design, manufacturing, and service areas of the product

Klyatis, Lev

Adaptive Cycle Engines: Results with 2nd Generation Combustion Model

2022-01-051403/29/2022

A more accurate combustion model, based on Fluent simulations including the effect of flame stretching and extinction, has been added to cycle and road simulations of an Adaptive Cycle Engine (ACE), where compressions and expansions do not follow a predefined sequence. Also, engine speed data from the Argonne Downloadable Dynamometer Database is used in the road simulations in lieu of the original constant-speed model. Results show a drop in predicted steady-state brake efficiency around 5% relative to the model using a standard Wiebe function for heat release rate, but peak bmep rises over 20%. Performance on road cycles is not greatly affected by the delayed combustion since the relationship between expansion mass and work is largely unchanged. Even with the refined model, ACE-equipped vehicles remain competitive with electric powertrains in pre-tax cost and overall emissions.

Ruiz, Francisco

Monocular Camera System for Detecting a Small Object at Far Range

2022-01-007303/29/2022

For the autonomous driving and ADAS, we have been developing the new vision system. It focuses on detecting the small object at far ranges and makes the vehicle to keep smooth running by avoiding the object in advance. This system is based on the high-resolution monocularcamera with narrow FOV and the core algorithms for object-detection and lane-detection. Since we have already developed the prototype system, we have applied it to a field test. The test results are: for traffic cones and arbitrary objects at 50 - 150 [m], the detection rate is 95.6% for n=90, the ghost rate is 0% for n=53 and the range accuarcy is 7.1 [m] for n=72. To attain this performance, we also have developed the support technologies for detecting a three layer cone and the obscure side line of an object.

Miyahara, Shunji

Flashing Emergency Lights: Influence of Intensity, Flash Rate and Synchronization on Driver Visibility, Comfort and Confidence

2022-01-096703/29/2022

Flashing emergency lights are critical elements of public safety and traffic control during roadway incidents. These lights should not only alert drivers to the presence of hazards, but also should inform them of who and what is present on the scene, and should manage the responses of drivers as they navigate past the incident. First responder and driver safety depends upon all three of these functions. A full-scale outdoor field study was carried out during daytime, during nighttime on dry pavement and during nighttime on wet pavement, using a mock-up scene consisting of three police vehicles parked adjacent to each other. The lights on the vehicles were adjusted to produce different levels of intensity, flash rate, and synchronization of lights across all three vehicles. Upon viewing each combination of these factors, observers in stationary vehicles were asked to identify the location of a silhouette of a police officer randomly placed within the scene and to rate the conspicuity of

Bullough, John D., Miller, Bradley D., Baker, Douglas V., Rea, Mark S.

Event-triggered Adaptive Robust Control for Lateral Stability of Steer-by-wire Vehicles with Abrupt Nonlinear Faults

2022-01-111203/29/2022

Owing to the fact that autonomous vehicles equipped with active front steering (AFS) have the features of time-varying, uncertainties, high rate of fault and high burden on the in-vehicle networks, this article studies the adaptive robust control problem for improving steer-by-wire (SBW) vehicles lateral stability in the presence of abrupt nonlinear faults. Firstly, a robust H∞ controller, as an upper-level controller, is designed to obtain the corrected steering angle for driving both the yaw rate and the sideslip angle to achieve their desired values. Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy modeling approach which has shown the extraordinary ability in coping with the issue of nonlinear is applied to deal with the challenge of the changing longitudinal velocity. The output of upper controller can be calculated by parallel-distribute-compensation (PDC) scheme. Then, an event triggered adaptive fault tolerant lower controller is proposed to track the desired front wheel steering angle offered by the

zheng, gong, Xie, Zhengchao, Zhao, Jing

Numerical Investigation on the Internal Flow Field of Electronic Expansion Valve as the Throttle Element

2022-01-037803/29/2022

As one of the key components of the heat pump system, the electronic expansion valve mainly plays the role of throttling and reducing pressure in the heat pump system. Firstly, a three-dimensional fluid model is established. The grid is divided and the grid independence is verified. Then, the internal flow field of the electronic expansion valve is numerically simulated based on the fluent software, and the pressure field, velocity field and flow rate changes are analyzed. The flow characteristics of the valve are theoretically analyzed according to the principle of the fluid passing through the orifice. Secondly, the flow characteristics of the valve are simulated, and the theoretical values, CFD simulation results and experimental values are compared to verify the correctness of the established three-dimensional fluid model. Then the influence of geometric parameters such as the diameter and cone angle of the spool on the flow characteristics is studied. The steady-state hydraulic

Liang, Gaoshuai, Li, Liping, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

A Naturalist Study of Vehicle Acceleration and Deceleration at an Intersection

2022-01-100003/29/2022

Approaching an intersection and braking to a stop, as well as accelerating from a stop, is a common occurrence in daily life. While the experience is routine, the actual rate of deceleration and acceleration has not been quantified in a naturalistic study. This paper examines the behavior of drivers at two separate controlled intersections to determine the rate at which they slow down to a stop and the rate at which they accelerate through the intersection after a signal change. The study analyzes a total of 219 vehicles decelerating and 186 accelerating. The paper will also address the acceleration rate differences of vehicles who are first to reach the intersection, compared to those that are directly behind another vehicle, as well as the lag in reaction between vehicles as they begin to accelerate from a stop.

Danaher, David, McDonough, Sean, Donaldson, Andrew, Cochran, Reece

Development of high damping powertrain mount using thixotropic fluid

2022-01-073403/29/2022

Vibration isolation performance and damping performance of powertrain mount are important for improving NV and ride comfort performances of the vehicle, respectively. In this research, based on the principle of liquid sealed mounts, we focused on the fact that the ideal fluid viscosity differs depending on the input frequency. By combining the liquid resonance phenomenon and thixotropic fluid, we developed a technology that balances a high level between low dynamic spring rate and high damping, which are trade-off items for liquid sealed mounts. The thixotropic fluid was blended with ethylene glycol aqueous solution as a base solution and smectite nano-cray as a thixotropic agent. From the view point of the viscosity corresponding to the shear rate and the viscosity at the high shear point, the optimum concentration of smectite was shown to be 1.5 wt%. As a result of measuring the dynamic characteristics of the mount unit using this thixotropic fluid, the damping coefficient increased

Takaesu, Keita, Sogawa, Naoki, Kuwahara, Hiroki, HAYAKAWA, SEIJI

AOC AIR-GROUND DATA AND MESSAGE EXCHANGE FORMAT

ARINC633-4 (Current)11/30/2021

The purpose of ARNC 633 is to specify the format and exchange of Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC) communications. Examples of ARINC 633 AOC Structures/Messages include: Flight Plan, Load Planning (i.e., Weight and Balance and Cargo Planning Load Sheets), NOTAMs, Airport and Route Weather data, Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) messages, etc. The standardization of AOC messages enable the development of applications shared by numerous airlines on different aircraft types. Benefits include improved dispatchability and reduce operator cost.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Tooth Time-Based Engine Misfire Detection Index for Multicylinder Engines of Vehicles Not Affected by Various Deviations between Cylinders

03-15-03-002109/28/2021

This article proposes a new misfire detection index, the ΔGap slope, for a four-cylinder engine. However, the proposed index is not limited to four-cylinder engines. The ΔGap slope uses the tooth time measured using the existing crankshaft position sensor; therefore, an additional sensor is not required, which makes it economical. The ΔGap slope is defined as the difference between the gap slopes of the same cylinder for two adjacent cycles. Various factors that cause deviations in gap slopes between cylinders can be eliminated in the process of determining the difference between two gap slopes. Hence, in contrast with the existing engine roughness method, the ΔGap slope has the advantage of not requiring compensation for deviations between the cylinders. The conventional gap slope method must use different sets of thresholds for each cylinder located at the same position on the sensor wheel, which results in multiple thresholds being applied. In contrast, the ΔGap slope can use the

Han, Poonggyoo

Customer-Centric Subjective Vehicle Evaluation by Assigning Weights to Attribute Parameters using Analytic Hierarchy Process

2021-26-049209/22/2021

Subjective vehicle evaluation is a critical and established method to validate, engineer, and refine vehicle attributes. Organizations have an array of products catering to different customer requirements and expectations. To achieve better customer centricity and focused vehicle product attribute targets, weightage factoring of its corresponding parameters is essential. Subjective evaluations by vehicle evaluators comprise of providing ratings and feedback about attributes during different development stages of the product. All attribute parameters are presumed to have equal significance to the end customer. At times the end customers have different preferences for different vehicle attribute parameters. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to obtain the weightage factors for attribute parameters. Conventional method to obtain an overall attribute subjective rating is a simple mathematical average of the parameter ratings. The

Jayakumar, Gautham, Mahajan, Pushkar

Secure Wireless Communication System

TBMG-3987009/01/2021

pureLiFi Edinburgh, UK +44 (0) 131 516 1816

Test Plan/Procedure for AS5643/1 S400 Copper Media Interface Characteristics Over Extended Distances

AS5706A-TEST-REC (Historical)04/14/2021

This document establishes test plans/procedures for the AS5643/1 Slash Sheet. The AS5643/1 Slash Sheet establishes guidelines for the use of IEEE Std 1394-2008 as a data bus network in military and aerospace vehicles. It encompasses the data bus cable and its interface electronics for a system utilizing S400β over copper medium over extended lengths.

AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee

Test Plan/Procedure for AS5643/1 S400 Copper Media Interface Characteristics Over Extended Distances

AS5706A (Current)

04/14/2021

AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee

Digital Data Standards in Aircraft Asset Lifecycle: Current Status and Future Needs

2021-01-0035

03/02/2021

The aerospace ecosystem is a complex system of systems comprising of many stakeholders in exchanging technical, design, development, certification, operational, and maintenance data across the different lifecycle stages of an aircraft from concept, engineering, manufacturing, operations, and maintenance to its disposal. Many standards have been developed to standardize and improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and security of the data transfer processes in the aerospace ecosystem. There are still challenges in data transfer due to the lack of standards in certain areas and lack of awareness and implementation of some standards. G-31 standards committee of SAE International has conducted a study on the available digital data standards in aircraft asset life cycle to understand the current and future landscapes of the needed digital data standards and identify gaps. This technical paper presents the study conducted by the G-31 technical committee. This paper reviews the data being

Kumar, G. V. V. Ravi, Jones, Ken, Rencher, Robert, Rajamani, Ravi, Schmidt, Michael, Budeanu, Dragos, Ghimire, Ritesh, Lesmerises, Alan, Kasimsetty, Vinay, Kar, Satyanarayan, Hall, Frederick, Berlee, Dirk, Walthall, Rhonda, Johnson, Logen

Empowering Soldiers Through ISPDS

TBMG-3853802/01/2021

Empowering Soldiers Through ISPDS

21AERP02_0102/01/2021

According to research conducted by MarketsandMarkets (Northbrook, IL), the military wearables market is projected to grow from $4.2 billion in 2019 to $6.4 billion by 2025. That's a 7.2% growth from 2019 in six short years. Soldier modernization programs that increase soldier coordination, rising asymmetric warfare, and potential geopolitical conflicts are all factors fueling the growth of this market. As soldier-carry technologies continue to expand in scope, soldier power solutions are becoming a critical operational issue. Without access to adequate power, however, these technologies (that include mobile control, communications, intelligence, reconnaissance, surveillance, etc.) become useless on the battlefield and rapidly degrade capabilities. When without sufficient power, the wearable technologies meant to help soldiers more effectively execute operations can instead put them in harms' way.

Multirotor Aircraft Noise Reduction

TBMG-3820112/01/2020

Noise produced by multirotor vehicles may be objectionable to some, especially as industry moves toward drone deliveries and potentially air taxi operations. Multirotor aircraft typically create a significant amount of tonal noise from each rotor. Groups of rotors operating at the same rotation rate with an appropriate phase offset can be used to reduce the tonal noise of the aircraft when there are multiple rotors on each side of the aircraft. Reducing tonal noise, depending on the aircraft design, can effectively reduce the total noise output for a given flight scenario.

Machine Health & Asset Monitoring in Industrial Applications: A Look at Sensor Technologies

TBMG-3814012/01/2020

The data gained from monitoring remote equipment is critical to the functionality of any industrial process. Often, this data is handled by a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) control system often via an Ethernet and TCP/IP network over a bus, star, or tree topology. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems are often augmenting and in some cases, replacing these legacy systems to allow for a wireless network of nodes connected to a gateway that leads back to the cloud for more complex data processing and analytics. Regardless of the use of wired or wireless technologies, the underlying sensors used in these processes provide the backbone for the data required for assessing and analyzing plant equipment.

Lab-On-Chip Flow and Temperature Sensor

TBMG-3798911/01/2020

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a sensor for microanalytical systems that measures, in real time, the flow rate and temperature of the liquid being sampled. Current sensors divert the liquid to separate temperature and flow sensors, which can result in fluid leakage and the need for a larger initial sample. This design eliminates that diversion. The system sensors measure flow rates in the nanoliter-per-minute range and temperatures from greater than 150 °C down to below -80 °C.

Open Controllers Simplify Automation Systems

TBMG-3783210/01/2020

As industry continues to evolve and machines come equipped with a growing number of drives and data-collecting sensors, organizing the automation of every machine component becomes an increasing challenge. Most modern machine automation setups include programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for simple devices, drive controllers for advanced motion control, and personal computers (PCs) or human-machine interface (HMI) terminals for operator visualization of machine components.

Digital Standards Systems—An Integrated Approach to Engineering Standards Usage

WP-001307/21/2020

Industry standards are key enablers in helping businesses around the meet regulatory requirements, keep costs down, gain market access, and instill consumer confidence. SAE International, a standards development organization (SDO) critical to the transportation industry, works in partnership with industry to develop and distribute standards important in automotive and aerospace product development, product performance, and quality management. Historically, industry standards were formatted with the intention of being distributed in print. This changed with the evolution of new electronic formats, and now most standards are available in PDF or EPUB. While progressive at the time, these formats are now proving inadequate due their optimization for readability by the human eye versus consumption by electronic endpoints. As new technologies develop to better integrate standards into engineering workflows, the necessary changes will not likely follow a linear trajectory, but rather

Ziegenfuss, Audra

Unsettled Topics in Automated Vehicle Data Sharing for Verification and Validation Purposes

EPR2020007

06/03/2020

Unsettled Topics in Automated Vehicle Data Sharing for Verification and Validation Purposes discusses the unsettled issue of sharing the terabytes of driving data generated by Automated Vehicles (AVs) on a daily basis. Perception engineers use these large datasets to analyze and model the automated driving systems (ADS) that will eventually be integrated into future “self-driving” vehicles. However, the current industry practices of collecting data by driving on public roads to understand real-world scenarios is not practical and will be unlikely to lead to safe deployment of this technology anytime soon. Estimates show that it could take 400 years for a fleet of 100 AVs to drive enough miles to prove that they are as safe as human drivers.Yet, data-sharing can be developed – as a technology, culture, and business – and allow for rapid generation and testing of the billions of possible scenarios that are needed to prove practicality and safety of an ADS – resulting in lower research

Khalkhali, Mohsen, Khalighi, Yaser