Browse Topic: Flight recorders

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Study on Influencing Factors of Hippocampal Injury in Closed Head Impact Experiments of Rats Using Orthogonal Experimental Design Method2023-01-000104/11/2023
The hippocampus plays a crucial role in brain function and is one of the important areas of concern in closed head injury. Hippocampal injury is related to a variety of factors including the strength of mechanical load, animal age, and helmet material. To investigate the order of these factors on hippocampal injury, a three-factor, three-level experimental protocol was established using the L(3) orthogonal table. A closed head injury experiment regarding impact strength (0.3MPa, 0.5MPa, 0.7MPa), rat age (eight- week-old, ten-week-old, twelve-week-old), and helmet material (steel, plastic, rubber) were achieved by striking the rat's head with a pneumatic-driven impactor. The number of hippocampal CA3 cells was used as an evaluation indicator. The contribution of factors to the indicators and the confidence level were obtained by analysis of variance. The results showed that impact strength was the main factor affecting hippocampal injury (contribution of 89.2%, confidence level 0.01
Wang, Peng, Song, Xuewei, Zhu, Xiyan, Qiu, Jinlong, Yang, Shuaijun, Zhao, Hui
682 Guidance for Air Transport Service Bulletins (TEST POPST CT and APPSEARCH)ARINC682 (Current)09/21/2022
This document provides industry guidance to supplement ATA standards and airframe requirements, addressing gaps and vague areas to move suppliers/vendors and airframers toward a common standard for format and wording in Vendor Service Bulletins (VSB) for Air Transport components. This document supplements the VSB guidance of iSpec 2200, providing clarity of requirements and resulting in a common standard wording and format of VSBs from all suppliers on all aircraft types. The guidance in this document is intended to be applied to VSBs created and released subsequent to the release of the guidance document and will not require the retroactive update of VSBs released prior to the creation and release of the guidance.
PHM system with comprehensive data analytics to provide localized reasoning for a failure prediction2022-26-123005/26/2022
Aircraft system contains components to perform system core functionality, monitor system health and record the health status. The recorded health status data provides useful information that leads to the root cause of a failure. The maintenance activities are performed based on the routine procedure and manual approach to identify failure. Most system maintenance are ignored due to the failure to identify system health deterioration. The failure in aircraft systems is monitored periodically from various types of data in the aircraft such as Flight Data recorder (FDR), Aircraft Condition Monitoring System (ACMS), Weather, Maintenance and Pilot Report (PIREP) data. The fault data is embedded in these collections of data however the actual reasoning of the system failure is very difficult and cumbersome to identify and end up in the replacement of the failed component without understanding the cause of the failure. This is because the typical field failure analysis is performed in
Sundaramurthy, Ajay Byappanahalli
Unsettled Topics Concerning Adopting Blockchain Technology in AerospaceEPR202002110/30/2020
In the aerospace industry, competition is high and the need to ensure safety and security while managing costs is paramount. Furthermore, stakeholders—who gain the most by working together—do not necessarily trust each other. Now, mix that with changing enterprise technologies, management of historical records, and customized legacy systems. This issue touches all aspects of the aerospace industry, from frequent flyer miles to aircraft maintenance and drives tremendous inefficiency and cost.Technology that augments, rather than replaces, is needed to transform these complex systems into efficient, digital processes. Blockchain technology offers collaborative opportunities for solving some of the data problems that have long challenged the industry.This SAE EDGE™ Research Report by Rhonda D. Walthall examines how blockchain technology could impact the aerospace industry and addresses some of the unsettled concerns surrounding its implementation.{"uri":[{"xlink:href":"https://www.sae.org
Walthall, Rhonda
Aerospace - Passive Side Stick Unit General Requirements for Fly-by Wire Transport and BusinessARP6001B (Current)04/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommendations for design and test requirements for a generic “passive” side stick that could be used for fly-by wire transport and business aircraft. It addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical and electrical interfaces The safety and certification requirements
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Aerospace - Passive Side Stick Unit General Requirements for Fly-by Wire Transport and BusinessARP6001B-TEST-REC (Historical)04/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommendations for design and test requirements for a generic “passive” side stick that could be used for fly-by wire transport and business aircraft. It addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical and electrical interfaces The safety and certification requirements
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Unsettled Topics Concerning Automated Driving Systems and the Transportation EcosystemEPR201900511/05/2019
Over the last 100 years, the automobile has become integrated in a fundamental way into the broader economy. A broad and deep ecosystem has emerged, and critical components of this ecosystem include insurance, after-market services, automobile retail sales, automobile lending, energy suppliers (e.g., gas stations), medical services, advertising, lawyers, banking, public planners, and law enforcement. These components - which together represent almost $2 trillion of the U.S. economy - are in equilibrium based on the current capabilities of automotive technology. However, the advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and technologies like electrification have the potential to significantly disrupt the automotive ecosystem. The critical cog governing the rate and pace of this shift is the management of the test and verification of AVs. In this SAE EDGE™ report, six senior industry leaders in the impacted ecosystems essay articles which describe sectors of the current automotive ecosystem and
Razdan, Rahul
Increasing Development Assurance for System and Software Development with Validation and Verification Using ASSERT™2019-01-137003/19/2019
System design continues to trend toward increasing complexity as more functionality is added to aviation systems and the level of automation is increased. Since exhaustive validation and verification of this functionality becomes increasingly difficult, reliance on development assurance is needed to provide confidence that errors in requirements, design and implementation have been identified and corrected. To address this need for increased development assurance, GE is introducing a tool called ASSERT™ (Analysis of Semantic Specifications and Efficient generation of Requirements-based Tests). The system developer uses this tool to capture requirements in an unambiguous way with built-in semantic error checking. The requirements analysis engine is then used to assist in requirements validation to identify common problems which may include requirements that conflict with one another, requirements that do not fully specify the behavior of a function, requirements that are not independent
McMillan, Craig, Crapo, Andy, Durling, Michael, Li, Meng, Moitra, Abha, Manolios, Panagiotis, Stephens, Mark, Russell, Daniel
Data Interoperability for Aerospace IVHM Systems2019-01-134203/19/2019
Aerospace systems today are generating a lot of data and for the most part all this data is being generated by siloed entities (by various stakeholders like components/sub-system manufacturers, OEMs, operators) and ends up living within the four walls of these individual entities. For the industry to fully benefit from this data there needs to be a transparent way to share this data while strictly controlling the proprietary nature of the data and adhering to all contracts. The SAE HM-1 technical committee is writing an aerospace information report (AIR) 6904 to describe a digital data landscape and approach that can support health management [1]. Integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) systems cut across many disciplines and boundaries and can benefit from structured landscape and well defined approach. For example, data associated with a fault in an aircraft subsystem like the engine must travel through multiple systems and boundaries before it can be analyzed by the cognizant
Rajamani, Ravi, Whitfield, Martin, Kumar G. V. V., Ravi
Cybersecurity Considerations for Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorders11-01-02-000612/14/2018
Trust in the digital data from heavy vehicle event data recorders (HVEDRs) is paramount to using the data in legal contests. Ensuring the trust in the HVEDR data requires an examination of the ways the digital information can be attacked, both purposefully and inadvertently. The goal or objective of an attack on HVEDR data will be to have the data omitted in a case. To this end, we developed an attack tree and establish a model for violating the trust needed for HVEDR data. The attack tree provides context for mitigations and also for functional requirements. A trust model is introduced as well as a discussion on what constitutes forensically sound data. The main contribution of this article is an attack tree-based model of both malicious and accidental events contributing to compromised event data recorder (EDR) data. A comprehensive list of mitigations for HVEDR systems results from this analysis.
Daily, Jeremy, Gardiner, Ben
Integrated Rudder and Brake Pedal Unit, General Requirements for Fly-By Wire Transport and Business AircraftARP6252 (Current)10/15/2018
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides general requirements for a generic, integrated rudder and brake pedal unit, incorporating a passive force-feel system that could be used for fixed-wing fly-by wire transport and business aircraft. This ARP addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The mechanical interconnection between captain and F/O station The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical, electrical, and electronic interfaces The safety and certification requirements
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Aerospace - Passive Side Stick Unit General Requirements for Fly by Wire Transport and BusinessARP6001A (Historical)10/04/2018
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides general requirements for a generic “passive” side stick that could be used for fly by wire transport and business aircraft. It addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical and electrical interfaces The safety and certification requirements
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Guide to Civil Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)ARP60493 (Current)10/25/2017
This guide provides detailed information, guidance, and methods for demonstrating electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) on civil aircraft. This guide addresses aircraft EMC compliance for safety and functional performance of installed electrical and electronic systems. The EMC guidance considers conducted and radiated electromagnetic emissions and transients generated by the installed electrical and electronic systems which may affect other installed electrical and electronic systems on the aircraft. Application of appropriate electrical and electronic equipment EMC requirements are discussed. Methods for aircraft EMC tests and analysis are described. This guide does not address aircraft compatibility with the internal electromagnetic environments of portable electronic devices (PED) or with the external electromagnetic environments, such as high-intensity radiated fields (HIRF), lightning, and precipitation static.
AE-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Committee
ENHANCED AIRBORNE FLIGHT RECORDERARINC767-1 (Current)05/29/2017
This document is intended to provide design guidance for the development and installation of an Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder (EAFR). The EAFR standard addresses combinations of any or all of the following in a single Line Replaceable Unit (LRU), a Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) function, a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) function, a data link recording function, and an image recording function. This document does not address the overall flight data recorder system requirements but considers interface and system standards. This document does not replace ARINC Characteristic 747 which defines DFDRs. This document addresses the details of the voice recording function but does not describe the audio distribution system. It does not replace ARINC Characteristic 757 which defines CVRs. The EAFR may be used in a single or dual-redundant installation as permitted by regulation. Both configurations are addressed in this Characteristic.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
SAE International Journal of Transportation Cybersecurity and PrivacyE-JOURNAL-1101/01/2017
Co-Editors: Thomas M. Forest, General Motors Research & Development, USA Kevin Harnett, Department of Transportation (DOT)/Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, USA Dr. André Weimerskirch, Lear Corporation, USA Indexed in CNKI Scopus Author Resources Call for Papers Library Recommendation Form Published Volumes Subscription Options Aims and Scope The SAE International Journal of Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy is a scholarly publication of original high-quality scientific articles focusing on the Cyber Physical System (CPS) related areas of transportation cybersecurity and privacy. Articles can present methods, tools, implementations, and applications of research in transportation cybersecurity and privacy around technologies, cybersecurity engineering process, and security economics and environment. The natural scope includes passenger vehicles and commercial and heavy-duty vehicles, as well as aerospace systems. Additional transportation systems, such as rail and
Information on Hard LandingsAIR5938 (Historical)11/11/2016
This document provides information on the current practices used by commercial and military operators in regards to hard landings (or overload events designated as hard landings). Since detailed information on inspections would be aircraft specific, this AIR provides only a general framework. Detailed information and procedures are available in the maintenance manuals for specific aircraft. Because hard landings potentially affect the entire aircraft, guidelines are listed here for non-landing gear areas. But, the primary focus of the document is the landing gear and related systems. The document may be considered to be applicable to all types of aircraft. This document does NOT provide recommended practices for hard landing inspections, nor does it provide recommendations on the disposition of damaged equipment. Refer to ARP 4915 and ARP 5600. Also, this document does not necessarily address overloads from circumstances other than landings, such as from tow vehicles, runway bumps
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Information on Hard LandingsAIR5938-TEST-REC (Historical)11/11/2016
This document provides information on the current practices used by commercial and military operators in regards to hard landings (or overload events designated as hard landings). Since detailed information on inspections would be aircraft specific, this AIR provides only a general framework. Detailed information and procedures are available in the maintenance manuals for specific aircraft. Because hard landings potentially affect the entire aircraft, guidelines are listed here for non-landing gear areas. But, the primary focus of the document is the landing gear and related systems. The document may be considered to be applicable to all types of aircraft. This document does NOT provide recommended practices for hard landing inspections, nor does it provide recommendations on the disposition of damaged equipment. Refer to ARP 4915 and ARP 5600. Also, this document does not necessarily address overloads from circumstances other than landings, such as from tow vehicles, runway bumps
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Avionics UpgradesTBMG-2524808/01/2016
ARC® Avionics Corporation (ARC) Kirkland, WA 425-576-5030
Multi-Body Model of a Fixed-Wing Large Passenger Aircraft for Nonlinear State Estimation2015-01-258509/15/2015
This paper proposes a solution for utilizing multi-body models in nonlinear state observers, to directly estimate the loads acting on the aircraft structure from measurement data of sensors that are commonly available on modern aircraft, such as accelerometers on the wing, rate gyros and strain gages. A high-fidelity aeroelastic multi-body model of a fixed-wing large passenger aircraft is presented, suitable for the monitoring of landing maneuvers. The model contains a modally reduced flexible airframe and aerodynamic forces modeled with a doublet-lattice method. In addition, detailed multi-body models of the nose and main landing gear are attached to the flexible structure, allowing to accurately capture the loads during a hard landing event. It is expected that this approach will make way for embedding non-linear multi-body models, with a high number of degrees of freedom, in state estimation algorithms, and hence improve health monitoring applications.
Benoit, Tuur, Lemmens, Yves, Desmet PhD, Wim
Survivability of Event Data Recorder Data in Exposure to High Temperature, Submersion, and Static Crush2015-01-144904/14/2015
Event data recorder (EDR) data are currently only required to survive the crash tests specified by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 and FMVSS 214. Although these crash tests are severe, motor vehicles are also exposed to more severe crashes, fire, and submersion. Little is known about whether current EDR data are capable of surviving these events. The objective of this study was to determine the limits of survivability for EDR data for realistic car crash conditions involving heat, submersion, and static crush. Thirty-one (31) EDRs were assessed in this study: 4 in the pilot tests and 27 in the production tests. The production tests were conducted on model year (MY) 2011-2012 EDRs enclosed in plastic, metal, or a combination of both materials. Each enclosure type was exposed to 9 tests. The high temperature tests were divided into 3 oven testing conditions: 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C. In the submersion tests, EDRs were submerged to a depth of 3 meters in either distilled
Tsoi, Ada H., Hinch, John, Winterhalter, Michael, Gabler, H.
Impact of DO-178C on Software Tool Qualification: DO-330 Explored2013-01-211009/17/2013
Software tools are used throughout the life cycle of airborne software. This paper elaborates impact of DO-178C and supplement DO-330 “Software Tool Qualification Considerations” on tool qualification processes as defined in DO-178B. As per DO-178B guidance, software tools are categorized as development tools or verification tools. Software tool qualification process is varied based on this classification. The tool qualification process defined in DO-330 is domain independent. This supplement provides additional guidance, which may be used in qualifying software tools for airborne software, ground-based software, complex electronics hardware, or for other domains. This paper includes discussion on activities and data items associated with tool qualification criteria and corresponding Tool Qualification Levels (TQLs) defined in DO-330. Qualification of Commercial Of-The-Shelf (COTS) tools and in-house developed tools is explained. This paper presents a case study of in-house developed
Bhagat, Preeti, Jingar, Bhupesh
Design, Optimization, Performances and Flight Operation of an All Composite Unmanned Aerial Vehicle2013-01-219209/17/2013
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provide the ability to perform a variety of experimental tests of systems and unproven research technologies, including new autopilot systems and obstacle avoidance capabilities, without risking the lives of human pilots. This paper describes the activities of design, optimization, and flight operations of a UAV conceived at Clarkson University (USA) and equipped to perform wind speed measurements to support wind farmsite planning. The UAV design has been assisted and validated by the use of an automatic virtual environment for the assisted design of civil UAVs. This tool can be used as a “computing machine” for civil UAVs. The operator inputs the mission profile and other generic parameters and data about performance, aerodynamics, and weight breakdown are extracted. A mathematical model of the UAV for flight simulation and its dynamic computations, along with automatic drawing is also produced. Also an optimizer based on genetic algorithms has been
Valyou, Daniel, Ceruti, Alessandro, Miller, Jacob, Pawlowski, Barry, Marzocca, Piergiovanni, Tranchitella, Michael
Guidelines for Integrating Typical Engine Health Management Functions Within Aircraft SystemsAIR4061B (Historical)10/08/2012
SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 4061 provides best practice guidelines for the integration of Engine Health Management (EHM) system functions within aircraft systems to include both its main engine(s) and any Auxiliary Power Unit(s) (APU). This document provides an overview of some of the functions EHM typically integrates, offers some system variations encountered with different aircraft, and suggests general considerations involved with integration. It presents a sample EHM parameter coverage matrix to show the types of parameters with which a typical EHM system might interface, offers insight into signal and data processing and retrieval, and offers a view of typical EHM parameter requirements by function. Where practical, this document delineates between military and commercial practices.
E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management
Minimum Performance Standard for Underwater Locating Devices (Acoustic) (Self-Powered)AS8045A (Current)08/03/2011
This AS covers ULD utilized in finding flight data recorders, cockpit voice recorders or aircraft. Such ULDs are installed adjacent to the recorders in a manner that they are unlikely to become separated during crash conditions.
A-4 Underwater Locator Device Working Group
FLIGHT DATA RECORDERARINC747-3 (Current)06/07/2011
This document provides design guidance for the development and installation of Flight Data Recorders (FDR) which may utilize solid state memory and which may employ some means of data compression. The Flight Data Recorder will be utilized with a Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU) (ARINC Characteristic 573) or a Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit (DFDAU) (ARINC Characteristic 717) to accommodate mandatory flight data recording and other flight data acquisition needs. The document provides guidance and information to ensure customer controlled interchangeability of equipment in a standard aircraft installation and in data retrieval. The system capability was expanded to accommodate a data bus speed of 1024 words per second.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Assessing Airport Noise Capacity Through Operational Practices; Case-Study CDA at Bucharest Henri Coanda Airport2010-36-052010/17/2010
This paper is assessing two methods that can be used in assessing the airport noise capacity when new operational practices are implemented at a certain airport. The example given is CDA-continuous descent approach implemented at Bucharest Henri Coanda International airport in Romania. A review of the main operational practices related to CDO (Continuous Descent Operations) with relevance for noise and emissions reduction, shows the importance of working in a team when implementing new operational practices, as well as the need to access data either through FDR (flight data recorder) or from measurements. - The example selected explains the difficulties one can have to extract FDR data. Although the authors of this paper benefitted from FDR from TAROM, the Romanian national airline, it was difficult to be extracted, so the assessment of the airport noise capacity focused on monitoring and measurements undertaken under the flight path. No commonly agreed methodology or toolset presently
Dimitriu, Delia, Munteanu, Dragos, Pleter, Octavian
RECORDER INDEPENDENT POWER SUPPLYARINC777-2 (Current)10/11/2010
This Characteristic provides the definitions for the physical form and fit dimensions, the electrical interfaces, and the functions of an independent power supply for cockpit voice recorders or crash survivable recorders that combine voice with other recording functions. The RIPS is used to provide backup power that is independent of the aircraft generated power buses. Supplement 2 introduces a description of charge rates for alternate power sources and revises the electrical interface to accommodate monitoring of the RIPS status.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Applications of ARINC 818 in Avionics Video Systems2009-01-314111/10/2009
ARINC 818, titled Avionics Digital Video Bus (ADVB), is a video protocol standard for high-bandwidth, low-latency, critical video systems. Since its introduction three years ago, many commercial and military aerospace programs have adopted the protocol, including the 787, A400M, and the A350XWB. A description of the protocol and its technical benefits is provided followed by an overview of how it is used in various systems, such as: infrared and optical sensors, map/chart systems, synthetic vision, HUDs, MFDs, video concentrators, and other subsystems. Future uses of the protocol are also explored.
Keller, Tim, Alexander, Jon
UAV Operation, Crash Analysis, and Measurement of Particle Concentrations above a Forest and Surrounding Farmland2009-01-312911/10/2009
The Nucleation In ForesTs (NIFTY) campaign was conducted in the Morgan Monroe State Forest (MMSF) during the month of May 2008. The objectives of this campaign were to understand the principal mechanisms of nucleation, the limitations of nucleation and growth, the spatial extent of nucleation events, subsequent particle growth after nucleation in MMSF, and the link between particle nucleation and breakdown of the nocturnal boundary layer which enhances vertical mixing. This paper discusses the use of a UAV to perform selected aspects of this project, mission that was accomplished by a team of students during the campaign, and analysis of a crash which concluded the mission.
Valyou, Daniel, Dhaniyala, Suresh, Marzocca, Pier, Hopke, Philip, Nallathamby, Punith D., Pryor, Sara C.
Structural and Manufacturing Considerations for a Research Unmanned Aerial Vehicle2009-01-319611/10/2009
This paper discusses the various factors that were addressed in the planning process for the design and construction of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) destined for use as a multirole research aircraft for Clarkson University. Details related to mission requirements, cost, construction materials, manufacturing methods, and regulatory requirements will be discussed. The resulting airframe, structure, manufacturing, and control system plan of action will be laid out. An overview of anticipated FAA regulations will be presented, and the need to design for conformity to said regulations addressed. Emphasis will be placed on design and manufacturing decisions relating to the extensive use of composite materials throughout the aircraft.
Valyou, Daniel, Dhaniyala, Suresh, Marzocca, Pier, Hopke, Phil
FLIGHT RECORDER ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTATION (FRED)ARINC647A-ER1 (Current)07/01/2009
This specification is an international standard defining the content and format of electronic files which document Flight Data Recording systems. The FRED specification is an expansion of the Flight Recorder Configuration Standard (FRCS) and is intended to provide guidelines for software systems designers and developers of ground support equipment for flight data recorders. The FRED specification has been developed to facilitate the exchange of Flight Data Recorder (FDR) documentation between aircraft manufacturers, operators, and government agencies. This specification addresses the ARINC Specification 664: Part 7, Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet in numerous sections.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Determination of the Operational Environment of the Propeller Blades on Beech 1900D Aircraft2008-01-222608/19/2008
Data obtained from digital flight data recorders are used to assess the actual operational environment of propellers on a fleet of Beech 1900D aircraft in commuter role. Information is given on various aerodynamic parameters as well as those pertaining to engine and propeller usage. The takeoff rotation has been identified as the most demanding phase of flight in terms of unsteady loads exerted on the propeller blades. Special attention is paid to ground operations.
Dorfling, J., Kliment, L. K., Rokhsaz, K., DeFiore, T., Nguyen, C., Turnberg, J. E.
Operational Loads Monitoring of a Fleet of Beech 1900D Aircraft2008-01-223208/19/2008
Presented here are analyses and statistical summaries of data collected from 11,299 flight operations recorded on 6 BE-1900D aircraft during routine commuter service over a period of three years. Basic flight parameters such as airspeed, altitude, flight duration, etc. are shown in a form that allows easy comparison with the manufacturer's design criteria. Lateral ground loads are presented for ground operations. Primary emphasis is placed on aircraft usage and flight loads. Maneuver and gust loads are presented for different flight phases and for different altitude bands. In addition, derived gust velocities and various coincident flight events are shown and compared with published operational limits. The data presented in this form should allow an objective comparison of the existing certification and design criteria with actual usage data, thereby affording aircraft manufacturer and operators a better understanding and control of those factors that influence the structural integrity
Kliment, Linda K., Bramlette, Richard B., Rokhsaz, Kamran, DeFiore, Thomas
Air Data Computers, MPSAS417A (Current)02/16/2008
This Standard covers air data equipment (hereinafter designated the instrument) which when connected to sources of aircraft electrical power, static pressure, total pressure and outside air temperature (singly or in combination) provides some or all of the following computed air data output signals: Pressure Altitude* Total Temperature* Pressure Altitude (Reporting) Altitude Rate Baro-Corrected Pressure Altitude* Overspeed Warning Vertical Speed* Altitude Hold Computed Airspeed* Airspeed Hold Mach Number* Mach Hold Maximum Allowable Airspeed* qc (impact pressure) Static Air Temperature (*when used as an alternate for total temperature) True Airspeed Others
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
The Effect of Wing Leading Edge Contamination on the Stall Characteristics of Aircraft2007-01-328609/24/2007
Lessons learned from analysis of in-service icing incidents are described. The airfoil and wing design factors that define an aircraft's natural stall characteristics are explored, including the aerodynamic effects of contamination. Special attention is given to contamination in the form of “roughness” along wing leading edges typical of frost. In addition, the key aerodynamic effects of ground proximity and sideslip/crosswind during the take-off rotation are described. An empirical method, that can be used to predict a wing's sensitivity to wing leading edge roughness, is demonstrated. The paper explores the in-service differences of aircraft that incorporate “hard”, “supercritical” and “slatted” wings. The paper attempts to explain why the statistical evidence appears to favor the slatted wing for winter operations.
Tanner, Clinton E.
Anti-Icing Fluid Residues2007-01-330209/24/2007
Dyer, Kirsten P.
Statistical Detection of Atypical Aircraft FlightsTBMG-5308/01/2006
A computational method and software to implement the method have been developed to sift through vast quantities of digital flight data to alert human analysts to aircraft flights that are statistically atypical in ways that signify that safety may be adversely affected. On a typical day, there are tens of thousands of flights in the United States and several times that number throughout the world. Depending on the specific aircraft design, the volume of data collected by sensors and flight recorders can range from a few dozen to several thousand parameters per second during a flight. Whereas these data have long been utilized in investigating crashes, the present method is oriented toward helping to prevent crashes by enabling routine monitoring of flight operations to identify portions of flights that may be of interest with respect to safety issues.
Agent Architecture for Aviation Data Integration System2004-01-312211/02/2004
Aviation Data Integration System (ADIS) project explores methods and techniques for integrating heterogeneous aviation data to support aviation problem-solving activity. Aviation problem-solving activities include: engineering troubleshooting, incident and accident investigation, routine flight operations monitoring, flight plan deviation monitoring, safety assessment, maintenance procedure debugging, and training assessment. To provide optimal quality of service, ADIS utilizes distributed intelligent agents including data collection agents, coordinator agents and mediator agents. This paper describes the proposed agent-based architecture of the Aviation Data Integration System (ADIS).
Kulkarni, Deepak, Wang, Yao, Wei, Mei, Windrem, May, Patel, Hemil
ISS Pressure Control Assembly2004-01-254707/19/2004
ISS PRESSURE CONTROL ASSEMBLY The International Space Station (ISS) Environmental Control Life Support (ECLS) System has been developed jointly by the Boeing Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama, and Honeywell Engines & Systems, Torrance, California, to meet ISS environmental control needs. The ECLSS provides CO2 removal (Reference 1) and atmosphere pressure control for habitable modules. The ECLS functions reside in a number of USOS modules. The first module, to contain a Pressure Control Assembly (PCA) was the US Laboratory Module. It was launched in February 2001 and is fully operational on the ISS. The PCA, a pressure control panel, interconnecting cabling, vent relief valve and 1553 bus interface to Control and Data Handling (C&DH) computers, provides pressure sensing and control of cabin pressure and has been functioning without incident 24 hours a day since becoming operational in 2001. Honeywell Engines & Systems performed extensive qualification testing at the component level. The
Simmons, John L., Reeves, Daniel R.
Compressing Aviation Data in XML Format2003-01-301109/08/2003
Design, operations and maintenance activities in aviation involve analysis of variety of aviation data. This data is typically in disparate formats making it difficult to use with different software packages. Use of a self-describing and extensible standard called XML provides a solution to this interoperability problem. While self-describing nature of XML makes it easy to reuse, it also increases the size of data significantly. A natural solution to the problem is to compress the data using suitable algorithm and transfer it in the compressed form. We found that XML-specific compressors such as Xmill and XMLPPM generally outperform traditional compressors. However, optimal use of Xmill requires of discovery of optimal options to use while running Xmill. Manual discovery of optimal setting can require an engineer to experiment for weeks. We have devised an XML compression advisory tool that can analyze sample data files and recommend what compression tool would work the best for this
Patel, Hemil, Lau, Derek, Kulkarni, Deepak
NASA's Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling Project2003-01-297509/08/2003
Within NASA's Aviation Safety Program, the Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling (ASMM) Project addresses the need to provide decision makers with the tools to identify and evaluate predisposing conditions that could lead to accidents. This Project is developing a set of automated tools to facilitate efficient, comprehensive, and accurate analyses of data collected in large, heterogeneous databases throughout the National Aviation System. This report is a brief overview of the ASMM Project as an introduction to the rest of the presentations in this session on one of its key elements---the Performance Data Analysis and Reporting System (PDARS).
Statler, Irving C., Maluf, David A.
Survivable Failure Data Recorders for SpacecraftTBMG-91001/01/2003
A spacecraft may be unable to communicate critical data associated with a serious or catastrophic failure. A brief report proposes a system, somewhat like a commercial aircraft "black box," for retrieving these data. A microspacecraft attached to the prime spacecraft would continually store recent critical data from that spacecraft. If either spacecraft detected certain serious conditions of the prime spacecraft, the microspacecraft would separate from the prime spacecraft and independently transmit the stored data to Earth. Supplemental data, acquired from sensors onboard the microspacecraft, could be added to this transmission. For example, the orientation and angular rates of the prime spacecraft immediately before separation as well as pictures taken of the prime spacecraft after separation could be included. Functional enhancements over aircraft black boxes include the separation from the prime vehicle (which gains independence from the fate of that vehicle), wireless transmission
Airline Pilots' Perceptions of and Experiences in Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training2002-01-296311/05/2002
We surveyed over 30,000 airline pilots to assess their perceptions of and experiences in their professional training. In this paper, we describe their responses to a series of questions that focus on Crew Resource Management (CRM) training. The results suggest that most pilots are satisfied with their CRM training and find it useful. However, the respondents indicated that training programs which integrate CRM principles throughout the entire curriculum are substantially more useful than stand-alone CRM training courses.
Beaubien, J. Matthew, Baker, David P.
Failure-Reporting Device Concept for Spacecraft and Remote VehiclesTBMG-332206/01/2002
Failure-reporting devices somewhat similar to the “black box” data recorders on aircraft have been proposed. These devices were conceived for use on spacecraft, but might also be useful on terrestrial autonomous underwater vessels or terrestrial remote exploratory robots. The concept was motivated by the need to learn from mission failures in order to make future missions more failure resistant.
Analysis of Flight Operational Quality Assurance Data Using Model-Based Activity Tracking2001-01-264009/11/2001
Future technologies will enable carriers to collect additional flight data for Flight Operational Quality Assurance. This paper describes how analysis of these data using model-based activity tracking can automatically assess the causes of detected deviations to support safety-enhancement efforts. The paper describes the activity tracking methodology implemented in the Crew Activity Tracking System (CATS) using an example drawn from previous research in which CATS analyzed full-mission simulation data online. The paper also discusses current research on using CATS to analyze flight data from a Boeing 757 aircraft.
Callantine, Todd J.
Specification Reform of Avionics Thermal Design Criteria – An F-15 Case Study2001-01-215607/09/2001
Traditional thermal design criteria for avionics equipment are reviewed. Several studies have recently been conducted on the F-15 to assess accuracy of these design criteria. An overview of the study approach and results are presented. Specific topics investigated include: emergency cooling air provisions, cold start-up, hot start-up, normal and transient bay temperatures, and altitude design. The results indicate that many existing design criteria are overly conservative. The study findings suggest that reform of the existing thermal specification process is needed. Many of these reforms are applicable to the general aerospace industry and may result in significant acquisition cost savings as a result of the trend toward usage of commercial electronic parts. The reforms suggested include a new performance based thermal specification approach that increases emphasis on aircraft usage and frequency of occurrence. New transient design criteria are also recommended. Questions are raised
Eason, Myron, Lutter, Robert N., Smith, Thomas C.
The C-17 Global Air Traffic Management (GATM) Application2000-01-557810/10/2000
As airlines utilize Global Air Traffic Management (GATM) to acquire fuel and time efficient routes, so must military aircraft also incorporate this emerging commercial technology in order to fly these same cost-effective routes. This paper describes the integration of Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) Communication/Navigation equipment into the C-17 airframe, the methods used and the results achieved. Challenges met, such as source selection, bus architecture compatibility, logic integration with secure communications, environmental compatibility, is presented with their solutions.
Brancato, Joseph J., Gocal, Gregory
Failure Analysis in Support of Aircraft Accident Investigations2000-01-210204/11/2000
The analysis of structural and electronic components involved in an aircraft mishap often requires the application of unique investigative methods. While a thorough application of basic failure analysis procedures must be utilized, traditional failure analysis methodology is often augmented by techniques developed to establish information about the aircraft system operation prior to the mishap. High-speed ground impact, fire, secondary damage and the loss of components during an accident greatly hinder component failure analysis efforts and root cause determination. Careful evaluation of unfailed components can often give accident investigators the information needed to fill in gaps and determine the mishap sequence or cause. In some instances overlooked damage on unfailed components has led to incorrect declaration of cause. Development of such data provides accident investigators with a sound technical foundation from which to draw conclusions and make corrective actions. Review of
Ret, Paul L.
Safety — An Essential Ingredient for Profitability, Managing Safety and Profitability in Airline Operations2000-01-212404/11/2000
Accidents and serious incidents are major cost factors in companies that have high consequence operations. Aviation, though having a very favorable safety level, still faces huge liabilities when accidents or serious incidents occur. This paper will argue that safety should be regarded by management as a core production value, just as other products of the company are. Examples will be drawn from the worldwide industry that show the value of low accident operation. The FSF’s ICARUS committee’s work will also be described that presents persuasive arguments for establishing aviation company cultures that place high value on accident avoidance and reduction of risk. Returns in passenger confidence and respect for the air company that translate into ridership are only part of the profit picture. Reductions of employee injuries and fatalities, reduced damage to aircraft during ground operations have heavy positive leverage on the company’s profitability. Investments by management in
Matthews, Stuart
Accurate Flight Parameter Reconstruction from ATC Radar Data – A New Approach1999-01-560510/19/1999
If an airplane crashes, the recorded radar data can be used to reconstruct a time history of the airplane’s calibrated airspeed, load factor, excess thrust, bank angle, etc. Previous work on this problem has used a rectilinear approach to the calculations involved in the flight parameter reconstruction. The rectilinear approach gives excellent results for relatively straight flight; however, it routinely underestimates the airspeed and the bank angle when the airplane is maneuvering. In the present study, the authors present a curvilinear approach to flight parameter reconstruction that addresses this shortcoming. The analysis presented shows that the curvilinear approach is a far superior tool than the rectilinear approach for the reconstruction of maneuvering flight including steep turns and high-speed spirals.
Slane, Jean H., Winn, Robert C.
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