Browse Topic: Flight deck controls

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Electrical and Electronic Equipment Cooling in Commercial TransportsAIR64C (Current)8/10/2021
This document considers the cooling of equipment installed in equipment centers, which usually consist of rack-mounted equipment and panel mounted equipment in the flight deck. Instances where these two locations result in different requirements are identified. This document generally refers to the cooled equipment as E/E equipment, denoting that both electrical and electronic equipment is considered, or as an E/E equipment line-replaceable-unit (LRU). The majority of cooled equipment takes the form of LRUs. The primary focus of this document is E/E equipment which uses forced air cooling to keep the equipment within acceptable environmental limits. These limits ensure the equipment operates reliably and within acceptable tolerances. Cooling may be supplied internally or externally to the E/E equipment case. Some E/E equipment is cooled solely by natural convection, conduction, and radiation to the surrounding environment. This document discusses specification requirements, system design considerations, component design, and system testing. It also discusses the analysis and test considerations for the thermal design of the avionic equipment. The discussion of supplementary cooling systems includes consideration of a refrigeration system. This document just covers air cooling of equipment. AIR1811 should be consulted for information on liquid cooling of equipment. Although this document is targeted at transport category airplanes, most of the material applies to other classes of aircraft with possible adaptions.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Pilot-System IntegrationARP4033A (Current)11/3/2020
A recommended pilot-system integration (i.e., crew interface and system integration) approach for concept development is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental need for a top-down design methodology with particular focus on clear operational performance requirements and functional integration. While this document is primarily aimed at aircraft systems design and integration, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of design and integration situations. It is derived from well established human factors engineering design principles.
G-10 Executive Advisory Group
Human Interface Design Methodology for Integrated Display SymbologyARP4155B (Current)11/3/2020
The recommended design approach is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental relationship between symbols, the information they encode, the context within which the symbols are displayed, and the tasks being supported. While this document is aimed at aircraft displays involving dynamic control or monitoring tasks, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of symbology development situations.
G-10 Executive Advisory Group
Automatic Pilot InstallationsARP419B (Current)4/14/2020
These recommendations cover the mechanical and electrical installation and installation test procedures for automatic pilots of the type normally used in transport type aircraft. The material in this ARP does not supercede any airworthiness requirement in the Civil Air Regulations.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
AVIONICS DIGITAL VIDEO BUS (ADVB) HIGH DATA RATEARINC818-3 (Current)12/16/2019
ARINC 818 defines the digital video interface standard intended for use in all types of flight deck displays. This document represents the aviation version of ANSI Fibre Channel Audio Video (FC-AV) defined by ANSI INCITS 356-2002. Supplement 3 Supports the latest digital video rates of 12 Gbps and higher using 64B/66B encoding and 28 Gbps using 256B/257B encoding.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP4103A (Current)9/17/2019
This document recommends design and performance criteria for aircraft lighting systems used to illuminate flight deck controls, luminous visual displays used for transfer of information, and flight deck background and instrument surfaces that form the flight deck visual environment. This document is for commercial transport aircraft except for applications requiring night vision compatibility.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Aircraft On Board Weight and Balance System RequirementsARP1409C (Current)10/18/2018
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes requirements for the function, characteristics, and installation of an aircraft On Board Weight and Balance System (OBWBS) for use on civil transport aircraft. This document is not intended to specify design methods, mechanisms, or material to accomplish the requirements set forth.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Testing of Airplane Installed Environmental Control Systems (ECS)ARP217D (Current)10/26/2016
This document deals with ground and flight test of airplane installed Environmental Control Systems (ECS), Figure 1. The ECS provide an environment, controlled within specified operational limits of comfort and safety, for humans, animals, and equipment. These limits include the following: pressure, temperature, humidity, ventilation air velocity, ventilation rate, wall temperature, audible noise, vibration, and environment composition (ozone, contaminants, etc.). The ECS are composed of equipment, controls, and indicators that supply, distribute, recycle and exhaust air to maintain the desired environment.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Aircraft Evacuation Signal SystemARP1178B (Historical)10/22/2016
This Aerospace Recommended Practice recommends general criteria for the development and installation of an aircraft emergency signal system to permit any crew member (flight or cabin) to inform all other crew members that an emergency evacuation situation exists and that an evacuation has been or should be immediately started.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Aircraft Flight Control Systems DescriptionsAIR4094A (Current)7/18/2016
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) supplies information on the flight control systems incorporated on various current and historic fixed wing, rotary wing, and tilt rotor aircraft. A brief description of the aircraft is followed by a description of the flight control system, some specific components, drawings of the internal arrangement, block diagrams, and schematics. System operation redundancy management is also presented.
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Automatic Braking SystemsARP1907C (Current)1/25/2016
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the functional, design, construction, and test requirements for Automatic Braking Systems. Installation information and lessons learned are also included.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Descriptions of Systems Integration Test Rigs (Iron Birds) For Aerospace ApplicationsAIR5992 (Current)10/16/2015
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on systems integration rigs, commonly referred to as “Iron Birds” for aerospace applications. a It includes background historical information including descriptions of Iron Birds produced to date, important component elements and selection rationale, hydraulic system design and operational modes and illustrates the design approaches to be considered. b It provides illustrations of the various systems that should be considered for Iron Bird testing in the development phase and utilization during the production program. c It includes recommendations for simulation, component development tests, system integration and lessons learned.
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft - SAE ARP 41032015-01-25359/15/2015
The past twenty years have seen tremendous changes in the Avionics display and flight deck lighting due to the application of solid-state LED (light emitting diode) light sources and LCDs (liquid crystal displays). These advances significantly benefit the customer and pilot users when integrated correctly. This paper discusses recommended practices and guidance given in SAE ARP 4103 for modern Avionics flight deck lighting systems to satisfy the end user and obtain certification. SAE ARP 4103 Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft has recently been revised to keep up with the Avionics state-of-the-art and add clarification where needed. ARP 4103 contains recommended Avionics flight deck lighting design and performance criteria to ensure prompt and accurate readability and visibility, color identification and discrimination of needed information under all expected ambient lighting and electrical power conditions. For additional details, see the actual ARP 4103.
Ellersick, Steven Donald, Reisenauer, Bill, Jacobson, Mickey, Stephens, Newel
Test Requirements and Means for Commercial Aircraft Hydraulic SystemsARP6200 (Current)10/8/2014
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes the recommended tests and their associated test means for commercial aircraft hydraulic systems at the system level that are required to demonstrate compliance with the 14 CFR Part 25 and EASA CS 25 airworthiness regulations, and to show that the required level of maturity at the aircraft entry into service (EIS) has been achieved.
A-6A1 Commercial Aircraft Committee
Automatic Braking SystemsARP1907B (Historical)8/20/2014
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the functional, design, construction, and test requirements for Automatic Braking Systems. Installation information and lessons learned are also included.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Human Interface Criteria for Terrain Separation Assurance Display TechnologyARP5108A (Current)6/11/2012
This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for airborne terrain separation assurance systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and terrain depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components. Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies commercial aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not exclude other fixed wing aircraft types. Because of their unique operations with respect to terrain, rotorcraft will be addressed in a separate document. The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations included: the system will have a human centered design based on the "lessons learned" from past systems; the system is not intended to replace the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) function; the system is an on-board system that is not dependent on ground systems (except possibly navigation sensors) for operation; the system is intended to be used for terrain separation rather than navigation; there will be pilot in the loop/manual involvement in any flight path changes; information will be accessible by all flight crew members; the system will be based on the English language, but other languages may have to be considered; the system will address all fixed wing airplane types; the system will be operational full time in all flight phases; and the system will meet harmonized certification requirements.
G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Cooling in Commercial TransportsAIR64B (Historical)1/20/2010
This document considers the cooling of equipment installed in equipment centers, which usually consist of rack-mounted equipment and panel mounted equipment in the flight deck. In instances where these two locations result in different requirements, these are identified. For purposes of this document, the cooled equipment is referred to generally as E/E equipment, denoting that both electrical and electronic equipment is considered, or as an E/E equipment line-replaceable-unit (LRU). The majority of cooled equipment takes the form of LRUs. This document primarily relates to E/E equipment which is designed to use forced air cooling in order to maintain the equipment within acceptable environmental limits, in order to maintain equipment operating performance (within acceptable tolerances), and to maintain reliability. Cooling may be applied internally or externally to the case of the item of E/E equipment. There are also E/E equipment items which are cooled by natural convection, conduction, and radiation to the surrounding environment. Specification requirements, system design considerations, component design, and system testing are described. Also described are the analysis and test considerations for the thermal design of the avionic equipment. The discussion of supplementary cooling systems includes consideration of a refrigeration system.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
PILOT-SYSTEM INTEGRATIONARP4033 (Historical)2/16/2008
A recommended pilot-system integration (i.e., crew interface and system integration) approach for concept development is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental need for a top-down design methodology with particular focus on clear operational performance requirements and functional integration. While this document is primarily aimed at aircraft systems design and integration, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of design and integration situations. It is derived from well established human factors engineering design principles.
G-10 Executive Advisory Group
Human Interface Design Methodology for Integrated Display SymbologyARP4155A (Historical)2/16/2008
The recommended design approach is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental relationship between symbols, the information they encode, the context within which the symbols are displayed, and the tasks being supported. While this document is aimed at aircraft displays involving dynamic control or monitoring tasks, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of symbology development situations.
G-10 Executive Advisory Group
Automatic Pilot InstallationsARP419A (Historical)2/16/2008
These recommendations cover the mechanical and electrical installation and installation test procedures for automatic pilots of the type normally used in transport type aircraft. The material in this ARP does not supercede any airworthiness requirement in the Civil Air Regulations.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR CRT DISPLAYS FOR PART 23 AIRCRAFTARP4067 (Current)1/4/2008
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This report provides additional quantitative information pertinent to AS8034.
A-4ED Electronics Display Subcommittee
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR CRT DISPLAYS FOR PART 25 (TRANSPORT) AIRCRAFTARP1874 (Current)1/4/2008
This ARP covers CRT electronic display devices, both single color and multicolor, and is applicable to the following types of displays: Type I: Flight and Navigation Displays Type II: Engine, Systems and Warning Displays Type III: Control Displays
A-4ED Electronics Display Subcommittee
Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) AircraftARP4256A (Current)1/4/2008
This document covers monochrome and color LCDs (transmissive, transflective, and reflective), both matrixed and segmented in format, and is applicable to the following types of displays: a Flight and navigation displays b Engine, systems, and warning devices c Control displays In this document the terms “LCD”, “LCD Display”, “Display”, and “Instrument” are synonymous and encompass the display system (e.g., LCD device, drivers, backlight, display processor, etc.), not just the device.
A-4ED Electronics Display Subcommittee
Electronic Data Management System (EDMS)ARP4102/15A (Current)7/11/2007
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends criteria for an Electronic Data Management System (EDMS) for use on the flight deck of transport aircraft. The EDMS may be the primary, and in some cases sole, on board source of documentation and information for flight operations, engineering, aircraft maintenance, cabin services, and training. This document addresses flight operations applications only. It addresses the requirements for the flight deck characteristics of airborne equipment elements for an Electronic Data Management System (EDMS), but not the ground support system requirements. Development of ground support systems for EDMS will be a significant task, which must take account of the end-user information handing requirements specified here. An Electronic Library System (ELS) is a partial implementation of EDMS, which incorporates only the data storage, retrieval and display functions. The appropriate aspects of this document are applicable to Electronic Library Systems.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Design Objectives for Handling Qualities of Transport AircraftARP4104 (Current)7/11/2007
This document specifies the requirements for the design objectives for handling qualities applicable to transport aircraft operating in the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speed range. These objectives are not necessarily applicable to rotor or VTOL aircraft.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
FLIGHT DECK PANELS, CONTROLS, AND DISPLAYSARP4102 (Current)7/10/2007
This document recommends criteria for the design, installation and operation of panels, controls, and displays on the flight deck of transport aircraft.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Automatic Braking Systems RequirementsARP1907A (Historical)10/26/2006
This ARP covers the functional, design, construction, and test requirements for Automatic Braking Systems. Installation information and lessons learned are also included.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Human Interface Criteria for Terrain Separation Assurance Display TechnologyARP5108 (Historical)8/14/2006
This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for airborne terrain separation assurance systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and terrain depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components. Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies commercial aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not exclude other fixed wing aircraft types. Because of their unique operations with respect to terrain, rotorcraft will be addressed in a separate document. The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations included: the system will have a human centered design based on the "lessons learned" from past systems; the system is not intended to replace the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) function; the system is an on-board system that is not dependent on ground systems (except possibly navigation sensors) for operation; the system is intended to be used for terrain separation rather than navigation; there will be pilot in the loop/manual involvement in any flight path changes; information will be accessible by all flight crew members; the system will be based on the English language, but other languages may have to be considered; the system will address all fixed wing airplane types; the system will be operational full time in all flight phases; and the system will meet harmonized certification requirements.
G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology
Flight Deck EnvironmentARP1411 (Current)12/16/2002
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended to specify the environmental conditions necessary to permit the operating crew of large civil transport aircraft to perform their required duties and functions in comfort, with minimum fatigue and no distraction. Environmental conditions should cause no short or long-term effects deleterious to health or physical well being, nor significantly impair ability to perform normal flight deck crew functions.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
FTE and Pilot Workload Comparison of Perspective Flight Guidance Displays to Conventional Flight Director Symbology in Instrument Approach Applications2001-01-29929/11/2001
Perspective Flightpath Guidance (PFG) Current requirements for precision air navigation are no longer in nautical miles, but tenths of miles as reflected in the RNP3 (Required Navigation Performance) or Required Navigation Performance (desired flight path) of .3 NM (± .n nmi). Flight director guidance for critical maneuvers (those maneuvers with very small or reduced margins for error) is essential for precision navigation requirements. Current generations of guidance symbology (Delta-Veebar and Two-bar) work well, but are limited in their ability to display future flight path information to the pilot and/or the results of pilot control input. Both display symbology sets are designed to follow command guidance from an off-course situation to return to a nominal (null error) solution, known as a compensatory tracking task. As stated in O’Hare, D, & Roscoe, S., 1990, increasingly such displays cause much “mental gymnastics” cognitive processing and pilot mental workload, often leading to additional error and total loss of situational control, resulting in full scale deflection, that is, maximum deviation mandating a missed approach. In order to reduce tracking errors and pilot workload, one must provide the pilot with increased situational awareness of the aircraft’s relation to the desired flight path, the flight path itself or track, and the actual aircraft performance (flight path vector) as well as the desired/commanded and predicted aircraft performance. The use of a perspective flight guidance displays with a predictive flight path/performance symbology set provides that increased situational awareness. Flight path vector-based (FPV) Perspective Flightpath Guidance (PFG) provides pilots with an intuitive symbology set which enables the execution of steep precision instrument approaches using a high resolution 2D or 3D-like database in near zero visibility. PFG technology utilizes differential GPS (dGPS) for precision waypoint geolocation, combined with a “quickened” predictive flight-path-vector and “tunnel-in-the-sky” pathway guidance to develop an affordable, intuitive, rotorcraft/tiltrotor instrument approach guidance symbology system. Effectively designed and implemented, PFG is capable of replacing traditional, workload-intensive, Two-bar and Delta-Veebar flight director terminal approach guidance while providing smaller flight technical error and reduced plot workload.
Wilkins, Robert Ryan
Identifying Flight Deck Automation Issues2000-01-559510/10/2000
In this paper we describe the process by which we identified a comprehensive list of flight deck automation issues; compiled evidence related to those issues from accident reports, incident report studies, experiments, surveys, and other studies; and disseminated our findings to the aviation community. In the paper we present examples of the issues, examples of evidence, a summary of our results, and the means by which users can access our complete findings.
Funk, Ken, Lyall, Beth
ELECTRONIC LIBRARY SYSTEM (ELS)ARP4102/15 (Historical)10/1/1998
This document recommends criteria for an Electronic Library System (ELS) for use on the flight deck of transport aircraft. The ELS may be the primary, and in some cases sole, on board source of documentation and information for flight operations, engineering, aircraft maintenance and training. This document addresses flight operations applications only.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS FOR PART 25 (TRANSPORT) AIRCRAFTARP4256 (Historical)12/1/1996
This document covers monochrome and color LCDs (transmissive, transflective, and reflective), both matrixed and segmented in format, and is applicable to the following types of displays: a Flight and navigation displays b Engine, systems, and warning devices c Control displays In this document the terms “LCD”, “LCD Display”, “Display”, and “Instrument” are synonymous and encompass the display system (e.g., LCD device, drivers, backlight, display processor, etc.), not just the device.
A-4ED Electronics Display Subcommittee
REQUIREMENTS FOR AIRCRAFT ON BOARD WEIGHT AND BALANCE SYSTEMARP1409B (Historical)6/1/1995
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes requirements for the function, characteristics, and installation of an aircraft On Board Weight and Balance System (OBWBS) for use on civil transport aircraft. This document is not intended to specify design methods, mechanisms, or material to accomplish the requirements set forth.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Standardizing Interactive Display Functions on the 777 Flight Deck94209310/1/1994
The 777 flight deck will introduce two new functions, the electronic checklist function (ECL) and the flight deck communication function (FDCF), on interactive displays. Two cursor control devices (CCD) provide each pilot control of these new functions. The appearance and operation of the displays were standardized by specifying a common user interface (CUI). Ease of training and operation dictated an integrated design approach wherein the design and operational requirements for FDCF and ECL were developed together with the CCD and CUI.
Crane, Jean M., Bang, Eric S., Hartel, Martin C.
HUMAN ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DATA LINK SYSTEMSARP4791 (Historical)2/1/1994
This document sets forth functional, procedural, and design criteria and recommendations concerning human engineering of data link systems. For the most part, the recommendations are based on evidence from empirical and analytic studies of data link communication, and on experience from operational tests, and actual use of data link. Because the recommendations deal only with the available research, they are not comprehensive; data are not yet available to support recommendations on all potentially critical human engineering issues. Citations for the supporting research are embedded within the recommendations and a full list of references appears in Section 2 of this document. Consistent with the focus of the research and operational development, this document focuses on recommendations for Air Traffic Control (ATC) communications, although data link systems are being designed to support flight information services, airline operational and administrative services, and passenger communication services. Unless otherwise specified within the text, all recommendations apply to both flight deck and ground-based data link systems.
G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology
REQUIREMENTS FOR AIRCRAFT ON BOARD WEIGHT AND BALANCE SYSTEMARP1409A (Historical)12/1/1992
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Cockpits: Design and Development92145511/1/1992
The cockpit design has been drastically affected by the introduction of advanced technologies and by an understanding of Human Factors engineering. The aerospace community is undoubtedly one pillar of this revolution. The advent of new display technologies, fly-by-wire controlled systems, highly integrated systems, among others, has stired up the transition from “clock-work” to “glass” cockpit There are points to be carefully considered and analysed throughout the design and development of modern flight decks such as ergonomics, technical aspects involved in the design and the use of automation for workload reduction. Taking for granted that mobile technology can apply the basic concepts from aircraft cockpits into other different fields, such as automotive, this paper discusses the cockpit design in the light of general concepts that could be easily fitted in mobile vehicle as a whole.
Fernandes, Marcelo Geraldo Porto
Evolution of the Boeing 777 Electrical Power System9294948/3/1992
The design of the Boeing 777 electrical power system was an evolutionary process beginning with an up-rated version of the 767 electrical power system architecture, leading to a configuration with several new and innovative features. One of these was support for triple channel Category IIIb autoland with one engine inoperative following dispatch with one main generator inoperative. The Boeing 777 electrical power system was designed from the start to support extended-twin-overwater-operations (ETOPS), as opposed to having this capability added later by modification. As a result, the ETOPS capability was designed as an integral part of the AC and DC electrical distribution network. The evolution from the 767 configuration also incorporated the following new features: (1) providing power to the Captain's flight instruments (in addition to the standby flight instruments) with all engines out, (2) providing power to the first officer's flight instruments after loss of all main generators, i. e., ETOPS, (3) simplification of power transfer switching, (4) providing no-break power transfer, (5) enabling ground operations at full galley loading by simultaneous use of the APU generator and external power, and (6) providing for two external power receptacles.
Tenning, Carl B.
Electric Power Generating System for the Boeing 777 Airplane9120509/1/1991
The electric power system chosen for the Boeing 777 is an example of the advances seen in response to market demands for superior performance and reliability. The main electric system includes two engine-driven integrated drive generators, a generator driven by the auxiliary power unit, three generator control units, and a bus power control unit. A backup electric system independent of the main system provides the redundancy of electrical sources equivalent to a three-engine airplane, considering the auxiliary power unit inoperative. Both systems are automated to minimize crew workload. The highly automated features of the 777 aircraft are enhanced by the equally sophisticated control units of the electrical power system. The state-of-the-art, microprocessor-based control units use a high-level software language to provide control and protection for the system, along with an elaborate built-in-test (BIT) capability. Each control unit has two-way communication through a newly developed ARINC 629 communication bus. In addition to providing monitoring and built-in test information to the central aircraft information management system (AIMS) computer, an automatic checklist in each unit reports the real-time status of all main ac electrical power system control switches across the ARINC 629 communication bus for display in the flight deck.
Burns, John, Tenning, Carl
AUTOMATIC PILOT INSTALLATIONSARP419 (Historical)5/1/1991
These recommendations cover the mechanical and electrical installation and installation test procedures for automatic pilots of the type normally used in transport type aircraft. The material in this ARP does not supercede any airworthiness requirement in the Civil Air Regulations.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
HUMAN INTERFACE DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR INTEGRATED DISPLAY SYMBOLOGYARP4155 (Historical)10/22/1990
The recommended design approach is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental relationship between symbols, the information they encode, the context within which the symbols are displayed, and the tasks being supported. While this document is aimed at aircraft displays involving dynamic control or monitoring tasks, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of symbology development situations.
G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology
The Design Eye Reference Point87176310/1/1987
The design of the flight deck of a modern commercial airliner starts with the concept of the pilot's “design eye reference point (DERP).” This point allows for a finite reference enabling the precise determination of geometric entities that define the layout of the cockpit. While ideal from the design context, the reference point proves to be impractical. The DERP is an elusive point in space that pilots find difficult to adjust to. The consequences of failure to place the pilot's eye in the proper position include a decrease in the visual segment of the ground during approach or obscuration of vital flight displays, which could have an effect on flight safety. These factors are presented in some detail in this paper. In addition, a potential design solution that employs a modified automotive “eyellipse” concept is discussed. The effect of this new design methodology on existing cockpit geometry is also demonstrated.
Stone, Gerald
Interfacing with New Technology in the Modern Flight Deck - The Airline Pilots' View87239110/1/1987
The application of new technology to the coming new generation of aircraft is causing the pilot community concern. The introduction of EPCS, the removal of control surface feedbacks to the control column, the removal of the physical interconnection between control columns, autothrottle thrust levers which are static, and CRT symbology are all subjects threatening the pilot-machine interface.
Farrell, E. P.
Location and Actuation of Flight Deck Controls for Transport AircraftARP268G (Current)11/1/1986
The purpose of this document is to set forth the recommendations of SAE Committee S-7 relative to the location and actuation of flight deck controls. These recommendations are intended to minimize confusion and distraction and thereby reduce transition training time, crew errors, fatigue, and other factors detrimental to flight safety and efficiency. In arriving at these recommendations, the committee carefully reviewed the work of the flight deck layout panel of the Aircraft Committee of the Munitions Board, the recommendations and requirements of the Civil Aeronautics Board, the Federal Aviation Agency, the requirements of the airline operators, the aircraft manufacturers, etc. In cases where conflicting opinions existed, suitable compromises were made. The recommendations of this document apply to commercial type, multi-engine transport aircraft which utilize reciprocating or turbine type powerplants and which are operated in subsonic, transonic, or supersonic speed regimes. These recommendations are not intended to apply to V/STOL configurations.
The AV-8B Goes Aboard - TACAIR Operations from the LHD 186163210/1/1986
The detachment of Marine Corps AV-8B V/STOL Fighter - Attack aircraft operating from the new LHD 1 Class Multipurpose Amphibious Ship will be an extremely potent weapon system with a variety of mission applications. The LHD is the first ship specifically designed to support and operate the AV-8B V/STOL aircraft, making the ship an even more effective platform for tactical support of amphibious operations. The LHD 1 is the marriage of logistical support with operational requirements which includes all the numerous support and weapons stowage/handling facilities tailored to operate the AV-8B in an autonomous role. This will allow the projection of a tactical air capability into areas where none previously existed and the ship/aircraft system will provide a greater degree of flexibility for the Amphibious Ready Group than previously seen. Augmentation with a Carrier Battle Group would also provide a cost effective force multiplier.
Gingras, Peter S., Hackett, John P., Caldwell, Dwight B.
Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display Criteria and Associated Controls for Transport AircraftARP1068B (Current)9/30/1985
This document recommends display criteria for instrumentation on the flight deck of transport aircraft, taking account of human factors that affect engineering design.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Methods and Instrumentation for Evaluation of Advanced Displays and Pilot Performance83146210/3/1983
Advances in technology have continuously provided new flight capabilities. Along with these new capabilities have come new demands on the flight crew. Pilots are now seeing a greater percentage of flight tasks being performed by automatic systems; however, data handling and integration tasks have reached new heights that now require more pilot attention. The pilot's changing role creates a greater burden on the system design and evaluation process, which is used to ensure the man-machine interface operates at satisfactory levels. Discussed in this paper are various methods for evaluating this interface at the different levels of system design.
Boucek, G. P., Pfaff, T. A., Smith, W. D.
The Boeing 767 Hydraulic System83148810/3/1983
The hydraulic system for the new Boeing 767 twin-jet transport operates the fully powered flight control surfaces, secondary control surfaces for high lift, and utility actuation systems. The use of three independent distribution systems provides safety and reliability exceeding the latest Federal requirements. The system design enhances customer affordability of the airplane by utilizing major components that are common with those on other commercial airplanes and qualified for long life expectancy. System operation is controlled to respond to on-demand requirements for flow and isolate utilities during cruise to minimize prime power extraction. The effectiveness of the system has been proven by extensive flight testing that demonstrated compliance with all design requirements proving the system to rate the distinction as a design model for the future.
Waterman, A. W.
Manned Remote Work Stations - Machines to Enhance Man' Space Presence8213562/1/1982
The introduction of the Space Transportation System provides opportunities for improved space operations, reliability and cost effectiveness by taking advantage of man's presence. The astronaut with the proper machines can augment the Shuttle to an extent that tasks never performed in space, such as maintenance and repair of satellites and the construction of large structures can now be done. This paper addresses an evolution of one of these machines, the Manned Remote Work Station (MRWS). The MRWS is a series of EVA platforms and crew cabins that perform roles which are common on the ground such as cherry pickers, crane turrets, emergency repair vehicles and short haul transporters. Concepts and their space applications will be delineated for near term applications in support of the Space Shuttle and future applications in support of the Space Station. Results of man-in-the-loop simulations that demonstrate man's role in maintaining satellites will also be discussed as will test results on the use of manipulators, a key element of the MRWS. These test results demonstrate man's ability to perform useful roles in space and provide a foundation for the development of more ambitious roles in the future.
Nathan, C. Allan
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