Browse Topic: Factory automation

Items (111)
Dufour Aerospace designs and manufactures an automated tilt-wing aircraft for critical cargo delivery missions. Emphasizing operational efficiency, the platform integrates path generation and tracking techniques tailored for the unique dynamics of tilt-wing flight and builds upon the existing lower level control. While there exist a myriad of methods for high-level aircraft automation ranging from PID to MPC, they often require a trade-off between complexity and the capability to handle non-linear dynamics of the system they are controlling. Hence, a lightweight, deterministic geometric path generation approach using clothoid-based transitions between three waypoints and a robust SO(3)- based path tracking controller adapted for tilt-wing dynamics are presented. Additionally, a high-level automation framework is introduced that includes failure mode handling for GNSS loss and communication breakdowns. This system ensures mission continuity and operational safety while supporting flexible mission planning. The methods are validated through extensive flight testing on both small and large-scale aircraft. The latter prove the scalability, safety, and reliability of the presented solution for tilt-wing aircraft automation and enhance the aircraft's capabilities in real-world emergency response and complex operational scenarios.
Cook, Jacob
The Autoclave processing is commonly used in manufacturing high-performance fibre-reinforced thermoset composite components in the aerospace industry. Variations in the cure cycle, sometimes even apparently minor deviations from the prescribed cure cycle, can harm the laminate properties. Given the costly and time-consuming autoclave manufacturing process, there is a strong need to cure the maximum number of parts in the shortest possible time without compromising quality. In order to achieve high-rate automated manufacturing with the optimized autoclave process, it is important to construct a digital twin modelling approach to mirror the physical composite curing process in the virtual domain based on the integration of high-fidelity multi-physics models. The resulting digital twin includes a thermal CFD model, a thermo-chemo-mechanical module, and an efficient and accurate block coupling between these two modules. The customized Abaqus driven by local and spatial variation of the turbulence-induced heat transfer coefficient (HTC) imposed through one-way coupling determines the thermo-mechanical response in composite parts. Using the developed digital twin tool (SMARTCLAVE), HTC's spatial and temporal variation can be generated digitally without invoking an expensive and time-consuming experimental approach. The predicted local boundary conditions are used in SMARTCLAVE to determine the cure kinetics, temperature distribution, and thermal-mechanical response that drives the residual stress and distortion of composite parts after curing. The accuracy of the digital twin for autoclaving is demonstrated first using a benchmark problem followed by the capability demonstration with a single-part L-beam assembly. The benefits of using the digital twin tool are illustrated via the optimal placement of multiple parts in an autoclave to balance the throughput and quality.
Lua, JimPhan, NamGuay, IanYan, JinhuiKaruppiah, AnandShrestha, Kalyan
Capability-Driven Adaptive Task Distribution for Flexible Multi-Human-Multi-Robot (MH-MR) Manufacturing Systems2020-01-13034/14/2020
Collaborative robots are more and more used in smart manufacturing because of their capability to work beside and collaborate with human workers. With the deployment of these robots, manufacturing tasks are more inclined to be accomplished by multiple humans and multiple robots (MH-MR) through teaming effort. In such MH-MR collaboration scenarios, the task distribution among the multiple humans and multiple robots is very critical to efficiency. It is also more challenging due to the heterogeneity of different agents. Existing approaches in task distribution among multiple agents mostly consider humans with assumed or known capabilities. However human capabilities are always changing due to various factors, which may lead to suboptimal efficiency. Although some researches have studied several human factors in manufacturing and applied them to adjust the robot task and behaviors. However, the real-time modeling and calculation of multiple human capabilities and real-time adaptive task distribution in flexible MH-MR manufacturing according to human capabilities are still challenging due to the complexity of human capabilities and heterogeneous multi-agent interactions. To address these issues, this paper first proposes a practical modeling approach to model and calculate the capabilities of different humans in real-time using some measurable performance indices. Based on these capabilities, this paper furthermore mathematically models the MH-MR manufacturing process and proposes a capability-driven adaptive task distribution approach with genetic algorithm based solutions to distribute different tasks to humans and robots online. The proposed adaptive approaches are validated through different MH-MR manufacturing tasks and the experimental results show that the approaches can significantly improve the manufacturing efficiency in terms of the time cost and the number of accomplished tasks than existing approaches in the presence of different time-varying human capabilities. Detailed results and statistical comparisons are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed solutions.
Zhang, ShaoboJia, Yunyi
Unsettled Technology Domains in Robotics for Automation in Aerospace ManufacturingEPR201901012/20/2019
Cost reduction and increasing production rates are driving automation of aerospace manufacturing. Articulated serial robots may replace bespoke gantry automation or human operations. Improved accuracy is key to enabling operations such as machining, additive manufacturing (AM), composite fabrication, drilling, automated program development, and inspection. New accuracy standards are needed to enable process-relevant comparisons between robotic systems. Accuracy can be improved through calibration of kinematic and joint stiffness parameters, joint output encoders, adaptive control that compensates for thermal expansion, and feedforward control that compensates for hysteresis and external loads. The impact of datuming could also be significantly reduced through modeling and optimization. Highly dynamic end effectors compensate high-frequency disturbances using inertial sensors and reaction masses. Global measurement feedback is a high-accuracy turnkey solution, but it is costly and has limited capability to compensate dynamic errors. Local measurement feedback is a mature, affordable, and highly accurate technology where the robot is required to position or align relative to some local feature. Locally clamped machine tools are an alternative approach that can utilize the flexibility of industrial robots while also enabling high-quality machined surfaces. Hybrid high-accuracy control strategies will be required for many processes. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the issues they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Muelaner, Jody
True Mobile/Portable Drilling and Machining, a Paradigm Shift in Manufacturing2017-01-20849/19/2017
The evolving Aerospace manufacturing environment has created challenges that until now are not achievable with standard machine tools, large monumental gantry style machines and robots, or even manually operations. The solution is a lightweight, mobile/portable, and modular PKM (Parallel Kinematics Machine) solution, capable of machining to high tolerances, with minimal time and effort to relocate to a different area, at an affordable price With the carbon fiber PKM module mounted on a mobile platform, the module can simply be relocated using a standard pallet mover or forklift, to all areas in a factory. The module can also be removed from the mobile platform by two people, and mounted in a desired location and in any orientation “in hours”. The modularity of the PKM does not only make it possible to move it around in different production areas, but also makes it possible to reconstruct in an area that is not typically accessible by machines or robots. Acting as a mobile machine tool the PKM also eliminates special foundations, leveling of the machine prior to use, high accuracy fixtures, constant recalibration necessary for accurate robotic applications, laborious jig set up for manual operations and inconsistencies associated with manual drilling. As the manufacturing requirements of the Aerospace industry lead to greater flexibility and cost reduction, the limitations of the machine tool and robotic technology become more exposed. A lightweight, mobile/portable, modular and accurate PKM provides a revolutionary solution for many applications, while paving the way for a paradigm shift in manufacturing.
Neumann, Karl-Erik
Modular and Open Test Bench Architecture for Distributed Testing2017-01-21179/19/2017
Currently, aircraft system Test Benches are often proprietary systems, specifically designed and configured for a dedicated System Under Test (SUT). Today, no standards for configuration, data communication, and data exchange formats are available for avionics Test Benches. This leads to high Test Bench development costs and redundant activities between aircraft system suppliers and airframers. In the case of obsolescence issues for test system components, it is very costly to replace the respective parts as a high integration and reconfiguration effort is required. In the scope of an R&T project, involving several test system suppliers and aircraft system suppliers as well as Airbus as an aircraft manufacturer, a generic and modular architecture for an open test environment is under development. A further goal of the Virtual and Hybrid Testing Next Generation (VHTNG) research project is to prepare a set of open standards for the interfaces to this architecture. The modular architecture is designed to provide a win-win situation for suppliers and customers alike, driving innovation in Test Bench development and utilization. This distributed architecture is able to support real and virtual testing, and is scalable from equipment to aircraft level. During the course of an iterative and incremental development process, collaborating with all industry partners, a technology demonstrator successfully showed that the functionality of integrated modules from multiple partners could be proven against realistic aircraft system test use cases. As the project continues, further functionality will be added, communication performance between modules will be improved, and the currently implemented interfaces will be brought closer to an open standard.
Martinen, Dirk H.Lagalaye, MarcPfefferkorn, JulienCasteres, Jean
End-Effector for Automatic Shimming of Composites2016-01-21119/27/2016
Gaps in composite structures are a risky factor in aeronautical assemblies. For mechanically joined composite components, the geometrical conformance of the part can be problematic due to undesired or unknown re-distribution of loads within a composite component, with these unknowns being potentially destructive. To prevent unnecessary preloading of a metallic structure, and the possibility of cracking and delamination in a composite structure, it is important to measure all gaps and then shim any gaps greater than 127 microns. A strategy to overcome the high relative tolerances for assemblies lies in the automated manufacturing of shims for the gaps previously predicted through the evaluation of their volumes via a simulation tool. This paper deals with the development of a special end-effector prototype to enable the shimming of gaps in composites structures using a pre-processed geometry. The aim of this end-effector is to provide movement to a temperature controlled hot-end in order to generate a solid shim of ABS on the target composite surface. This process is defined according to the trajectories and velocities marked by the 3D printing process using standard G-code. The geometry and material volume to be printed are indicated by the simulated gap volume which is based on previous metrological measurements. The final objective will be to attach this end-effector to an anthropomorphic robot to enable autonomous manufacturing. This work is part of the EU FP7 funded LOCOMACHS project, under grant agreement n°314003.
Antolin-Urbaneja, Juan CarlosLivinalli, JuanPuerto, MildredLiceaga, MikelRubio, AntonioSan-Roman, AngelGoenaga, Igor
Automated FML Manufacturing for Aircraft Fuselages2016-01-21129/27/2016
As a new material FML, made by aluminum foils and Glasfiber-Prepreg, is a real alternative to common materials for fuselages of aircrafts like monolithic aluminum or CFRP. Since experiences within A380 this material has some really good advantages and develops to the status as alternative to aluminum and composite structures. To become FML as a real alternative to aluminum and carbon structures there are many things to improve: design, material, costs and process chain. So following one of the main goals for an industrial application for high production rates of aircrafts is the automation of production processes inside the process chain for FML-parts like skins and panels for fuselages. To reach this goal for high production rates first steps of automation inside this new process chain have been developed in the last two years. Main steps is the automated lay-up of metallic foils and Glasfiber-Prepreg. Over this there are some more steps within positioning of i.e. stringers and doublers by automatic integration and also in parallel shorter process chain to reduce process cost significantly. Different concepts and results of the last two years of development work will be shown in this presentation with the scope of much higher level of automation and reduced process steps for industrial application of FML for higher production rate. Over this next steps for demonstrating industrial ability of this manufacturing process are planned for the next time.
Apmann, Hilmar
Modeling and Validation of Rapid Prototyping Related Available Workspace2014-01-07514/1/2014
Path planning and re-planning for serial 6 degree of freedom (DOF) robotic systems is challenging due to complex kinematic structure and application conditions which affects the robot's tool frame position, orientation and singularity avoidance. These three characteristics represent the key elements for production planning and layout design of the automated manufacturing systems. The robot trajectory represents series of connected points in 3D space. Each point is defined with its position and orientation related to the robot's base frames or predefined user frame. The robot will move from point to point using the desired motion type (linear, arc, or joint). The trajectory planning requires first to check if robot can reach the selected part(s). This can be simply done by placing the part(s) inside the robot's work envelope. The robot's work envelope represents a set of all robots' reachable points without considering their orientation. To visualize the robot's work envelope many available tools can be used. It is common that some of the accessible points cannot be reached with the desired tool orientation. For accurate and optimal robot path generation, a visualization of the predetermined regions related to the application is highly needed. These regions are named robot work window. In this paper, the work window has been calculated for the Fanuc LR Mate 200ic robot and the rapid prototyping application. The visual representation of the work window has been done using MATLAB tools and evaluated using the Fanuc LR Mate 200ic robot which is available in our lab.
Arachchige, PrabathAbderrahmane, MohamedDjuric, Ana M.
Robomotive and other humanoid robots equipped with 3D vision sensors are playing an increasing role in industrial automation, including in smaller binpicking set-ups where parts are constantly changing.
Automated Removal of Prepreg Backing Paper - A Sticky Problem2013-01-22899/17/2013
Automated solutions for manufacturing composite products based on prepreg often imply Automatic Fiber Placement or Automatic Tape Laying. These systems are generally associated with huge investments. For certain manufacturing applications it is interesting to investigate alternatives to find simpler and less costly automation. One example of an automated system could be the use of a standard industrial robot to pick single prepreg plies from an automated cutting machine and stack them to form a plane laminate. This paper is based on a case illustrating a product from the aircraft manufacturing industry. The case will demonstrate a pick and place concept on a general level and illustrate challenges that must be solved. The challenge selected to be the main focus for this paper is an automated process for backing paper removal. A literature review of different gripping technologies reveals several interesting technologies, and the most promising are tested for backing paper removal. The tests show that an automated removal process can be designed by using standard vacuum grippers in combination with mechanical clamping grippers. In order to lift the backing paper with a vacuum gripper an initial separation between the backing paper and prepreg is needed. This separation is most easily mechanically induced by bending the material. The proposed solution for automatic backing paper removal can be integrated in a manufacturing cell for manufacturing of the studied product.
Björnsson, AndreasLindback, Jan-ErikJohansen, Kerstin
TruPLAN Advanced Simulation for Material Kinematics Behavior during Manufacturing Layup Processes2012-01-18569/10/2012
The objective of an engineering analysis - a numerical model and simulation designed to represent a specific manufacturing process - is not simply to determine the behavior and impact of that process on a specific product. If that were the case, extensive product testing would be a simpler and cheaper solution. The real objective of an engineering analysis is to use its associated numerical models and simulations to predict the impact of important design and manufacturing parameters on the behavior of the final product in terms of performance and cost. When dealing with advanced composite materials, such parameters include: material, surface topology, layup strategy, ply stacking, among many possibilities. Designers today are faced with the challenge of optimizing composite parts and, should redesign be required, having enough reliable data at hand to justify the redesign's necessity. A multidisciplinary manufacturing analysis tool for designers, TruPLAN's Advanced Material Kinematics Kernel models how a given composite material behaves during the computation of manufacturing process strategies for automated layup technologies, like: fiber placement, tape laying, and robotics. TruPLAN's Advanced Kinematics Kernel models composite material behavior in terms of design criteria - surface topology, fiber direction, angle deviation, gap/overlap - and manufacturing constraints such as: material compaction, layup temperature, material tension, feed rates, material feeding, machine kinematics configuration. TruPLAN's Advanced Material Kinematics Kernel empowers designers to test advanced composite materials against new or existing design strategies for automated layup technologies (Fiber Placement, Tape Layer, Robotics layup), to discover optimum combinations of materials and manufacturing equipments to ensure desired production rates and costs.
Moruzzi, MassimilianoMacLean, DylanBlackburn, Rob
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