Browse Topic: Fenders

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SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Why Passengers' Boredom Is a Good Thing with Intel Corporation1293202/26/2021
Will there ever be a world with no incidents on the road? From major crashes to fender benders, driving comes with risk, but what happens when the driving is left to the machine? In this episode we spoke with Jack Weast, Intel Fellow at Intel Corporation, to examine the safety of driving from all angles and how we can eradicate most driving incidents on the road with autonomous technology. Whether it's how Intel Corporation is crowd-sourcing to accurately map cities or how it's using Responsibility-Sensitive Safety (RSS) to bake in reasonable assumptions and decipher what is safe while driving, Jack explains the steps taken to make every passengers' ride safe and boring.
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
Introduction of the AeroSUV-A New Generic SUV Model for Aerodynamic Research2019-01-064604/02/2019
Since the introduction of the DrivAer model, an increasing amount of aerodynamic research and CAE method development activities are based on this detailed generic car body. Due to the Open Access nature of the model, it has not only been quickly adopted by academia but also by several automotive OEMs and CAE software developers. The DrivAer has delivered high quality experimental data to permit validation of existing aerodynamic CAE capabilities and to accelerate the development of new sophisticated numerical methods. Within the last decades, the registration number of SUV, especially in Europe, has increased significantly. Among other things, a large cross-sectional area, an increased ground clearance and larger wheels characterize this kind of vehicle. The DrivAer is not capable of depicting this vehicle category. Therefore, there is a demand for an expansion of this generic vehicle concept. A new Open Access vehicle, the so-called AeroSUV is proposed to further expand the usability
Zhang, Chenyi, Tanneberger, Max, Kuthada, Timo, Wittmeier, Felix, Wiedemann, Jochen, Nies, Juliane
Technical Paper
Experimental and Computational Study of the Flow around a Stationary and Rotating Isolated Wheel and the Influence of a Moving Ground Plane2019-01-064704/02/2019
This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of the flow around a rotating and stationary 60% scale isolated wheel, with and without the use of a moving ground plane. The aim of this research was to improve the understanding of the fundamental aerodynamic flow features around a wheel and to examine how rotation and moving ground planes modify these and affect the production of drag. A bespoke rotating wheel rig was designed and wind tunnel tests were performed over a range of pre to post critical Reynolds numbers. Force coefficients were obtained using balance measurements and flow field data were obtained using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The unsteady flow field data generated was used to validate unsteady CFD predictions. These were performed using STAR-CCM+ and a k-ω SST Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) turbulence model. This was seen to outperform other models by capturing an increased amount of finer detailed, high frequency vortical structures. The CFD
Rajaratnam, Eleanor, Walker, Duncan
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation of the Near Wall Flow Downstream of a Passenger Car Wheel Arch06-11-01-000203/01/2018
The flow around and downstream of the front wheels of passenger cars is highly complex and characterized by flow structure interactions between the external flow, fluid exiting through the wheelhouse, flow from the engine bay and the underbody. In the present paper the near wall flow downstream of the front wheel house is analyzed, combining two traditional methods. A tuft visualization method is used to obtain the limiting streamline pattern and information about the near wall flow direction. Additionally, time resolved surface pressure measurements are used to study the pressure distribution and the standard deviation. The propagation of the occurring flow structures is investigated by cross correlations of the pressure signal and a spectral analysis provides the characteristic frequencies of the investigated flow. It is found that two main flow phenomena can be observed: one originates from flow exiting the upper wheelhouse and a second one resulting from a separation on the lower
Bonitz, Sabine, Wieser, Dirk, Broniewicz, Alexander, Larsson, Lars, Lofdahl, Lennart, Nayeri, Christian, Paschereit, Christian
Journal Article
Experimental Investigation of the Near Wall Flow Downstream of a Passenger Car Wheel Arch06-11-01-0002-TEST-REC03/01/2018
The flow around and downstream of the front wheels of passenger cars is highly complex and characterized by flow structure interactions between the external flow, fluid exiting through the wheelhouse, flow from the engine bay and the underbody. In the present paper the near wall flow downstream of the front wheel house is analyzed, combining two traditional methods. A tuft visualization method is used to obtain the limiting streamline pattern and information about the near wall flow direction. Additionally, time resolved surface pressure measurements are used to study the pressure distribution and the standard deviation. The propagation of the occurring flow structures is investigated by cross correlations of the pressure signal and a spectral analysis provides the characteristic frequencies of the investigated flow. It is found that two main flow phenomena can be observed: one originates from flow exiting the upper wheelhouse and a second one resulting from a separation on the lower
Bonitz, Sabine, Wieser, Dirk, Broniewicz, Alexander, Larsson, Lars, Lofdahl, Lennart, Nayeri, Christian, Paschereit, Christian
Journal Article
ACTIVE IN AERO15AUTP11_0111/01/2015
Several automakers-notably Mercedes-Benz and Audi-used the Frankfurt Motor Show stage to reveal sleek vehicles that aggressively employ active aerodynamic elements and other advances to reduce drag. Major international auto shows are a great venue for automakers to showcase their vision of the future for mobility. Manifestations of that vision are often gleaming, sculpted concept vehicles that push the boundaries of what is feasible-whether technically or economically-today. That is exactly what German automakers Mercedes-Benz and Audi did at the recent IAA (Frankfurt Motor Show) 2015. Among its five world premieres in Frankfurt, Mercedes-Benz surprised show-goers with the Concept Intelligent Aerodynamic Automobile (Concept IAA), also referred to as the “Digital Transformer.” The concept car is designed to show how far advanced Mercedes-Benz already is in the “digitalization” of automotive development and production, according to Dr. Dieter Zetsche, Chairman of the Board of Management
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
Opel designs a new Astra15AUTP11_0911/01/2015
Opel launched the fourth-generation Astra at the 2015 IAA (Frankfurt Motor Show). The car is more compact than the model it replaces and weighs up to 200 kg (440 lb) less. A five-door hatchback and five-door Sports Tourer estate were on display at the show. The Astra (a Vauxhall in the U.K.) will be the first vehicle to feature General Motors' OnStar Connectivity system in Europe and comes with the option of matrix LED headlights, which Opel claims is the first time this feature has been offered on a European C-segment car.
Kendall, John
Magazine Article
Harmonized Provisions for Installation of Exterior Lamps and Retro-Reflecting Devices on Road Vehicles Except MotorcyclesJ2442_201507 (Current)07/22/2015
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to road vehicles except motorcycles. It describes the commonalities of installation requirements for lighting and light signaling devices contained in the regulatory requirements and industry standards of North America, Japan, and the widely-adopted UNECE ("European") Regulations. It does not apply to installation of lighting and light signaling devices specific to special purpose vehicles, including but not limited to police, medical and other emergency or public service vehicles. This document does not carry force of law and does not replace regulatory requirements in effect at the time of application. It is subject to change to reflect additional experience, technical advances, and especially changes in government and industry documents used as references. Users of this document are advised to mind the applicable legal requirements in effect where their vehicles will be sold and registered.
International Cooperation Committee
Recommended Practice
Role of Predictive Engineering in the Design Evolution of a Thermoplastic Fender for a Compact SUV2011-01-076804/12/2011
Automotive fenders is one such example where specialized thermoplastic material Noryl GTX* (blend of Polyphenyleneoxide (PPO) + Polyamide (PA)) has successfully replaced metal by meeting functional requirements. The evolution of a fender design to fulfill these requirements is often obtained through a combination of unique material properties and predictive engineering backed design process that accounts for fender behavior during the various phases of its lifecycle. This paper gives an overview of the collaborative design process between Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and SABIC Innovative Plastics and the role of predictive engineering in the evolution of a thermoplastic fender design of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation's compact SUV RVR fender launched recently. While significant predictive work was done on manufacturing and use stage design aspects, the focus of this paper is the design work related to identifying support configuration during the paint bake cycle. In this paper
Hardikar, Narendra Anand, Bobba, Somasekhar, Sugawara, Makoto, Nemoto, Takaaki, Ito, Shigeru
Journal Article
New Liquid Surface Conditioner for Low-Temperature Phosphating System Aimed at CO2 Emission Reduction2010-01-073204/12/2010
A new liquid surface conditioner has been developed to improve phosphate coating quality and enable a low-temperature phosphating system designed to reduce CO₂ emissions during the pretreatment processes of automobile production. Phosphate film is formed by a phosphating treatment that provides corrosion resistance for the steel plates that make up auto bodies. In the vehicle body, pocket-shaped structures such as side sills and wheel arches are likely to collect muddy water and form rust. Regarding anticorrosion quality assurance, particular attention must be paid to these pocket structures, in which phosphating solution flows slowly, and a lower solution-volume-to-surface-area ratio contributes less to the phosphating reaction. For this reason, with the conventional liquid surface conditioner, a low-temperature phosphating system cannot coat substrate surfaces sufficiently, which would result in lower corrosion resistance. The new liquid surface conditioner developed in this research
Murai, Yasuhito, Izumi, Koichiro, Hidaka, Tatsumasa
Journal Article
Detailed Flow Studies in Close Proximity of Rotating Wheels on a Passenger Car2009-01-077804/20/2009
Moving ground systems with rotating wheels have been used in wind tunnel tests during the last decades. Several studies on the effects of rotating wheels and the importance of wheel aerodynamics have been published. It is well known that both the local flow field and the global aerodynamic forces are affected by rotation of the wheels. Different studies indicate that the most significant effect from rotating the wheels is interference effects between the rear wheels and the underbody and vehicle base [1], [2]. A detailed flow field investigation around the wheels in close proximity to the vehicle has been performed on a passenger car in the Volvo Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel. Two omnidirectional 12-hole pressure probes were traversed in a number of planes close to the wheels. Effects of changing different parameters such as ground simulation and rim geometry were investigated. The local flow field has been scrutinised and related to the global aerodynamic properties of the vehicle. A clear
Landström, Christoffer, Löfdahl, Lennart, Walker, Tim
Journal Article
The Influence of Rotating Wheels on Total Road Load2007-01-104704/16/2007
Within in the scope of a road load investigation project at FKFS, the influence of rotating wheels on the road load of a passenger car was investigated. For this purpose an approach was developed to measure the ventilation resistance of a spinning wheel. This approach enables a comparison of different wheel sizes and rim designs. Together with aerodynamic drag measurements in the wind tunnel it is possible to evaluate different wheel configurations with respect to their contribution to the road load. The measuring approach and results of performed measurements are shown in this paper.
Mayer, Wolfgang, Wiedemann, Jochen
Technical Paper
Trilaminate Wheel Arch Liners (Mud Guards)2007-01-056804/16/2007
The state of the art for wheel arch liners technology today implies the use of three main product kinds. Materials used show different characteristics in terms of weight of finished parts, mechanical, physical and acoustical properties. The aim of this paper is to provide a comparison of the main properties of the different materials used. The activity takes in consideration a first characterization of materials in evaluation for further developments, that imply the use of a foamed PP layer as intermediate layer, with the goal of increasing the part thickness, improving its stiffness or, maintaining same mechanical and acoustic properties, reducing the part weight.
Strignano, A., Santoro, V.
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Forces of Exposed and Enclosed Rotating Wheels as an Example of the Synergy in the Development of Racing and Passenger Cars2006-01-080504/03/2006
The aim of this report is to present the results obtained from the wind tunnel tests performed in the BMW wind tunnel regarding the pressure distribution on a rotating wheel. The acquired data is used to examine its flow topology for the “open” and “enclosed” cases and determine the wheel drag, lift and side forces by integrating the pressure distribution on its surface. The investigation concerned such measurements on a half scale model wheel. Its pressure distribution was identified with and without the presence of a racecar body. The wheel was also mounted on a half scale passenger car body and pressure measurements were taken with and without a wheel spoiler. After the pressure distributions were known for all configurations, the aerodynamic forces generated were determined. The influence of boundary layer thickness on them was also investigated. A better understanding of the forces the model wheel is subjected to is gained. These forces are resolved for parts of the wheel to make
Dimitriou, Ioannis, Klussmann, Sven
Technical Paper
Analysis and Optimization of Disk Brake Cooling via Computational Fluid Dynamics95079102/01/1995
The ventilated brake disk represents the state of the art in braking technology for passenger cars. Since other vehicle requirements are usually dominant, the cooling of such disks becomes a problem. In order to optimize the disk brake cooling and reach a compromise relative to these other requirements, the air flow to and through the disk is simulated. To accomplish this, the whole wheel housing is modeled as a three dimensional domain using the general purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code STAR-CD. The analysis is described and the results are shown to be reasonable. They provide a new fundamental insight into the behaviour of the disk air flow which is of great interest in understanding the overall air flow. Various methods of visualization facilitate both local and global correlation. Simulations for a few geometric modifications are also presented and provide a good estimate of the potential for improving the cooling.
Krüsemann, Rolf, Schmidt, Gerald
Technical Paper
Effect of an Add-on Cab on the Golf-Cart's Rollover Characteristics94027503/01/1994
The purpose of this study was to reconstruct the accident situation of a Golf-Cart with three persons in it. The cart was designed to carry two persons and their golf bags, someone had fixed an add-on cab. Tilt-table testing was carried out to estimate the rollover threshold and to measure the center-of-gravity location of the vehicle, which was used to do preliminary stability analysis for different loading conditions. Tests were carried out with and without the add-on cab. The add-on cab deteriorated the rollover characteristics by raising the center-of-gravity height, while the presence of an additional rider on the rear-left wheel arch, biased the load distribution. These two effects resulted in reducing the rollover threshold. Generally, tilt-table test results overestimates the rollover threshold, so there is a good possibility in real world situations the acceleration experienced by the vehicle during steady-turn maneuvers on an even surface could lead to rollover. Other factors
Suresh, Bangalore A., Wambold, James C.
Technical Paper
Production Technology Aiming at High Productivity and Saving Manpower in Producing Plastic Parts91260511/01/1991
Among the plastic automotive parts which are finding increased use these days, the bumper is a key large-size part upon which the car depends for collision safety. Its design is important for the car's individuality and attractiveness. Also, its appearance is as important as that of the steel body. To achieve production efficiency of high-quality injection molded polypropylene bumpers, prime considerations are: a tool design to allow molding with an undercut, a tooling process capable of building high precision moulds in a minimum amount of time, manpower savings in the molding operation, etc. Ease of design and quality enhancement are especially demanded for the instrument panel. Conventionally, pads for component parts of the instrument panel have been produced by infusing semi-rigid urethane into the vacuum-formed or slush-moulded skin to integrate with the base material. This process, however, has disadvantages in that many steps are required and defects tend to occur due to the
Ishige, Yoshiki, Nishi, Yoshrtsugu
Technical Paper
Corrosion Damage to Wheel Suspension Parts91229010/01/1991
Corrosion damage on wheel suspension parts has been noticed in recent years by the Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company in their annual control inspection of motor cars. This type of damage, which affects relatively new cars, has not occurred on earlier models to any great extent. Since the breakdown of a wheel suspension can lead to a traffic accident, it has been considered necessary to investigate the problem. By evaluating results from the yearly inspections of motor cars, different car models could be judged with respect to extent and age of corroded vehicles. Damaged wheel suspension parts, especially spring mountings of the McPhearson type, were analysed to explain the causes of the corrosion. To promote traffic safety in Sweden the Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company is responsible for the annual control inspection of motor cars. The age of the car fleet in Sweden has increased according to Fig. 1 if the situation in 1979 is compared with that in 1989. Despite the fact
Hedlund, Staffan, Odén, Lennart
Technical Paper
Tire Chain Clearance-Trucks, Buses (Except Suburban, Intercity, and Transit Buses), and Combinations of VehiclesJ683_198508 (Historical)08/01/1985
The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to set up a guide as to body, frame, and wheel housing clearance to accommodate tire chains, and also the minimum bogie spacing to permit using chains on both axles. These dimensions apply to trucks, buses, and combinations of vehicles 10 001 lb (4535.06 kg) GVW and over, and are based upon recommendations of the Tire and Rim Association and of the National Association of Chain Manufacturers. The diagram shows clearance for chains over the tire ONLY and allowance must be made for spring deflections in determining fender clearance.
Truck and Bus Total Vehicle Steering Committee
Information Report
TRADITIONS, TRENDS, AND TENDENCIES IN CAR BODY DESIGN49002901/01/1949
STOUT, WILLIAM B.
Technical Paper
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