Browse Topic: Fenders

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Experimental and Computational Study of the Flow around a Stationary and Rotating Isolated Wheel and the Influence of a Moving Ground Plane2019-01-06474/2/2019
This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of the flow around a rotating and stationary 60% scale isolated wheel, with and without the use of a moving ground plane. The aim of this research was to improve the understanding of the fundamental aerodynamic flow features around a wheel and to examine how rotation and moving ground planes modify these and affect the production of drag. A bespoke rotating wheel rig was designed and wind tunnel tests were performed over a range of pre to post critical Reynolds numbers. Force coefficients were obtained using balance measurements and flow field data were obtained using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The unsteady flow field data generated was used to validate unsteady CFD predictions. These were performed using STAR-CCM+ and a k-ω SST Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) turbulence model. This was seen to outperform other models by capturing an increased amount of finer detailed, high frequency vortical structures. The CFD showed good agreement with the experimental results providing, for the first time, a validated numerical methodology. Comparing stationary and rotating wheels the CFD and experimental data both illustrated large scale structural differences in the surrounding flow due to changes in separation and wake structure. The rotating model also exhibited a lower drag at post critical Reynolds numbers, which is corroborated by existing literature. Importantly, the CFD showed minimal difference between a stationary and moving ground plane simulation with a rotating wheel. This is evidence that, provided the wheel is rotating, valid experiments can be performed without the complexity of a moving ground plane.
Rajaratnam, Eleanor, Walker, Duncan
Eleven Instrumented Motorcycle Crash Tests and Development of Updated Motorcycle Impact-Speed Equations2018-01-05174/3/2018
Eleven instrumented crash tests were performed as part of the 2016 World Reconstruction Exposition (WREX2016), using seven Harley-Davidson motorcycles and three automobiles. For all tests, the automobile was stationary while the motorcycle was delivered into the vehicle, while upright with tires rolling, at varying speeds. Seven tests were performed at speeds between 30 and 46 mph while four low-speed tests were performed to establish the onset of permanent motorcycle deformation. Data from these tests, and other published testing, was analyzed using available models to determine their accuracy when predicting the impact speed of Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The most accurate model was the Modified Eubanks set of equations introduced in 2009, producing errors with an average of 0.4 mph and a standard deviation (SD) of 4.8 mph. An updated set of Eubanks-style equations were developed adding data published since 2009, and advancing from two equations (pillars/axles and doors/fenders) to four equations (axles, pillars/bumpers, doors, and fenders). When applied to the subject tests, the newly developed set of equations produced an average error of 3.5 mph (SD = 4.3 mph). With respect to all available data (N = 99), the equations produced an average error of 0.1 mph and a standard deviation of 5.8 mph. The errors were also analyzed for each of the four equations developed here, and confidence intervals offered. This research, which represents the first detailed analysis of Harley-Davidson motorcycles’ collision response, indicates they behave in a manner similar to previously tested motorcycles. Further, the equations developed and presented here give accident investigators a refined method for estimating the impact speed of an upright motorcycle, Harley-Davidson or otherwise, having struck an automobile with its front tire.
Peck, Louis, Manning, Joseph, Bartlett, Wade, Dickerson, Charles, Deyerl, Eric
Experimental Investigation of the Near Wall Flow Downstream of a Passenger Car Wheel Arch06-11-01-00023/1/2018
The flow around and downstream of the front wheels of passenger cars is highly complex and characterized by flow structure interactions between the external flow, fluid exiting through the wheelhouse, flow from the engine bay and the underbody. In the present paper the near wall flow downstream of the front wheel house is analyzed, combining two traditional methods. A tuft visualization method is used to obtain the limiting streamline pattern and information about the near wall flow direction. Additionally, time resolved surface pressure measurements are used to study the pressure distribution and the standard deviation. The propagation of the occurring flow structures is investigated by cross correlations of the pressure signal and a spectral analysis provides the characteristic frequencies of the investigated flow. It is found that two main flow phenomena can be observed: one originates from flow exiting the upper wheelhouse and a second one resulting from a separation on the lower wheel house edge. The frequency spectrum reveals a dominant Strouhal number of 0.2. As the observed flow structures are attributed to the wheel-wheelhouse interaction, a closed wheelhouse configuration is also investigated and the results confirm that the fluctuations and observed flow structures are created by the flow interaction between the wheel, wheelhouse and the rotation of the wheel.
Bonitz, Sabine, Wieser, Dirk, Broniewicz, Alexander, Larsson, Lars, Lofdahl, Lennart, Nayeri, Christian, Paschereit, Christian
Prediction of Aeroacoustical Interior Noise of a Car, Part-1 Prediction of Pressure Fluctuations on External Surfaces of a Car2016-01-16174/5/2016
A wall-resolving Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has been performed by using up to 40 billion grids with a minimum grid resolution of 0.1 mm for predicting the exterior hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations in the turbulent boundary layers of a test car with simplified geometry. At several sampling points on the car surface, which included a point on the side window, the door panel, and the front fender panel, the computed hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations were compared with those measured by microphones installed on the surface of the car in a wind tunnel, and effects of the grid resolution on the accuracy of the predicted frequency spectra were discussed. The power spectra of the pressure fluctuations computed with 5 billion grid LES agreed reasonably well with those measured in the wind tunnel up to around 2 kHz although they had some discrepancy with the measured ones in the low and middle frequencies. The Dynamic Smagorinsky Model (DSM) was adopted for the subgrid-scale turbulence model of LES while the resulting spatially-filtered Navier-Stokes equations of the incompressible fluid flow were solved by a Finite Element Method. In the second paper of this series of studies, the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations computed on the car surfaces will be used as the unsteady loading for computing the panel vibration of the test car by using Finite Element Method, and finally the interior acoustical fields will be predicted by solving the Helmholtz equation for sound propagation. The contribution from the external acoustical field to the interior noise, which was not simulated by the present incompressible LES-based approach, was estimated based on the acoustic analogy, and was confirmed to be negligibly small compared with those from the hydrodynamic loading in the present case.
Yamade, Yoshinobu, Kato, Chisachi, Yoshimura, Shinobu, Iida, Akiyoshi, Iida, Keiichiro, Onda, Kunizo, Hashizume, Yoshimitsu, Gou, Yang
Opel designs a new Astra15AUTP11_0911/1/2015
Opel launched the fourth-generation Astra at the 2015 IAA (Frankfurt Motor Show). The car is more compact than the model it replaces and weighs up to 200 kg (440 lb) less. A five-door hatchback and five-door Sports Tourer estate were on display at the show. The Astra (a Vauxhall in the U.K.) will be the first vehicle to feature General Motors' OnStar Connectivity system in Europe and comes with the option of matrix LED headlights, which Opel claims is the first time this feature has been offered on a European C-segment car.
Kendall, John
Harmonized Provisions for Installation of Exterior Lamps and Retro-Reflecting Devices on Road Vehicles Except MotorcyclesJ2442_201507 (Current)7/22/2015
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to road vehicles except motorcycles. It describes the commonalities of installation requirements for lighting and light signaling devices contained in the regulatory requirements and industry standards of North America, Japan, and the widely-adopted UNECE ("European") Regulations. It does not apply to installation of lighting and light signaling devices specific to special purpose vehicles, including but not limited to police, medical and other emergency or public service vehicles. This document does not carry force of law and does not replace regulatory requirements in effect at the time of application. It is subject to change to reflect additional experience, technical advances, and especially changes in government and industry documents used as references. Users of this document are advised to mind the applicable legal requirements in effect where their vehicles will be sold and registered.
International Cooperation Committee
Durability Analysis of Motorcycle Front Fender through Virtual Simulation, on Road Testing and Laboratory Testing Using NVH Tool2015-01-22646/15/2015
In India, demand for motorcycle with good comfort is increasing among the customers thereby the vibration reduction of two wheelers is key parameter for motorcycle manufacturers. In order to overcome the demand in the market, manufacturers are giving more importance to cost of the product by reducing the material. This results in the reduction of the life cycle of the vehicle models and drives the manufacturers to different product design philosophies and design tools, as one would expect. One of the performance factors that continue to challenge designers is that of vehicle vertical acceleration experienced by the motorcycle components. An essential tool in the motorcycle development process is the ability to quantify the durability of the component. This paper main objective is to increase the life of the motorcycle front fender through virtual simulation, on road testing and laboratory testing using NVH tool. Vibration and strain level on the front fender was measured on torture track. Accelerometers are mounted on the vehicle to extract the dynamic accelerations on the motorcycle at various connections points like front and rear axle, front steering pivot, rear cushion top pivot fender and rider foot rest during the process. On the other hand, a similar condition is simulated by using simulation using MSC.ADAMS. Finally, a qualitative comparison is made between the results of simulations and experiments. Then conversion of track time domain data into NVH data and then performing laboratory testing to find out the life of the component. The results show that both natural frequencies of the transfer path are observed same in the experiments as well as simulations.
Subbu, Rama, Anthonysamy, Baskar, Sharma, Piyush Mani
Heavy-Duty Vehicle Rear-View Camera Systems2014-01-23819/30/2014
Transport Canada, through its ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles program, retained the services of the National Research Council Canada to undertake a test program to examine the operational and human factors considerations concerning the removal of the side mirrors on a Class 8 tractor equipped with a 53 foot dry van semi-trailer. Full scale aerodynamic testing was performed in a 2 m by 3 m wind tunnel on a system component basis to quantify the possible fuel savings associated with the removal of the side mirrors. The mirrors on a Volvo VN780 tractor were removed and replaced with a prototype camera-based indirect vision system consisting of four cameras mounted in the front fender location; two cameras on either side of the vehicle. Four monitors mounted in the vehicle - two mounted on the right A-pillar and two mounted on the left A-pillar - provided indirect vision information to the vehicle operator. Four commercial drivers were asked to perform a series of tests simulating typical driving scenarios on a closed course test track. The tests included an object identification test, a blind spot comparison test, a coupling and uncoupling test, a quasi-static lane change test, a dynamic lane change test and an evasive manoeuvres test. The tests were performed both with the mirrors and with the camera-based indirect vision system. The results of the study provide an analysis of driver performance while using the mirrors in comparison to driver performance while using the camera-based indirect vision system. Driver acceptance of the camera-based indirect vision system was also analyzed through the use of questionnaires.
McWha, Tyson
Research on Intelligent Layout of Door Hinge Based on CATIA CAA2014-01-07534/1/2014
As one of the most important auto-body moving parts, door hinge is the key point of door design and its accessories arrangement, also the premise of the door kinematic analysis. We proposed an effective layout procedure for door hinge and developed an intelligent system on CATIA CAA platform to execute it. One toolbar and five function modules are constructed - Axis Arrangement, Section, Parting Line, Kinematic, Hinge Database. This system integrated geometrical algorithms, automatically calculate the minimum clearances between doors, fender and hinges on sections to judge if the layout is feasible. As the sizes of the clearances are set to 0s, the feasible layout regions and extreme start/end points are shown in parts window, which help the engineer to check the parting line and design a new one. Our system successfully implemented the functions of five modules for the layout of door hinge axis and parting line based on a door hinge database. An instance is carried out and the result shows that our system has great feasibility and validity to arrange the door hinge and shorten the design periods.
Bao, Jingru, Ding, Yi, Hu, Sibo, Hu, Ping
Numerical Simulation of Shock Absorbing Polyester Elastomers2013-01-06534/8/2013
Thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) possesses the properties of both rubber and engineering plastic. The most important feature of this material lies in its ability to combine the superior repulsion elasticity and flexibility of rubber with the rigidity of engineering plastic. This enables it to exhibit durability against fatigue, even when exposed repeatedly to large deformation. The most remarkable feature of TPEE is such that it can realize material properties with very small strain rate dependency. The authors have had their ample experiences with applying TPEE to large damper members in the civil engineering structures, such as fenders surrounding the piers of bridges to absorb the impact energy caused by ship collisions and the aseismatic connectors built in bridge structures. This paper attempts to develop shock absorbing components of small sizes with light weight for automobile applications. Locating TPEE shock absorbers inside the crash box (members connecting the bumper system to the main body) may be thought as a typical application of the TPEE products. In order to achieve weight saving of the shock absorbing components, it is effective to utilize the buckling behaviors of thin walled structures. With regard to the buckling simulations of cylindrical shell structures, the authors have been working to develop analysis procedures for obtaining stable solutions utilizing the latest general-purpose finite element technology. This report shows that the experimental results could successfully be reproduced by applying the simulation technique to the honeycomb-shaped shock absorbing components. For realizing a desirable load-displacement relationship, this report also shows how to modify the shape of the components.
Kobayashi, Takaya, Mihara, Yasuko, Yamashita, Katsuhisa, Nonomura, Chisato, Kodama, Katsuhiro, Isogai, Yumiko, Kanaya, Tomoko
Aerodynamic Performance Assessment of BMW Validation Models using Computational Fluid Dynamics2012-01-02974/16/2012
Aerodynamic performance assessment of automotive shapes is typically performed in wind tunnels. However, with the rapid progress in computer hardware technology and the maturity and accuracy of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software packages, evaluation of the production-level automotive shapes using a digital process has become a reality. As the time to market shrinks, automakers are adopting a digital design process for vehicle development. This has elevated the accuracy requirements on the flow simulation software, so that it can be used effectively in the production environment. Evaluation of aerodynamic performance covers prediction of the aerodynamic coefficients such as drag, lift, side force and also lift balance between the front and rear axle. Drag prediction accuracy is important for meeting fuel efficiency targets, prediction of front and rear lifts as well as side force and yawing moment are crucial for high speed handling. In this paper, we have focused on the evaluation of aerodynamic coefficients on a wide range of BMW validation shapes. This model was chosen as the fidelity of the model was well controlled between experimental measurement and the digital model, which is quite important when correlation studies are carried out. The model that was tested had modular front and rear sections. The rear top quadrant was swapped to represent typical automotive shapes on the road, ranging from a shape with sharper rear end to a more rounded rear end shape, leading to significant variations in the wake flow and flow separation on the backlite and decklid. A section at the front of the hood and grille was replaced to change the radius of the hood corner and inclination angle of the front grille. In this study we have used PowerFLOW 4.3 flow simulation software based on the Lattice-Boltzmann Method, to evaluate the aerodynamics of the shapes under consideration. We have assessed the accuracy of aerodynamic drag as well as front and rear lift. To obtain the best results, the simulations were performed using an accurate representation of rotating wheel geometry using the sliding mesh approach. For all the shapes that have been tested, the drag coefficient was predicted within 2% of the experimental measurements, with the majority of drag values within 1%. All of the front and rear lift coefficients were within 0.015 (15 counts) of the experimental measurements, with the majority of values within 0.010 (10 counts). These accuracy levels allow the use of digital simulation tools in vehicle design. The paper also considers the improved accuracy of the sliding mesh approach compared to other traditional methods of modeling wheel rotation.
Kandasamy, Satheesh, Duncan, Bradley, Gau, Holger, Maroy, Fabien, Belanger, Alain, Gruen, Norbert, Schäufele, Sebastian
Role of Predictive Engineering in the Design Evolution of a Thermoplastic Fender for a Compact SUV2011-01-07684/12/2011
Automotive fenders is one such example where specialized thermoplastic material Noryl GTX* (blend of Polyphenyleneoxide (PPO) + Polyamide (PA)) has successfully replaced metal by meeting functional requirements. The evolution of a fender design to fulfill these requirements is often obtained through a combination of unique material properties and predictive engineering backed design process that accounts for fender behavior during the various phases of its lifecycle. This paper gives an overview of the collaborative design process between Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and SABIC Innovative Plastics and the role of predictive engineering in the evolution of a thermoplastic fender design of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation's compact SUV RVR fender launched recently. While significant predictive work was done on manufacturing and use stage design aspects, the focus of this paper is the design work related to identifying support configuration during the paint bake cycle. In this paper, simulation results of several real life design changes that were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing deformation during paint bake are presented followed by qualitative comparison between experimental and simulation data.
Hardikar, Narendra Anand, Bobba, Somasekhar, Sugawara, Makoto, Nemoto, Takaaki, Ito, Shigeru
New Liquid Surface Conditioner for Low-Temperature Phosphating System Aimed at CO2 Emission Reduction2010-01-07324/12/2010
A new liquid surface conditioner has been developed to improve phosphate coating quality and enable a low-temperature phosphating system designed to reduce CO₂ emissions during the pretreatment processes of automobile production. Phosphate film is formed by a phosphating treatment that provides corrosion resistance for the steel plates that make up auto bodies. In the vehicle body, pocket-shaped structures such as side sills and wheel arches are likely to collect muddy water and form rust. Regarding anticorrosion quality assurance, particular attention must be paid to these pocket structures, in which phosphating solution flows slowly, and a lower solution-volume-to-surface-area ratio contributes less to the phosphating reaction. For this reason, with the conventional liquid surface conditioner, a low-temperature phosphating system cannot coat substrate surfaces sufficiently, which would result in lower corrosion resistance. The new liquid surface conditioner developed in this research improves the phosphate coating quality of substrate surfaces using smaller seed particles, each of which has greater electrostatic charge to improve the stability of the dispersed particles. A combination of the new surface conditioner and a low-temperature phosphating agent has resulted in a low-temperature phosphating system that forms sufficient phosphate coatings even in pocket sections and ensures excellent anticorrosion performance. This system can lower the temperature of phosphating treatment without compromising anticorrosion performance and, in the process, makes it possible to meet CO₂ reduction targets.
Murai, Yasuhito, Izumi, Koichiro, Hidaka, Tatsumasa
Detailed Flow Studies in Close Proximity of Rotating Wheels on a Passenger Car2009-01-07784/20/2009
Moving ground systems with rotating wheels have been used in wind tunnel tests during the last decades. Several studies on the effects of rotating wheels and the importance of wheel aerodynamics have been published. It is well known that both the local flow field and the global aerodynamic forces are affected by rotation of the wheels. Different studies indicate that the most significant effect from rotating the wheels is interference effects between the rear wheels and the underbody and vehicle base [1], [2]. A detailed flow field investigation around the wheels in close proximity to the vehicle has been performed on a passenger car in the Volvo Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel. Two omnidirectional 12-hole pressure probes were traversed in a number of planes close to the wheels. Effects of changing different parameters such as ground simulation and rim geometry were investigated. The local flow field has been scrutinised and related to the global aerodynamic properties of the vehicle. A clear dependency on ground simulation as well as a dependency on wheel geometry was found in the local flow field. All configurations showed lower global drag with moving ground activated. Generally a good correlation with numerical results was observed.
Landström, Christoffer, Löfdahl, Lennart, Walker, Tim
Trilaminate Wheel Arch Liners (Mud Guards)2007-01-05684/16/2007
The state of the art for wheel arch liners technology today implies the use of three main product kinds. Materials used show different characteristics in terms of weight of finished parts, mechanical, physical and acoustical properties. The aim of this paper is to provide a comparison of the main properties of the different materials used. The activity takes in consideration a first characterization of materials in evaluation for further developments, that imply the use of a foamed PP layer as intermediate layer, with the goal of increasing the part thickness, improving its stiffness or, maintaining same mechanical and acoustic properties, reducing the part weight.
Strignano, A., Santoro, V.
Aerodynamic Forces of Exposed and Enclosed Rotating Wheels as an Example of the Synergy in the Development of Racing and Passenger Cars2006-01-08054/3/2006
The aim of this report is to present the results obtained from the wind tunnel tests performed in the BMW wind tunnel regarding the pressure distribution on a rotating wheel. The acquired data is used to examine its flow topology for the “open” and “enclosed” cases and determine the wheel drag, lift and side forces by integrating the pressure distribution on its surface. The investigation concerned such measurements on a half scale model wheel. Its pressure distribution was identified with and without the presence of a racecar body. The wheel was also mounted on a half scale passenger car body and pressure measurements were taken with and without a wheel spoiler. After the pressure distributions were known for all configurations, the aerodynamic forces generated were determined. The influence of boundary layer thickness on them was also investigated. A better understanding of the forces the model wheel is subjected to is gained. These forces are resolved for parts of the wheel to make precise statements about the influences the various tested configurations have on the flow field. This analysis method confirmed the existence of known vortex structures. Furthermore, testing with and without boundary layer suction proved to be crucial in revealing new flow structures that normally would not have been visible just from the pressure distribution.
Dimitriou, Ioannis, Klussmann, Sven
Analysis and Optimization of Disk Brake Cooling via Computational Fluid Dynamics9507912/1/1995
The ventilated brake disk represents the state of the art in braking technology for passenger cars. Since other vehicle requirements are usually dominant, the cooling of such disks becomes a problem. In order to optimize the disk brake cooling and reach a compromise relative to these other requirements, the air flow to and through the disk is simulated. To accomplish this, the whole wheel housing is modeled as a three dimensional domain using the general purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code STAR-CD. The analysis is described and the results are shown to be reasonable. They provide a new fundamental insight into the behaviour of the disk air flow which is of great interest in understanding the overall air flow. Various methods of visualization facilitate both local and global correlation. Simulations for a few geometric modifications are also presented and provide a good estimate of the potential for improving the cooling.
Krüsemann, Rolf, Schmidt, Gerald
Effect of an Add-on Cab on the Golf-Cart's Rollover Characteristics9402753/1/1994
The purpose of this study was to reconstruct the accident situation of a Golf-Cart with three persons in it. The cart was designed to carry two persons and their golf bags, someone had fixed an add-on cab. Tilt-table testing was carried out to estimate the rollover threshold and to measure the center-of-gravity location of the vehicle, which was used to do preliminary stability analysis for different loading conditions. Tests were carried out with and without the add-on cab. The add-on cab deteriorated the rollover characteristics by raising the center-of-gravity height, while the presence of an additional rider on the rear-left wheel arch, biased the load distribution. These two effects resulted in reducing the rollover threshold. Generally, tilt-table test results overestimates the rollover threshold, so there is a good possibility in real world situations the acceleration experienced by the vehicle during steady-turn maneuvers on an even surface could lead to rollover. Other factors like the transient vehicle response, uneven terrain, wind, or bad driving practice may further reduce this threshold value.
Suresh, Bangalore A., Wambold, James C.
Production Technology Aiming at High Productivity and Saving Manpower in Producing Plastic Parts91260511/1/1991
Among the plastic automotive parts which are finding increased use these days, the bumper is a key large-size part upon which the car depends for collision safety. Its design is important for the car's individuality and attractiveness. Also, its appearance is as important as that of the steel body. To achieve production efficiency of high-quality injection molded polypropylene bumpers, prime considerations are: a tool design to allow molding with an undercut, a tooling process capable of building high precision moulds in a minimum amount of time, manpower savings in the molding operation, etc. Ease of design and quality enhancement are especially demanded for the instrument panel. Conventionally, pads for component parts of the instrument panel have been produced by infusing semi-rigid urethane into the vacuum-formed or slush-moulded skin to integrate with the base material. This process, however, has disadvantages in that many steps are required and defects tend to occur due to the chemical nature of liquid urethane. To dramatically upgrade production efficiency for plastic bumpers, the process of using vacuum forming to simultaneously join the polypropylene foam-laminated polyvinyl chloride sheet to the adhesive-precoated base material was developed. Its features include the use of material other than urethane and a minimum number of steps. This paper presents this new process by describing the moulding tools, the sheet material, the production line and the product trimming method.
Ishige, Yoshiki, Nishi, Yoshrtsugu
Corrosion Damage to Wheel Suspension Parts91229010/1/1991
Corrosion damage on wheel suspension parts has been noticed in recent years by the Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company in their annual control inspection of motor cars. This type of damage, which affects relatively new cars, has not occurred on earlier models to any great extent. Since the breakdown of a wheel suspension can lead to a traffic accident, it has been considered necessary to investigate the problem. By evaluating results from the yearly inspections of motor cars, different car models could be judged with respect to extent and age of corroded vehicles. Damaged wheel suspension parts, especially spring mountings of the McPhearson type, were analysed to explain the causes of the corrosion. To promote traffic safety in Sweden the Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company is responsible for the annual control inspection of motor cars. The age of the car fleet in Sweden has increased according to Fig. 1 if the situation in 1979 is compared with that in 1989. Despite the fact that the average inspected car is older, the corrosion on the car body has decreased if the observation frequencies in different years of inspection is compared, Fig. 2. The most common reason for observations on defects in the structure is perforation corrosion on body parts such as side members, cross members, floor, wheel arches, door pillars and mounting points for chassis components. During recent years, an increased amount of corrosion damages on wheel suspension parts has however been noticed. This initiated a cooperative investigation between the Swedish Corrosion Institute and the Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company to map out the extent and to analyse the causes of the corrosion problems on the wheel suspension parts on motor cars.
Hedlund, Staffan, Odén, Lennart
Tire Chain Clearance-Trucks, Buses (Except Suburban, Intercity, and Transit Buses), and Combinations of VehiclesJ683_198508 (Historical)8/1/1985
The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to set up a guide as to body, frame, and wheel housing clearance to accommodate tire chains, and also the minimum bogie spacing to permit using chains on both axles. These dimensions apply to trucks, buses, and combinations of vehicles 10 001 lb (4535.06 kg) GVW and over, and are based upon recommendations of the Tire and Rim Association and of the National Association of Chain Manufacturers. The diagram shows clearance for chains over the tire ONLY and allowance must be made for spring deflections in determining fender clearance.
Truck and Bus Total Vehicle Steering Committee
TRADITIONS, TRENDS, AND TENDENCIES IN CAR BODY DESIGN4900291/1/1949
STOUT, WILLIAM B.
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