Browse Topic: Business and general aviation aircraft

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Guidelines for the Integration of Electronic Engine Control Systems for Transport Category (Part 25) and General Aviation (Part 23) AircraftAIR5924B (Current)11/26/2025
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides methodologies and approaches that have been used to install and integrate full-authority-digital-engine-control (FADEC) systems on transport category aircraft. Although most of the information provided is based on turbofan engines installed on large commercial transports, many of the issues raised are equally applicable to corporate, general aviation, regional and commuter aircraft, and to military installations, particularly when commercial aircraft are employed by military users. The word “engine” is used to designate the aircraft propulsion system. The engine station designations used in this report are shown in Figure 1. Most of the material concerns an Electronic Engine Control (EEC) with its associated software, and its functional integration with the aircraft. However, the report also addresses the physical environment associated with the EEC and its associated wiring and sensors. Since most of today’s transport category
E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee
Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage ReconstructionR-4804/23/2025
Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction is a unique title which addresses important aspects of investigating crashes, who does this kind of work, and how a healthy attitude and open mind are required to properly perform investigations. It also discusses what to expect from the on-scene part of the investigation, and the fundamental approaches to common types of wreckage reconstruction. Written by Don Knutson, a veteran of this industry, Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction is intended for the practitioner, student, or those who are simply curious about how aircraft wreckage is reconstructed. Full references are provided in the various chapters for additional reading and research. Many examples of aircraft crash scenarios and circumstances are presented in a "generic" form but relate to actual investigations, which should prove as a useful investigative resource whether you are an apprentice or an experience professional with a government aviation
Knutson, Donald F.
Aircraft Turbine Fuel Contamination History and Endurance Test RequirementsAIR4023C (Current)11/1/2021
This document discusses the history and development of endurance requirements, provides an analysis of test contaminant material and includes a discussion of future requirements.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
555-TestingSAE-PP-004459/24/2021
This study focused on using adsorbents to suppress engine oil deterioration as a result of the influence of biodiesel. Engine oil performance is affected by the use of biodiesel that results in short period of oil drain interval. Neat base oil, 80% blended with biodiesel, 20% was thermo oxidatively aged. Magnesium aluminum hydroxycarbonate and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-buty-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene were applied, and the formation of oligomers in the base oil-RME mixture was monitored. The adsorbents intercept the precursors of the aging procedure and, therefore, interfere with the aging process. The analysis with FTIR showed less to no formation of oligomers. About 90% reduction in the total acid number was observed, with about 90% reduction in viscosity increment. The adsorbents, therefore, have an enhanced influence on the oxidative stability of biodiesel and its blends.
Mutagaana, Festo
113-testingSAE-PP-004449/24/2021
This study focused on using adsorbents to suppress engine oil deterioration as a result of the influence of biodiesel. Engine oil performance is affected by the use of biodiesel that results in short period of oil drain interval. Neat base oil, 80% blended with biodiesel, 20% was thermo oxidatively aged. Magnesium aluminum hydroxycarbonate and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-buty-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene were applied, and the formation of oligomers in the base oil-RME mixture was monitored. The adsorbents intercept the precursors of the aging procedure and, therefore, interfere with the aging process. The analysis with FTIR showed less to no formation of oligomers. About 90% reduction in the total acid number was observed, with about 90% reduction in viscosity increment. The adsorbents, therefore, have an enhanced influence on the oxidative stability of biodiesel and its blends.
Mutagaana, Festo, Mutagaana, Festo, SintzUSER, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane, Mutagaana, Festo, Mutagaana, Festo, SintzUSER, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane
112-testingSAE-PP-004439/24/2021
This study focused on using adsorbents to suppress engine oil deterioration as a result of the influence of biodiesel. Engine oil performance is affected by the use of biodiesel that results in short period of oil drain interval. Neat base oil, 80% blended with biodiesel, 20% was thermo oxidatively aged. Magnesium aluminum hydroxycarbonate and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-buty-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene were applied, and the formation of oligomers in the base oil-RME mixture was monitored. The adsorbents intercept the precursors of the aging procedure and, therefore, interfere with the aging process. The analysis with FTIR showed less to no formation of oligomers. About 90% reduction in the total acid number was observed, with about 90% reduction in viscosity increment. The adsorbents, therefore, have an enhanced influence on the oxidative stability of biodiesel and its blends.
Mutz, Jennifer, Mutagaana, Festo, Rickard, Chris, Jackson, Alyssa
111-TestingSAE-PP-004429/24/2021
This study focused on using adsorbents to suppress engine oil deterioration as a result of the influence of biodiesel. Engine oil performance is affected by the use of biodiesel that results in short period of oil drain interval. Neat base oil, 80% blended with biodiesel, 20% was thermo oxidatively aged. Magnesium aluminum hydroxycarbonate and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-buty-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene were applied, and the formation of oligomers in the base oil-RME mixture was monitored. The adsorbents intercept the precursors of the aging procedure and, therefore, interfere with the aging process. The analysis with FTIR showed less to no formation of oligomers. About 90% reduction in the total acid number was observed, with about 90% reduction in viscosity increment. The adsorbents, therefore, have an enhanced influence on the oxidative stability of biodiesel and its blends.
Mutagaana, Festo
004- TestingSAE-PP-004399/24/2021
This study focused on using adsorbents to suppress engine oil deterioration as a result of the influence of biodiesel. Engine oil performance is affected by the use of biodiesel that results in short period of oil drain interval. Neat base oil, 80% blended with biodiesel, 20% was thermo oxidatively aged. Magnesium aluminum hydroxycarbonate and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-buty-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene were applied, and the formation of oligomers in the base oil-RME mixture was monitored. The adsorbents intercept the precursors of the aging procedure and, therefore, interfere with the aging process. The analysis with FTIR showed less to no formation of oligomers. About 90% reduction in the total acid number was observed, with about 90% reduction in viscosity increment. The adsorbents, therefore, have an enhanced influence on the oxidative stability of biodiesel and its blends.
Mutagaana, Festo
001-TestingSAE-PP-004369/24/2021
To reduce such pollution in the city area, zero emission fleet vehicles can be employed for a short distance goods transport. In current development, old pickup trucks are targeted as the vehicle to be converted to an electric vehicle. In this case, model based system design were employed to reduce the design cost and process time. Vehicle specification and the Modified and Simplified Federal Urban Driving (MSFUD) cycles were used as inputs to the MATLAB scripted program represented the models of EV components and the power flow in the system. Lithium Ion batteries and Hydrogen fuel cell system were also employed as the power sources for the electric propulsion. The simulation shows different scenarios that could be used as the decision making support information and EV design exploration. It can predict several various EV and fuel cell characteristics, such as driving range, performance, torque speed map, and motor power dynamics. The simulation study has shown, by comparison
Mutagaana, Festo
Design of a Novel 2-Stroke SI Engine for Hybrid Light Aircraft2021-01-11799/21/2021
The trend of powertrain electrification is quickly spreading from the automotive field into many other sectors. For ultra-light aircraft, needing a total installed propulsion power up to 150 kW, the combination of a specifically developed internal combustion engine (ICE) integrated with a state-of-the-art electric system (electric motor, inverter and battery) appears particularly promising. The dimensions and weight of ICE can be strongly reduced (downsizing), so that it can operate at higher efficiency at typical cruise conditions; a large power reserve is available for emergency maneuvers; in comparison to a full electric airplane, the hybrid powertrain makes possible to fly at zero emissions for a much longer time, or with a much heavier payload. On the other hand, the packaging of a hybrid powertrain into existing aircraft requires a specific design of the thermal engine, that must be light, compact, highly reliable and fuel efficient. The last aspect has a direct impact on the
Caprioli, Stefano, Rinaldini, Carlo, Mattarelli, Enrico, Savioli, Tommaso, Scrignoli, Francesco
Convenient Location of Oxygen Masks for Both the Crew and Passengers of AircraftAIR1390A (Historical)8/10/2021
There are four basic conditions requiring the dispensing of oxygen through oxygen masks to aircraft occupants in turbine powered aircraft during flight. The following conditions are derived from the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) as listed in Section 2.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Continuous Flow Aviation Oxygen Masks (For Non-Transport Category Aircraft)AS1224B (Current)8/10/2021
This standard defines the minimum requirement for the design, construction and performance of continuous flow oxygen masks for crew and passengers of general aviation civil aircraft.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Night Vision Goggle (NVG) Compatible Light SourcesARP4168B (Current)5/13/2021
This ARP covers three common light sources, incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode that, when NVG filtered, can be used to illuminate NVG compatible aerospace crew stations. It is recognized that many other different light sources can also be used for this purpose. Also see 2.1.1 for other SAE documents that cover particular applications within the crew station environment. This ARP sets forth recommendations for the design of NVG compatible lighting, utilizing these light sources, that will meet the requirements of MIL-L-85762 Lighting, Aircraft, Interior, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. This also includes the replacement document MIL-STD-3009: Lighting, Aircraft, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. Although this ARP concentrates on lamp light sources for illumination, the information contained within this ARP may be directly applied to incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode information display devices. Regardless of the
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Minimum Performance Standards for Galleys in Transport Category AirplanesAS1426C (Current)4/9/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum design and performance requirements for galleys to be certified and installed in transport category airplanes.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Minimum Performance Standards for Galleys in Transport Category AirplanesAS1426C-TEST-REC (Historical)4/9/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum design and performance requirements for galleys to be certified and installed in transport category airplanes.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Analytical Methods for Aircraft Seat Design and EvaluationARP5765B (Current)3/30/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines a means of assessing the credibility of computer models of aircraft seating systems used to simulate dynamic impact conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Parts 23.562, 25.562, 27.562, and 29.562. The ARP is applicable to lumped mass and detailed finite element seat models. This includes specifications and performance criteria for aviation specific virtual anthropomorphic test devices (v-ATDs). This document provides a recommended methodology to evaluate the degree of correlation between a seat model and dynamic impact tests. This ARP also provides best practices for testing and modeling designed to support the implementation of analytical models of aircraft seat systems. Supporting information within this document includes procedures for the quantitative comparison of test and simulation results, as well as test summaries for data generated to support the development of v-ATDs and a sample v-ATD
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Analytical Methods for Aircraft Seat Design and EvaluationARP5765B-TEST-REC (Historical)3/30/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines a means of assessing the credibility of computer models of aircraft seating systems used to simulate dynamic impact conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Parts 23.562, 25.562, 27.562, and 29.562. The ARP is applicable to lumped mass and detailed finite element seat models. This includes specifications and performance criteria for aviation specific virtual anthropomorphic test devices (v-ATDs). This document provides a recommended methodology to evaluate the degree of correlation between a seat model and dynamic impact tests. This ARP also provides best practices for testing and modeling designed to support the implementation of analytical models of aircraft seat systems. Supporting information within this document includes procedures for the quantitative comparison of test and simulation results, as well as test summaries for data generated to support the development of v-ATDs and a sample v-ATD
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Performance Standard for Seat Furnishings in Transport AircraftAS6960 (Current)3/22/2021
Seat furnishings are installed around seats and are intended to enhance passenger privacy and comfort. They may have provisions for additional occupants to be seated when the aircraft is in-flight, but would not be occupied during taxi, take-off, and landing (TTL). This Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum design, performance and qualification requirements for seat furnishings with and without upper attachments (see Figures 1 and 2) to be installed in large transport category airplanes. This standard excludes seat furnishing designs that are directly attached to the seat assembly, for which AS8049 is the applicable standard. Integrated items (desk tops, cabinets, shelves, stowage areas, closeouts, dividers, etc.) connected to seat furnishings shall comply with the requirements of this AS as part of the seat furnishings.
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Performance Standard for Seat Furnishings in Transport AircraftAS6960-TEST-REC (Historical)3/22/2021
Seat furnishings are installed around seats and are intended to enhance passenger privacy and comfort. They may have provisions for additional occupants to be seated when the aircraft is in-flight, but would not be occupied during taxi, take-off, and landing (TTL). This Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum design, performance and qualification requirements for seat furnishings with and without upper attachments (see Figures 1 and 2) to be installed in large transport category airplanes. This standard excludes seat furnishing designs that are directly attached to the seat assembly, for which AS8049 is the applicable standard. Integrated items (desk tops, cabinets, shelves, stowage areas, closeouts, dividers, etc.) connected to seat furnishings shall comply with the requirements of this AS as part of the seat furnishings.
Aircraft SEAT Committee
SAE Aerospace Applied Thermodynamics Manual Ice, Rain, Fog, and Frost ProtectionAIR1168/4C (Current)2/19/2021
This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.
AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Committee
Design, Manufacturing, and Performance Standard for Composite Materials Used on Aircraft Seat StructuresARP6337-TEST-REC (Historical)11/18/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines additional documentation, environmental considerations, in-service damage limits, test and evaluation criteria necessary to support certification of aircraft seats manufactured using composite materials, in addition to requirements in AS8049 and ARP5526. This document is limited to aircraft seat composite parts in the seat primary load path from the occupant to the attachments of the seat to the aircraft. The term “composite” is inclusive of any fiber-reinforced polymer matrix materials such as carbon fiber-reinforced plastics, sandwich panels and bonded structure.
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Design, Manufacturing, and Performance Standard for Composite Materials Used on Aircraft Seat StructuresARP6337 (Current)11/18/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines additional documentation, environmental considerations, in-service damage limits, test and evaluation criteria necessary to support certification of aircraft seats manufactured using composite materials, in addition to requirements in AS8049 and ARP5526. This document is limited to aircraft seat composite parts in the seat primary load path from the occupant to the attachments of the seat to the aircraft. The term “composite” is inclusive of any fiber-reinforced polymer matrix materials such as carbon fiber-reinforced plastics, sandwich panels and bonded structure.
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Methods for Determining the Seat Reference Point (SRP) and the Buttock Reference Point (BRP) for Seats in Transport Aircraft, Civil Rotorcraft, and General Aviation AircraftARP6909 (Current)11/2/2020
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines acceptable methods for determining the seat reference point (SRP), and the documentation requirements for that determination, for passenger and crew seats in Transport Aircraft, Civil Rotorcraft, and General Aviation Aircraft.
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Performance Standard for Seats in Civil Rotorcraft, Transport Aircraft, and General Aviation AircraftAS8049D-TEST-REC (Historical)11/2/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines minimum performance standards, qualification requirements, and minimum documentation requirements for passenger and crew seats in civil rotorcraft, transport aircraft, and general aviation aircraft. The goal is to achieve comfort, durability, and occupant protection under normal operational loads and to define test and evaluation criteria to demonstrate occupant protection when a seat/occupant/restraint system is subjected to statically applied ultimate loads and to dynamic impact test conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 23, 25, 27, or 29 (as applicable to the seat type, see Table 1). Guidance for test procedures, measurements, equipment, and interpretation of results is also presented to promote uniform techniques and to achieve acceptable data. While this document addresses system performance, responsibility for the seating system is divided between the seat supplier and the installation applicant. The
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Performance Standard for Seats in Civil Rotorcraft, Transport Aircraft, and General Aviation AircraftAS8049D (Current)11/2/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines minimum performance standards, qualification requirements, and minimum documentation requirements for passenger and crew seats in civil rotorcraft, transport aircraft, and general aviation aircraft. The goal is to achieve comfort, durability, and occupant protection under normal operational loads and to define test and evaluation criteria to demonstrate occupant protection when a seat/occupant/restraint system is subjected to statically applied ultimate loads and to dynamic impact test conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 23, 25, 27, or 29 (as applicable to the seat type, see Table 1). Guidance for test procedures, measurements, equipment, and interpretation of results is also presented to promote uniform techniques and to achieve acceptable data. While this document addresses system performance, responsibility for the seating system is divided between the seat supplier and the installation applicant. The
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Wind Tunnel Testing and Analysis of a Rigid, Variable Speed Rotor for eVTOL ApplicationsF-0076-2020-1641110/5/2020
Many electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft intended for the urban air mobility (UAM) market are currently being designed with multirotor configurations using variable speed fixed-pitch, rigid rotors for lift. These types of rotors, which are similar in construction to general aviation airplane propellers, are simpler than helicopter rotors and have no moving parts in the rotating frame. This paper discusses wind-tunnel testing of a full-scale, UAM multirotor size, fixed-pitch, rigid rotor with a focus on vibratory blade loads and on the ability to predict these loads with comprehensive analysis. Test results show that vibratory loads are very high, with peak-to-peak magnitudes up to three times greater than the steady component. Correlation of test data to comprehensive analysis using geometrically exact composite beam structural elements and dynamic inflow wake modeling captures the trends in the steady and vibratory loads, but under-predicts the magnitudes by up to
Staruk, William, Bonny, Evan, Butt, Lauren, Gray, Cody, Hennig, Garrett, Represa, Diego, Toner, Richard
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Training and Qualification ProgramAS6286B (Historical)6/11/2020
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Training and Qualification ProgramAS6286B-TEST-REC (Historical)6/11/2020
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
Scaling Low-Cost Carbon Fiber Production with Oxidation TechnologyTBMG-371106/1/2020
Few materials used in manufacturing today are as versatile and desirable in performance applications as carbon fiber. Also known as graphite fiber and carbon graphite, carbon fiber is made up of thin strands of carbon that vary in diameter from four to ten microns, dependent on manufacturer and use. Do not let the size of these fibers fool you. Carbon fiber is regarded as one of the lightest and strongest materials on Earth. Compared to a unit of steel, carbon fiber is up to ten times stronger, two times stiffer, and 66% lighter.
Aerospace - Passive Side Stick Unit General Requirements for Fly-by Wire Transport and BusinessARP6001B (Current)4/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommendations for design and test requirements for a generic “passive” side stick that could be used for fly-by wire transport and business aircraft. It addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical and electrical interfaces The safety and certification requirements
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Aerospace - Passive Side Stick Unit General Requirements for Fly-by Wire Transport and BusinessARP6001B-TEST-REC (Historical)4/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommendations for design and test requirements for a generic “passive” side stick that could be used for fly-by wire transport and business aircraft. It addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical and electrical interfaces The safety and certification requirements
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Design of the Control Surfaces for an Aircraft Destined to the Competition SAE BRAZIL AERODESIGN2019-36-02141/13/2020
This work aims to present a methodology for the design of conventional control surfaces for light aircraft. Based on renowned aeronautical engineering references and standards, the theoretical framework presents the concepts of calculation for each flight phase particularity for each control surface in addition to a database with intervals of surfaces and their respective deflections of various aircraft. The methodology used takes into account the suggested steps for the aircraft design, where the dimensions are present in the preliminary design, according to the characteristics intended in the conceptual stage to develop conventional control surfaces aiming at the simplicity of design and the optimal response of control. The use of MATLAB and CFD software for data calculation and iterations are essential for the correct observance and evaluation of the obtained results. A comparative table and graphs will be elaborated for better visualization of the efficiency and behavior of each
Takano e Silva, Yoko Lucila, Kieling, Antonio Claudio, de Azevedo, Emile Diana Mendes, Vilaça, Neilson Luniere, Janzen, Renan Araújo, de Oliveira, Sanches Ismael
The impacts of Diesel cycle engines on the operating costs of the Cessna 172 Skyhawk and JT-A aircraft.2019-36-03211/13/2020
Diesel engines have been used on the aeronautical market for a long time. Despite this fact, there are few studies showing the potential cost savings of using this type of technology. In this way, the goal of this paper is to find out whether or not it is advantageous to use an Otto or Diesel cycle engine on general aviation light aircraft. It is well known that both of them have pros and cons, however, the possibility of using Jet A-1 (kerosene) as fuel gives the Diesel engine a clear advantage in a market like Brazil, where the price of the regular piston fuel (AvGas) keeps rising to astonishing values. Throughout this paper, a detailed study of the fixed and variable costs of two similar aircraft, both Cessnas 172 equipped with Otto and Diesel cycle engines is conducted, comparing fuel consumption, performance levels, and other factors. Even though the latter engine has a higher fixed operating cost, the advantages found in this study makes the Diesel motor a step forward of its
Diniz, Samuel Cunha, Henrique de Assis Coelho, Eduardo, Rodrigues de Oliveira, Gabriel, de Cardoso Oliveira, Lucas, Morais, Samuel Renan Costa, Vasques, Victor Britto, Jorge Machado, Luiz Henrique
Magnesium Alloys in Aircraft Seats - Developments in Magnesium Alloy Flammability TestingAIR6160A (Current)1/9/2020
This document provides informational background, rationale and a technical case to allow consideration of the removal of the magnesium alloy restriction in aircraft seat construction as contained in AS8049B. The foundation of this argument is flammability characterization work performed by the FAA at the William J. Hughes Technical Center (FAATC), Fire Safety Branch in Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA. The rationale and detailed testing results are presented along with flammability reports that have concluded that the use of specific types of magnesium alloys in aircraft seat construction does not increase the hazard level potential in the passenger cabin in a post-crash fire scenario. Further, the FAA has developed a lab scale test method, reference DOT/FAA/TC-13/52, to be used as a certification test, or method of compliance (MOC) to allow acceptability of the use of magnesium in the governing TSO-C127 and TSO-C39C. Other flammability studies are also cited in the AIR document to
Aircraft SEAT Committee
EO/IR Maritime PayloadTBMG-3535210/1/2019
CONTROP Precision Technologies Ltd. Lanham, MD 571-331-0042
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP4103A (Current)9/17/2019
This document recommends design and performance criteria for aircraft lighting systems used to illuminate flight deck controls, luminous visual displays used for transfer of information, and flight deck background and instrument surfaces that form the flight deck visual environment. This document is for commercial transport aircraft except for applications requiring night vision compatibility.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting Committee
Safety Assessment of General Aviation Airplanes and Rotorcraft in Commercial ServiceARP5151A (Current)8/20/2019
This document describes a process that may be used to perform the ongoing safety assessment for (1) GAR aircraft and components (hereafter, aircraft), and (2) commercial operators of GAR aircraft. The process described herein is intended to support an overall safety management program. It is to help a company establish and meet its own internal standards. The process described herein identifies a systematic means, but not the only means, to assess continuing airworthiness. Ongoing safety management is an activity dedicated to assuring that risk is identified and properly eliminated or controlled. The safety management process includes both safety assessment and economic decision-making. While economic decision-making (factors related to scheduling, parts, and cost) is an integral part of the safety management process, this document addresses only the ongoing safety assessment process. This ongoing safety assessment process includes safety problem identification and corrective action
S-18C ARP5150A and ARP5151A Working Group
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Training and Qualification ProgramAS6286A (Historical)6/26/2019
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
A Smart Icing Detection System for Any Location on the Outer Aircraft Surface2019-01-19316/10/2019
Given approximately one million small and light aircraft in operation worldwide, icing detection and icing quantification of in-flight icing are still an open research topic. Despite technical means are available to de-ice on ground, there is a lack of a suitable control system based on sensor data to de-ice while the aircraft is airborne. Most often, it is still task of the pilot to visually inspect the icing status of the airfoil and/or other critical parts of the aircraft such as engine air intakes, which distracts the flight crew from flying the aircraft especially in IMC conditions. Based on preliminary simulation and tests in 2014 in a collaborative research project lasting from 2015 until 2018, the technology of energy self-sustaining, wireless, self-adhesive smart sensors for industrial sensing in an aerodynamically critical environment (i.e. wind turbines) was further investigated to fulfil general aviation requirements. Prototype hardware setups have been designed and built
Schlegl, Thomas, Moser, Michael, Loss, Theresa, Unger, Thomas
Composite Fuel Tanks, Fuel System Design ConsiderationsAIR5774 (Current)5/16/2019
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a compilation of engineering references and data useful to the technical community that can be used to ensure fuel system compatibility with composite structure. This AIR is not a complete detailed design guide and is not intended to satisfy all potential fuel system applications. Extensive research, design, and development are required for each individual application.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Aircraft Nosewheel Steering/Centering SystemsAIR1752A (Current)4/17/2019
The intent of this AIR is twofold: (1) to present descriptive summary of aircraft nosewheel steering and centering systems, and (2) to provide a discussion of problems encountered and “lessons learned” by various airplane manufacturers and users. This document covers both military aircraft (land-based and ship-based) and commercial aircraft. It is intended that the document be continually updated as new aircraft and/or new “lessons learned” become available.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
The Application of Additive Manufacturing to the 2018 SAE Aero Design Challenge2019-01-13283/19/2019
This project focuses on the application of polymer additive manufacturing to the 2018 SAE Aero Design Regular Class competition for North Carolina A&T State’s 2017/2018 senior project team. The Regular Class SAE Aero Design challenge requires participating teams to create a high lift, high efficiency remote controlled aircraft that is designed to carry as many passengers and additional cargo mass as possible while still being able to meet land and air performance requirements defined by the competition rules. Constraints set by the competition rules include material constraints, a max gross weight of 55 lb, a limited power supply of 1000 W, a 12-ft wingspan limitation, enclosed cargo and passenger bays, the ability to unload and load all cargo and return the plane to a flight ready configuration within 1 minute, and a takeoff distance of 200 ft. The wide use of additive manufacturing and hot wire foam cutting for this aircraft design has allowed for accurate and efficient component
Blake, Nathan David, Waters, Cynthia, Esau, Simon, Kizito, John
Automated 6DOF Model Generation and Actuator Sizing within AFSIM2019-01-13363/19/2019
The Air Force Research Laboratory has interest in automatically generating the extensive aerodynamic databases essential for six degree of freedom (6DOF) models and the use of 6DOF models for design. To be most useful, automation must include all aspects of producing the database including meshing, control surface deflections, running the CFD solution, and storage of the results. This effort applies newly-developed software to produce the desired results. Firstly, AFRL software called Computational Aircraft Prototype Syntheses (CAPS) allows automated meshing using the Advancing Front Local Reconnection (AFLR) software from Mississippi State University1 and automated control surface deflection using Engineering Sketch Pad (ESP) software from MIT/Syracuse. CAPS includes the ability to run the NASA CFD code FUN3D and interpret the FUN3D results via an Application Interface Module (AIM). This may sound like a complicated process. However, it is quite simple using a python interface to CAPS
Allison, Darcy, Shimmin, Kyle, Schley, William, Bryson, Dean
Is the Future of Aerial Autonomy Up in the Air?19AVEP03_133/1/2019
As autonomous-drone and air-taxi concepts debut, legal hurdles will need to be cleared before the skies are automated. Autonomous vehicle technology literally has nowhere to go but up. At CES '19, more than 170 exhibitors showed aerial drones of various shapes and sizes. Potential use cases for these devices appear to be limitless, but technical, legal and regulatory hurdles must first be overcome. Drones are categorized by vehicle weight. The small devices weighing between 0.55 and 55 pounds (.25 kg to 25 kg) are known as Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and are lightly regulated. Drones exceeding 55 lb are regulated as traditional aircraft. Operators must obtain proper registration, licenses and certification for airworthiness.
Dukarski, Jennifer
Aircraft Parachute Recovery SystemsTBMG-337612/1/2019
BRS Aerospace South St. Paul, MN 651-457-7491
Fundamentals of Electric AircraftR-46212/18/2018
Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft was developed to explain what the electric aircraft stands for by offering an objective view of what can be expected from the giant strides in innovative architectures and technologies enabling aircraft electrification. Through tangible case studies, a deep insight is provided into this paradigm shift cutting across various aircraft segments – from General Aviation to Large Aircraft. Addressing design constraints and timelines foreseen to reach acceptable performance and maturity levels, Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft puts forward a general view of the progress made to date and what to expect in the years to come. Drawing from the expertise of four industry veterans, Pascal Thalin (editor), Ravi Rajamani, Jean-Charles Mare and Sven Taubert (contributors), it addresses futuristic approaches but does not depart too far from the operational down-to-earth realities of everyday business. Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft also offers analyses on how
Thalin, Pascal, Rajamani, Ravi, Maré, Jean-Charles, Taubert, Sven
Aircraft Lightning ZoneARP5414B (Current)12/5/2018
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines lightning strike zones and provides guidelines for locating them on particular aircraft, together with examples. The zone definitions and location guidelines described herein are applicable to Parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. The zone location guidelines and examples are representative of in-flight lightning exposures.
AE-2 Lightning Committee
Methods and Processes for Evaluation of Aerodynamic Effects of SAE-Qualified Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing FluidsARP6852C (Historical)10/24/2018
This document describes methods that are known to have been used by aircraft manufacturers to evaluate aircraft aerodynamic performance and handling effects following application of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing fluids (“fluids”), as well as methods under development. Guidance and insight based upon those experiences are provided, including: Similarity analyses Icing wind tunnel tests Flight tests Computational fluid dynamics and other numerical analyses This document also describes: The history of evaluation of the aerodynamic effects of fluids The effects of fluids on aircraft aerodynamics The testing for aerodynamic acceptability of fluids for SAE and regulatory qualification performed in accordance with AS5900 Additionally, Appendices A to E present individual aircraft manufacturers’ histories and methodologies which substantially contributed to the improvement of knowledge and processes for the evaluation of fluid aerodynamic effects
G-12ADF Aircraft Deicing Fluids
Oxygen System Maintenance GuideAIR1392A (Current)10/18/2018
This document is intended to give general instructions and directions for personnel performing maintenance and modification work on Oxygen Systems.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Oxygen System Maintenance GuideAIR1392A-TEST-REC (Historical)10/18/2018
This document is intended to give general instructions and directions for personnel performing maintenance and modification work on Oxygen Systems.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
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