Browse Topic: Roads and highways

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Machine Learning Approach to ISO Road Class Prediction Using Multiple Linear Regression2026-26-06671/16/2026
The inertial profiler methodology is traditionally employed in RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) to measure road profiles and classify test routes into ISO road classes. However, this approach demands significant time and effort during instrumentation. Also, during data acquisition, laser height sensor data is affected especially during adverse conditions such as rainy seasons or on surfaces with improper reflectivity. Additionally, substantial resources are required for data processing to convert raw measurements into road classifications. To address these challenges, an initial attempt was made to establish a relationship between axle acceleration responses and road profiles, enabling axle acceleration measurements during RLDA to predict ISO road classes. However, this approach relied on a simple linear model that considered only axle acceleration responses, rendering the predictions susceptible to inaccuracies due to varying parameters such as vehicle speed. To overcome these
P, Praveen Kumar, P, Dayalan, Sriramulu, Yoganandam
A Scientific approach to identify the source of intermittent steering rattle noise and implementing the design solutions2026-26-03461/16/2026
Body-on-frame vehicles are well-regarded for their durability and off-road capabilities, but their structural design often makes them more vulnerable to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues. Vibrations originating from uneven roads are transmitted through the suspension and steering assemblies, sometimes resulting in rattles or other disturbances. These vibrations can be amplified by the inherent flexibility in the body-to-frame mounting system. In such vehicles, the steering system plays a critical role in driver comfort and is highly sensitive to vibrational inputs from the road surface, especially on coarse or uneven terrain. Occasionally, these inputs result in subtle rattle noises that are perceptible only to the driver and may not be detected under controlled testing environments. This poses a challenge for engineers trying to isolate and resolve such intermittent NVH phenomena. Identifying the source requires a combination of real-world driving evaluations, structural
Ramesh Chand, Karan Kumar, Gopinathan, Haridoss, Kabdal, Amit
Comprehensive research study examining Tyre wear and its Indian perspective.2026-26-06041/16/2026
Automobile emissions refer to the gases and particles released into the atmosphere by vehicles during their operation. These emissions contribute to environmental pollution and have an impact on human health and the environment. This paper assimilates findings from a comprehensive research study examining tyre wear and its Indian perspective. Tyre wear understood as a factor affecting road safety, environmental health, and economic sustainability. The study identifies factors affecting tyre wear and provides overview regarding tyre wear generation in India, encompassing road infrastructure, vehicle characteristics, driving patterns, and environmental factors. Moreover, it examines the adverse effects of these particles on human health, such as respiratory ailments and cardiovascular diseases, as well as their impact on ecosystems. This paper delves measures to measure tyre wear and safeguard both environmental and public health. It also covers the tyre wear measurement methodologies to
Joshi, Amol, Khairatkar, Vyankatesh, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Refinement of Road Induced Steering Wheel Vibration in Electric Vehicle2026-26-03371/16/2026
Nowadays, customers expect excellent cabin insulation and superior ride comfort in electric vehicle. OEMs focuses on fine tuning the suspension system in electric vehicle to isolate the road shocks which finally offers superior ride quality. This paper focuses on the enhancing the ride comfort by reducing the steering wheel vibration which mainly originates due to road inputs. Higher steering wheel vibrations are perceived on the test vehicle when driven on rough road at the speed of 50 kmph. To determine the predominant force transfer path, Multi reference Transfer Path Analysis (MTPA) is performed on the front and rear suspension. Based on the finding from MTPA, various recommendations are explored and the effect of each modification is discussed. Apart from this, Operational Deflection Shape (ODS) analysis is carried out on the entire steering system to identify the deflection shape at the operating condition. Based on ODS findings, recommendations like dynamic stiffness
S, Nataraja Moorthy
Regenerative braking control strategy for electric commercial bus under Indian road condition using artificial neural network2026-26-06451/16/2026
The main objective of this research is to create a more efficient regenerative braking control strategy for electric commercial buses operating under Indian road conditions. The strategy uses Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to optimize the regenerative braking process. Regenerative braking helps to recover energy that would otherwise be lost during braking and convert it back into usable power for the vehicle. The challenge is to design a system that works effectively on the diverse and often challenging road conditions found in India, such as varying gradients, traffic patterns, and road surface types. This study begins by collecting data (which includes vehicle speed, road gradient, traffic condition, etc.) from real-world driving conditions and aims to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using a large set of driving data collected under various conditions to predict the most efficient regenerative braking settings for different driving scenarios. While the results are
Saurabh, Saurabh, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Patil, Nikhil, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-00851/16/2026
Abstract Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analysing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behaviour. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behaviour using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The evaluation is done using standard ISO test manoeuvres, including Constant Radius turn test (ISO 4138), Sine Steer test (ISO 8725) and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification (as per
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
Road noise improvement of a passenger vehicle through end-to-end CAE-Simulation using Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) approach2026-26-04311/16/2026
Refined NVH performance of a vehicle is a mark of premium quality. Achieving the desired NVH performance in different vehicle operating conditions is always a Herculean task and early stage “CAE design recommendations” play crucial role in overall vehicle design development. This becomes tougher when the program is very much cost, weight and timeline sensitive. This paper explores simulation approach for addressing a major noise issue for a vehicle running at a constant speed on a rough road. The first and the most critical step is to identify the exact root cause of the issue. Hence, we propose a detailed full vehicle level “contribution analysis (CA) + transfer path analysis (TPA)” methodology (everything done through the simulation) and then go for the design recommendations to improve the performance. We used road excitation power spectral density (PSD) as the input at all the four wheels (spindle locations) calculated through MBD software. The first step i.e. contribution analysis
Mahajani, Mihir, Nascimento, Fabio, ADINARAYANA REDDY, KODIDELA, Matyal, Mahantesh, Tenagi, Irappa, Sardar, Chenna
Enhanced Methodologies for predicting Automotive Wheel Bearing life and damage using RLDA2026-26-04821/16/2026
The durability of wheel bearings is assessed in terms of raceway life and flange life. Raceway life focuses on the performance and damage tolerance of rolling elements, while flange life evaluates the structural integrity of wheel flanges under operational stresses. Traditionally, durability predictions relied on conventional design methods and analytic formulas for raceway spalling, as well as static load assumptions for flange fatigue analysis. Recently, integrating design of experiments (DOE) with traditional approaches has enhanced these methods, enabling systematic evaluation of design variables and loading conditions. This paper introduces a methodology for analysing raceway life and damage in automotive wheel bearings using RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) data. The process involves acquiring raw deterministic load data, filtering it to preserve high-peaked signals, and transforming the filtered data into block cycles derived from load time histories. Each block cycle contains
Narendra, Vishwanath, Mane, Yogiraj, Paua, Ketan, Singh, Ram Krishnan, Vellandi, Vikraman
Predictive Simulation Framework for Tyre Curb Impact Durability Assessment and Design Optimization2026-26-03961/16/2026
Tyre structural durability validation is a critical aspect of automotive design, considering the worsening road conditions. One of the key validation tests for assessing structural integrity is the curb impact test, which evaluates the tyre's ability to withstand sudden and concentrated impacts. Typically, this process involves physical testing of preliminary tyre samples, followed by iterative modifications to the tyre's construction to meet durability requirements. However, this approach often compromises ride performance, necessitating a more efficient and predictive methodology. To address this challenge, a frugal simulation-based prediction methodology has been developed to evaluate tyre curb impact durability before vehicle-level testing. This allows for the optimization of tyre design parameters early in the development process, ensuring structural performance while minimizing ride and handling (R&H) tuning iterations. By reducing the number of iterations, the methodology
Sundaramoorthy, Ragasruoban, LENKA., VISWESWARA
Decision-fatigue mitigation in Automotive HMI System2026-26-06521/16/2026
Abstract - With advent of digital displays in driver cabins in commercial vehicles, the drivers are getting offered with many features. Due to availability of vast number of features, drivers face decision fatigue in choosing the appropriate features. Many are unaware of all available functionalities displayed in the HMI System, leading to a bare minimum usage or complete neglect of helpful features. This not only affects the driving efficiency but also increases cognitive load, especially in complex driving scenarios. Instead of manually choosing between multiple settings, the driver can simply activate a recommendation mode, allowing the system to optimize selections dynamically. Novelty of this proposal focuses on introducing Intelligence in HMI Systems in such a way that it will maximize the usage index and reduce decision fatigue in drivers. To achieve this, an AI-driven recommendation system is introduced, based on User Customization and Adaptive Learning Model along with ML
K, Sunil, Dhoot, Disha
"Design and process Optimization of Suspension Components Under RWUP-based Loading Conditions"2026-26-05141/16/2026
Title: Challenges faced during design and manufacturing of POM (Polyoxymethylene) ring in Macpherson strut suspension. Abstract: Designing and manufacturing a POM (Polyoxymethylene) ring for a MacPherson strut suspension system brings a unique set of challenges due to the high-performance and durability demands for Indian road application. POM ring along with bump used in the shock absorber is designed to absorb the strong shock coming from the road inputs when suspension travel reached to the maximum limit there by absorbing the impact energy and preventing it from transferring it to the body. A bump stopper for a suspension of a vehicle is made of poly urethane (PU) and POM ring (Polyoxymethylene). The bump stopper forms of a bellows shape during the absorption of impact energy. Bellow or wrinkle in which concaves and convexes are repeated is formed on the outer surface of the bump stopper. POM ring is placed in the concaves of bump stopper which will define load, deflection
Koritala, Ashok Kumar, Malekar, Amit, kulkarni, Purushottam, S, SIVASHANKAR, Mishra, Harshit, Ganesh, Mohan Selvakumar, Patnala, Avinash, J, Ramkumar, NAYAK, Bhargav, M, Sudhan
Integrating V2V and V2I Communications for Enhanced Traffic Safety and Efficiency in Connected Vehicular Networks2026-26-02711/16/2026
This paper presents a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Our study focuses on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic signals to share real-time data about speed, position, and road conditions. Using both analytical models and experimental simulations built in MATLAB/Simulink, we developed a system that predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. In our design, a Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) feature suggests an ideal speed for drivers so that they can pass through green lights without unnecessary stopping. This not only improves traffic flow but also reduces fuel consumption and lowers the risk of accidents. We validated our system through a series of simulations and real-time traffic scenarios. The results show that our approach can adapt dynamically to changes in vehicle behavior and traffic density
PINTO, COLIN AUBREY, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala
Investigation and Reduction of Road Noise due to transient road inputs in Electric Vehicle2026-26-03581/16/2026
Higher road noise is perceived in the cabin when the test vehicle encounters road irregularities like bump or pothole in the public roads. The sudden transfer of transient road inputs inside the body caused objectionable cabin noise. Measurements are conducted on the test track at different road surfaces to identify the patch where the objective data well correlated with the noise measured at the public road. Wavelet analysis is carried out to identify the frequency zones since the events are transient in nature. Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) is conducted in both time domain and frequency domain to identify the nature of the noise and the limitation in each of the methodologies are explained. The dominant path through which the transient road forces are transferring inside the body are also identified. Based on the outcome of TPA, various countermeasures like reduction of dynamic stiffness of suspension and cradle bushes , structural modifications on the path are proposed to reduce the
S, Nataraja Moorthy
Optimizing Suspension Joint Reliability: Overcoming Bolt Loosening and Torque Variability in Automotive Production2026-26-04921/16/2026
In modern automotive manufacturing, ensuring the integrity of suspension joints under real-world driving conditions is a critical aspect of vehicle safety and performance. These joints endure substantial transverse loads and large vibrations due to irregular road surfaces, dynamic manoeuvres, and varying environmental factors. As a result, bolt loosening becomes a significant concern, compromising joint integrity and overall vehicle reliability. This paper delves into the challenges associated with maintaining joint integrity, specifically focusing on pre-load determination, torque application, and production-related issues. The pre-load generated during torquing is the primary factor that ensures a suspension joint remains securely fastened under dynamic road conditions. This pre-load is derived using road load data acquisition (RLDA) inputs, which capture the forces acting on the joint during actual driving scenarios. RLDA inputs provide critical insights into the forces experienced
Kumar, Sabeesh, Vasant Kumar, Jesse Daniel, Mishra, Harshit, Senthil Raja, T, NAYAK, Bhargav, M, Sudhan, NAMANI, Prasad, Vibhute, Shekhar
Revolutionizing Urban Mobility in India: The Emergence of the 2-3 Wheel Combi Vehicle and the L2-5 Regulatory Framework.2026-26-01871/16/2026
Urban mobility in India is evolving rapidly under the pressures of population growth, increasing congestion, and the demand for innovative transportation solutions. With infrastructure development and urbanization accelerating, there is a growing need for versatile vehicles that can adapt to both personal and commercial purposes while addressing urban vehicle density. To meet this demand, the 2-3 Wheel Combi Vehicle has emerged as a groundbreaking modular mobility solution, enabling seamless transitions between two-wheeled (2W) and three-wheeled (3W) configurations. This is world's 1st class changing vehicle, exemplified by Hero's SURGE. It offers a single, multi-functional platform that supports agile urban mobility, e-commerce deliveries, and income generation. This innovation is underpinned by India's pioneering and newly created L2-5 category, a unique regulatory framework established by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) under the Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR
Ali Khan, Feroz, Gupta, Eshan
Brake Judder Resolution through Experimental Testing2026-26-05871/16/2026
Brake judder is a critical concern in modern automotive systems, impacting both vehicle performance and passenger comfort. This phenomenon manifests as undesirable vibrations during braking, often caused by various factors such as vehicle architecture, different wheelbase, brake design considerations, load distribution, suspension characteristics etc. These vibrations not only compromise braking efficiency but also affect the overall driving experience, making it a priority issue for automotive engineers and researchers. This paper investigates the root causes of brake judder in a M3 Bus category vehicle having pneumatic brake system, focusing on its mechanical aspects and operational dynamics. By employing a combination of experimental testing and analytical evaluations, the study delves into the influence of brake torque generation and its consumption during vehicle deceleration for different wheelbase vehicles having similar brake system, revealing discrepancies that contribute to
Mundkar, Rameshwar, Shete, Rahul, Nayak, Nihar, Gavade, Sarjerao
Real-time Helmet Detection and Closed-Loop Enforcement System for Two-Wheelers2026-26-06501/16/2026
Need: In India, two-wheelers account for a significant portion of road traffic and contribute heavily to the national burden of road fatalities. Despite regulatory mandates, helmet non-compliance remains widespread due to limited enforcement reach and behavioral inertia. Currently there is no intelligent system that enforces helmet usage autonomously in a closed loop directly at the vehicle level. Motivation: The existing enforcement strategies such as traffic policing or external camera-based surveillance are reactive, infrastructure-dependent, and ineffective at scale. To overcome these limitations, we propose a real-time helmet detection and closed-loop system that is integrated into the two-wheeler itself. This approach promotes proactive safety compliance without relying on external monitoring infrastructure. Methodology: The proposed model is AI-powered, vision-based system that leverages deep learning techniques for helmet detection, supported by a custom-built dataset
Kandimalla, Om Mahalakshmi, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala
non-SAE standard test - revision Standard for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on Land Highways - Safety Standardas-jms-1A (Current)9/23/2025
non-SAE standard test - revision Specifications, test methods, and usage provisions for safety glazing materials used for glazing of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment operating on land highways.
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
Fatigue Analysis of Motorcycle Rear Swing Arm on Different Road Surfaces2024-32-00464/18/2025
The rear swing arm, a crucial motorcycle component, connects the frame and wheel, absorbing the vehicle’s load and various road impacts. Over time, these forces can damage the swing arm, highlighting the need for robust design to ensure safety. Identifying potential vulnerabilities through simulation reduces the risk of failure during the design phase. This study performs a detailed fatigue analysis of the swing arm across different road conditions. Data for this research were collected from real-vehicle experiments and simulation analyses, ensuring accuracy by comparing against actual performance. Following CNS 15819-5 standards, road surfaces such as poorly maintained, bumpy, and uneven roads were tested. Using Motion View, a comprehensive multi-body dynamic model was created for thorough fatigue analysis. The results identified the most stress-prone areas on the swing arm, with maximum stress recorded at 109.6N on poorly maintained roads, 218.3N on bumpy surfaces, and 104.8N on
Chiou, Yi-Hau, Hwang, Hsiu-Ying, Huang, Liang-Yu
Analysis of Lane Departure Caused by Inadequate Motorcycle Driving Maneuvers Due to Road Alignment2024-32-00344/18/2025
There are many riders who drive motorcycles on winding mountain roads and caused single motorcycle traffic accidents on curved roads by lane departure. Driving a motorcycle requires subtle balancing and maneuvering. In this study, in order to clarify the influence of lane departure caused by inadequate driving maneuvers against road alignment, the authors analyzed the required curve initial operation and driving maneuvers in curves depending on the traveling speed using a kinematics simulation for motorcycle dynamics. In addition, it was analyzed how inadequate driving maneuvers for curved roads can easily cause lane departure. As a result, it shows that the steering maneuvers and the lean of motorcycle body during the curves are highly affected by the vehicle speed, and the required maneuvers increases rapidly with increasing speed. The inadequate maneuver in the curves, especially for the lean of motorcycle body and steering torque, even by 10%, may cause failure to follow the
Kuniyuki, Hiroshi, Takechi, So
Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations Based on Urban Road Network Congestion Tracing2025-01-72163/19/2025
Exhaust emissions from congested road segments constitute a significant source of urban air pollution. Resolving traffic congestion throughout the road network presents considerable challenges. However, alleviating tailpipe emissions on congested roads can be achieved by increasing the proportion of electric vehicles (EVs) in the traffic flow. Therefore, we propose a method for optimizing the layout of EV charging stations based on urban road networks congestion tracing. This method traces congestion sources through similarity between road networks, and evaluates the installation potential value of adjacent candidate installation points using the congestion contribution degree of the road segment as an indicator. The analysis is conducted on 100 routes within the Qinhuai district of Nanjing city, using spatiotemporal similarity metrics. The utilization of point-of-interest and traffic data from online mapping sources overcomes the complexity of road network structure and the sparsity
Zeng, Wenyi, Jian, Lu, Hu, Xiaojian
Short-Term Prediction of Highway Visibility Level Based on Attention Mechanism LSTM2025-01-72122/21/2025
To improve the accuracy and reliability of short-term prediction of highway visibility level in key scenarios such as short duration and fast changing speed, this paper proposes a short-term prediction method for highway visibility level based on attention mechanism LSTM. Firstly, XGBoost and SHAP methods are used to analyze the factors affecting highway visibility, determine the importance ranking of different influencing factors, and select the factors that have a greater impact on visibility as inputs for the visibility level prediction model. Secondly, based on LSTM as the model foundation network and innovative coupling attention mechanism, a visibility level prediction model based on attention mechanism LSTM is constructed, which can dynamically update the correlation between meteorological feature information at each historical time point and the visibility level at the current prediction time, thereby dividing the importance of information and flexibly capturing important
Ding, Shanshan, Xiong, Zhuozhi, Huang, Xu, Li, Yurong
A Predictive Approach to Estimate Tyre Wear Characteristics2024-26-03131/16/2024
Tyre wear is a significant concern for the automotive industry due to multiple reasons that include vehicle performance, safety, economy, environmental (particulate matter emission) aspects, etc. Therefore, ensuring higher tyre tread wear resistance is one of the most important criteria while developing a new tyre. Tyre wear phenomenon is influenced by various factors, such as, road conditions, driving habits, maintenance practices and tyre design parameters (construction, geometry and material). The wear assessment through classical field-testing approach consumes significant time and resources. Therefore, digital predictive tools are very useful in predicting wear characteristics at the early stage of tyre development process. In this study, an attempt has been made to capture the impact of tread geometry, tread material, vehicle geometry, vehicle speed, test track geometry, etc. on tyre wear. A commercial finite element code, Abaqus was utilized for tyre structural simulation and
Bedi, Vinay Kumar, Rana, Kashif, Mahata, Pundarik, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Auto lock of manual seat track adjustment in passenger vehicles2024-26-00011/16/2024
Vehicle seats are provided with a facility to adjust the seat forward or rearward. Seating positions can be adjusted according to the comfort of the occupants. Seat track position plays an important role in airbag deployment during vehicle crash. A hand lever is used to manually adjust the seat track in some vehicles by pulling up the lever and releasing it after the appropriate seating position has been adjusted. All the safety manuals provided by OEMs warns about the adjustment of seat track position as forward or rearward during vehicle movement. It is high risk because of any rapid movements due to unexpected road conditions might result in driver losing control of the pedals and steering wheel and this may leads to severe injuries and even can cause fatalities. The proposed system in this paper is focused to provide more safety to the driver with a new method " Auto lock of manual seat track adjustment in passenger vehicles”. The proposed system shall be integrated with Body
Nalagatla, Karthik, S, Deepak Kumar, Jamadar, Tohidanjum
A research work to develop an e-Axle generic DVP for the Indian Market complying with Indian and International standards2024-26-01181/16/2024
The electric vehicle market of India has very high growth potential in the coming years, and several automotive manufacturers, including Tier-1 suppliers, are looking to take part in this growth phase. The electric powertrains used in e-cars on Indian roads comply with BIS and AIS standards, but these standards alone do not give much clarity on the complete list of tests required to develop an e-Axle through all stages of development. A major challenge for OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers is to develop the e-Axle in-house for the Indian market, which will play a significant role in overall profitability at high volumes in the long run. Compliance with BIS and AIS standards alone will not be enough to meet the development requirements of an e-axle because a comprehensive list of the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Traceable requirements of any e-Axle are fulfilled through Performance, Functional, Durability, and Robustness categories of tests. This paper presents a study of
Ray, Rakesh Kumar, Vaither, G V N Selvavindhan
Big Data Analytics (Telematics) for real time testing improvements and integration back to Development of Future Models/EVs2024-26-03521/16/2024
The Auto industry has relied upon traditional testing methodologies for product development and Quality testing since its inception. As technology changed, it brought a shift in customer demand for better vehicles with the highest quality standards. With the advent of EVs, OEMs are looking to reduce the going-to-market time for their products to win the EV race. Traditional testing methodologies have relied upon data received from various stakeholders and based on the same tests are planned. The data used is highly subjective and lacks variety. OEMs across the world are betting big on telematics solutions by pushing more and more vehicles with telematics devices as standard fitment. The data from such vehicles which gets generated in high levels of volume, variety and velocity can aid in the new age of vehicle testing. This live data cannot be simply simulated in test environments. The device generates hundreds of signals, frequently in a fraction of seconds. Multiple such signals can
Sahoo, Priyabrata, Singh, Saurabh, Prasad, Kakaraparti Agam
Understanding the Complexities and Validation of Exhaust System Components For New Emission Requirement with Thermal Load and Multi-Axis Vibration2024-26-03301/16/2024
The new emission requirement norms in India calls for a robust Exhaust and After Treatment System (EATS) in automobiles. Its main purpose is to reduce the emission of harmful pollutants into the environment. EATS have a series of components that cleans the diesel exhaust emitted by the engine prior to releasing it through the tailpipe to the outside air. All the EATS components must undergo stringent testing protocol prior to its implementation in vehicle. During the exhaust treatment process, a very high temperature of about 550°C is produced in the EATS system. Hence, the effect of this higher temperature needs to be considered for validation. Moreover, the components will undergo multi-axial vibration in real road conditions which also need to be simulated during validation. In addition, engine vibrations are directly transmitted through a flex bellow to EATS system. These vibrations need to be captured and simulated in component level testing. In this paper, we will discuss about
Sundarrajan, Manikandan
Regulatory Framework for Construction Equipment Vehicles in India2024-26-00891/16/2024
The Construction & Mining field is continuously upgrading, reshaping under the stimulus of technical enhancement. India is considered one of fastest growing country in the word. Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles in India is continuously growing due increased rate infrastructure development. To promote development of the Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEV's) manufacturing sector it was also necessary to build a new governance architecture. Every vehicle plying on road has to comply with Central Motor Vehicle Regulatory requirements as per CMVR act 1989. Earlier 2021 CEV's were required to go through performance trials like brake, steering effort, turning circle measurement, speedometer calibration as dynamic tests as per regulations. It was need of the time to come with stringent norms or for better safety of operators & take CEV compatible international regulation. this paper puts forward the basic principles & safety requirements improved for CEV's over the time
Babar, Sagar, Akbar Badusha, A
Road noise analysis using Component TPA and FBS with vehicle component modifications2025-01-00555/5/2023
Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and mount bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this
Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije
Tire simulation to optimize road noise2025-01-01115/5/2023
Tires have a significant impact on vehicle road noise. In the past, tire development has been driven by testing that is costly and time-consuming. Simulation approaches are becoming more important as the need for NVH performance requirements rises and vehicle development cycles get shorter. Therefore, simulation techniques should be used to tires at an early stage. Among various road noise, the noise of 80~160 Hz is easily felt when driving on the rough road, and this noise has a great relationship with the tire structural design. How to improve the road noise problem through tire simulation has become an important issue, so this paper puts forward the concept of virtual tire design and clarifies the responsibility of automotive enterprises and tire suppliers. In virtual tire design or tuning, an appropriate tire model is crucial for road noise performance. The CDtire model can meet the requirements, so in this article, CDtire is used to improve road noise at 80-120Hz. To obtain an
zhang, Ben, Yu Sr, Jing, Chen, Qimiao, Liu, Xianchen, Gu, Perry
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reinventing the Wheel with Carbon Fiber132388/5/2022
The team at Carbon Revolution is going against some age-old advice -they're reinventing the wheel. And they're seeing results. Back in 2004, Dr. Ashley Denmead, Chief Technology Officer and Founder of Carbon Revolution, was part of the Formula SAE team at Deakin University in Australia. After building a too-heavy car the year prior, Ashley and his engineering team looked to save weight in the wheels. Their idea? Build them out of carbon fiber. Thus, the journey of Carbon Revolution began. Today, the company designs and manufactures some of the world's most technically advanced and highest performing wheels on the planet, and one of the most advanced lightweight technologies on any car. There are more than 50,000 Carbon Revolution wheels on the road today, including on vehicles such as the Ford GT and the Ferrari F8 Spider. From four guys in a garage to 550 people in a 10,000 square-foot facility with Ford, Ferrari and General Motors among its customers, Carbon Revolution proves
Hineman, Marcie
Adaptive Cycle Engines: Results with 2nd Generation Combustion Model2022-01-05143/29/2022
A more accurate combustion model, based on Fluent simulations including the effect of flame stretching and extinction, has been added to cycle and road simulations of an Adaptive Cycle Engine (ACE), where compressions and expansions do not follow a predefined sequence. Also, engine speed data from the Argonne Downloadable Dynamometer Database is used in the road simulations in lieu of the original constant-speed model. Results show a drop in predicted steady-state brake efficiency around 5% relative to the model using a standard Wiebe function for heat release rate, but peak bmep rises over 20%. Performance on road cycles is not greatly affected by the delayed combustion since the relationship between expansion mass and work is largely unchanged. Even with the refined model, ACE-equipped vehicles remain competitive with electric powertrains in pre-tax cost and overall emissions.
Ruiz, Francisco
Road Crossing Assistance Method Using Object Detection Based on Deep Learning 2022-01-01693/29/2022
This paper describes a method for assisting pedestrians to cross a road. As motorization develops, pedestrian protection techniques are becoming more and more important. Advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) are improving rapidly to provide even greater safety. However, since the accident risk of pedestrians remains high, the development of an advanced walking assistance system for pedestrian protection may be an effective means of reducing pedestrian accidents. Crossing a road is one of the highest risk events, and is a complex phenomenon that consists of many dynamically changing elements such as vehicles, traffic signals, bicycles, and the like. A road crossing assistance system requires three items: real-time situational recognition, a robust decision-making function, and reliable information transmission. Edge devices equipped with autonomous systems are one means of achieving these requirements. Situational recognition when crossing a road must identify the pedestrian
Kawamura, Hiroaki, Shintani, Kohei, Mima, Hiroki, Taniguchi, Mashio
Halfshaft Joints Lifetime Prediction Method and Tool Development2022-01-02903/29/2022
This study is inspired by the technological developments across all product development areas for the elimination of physical testing based on data analytics. As one of the important driveline components, halfshaft fatigue performance is mostly limited by CV Joints life. That being the case, product development engineering teams are challenged to deal with black box CV joint designs from various suppliers and validate them for different applications. In this paper, it's mentioned about the method development of road load data usage to have robust lifetime prediction for CV joints. Instantaneous joint angles which are not possible to acquire during vehicle testing with conventional equipments are one of the main parameters for the damage rating. A solution is provided to generate a correlation between theoretical angle calculations and available parameters from the given road load data. At the end of the study, calculated CV joint fatigue life in mileage are compared with the real life
Ayber, Barış, Kaplan, Murat, Genc, Utku, ÖZEN, Erman, POSA, Chris, ATKINSON, Nancy
A Multi-axle and Multi-Type Truck Classification Model for Dynamic Load Recognition2022-01-01583/29/2022
Overloading of trucks can easily cause damage to roads, bridges and other transportation facilities, and accelerate the fatigue loss of the vehicles themselves, and accidents are prone to occur under overload conditions.In recent years, various countries have formulated a series of management methods and governance measures for truck overloading.However, the detection method for overload behavior is not efficient and accurate enough.At present, the method of dynamic load identification is not perfect. No matter whether it is the dynamic weight measurement method of reconstructing the road surface or the non-contact dynamic weight measurement method, little attention is paid to the difference of different vehicles.Especially for different vehicles, there should be different load limits, and the current devices are not smart enough.Therefore, this paper hopes to design an image processing algorithm to automatically classify different types of trucks, and then calculate the actual load of
Qi, Fei
Performance optimization of road noise system based on convolutional neural network2022-01-03703/29/2022
Abstract: In view of the traditional road noise active control system being unable to adapt to different types of road excitations, a convolutional neural network method is designed to identify the road surface in advance, and the convergence factor of the road noise system algorithm is adaptively controlled by different road input to make the vehicle on different roads. To achieve the best noise reduction effect. This paper collects three typical road images, uses migration learning to train and test the network, and combines the recognition results with the road noise active control algorithm for joint simulation. The results show that the road surface can be recognized accurately by using convolutional neural network. According to different road types, by adjusting the algorithm convergence factor, the noise reduction effect of the vehicle can be effectively improved.
Shi, Chenlu, Zhu, Yugang, Sen, Zheng, Ge, Xu, lv, Xiao, Zihong, Ling
Anticipation-Based Autonomous Platoon Control Strategy with Minimum Parameter Learning Adaptive Radial Basis Function Neural Network (MPL-ARBF-NN) Sliding Mode Control 2022-01-03483/29/2022
Human-driver is stochastic in nature and usually difficult to predict. In car following scene, where an autonomous vehicle platoon follows a human-driven vehicle having a complex acceleration behavior therefore needs greater attention for smooth traffic flow. To guarantee a string stable platoon operation, an efficient vehicle controller must be developed for fast convergence, adaptation simplicity, ease of design and real-time performance. The research proposed an adaptive fuzzy system-based compound variable exponential power reaching law (CVEPRL) sliding mode control in a backstepping design framework. The fuzzy system employs an efficient adaptation to minimize computational burden in real-time operation of the platoon. The ease of controller development arise from the backstepping control design and robustness of the controller can be inherited from sliding mode control (SMC). The autonomous vehicle can be modeled as a third order nonlinear plant with a varying disturbance term
Negash, Natnael M., Yang, James
Hierarchical Vehicle Stability Control Strategy Based on Unscented Kalman Filter Estimation2022-01-03433/29/2022
High-speed vehicle is prone to instability under bad road conditions, causing many safety accidents such as tail-flicking and overturning. Stability control could assist vehicle to drive safely and stably by adjusting the additional yaw moment. However, most of the existing stability control strategies directly invoke the information of the sideslip angle of the centroid that is difficult to obtain on the vehicle, and carry out complex controller design, which deviates from the actual application. In order to achieve a complete set of stability control architecture oriented to practical applications, this paper designs a hierarchical vehicle stability control strategy based on differential braking and state estimation technology. Firstly, a model oriented to state estimation and controller design is built according to the vehicle's motion state; Secondly, the sideslip angle of the centroid is accurately estimated through the unscented Kalman filter algorithm; Subsequently, the sliding
Zhang, Jian, Jiang, Hongwei, Li, Linrun, Liu, Qiuzheng, Wang, Yu, Liu, Jinbo, Gao, Yuan, Chen, Zhicheng
A study on editing method of road load spectrum of automobile rubber isolator using time-frequency domain methods2022-01-03143/29/2022
In order to enhance the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) method and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force which is acquired by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on the accumulative power spectral density, the threshold value was proposed to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and then the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the already existed time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to edit the force load spectrum to shorten the length of the spectrum, and the editing effects of the
Zhu, Xijun, Shi, Wei, Qian, Xuepeng, Wang , Fei
Investigations on Visibility of Digital Road Projections2022-01-09593/29/2022
With the arrival of Digital Projectors in Automotive Applications the possibilities of communication have drastically increased. Since there was no regulation in advance, the discussion about how to assess digital projections is now very active. Concerns are communicated, but with rare research base. This paper will investigate, if and in which geometrical space road projections are visible to other road traffic participants like oncoming, passing drivers or pedestrians. The research will investigate where projections are recognizable and assignable to the original intention of the projection. Test persons will be placed around the digital projections in a street scenery in night time driving condition. A grid will be created to identify the areas where digital projections could be understood and where the digital projections are not assignable to any interpretation. A questionnaire on safety evaluation will be added. The paper will present the geometrical “readability map” of digital
Hamm, Michael, Kobbert, Jonas, Hinterwaelder, Christian
The Study of Time-frequency Domain Accelerated Editing Method for Road Load Spectrum of Automobile Rubber Isolator2022-01-07383/29/2022
In order to improve the efficiency of durability testing of automobile parts, a time-frequency domain accelerated editing method of road load spectrum of rubber mount on powertrain was discussed. Based on Stockwell Transform (ST) theory and Accumulative Power Spectral Density (APSD), a new time-frequency domain accelerated editing method (ST-APSD) was proposed. The accumulative power spectral density was obtained by ST of the load spectrum signal of automobile powertrain rubber mounting force collected by the real vehicle in the test field. Based on this, the threshold value was set to identify and delete the small damage load fragments, and the acceleration spectrum was obtained. At the same time, the existing time-frequency domain accelerated editing methods (short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform) were used to accelerate the editing of the force load spectrum, and the editing effects of the three time-frequency domain editing methods were compared and analyzed from four
Zhu, Xijun
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Test Tracks of Reality: Applied Intuition and the Simulated Road, Warehouse and Port131811/20/2022
What if you could test hundreds of thousands of traffic and road scenarios before your autonomous vehicles ever even touched asphalt? Imagine billions of miles and an untold number of road events encountered in the virtual world before your car or truck even left the factory floor. Talk about a head start when it comes to safety and efficiency. Using a comprehensive suite of products created from the best practices in software development, the minds at Applied Intuition work with clients to design virtual test environments that simulate everything the road can throw at them. They are creating a world where software-enabled vehicles are an integral part of society across all industries where there are vehicles - roads, yes, but also factories and ports as well. In this episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, Qasar Younis, Co-Founder and CEO, and Peter Ludwig, Co-Founder and CTO of Applied Intuition, discussed how they're combining Detroit engineering know-how with Silicon Valley digital
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Creating Equity in Mobility: The Future of Cities with the NYU McSilver Institute1317011/5/2021
AVs and EVs have the potential to enhance transportation infrastructure in cities across the globe. But before this tech can be implemented, community and business leaders need to work together to create safe, equitable access to the burgeoning technology. The NYU McSilver Institute helps to guide these conversations around implementation while ensuring that historically underserved groups are able to take advantage of the incoming changes in mobility. Henry L. Greenidge, Esq., Fellow-in-Residence at the NYU McSilver Institute, discusses the future of mobility in cities, talking challenges on the streets of New York City, how tech innovations and policy can work together, the importance of community engagement and outreach, and how to achieve equitable mobility for all through community collaboration. Stay updated on the latest work from the NYU McSilver Institute: https://mcsilver.nyu.edu/
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Tesla: How a Team of Innovators Beat the Odds - and Changed the Future1316510/1/2021
Elon Musk's vision for Tesla has won the day, outpacing auto industry giants and leading the charge for electric vehicles. But the journey was a tumultuous one, rife with risk and grandiose promises. As Musk's ambitions grew, so did the scale of their problems. Tim Higgins, Technology Reporter for The Wall Street Journal and author of Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century, discusses the tech minds behind Telsa and their engineering innovations in lithium-ion batteries and vehicle design that helped turn a fantasy into reality. Read the book to hear the full story for yourself.
Hineman, Marcie
Customer-Centric Subjective Vehicle Evaluation by Assigning Weights to Attribute Parameters using Analytic Hierarchy Process2021-26-04929/22/2021
Subjective vehicle evaluation is a critical and established method to validate, engineer, and refine vehicle attributes. Organizations have an array of products catering to different customer requirements and expectations. To achieve better customer centricity and focused vehicle product attribute targets, weightage factoring of its corresponding parameters is essential. Subjective evaluations by vehicle evaluators comprise of providing ratings and feedback about attributes during different development stages of the product. All attribute parameters are presumed to have equal significance to the end customer. At times the end customers have different preferences for different vehicle attribute parameters. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to obtain the weightage factors for attribute parameters. Conventional method to obtain an overall attribute subjective rating is a simple mathematical average of the parameter ratings. The
Jayakumar, Gautham, Mahajan, Pushkar
A Strategy for Developing an Inclusive Load Case for Verification of Squeak and Rattle Noises in the Car Cabin2021-01-10888/31/2021
Squeak and rattle (S&R) are nonstationary annoying and unwanted noises in the car cabin that result in considerable warranty costs for car manufacturers. Introduction of cars with remarkably lower background noises and the recent emphasis on electrification and autonomous driving further stress the need for producing squeak- and rattle-free cars. Automotive manufacturers use several road disturbances for physical evaluation and verification of S&R. The excitation signals collected from these road profiles are also employed in subsystem shaker rigs and virtual simulations that are gradually replacing physical complete vehicle test and verification. Considering the need for a shorter lead time and the introduction of optimisation loops, it is necessary to have efficient and inclusive excitation load cases for robust S&R evaluation. In this study, a method is proposed to truncate and identify the important parts of the different road profiles that are often used for S&R physical
Bayani Khaknejad, Mohsen, Nilsson, Jonatan, Blom, Rasmus, Wickman, Casper, Söderberg, Rikard
On the Road Profile Estimation from Vehicle Dynamics Measurements2021-01-11158/31/2021
Ride comfort assessment is undoubtedly related to the interaction between the vehicle tires and the road surface. Indeed, the road profile represents the typical input for tire vertical load estimation in durability analysis and for active/semi-active suspension controller design. However, the road profile evaluation through direct experimental measurements involves long test time and excessive cost required by professional instrumentations to detect the road irregularities with sufficient accuracy. An alternative is shifting attention towards efficient and robust algorithms for indirect road profile evaluation. The object of this work aims at providing road profile estimation starting from vehicle dynamics measurements, through accessible and traditional sensors, with the application of a linear Kalman filter algorithm. The filter is designed and tuned by considering the pitch/bounce half-car models for the prediction phase and by measuring vertical accelerations and angular speeds
Vella, Angelo Domenico, Tota, Antonio, Vigliani, Alessandro
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: PennDOT Staying Ahead of Transportation Transformation131506/18/2021
No matter where industry goes - electric, automated, drones - PennDOT's Mark Kopko, Director of Transformational Technology, and his team are leveraging relationships with Pennsylvania's leading change-makers to educate, promote safety and develop policy that keeps the state on the forefront of technology. Tune in to hear PennDOT's strategy for setting the tone as the DOT of the future. Pennsylvania's rich experience in getting autonomous vehicles on the road offers great lessons. PennDOT shares this knowledge and so much more about the transformation of U.S. roadways through the PA AV Summit Series. Join the conversations to learn where the technology is going and hear from the partners, state leaders and universities that are making it happen. SAE is a proud sponsor of the 2021 series.
Hineman, Marcie
Speed Limiter Using Disturbance Observer2021-01-01024/6/2021
This paper suggests disturbance observer which improves performance of speed limit assist control. The nonlinear disturbance observer was designed so that disturbance caused by parameter and load uncertainties is able to be estimated exponentially. With the contribution of the observer, feed-forward and integral controllers can be omitted while improving steady-state error elimination and overshoot reduction. The acceleration observer is also designed to reduce the effect of wheel slip and changing slope. The performance of the controllers has been verified not only on flat roads, but also on wave road and rapidly changing ramps.
Son, Huiun, Jo, Kyuhwan, Kim, Sangjoon, Cho, Jinkyeom, Jeon, Sungbae
Prediction of Road Slope Ahead of Vehicles Based on Data Fusion and Data Mining2021-01-09104/6/2021
Heavy commercial vehicle drivers may frequently shift gears when they are running on long and downhill roads in mountainous area. In order to improve driving safety and fuel economy, it is necessary to predict the slope of the road ahead in real time and correct the driver's shift strategy in time. At present, the road slope estimation is mainly based on the real-time estimation of the road slope at the current position of the vehicle based on the vehicle driving information obtained by the sensors, but the road slope of the road section that the vehicle is about to reach has not been predicted. In this paper, based on the road slope information of the road section that the driver has driven through, combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) information and road design standards, the slope of the road section ahead is predicted. GIS information and road design standards are used to predict the overall situation of a section of road, and the slope of the first part of the
Sun, Meng, Tan, Gangfeng, Liu, Li, Tian, Zhongpeng, Chen, Lingtao
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