This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing up to 32 square inches (206 cm2) in area (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-O) Annealed; or when specified, “As Fabricated” (2024-F)

AMS4035N (Current)

11/13/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.010 to 1.750 inch (0.25 to 44.45 mm) in thickness, supplied in the annealed (O temper) condition (see 8.4). When specified, product shall be supplied in the “as fabricated” (F) temper.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Landing Gear Component Heat Damage

AIR5913B (Current)

11/11/2025

The purpose of this report is to outline types of in-service heat damage that have been observed in high strength steel landing gear components, with an emphasis on a particular type that is referred to as “Ladder Cracking” which can develop in landing gear shock struts. The report discusses how ladder cracking can be detected visually and evaluated by non-destructive inspection methods, and how it can be repaired at overhaul with the prior approval of the Original Equipment Manufacturer. This report also describes the use of a bearing material that has resolved this problem without introducing other problems. Examples of other types of service induced heat damage are also discussed.

A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings CommitteeNEW

Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7085-T7651) 7.5Zn - 1.6Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.12Zr Solution Heat Treated, Stress-Relieved, and Overaged

AMS4329C (Current)

9/30/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 4.001 to 7.000 inch, incl. (101.62 to 177.80 mm, incl.) in thickness (see 8.4).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy Plate (2624-T351) 4.1Cu - 1.4Mg - 0.6Mn Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally Aged

AMS4464B (Current)

9/30/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.500 to 1.500 inch, incl (12.70 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.4).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic Product Over 0.5 Inch (12.7 mm) Thick

AMS2630E (Current)

11/9/2021

This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic inspection, by pulse-echo procedures, of flat, rectangular, round, cylindrical, and contoured products having a thickness or cross-sectional dimension greater than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm), using either contact or immersion methods, and using the longitudinal-wave or shear-wave modes or combinations of the two, as necessary. This specification may apply to testing finished machined parts provided the parts can meet the basic testability requirements, such as size, contour, metallurgical structure, and thickness.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process for

AMSSTD2154E (Current)

7/15/2021

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for the ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Aluminum Alloy Forgings and Rolled or Forged Rings and Forging Stock 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061 - T4) Solution Heat Treated and Naturally Aged

AMS4146H (Current)

7/7/2021

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 4 inches (102 mm), hand forgings up to 8 inches (203 mm), rolled or forged rings up to 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) in thickness, and forging stock (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Ultrasonic Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar, Billet and Plate

AMS2631F (Historical)

6/22/2021

This specification covers the procedure for ultrasonic inspection of wrought titanium and titanium alloy products 0.25 inch (6.4 mm) and over in cross-section (thickness) or diameter.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Aluminum Alloy Die Forgings 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T73) Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4141H (Current)

4/28/2021

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 6 inches in thickness and forging stock of any size ordered to inch/pound units (see 8.8).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Cast Aluminum Alloy Composite 4.6Cu - 3.4Ti - 1.4B - 0.75Ag - 0.27Mg (205.0/TiB2/3p-T7P) Investment Cast, Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4471B (Historical)

4/22/2021

This specification covers a dilute aluminum/TiB2 metal matrix composite in the form of investment castings.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Eddy Current Inspection of Open Fastener Holes in Aluminum Aircraft Structure

ARP4402A (Current)

9/22/2020

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice establishes the requirements and procedures for eddy current inspection of open fastener holes in aluminum aircraft structures.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forgings 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T7452) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4323D (Current)

9/9/2020

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of hand forgings up to 6 inches (152 mm) inclusive, in nominal as-forged thickness and having a cross-sectional area of not more than 156 square inches (1006 cm2) (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Bolts, Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloy UNS R30035, Tensile Strength 260 ksi, Procurement Specification

AS7468C (Current)

4/11/2020

This procurement specification covers bolts made from a corrosion resistant, work-strengthened, cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS R30035.

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Aluminum Alloy, Extrusion 2.7Cu - 1.8Li - 0.7Zn - 0.3Mn - 0.3Mg - 0.08Zr (2099-T83) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching 1 to 4% and Aged

AMS4287B (Current)

4/10/2020

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) produced with nominal thickness up to 3.000 inch (76.20 mm), inclusive, and having a cross sectional area of 42 square inches (271 square centimeters) maximum and a circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 15 inches (38 cm) maximum (see 8.9). See 8.3 for definition of circumscribing circle size.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process for

AMSSTD2154D (Historical)

4/3/2020

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for the ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Titanium Alloy, Round Bar and Wire 3Al - 8V - 6Cr - 4Mo - 4Zr Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated and Cold Drawn

AMS4957G (Current)1/14/2020

This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of round bar and wire, 0.625 inch (15.88 mm) and under in nominal diameter or thickness.

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Sensing Applied Load and Damage Effects in Composites with Nondestructive Techniques

TBMG-3567212/1/2019

Composite materials are desirable for aeronautical and aerospace applications for many reasons including their high strength-to-weight ratios, fatigue and corrosion resistance, design adaptability, and performance capabilities in harsh environments. Because of these qualities, composites are useful in many applications such as in armor, helmets, and helicopters, and as structural components.

Sensing Applied Load and Damage Effects in Composites with Nondestructive Techniques

19AERP12_0812/1/2019

Comparing and correlating piezoelectrically induced guided waves, acoustic emission, thermography, and X-ray imaging to determine the effects of applied load on a composite structure. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland Composite materials are desirable for aeronautical and aerospace applications for many reasons including their high strength-to-weight ratios, fatigue and corrosion resistance, design adaptability, and performance capabilities in harsh environments. Because of these qualities, composites are useful in many applications such as in armor, helmets, and helicopters, and as structural components. However, when in-service, composite materials experience very different damage mechanics than metals. Performance and quality of composite materials can suffer from fatigue, environmental conditions, and external damage just as metals can, but due to their inherent complexity and the difficulty of detecting damage in composites with traditional inspection techniques, maintaining and guaranteeing the safety of composite structures is a challenging problem.

Quantitative Analysis of Raw Milk Using Spectral Sensors

TBMG-3547011/1/2019

Milk is one of the most widely used products, as well as being the raw material of all dairy products. Given this, measuring milk components has become very crucial for the dairy industry. Each dairy product requires milk with different ratios of its contents. Moreover, in order to keep track of the product quality, milk contents should be measured regularly.

Detection Method for Cavity Defects in Ballastless Track Structures of High-Speed Railways Based on Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Lamb Waves

10-03-02-00107/2/2019

This study proposes a method for the rapid detection and location of cavity defects in ballastless track structures of high-speed railways in service. First, the propagation of air-coupled ultrasonic Lamb waves in the ballastless track structure is studied. Theoretical calculation results show that the ultrasonic Lamb wave group velocity of the A2 mode in the track plate is 4000 m/s. Then, the excitation and reception methods of the air-coupled ultrasound are studied. Theoretical and experimental results show that the A2 mode Lamb wave can be generated by the 3.8° oblique incidence of the ballastless track structure. Finally, an experimental system for air-coupled ultrasonic testing is constructed. A pair of air-coupled ultrasonic probes is used to provide excitation and reception Lamb wave signals at an inclined angle of 3.8°, 20 mm away from the surface of the track plate, and 40 mm/step along the scanning direction. Experimental data indicate that interaction between the Lamb wave and cavity conforms to the energy leakage principle, and the amplitude of the Lamb wave increases with the increase in cavity of the scanning path. The “position-amplitude” curve is drawn from the collected experimental data. Based on the quantitative relationship between the convex interval of the curve and the size of the cavity that can be calculated to obtain the cavity size, the detection error value is ±5 mm. Theoretical and experimental results show that noncontact rapid detection of cavities can be realized by using the air-coupled ultrasonic Lamb waves.

Wenfa, Zhu, Wei, Shao, Xingjie, Chen, Xiangzhen, Meng, Haiyan, Zhang

Fast Accurate Non-Destructive Measurement of Absorber Impedance and Absorption

2019-01-15846/5/2019

Cabin acoustic comfort is a major contributor to the potential sales success of new aircraft, cars, trucks, and trains. Recent design challenges have included the increased use of composites, and the switch to electrically powered vehicles, each of which change the interior noise spectral content and level. The role of acoustic absorption in cabins is key to the optimisation of cabin acoustic comfort for modern vehicles, with acoustic impedance data needed in order to assess and optimise the impact of each component of a given lay-up. Measurements of absorbing interior trim are traditionally performed using either sample holder tests in a static impedance tube (impedance and absorption), or through tests in reverberation rooms (absorption only). Both of these procedures present challenges. In-tube absorption and impedance measurements are destructive, requiring highly accurate sample cutting and sealing. Reverberation room absorption measurements are subject to the effects of varying room diffusion, along with the impact of edge diffraction, sample geometry, and location. Finally, while non-destructive methods using hand-held probes also measure absorption, they are not able to measure impedance accurately. This paper describes fast non-destructive tests using a portable flanged impedance tube, and how they be used to quantify and optimise the absorption of interior trims. Measurements are made on non-locally reacting lay-ups, with the results corrected to equivalent in-tube results using a flanged-to-sample holder correction factor. The corrected flanged tube results are then compared with baseline in-tube measurements. Discussions address data quality and how the non-destructive measurements may be used to optimise lay-ups for increased absorption.

Murray, Paul B., Alexander, Jon, Kunio, Jason, Larsen, Flemming

Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Structures Using Transient and Lock-in Thermography

TBMG-346276/1/2019

Researchers at NASA’s Johnson Space Center improved their Flash Thermography capabilities by incorporating transient and lock-in thermography. By adding the transient thermography method that detects flaws on thicker parts faster than other methods, and the lock-in thermography method that uses a sinusoidal power cycle to provide a better flaw resolution, the Flash Thermography NDE Technology Suite has expanded its applicability to other commonly used infrared thermography techniques.

Enhanced Ultrasonic Immersion Inspection for Titanium Alloy and other Metal Alloy Billets

AMS2628B (Current)

5/16/2019

This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic immersion inspection of premium grade wrought titanium and titanium alloy round billet 5 inches (127 mm) and over in nominal diameter (see 8.5). Metal alloy billets other than titanium may be tested to this specification with the use of suitable reference standards.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Products of Tomorrow: May 2019

TBMG-344005/1/2019

This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.

In-Situ Characterization and Inspection of Additive Manufacturing Deposits Using Transient Infrared Thermography

TBMG-343835/1/2019

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is a rapidly growing field in which solid objects can be produced layer-by-layer. This technology will have a significant impact in many areas including industrial manufacturing, medical, architecture, aerospace, and automotive. The advantages of additive manufacturing are reduction in material costs due to near-net-shape part builds, minimal machining required, computer-assisted builds for rapid prototyping, and mass-production capability.

A Novel Method to Nondestructively Measure the Shear Edge Properties for Edge Cracking Evaluation with Advanced High Strength Steels

2019-01-10904/2/2019

Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques are widely used in the manufacturing industry to control the quality of materials or final products. In the automotive industry, eddy current (EC) testing is one of the most extensively used NDE techniques for automatic in-line inspection of ferrous materials such as advanced high strength steels (AHSS). In addition, shearing is a very common forming operation in the automotive industry. With the increase of shearing clearance, the sheared-edge experiences significant work-hardening that normally decreases the formability of the sheared edge. In this paper, a novel, real-time monitoring NDE method based on the EC sensor was developed to characterize variations in shear edge quality for a DP980 steel. The developed NDE method was applied to scan the edges sheared at various clearances between 5% and 25% of the material thickness. The signal received was correlated with pre-straining introduced during the shearing process at various clearances. Microhardness measurements were taken to compare the trends obtained from the NDE tool with the hardness values. To evaluate the edge formability, half-specimen dome testing (HSDT) was conducted for the edges sheared at various clearances. A digital image correlation (DIC) system was used to record deformation during the HSDT. The failure strain of sheared edges was correlated with the NDE measurements for each clearance to assess the application of an NDE measurement in determining edge quality. The developed NDE method has great potential for significant financial and technical impact on blanking and piercing operations for blank processors or stampers, particularly for AHSS.

Pathak, Nikky, Gu, Jiahui, Kim, Hyunok

Delamination and Porosity in Composites and Adhesives Using Solid and Particulate Powdered Aerogel

TBMG-339253/1/2019

NASA's Langley Research Center has developed a method that introduces solids and particulates — specifically aerogels — into composites or adhesives while they are being constructed. These additives survive as the structure is cured to serve as a testbed and standard. Once cured, the solid or particulate additive will behave as a delamination or porosity defect and will be indistinguishable from real delamination or porosity when inspected with popular nondestructive evaluation techniques such as ultrasound or thermography.

Carbon Steel Tubing for General Use Understanding Nondestructive Testing for Carbon Steel Tubing

J2592_201901 (Current)1/4/2019

This Information Report describes eddy current testing, flux leakage testing, ultrasonic testing, and magnetic particle testing of steel tubing. The purpose of these testing methods is to expose flaws in the tube material or weld zone, such as discontinuities, seams, cracks, holes, voids, and other imperfections characteristic to the specific construction of the tubing. When agreed upon between the producer and purchaser, nondestructive testing is used in lieu of destructive hydrostatic pressure proof testing. Aircraft and Aerospace applications were not considered during the preparation of this document.

Metallic Tubing Committee

Method and Means to Analyze Thermographic Data Acquired During Automated Fiber Placement

TBMG-336241/1/2019

Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) machines can be susceptible to tow-tape defects such as gaps and overlaps. These can reduce strength between 7% and 32%. Automated inspection is not fully effective, and current AFP systems rely heavily on visual-based inspections of each ply layer to detect and correct these tape defects.

One-Cable Automation Streamlines Robotic Non-Destructive Inspection Systems

TBMG-3335312/1/2018

There are few industries where the demands for material testing and quality assurance are more challenging than in the aerospace industry. Ensuring the safety of all human passengers, crew, and cargo with fully inspected materials and components is no simple task.

Inspection, Ultrasonic, of Thin Materials 0.50 Inch (12.7 mm) and Under in Cross-Sectional Thickness

AMS2632B (Historical)8/8/2018

This specification covers the procedure for ultrasonic inspection of flat, contoured, round and hollow cylindrical products having a cross-sectional thickness of 0.02 to 0.50 inches (0.5 to 12.7 mm). This specification does not apply to inspection of composite materials.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic Product Over 0.5 Inch (12.7 mm) Thick

AMS2630D (Historical)8/8/2018

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 6.3Cu - 0.30Mn - 0.06Ti - 0.10V - 0.18Zr Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked (8%) and Naturally Aged (2219 -T37)

AMS4600A (Historical)8/2/2018

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.020 to 5.000 inches (0.51 to 127.00 mm) in nominal thickness (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

A Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring Framework for X-COR Sandwich Composites

F-0074-2018-12886

5/14/2018

ABSTRACT A combination of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring technique has been used to detect and localize in situ damage in X-COR sandwich composites. The NDE techniques, flash thermography and ultrasonic C-Scan, were used, and the inspection results showed promising capabilities as well as their inherent limitations. Subsequently, a guided wave based active interrogation technique was used to enable real-time damage detection and localization capabilities. Macro fiber composite and piezoelectric wafers were used for actuation and sensing, and the interaction of guided waves with the primary damage modes, delaminations and foam core separations, were studied. The results showed that delaminations lead to the guided wave mode conversion phenomenon within the material discontinuity area. A multidimensional signal processing technique, which was developed with a real-time and reference-free perspective, was used to analyze the converted wave modes in the time-space domain for damage localization. The results indicate that the converted wave mode is an effective indicator of in situ damage, especially when the received signal contains wave modes transmitted from multiple source locations.

Li, Guoyi, Huff, Daniel, Neerukatti, Rajesh, Rajadas, Abhishek, Chattopadhyay, Aditi

Large-Area Structural Damage Nondestructive Evaluation

TBMG-288425/1/2018

When testing composite structures, it is important to understand the response of the structure to the load. Of significance is the formation of damage and growth of that damage leading to ultimate failure. Understanding how a structure fails allows for optimal designs for improved safety and performance for the part during its lifecycle. Inspection methods are required to determine damage initiation and growth in advanced composite structures during loading. Past methods for in-situ inspection of composite structures during loading have involved acoustic emission, passive thermography, digital image correlation, and fiber optics techniques; however, each of these has critical limitations. The combination of thermal and acoustic emission (AE) nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, by mapping the acoustic emission events onto the thermal imagery, provides a very sensitive measurement system for detecting damage formation and growth.

Technique Enables 3D Printing of Microstructures

TBMG-288755/1/2018

Two-photon lithography (TPL), a high-resolution 3D printing technique, is capable of producing nanoscale features smaller than 1/100 the width of a human hair. The technique could enable X-ray computed tomography (CT) to analyze stress or defects noninvasively in embedded 3D-printed medical devices or implants.

Aluminum Alloy, 2013, Extruded Bar, Rod, and Profiles 1.0Mg - 0.80Si - 1.8Cu - 0.20Cr (2013 -T6511) Solution Heat Treated, Stress-Relieved by Stretching, and Aged

AMS4326A (Current)

2/15/2018

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and integrated profiles up to 0.200 inch (5.08.mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Ultrasonic Inspection

J428_201801 (Current)

1/9/2018

The scope of this SAE Information report is to provide basic information on ultrasonics, as applied in the field of nondestructive inspection. References to detailed information are listed in Section 2.

Metals Technical Committee

Electromagnetic Testing by Eddy Current Methods

J425_201801 (Current)

1/9/2018

The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to provide general information relative to the nature and use of eddy current techniques for nondestructive testing. The document is not intended to provide detailed technical information but to serve as an introduction to the principles and capabilities of eddy current testing, and as a guide to more extensive references listed in Section 2.

Metals Technical Committee

Infrared Testing

J359_201801 (Current)

1/9/2018

The scope of this SAE Information Report is to provide general information relative to the nature and use of infrared techniques for nondestructive testing. The document is not intended to provide detailed technical information, but will serve as an introduction to the theory and capabilities of infrared testing and as a guide to more extensive references.

Metals Technical Committee

Liquid Penetrant Test Methods

J426_201801 (Current)

1/9/2018

The scope of this SAE Information Report is to supply the user with sufficient information so that he may decide whether liquid penetrant test methods apply to his particular inspection problem. Detailed technical information can be obtained by referring to Section 2.

Metals Technical Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Bar, Rod, Shapes, and Wire, Extruded, 7178-T76 Improved Exfoliation Resistance

AMSQQA200/14B (Current)1/4/2018

This specification covers the specific requirements for aluminum alloy 7178-T76 bar, rod, shapes, and wire produced by extrusion.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

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