This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing up to 32 square inches (206 cm2) in area (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-O) Annealed; or when specified, “As Fabricated” (2024-F)

AMS4035N (Current)

11/13/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.010 to 1.750 inch (0.25 to 44.45 mm) in thickness, supplied in the annealed (O temper) condition (see 8.4). When specified, product shall be supplied in the “as fabricated” (F) temper.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Landing Gear Component Heat Damage

AIR5913B (Current)

11/11/2025

The purpose of this report is to outline types of in-service heat damage that have been observed in high strength steel landing gear components, with an emphasis on a particular type that is referred to as “Ladder Cracking” which can develop in landing gear shock struts. The report discusses how ladder cracking can be detected visually and evaluated by non-destructive inspection methods, and how it can be repaired at overhaul with the prior approval of the Original Equipment Manufacturer. This report also describes the use of a bearing material that has resolved this problem without introducing other problems. Examples of other types of service induced heat damage are also discussed.

A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings CommitteeNEW

Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7085-T7651) 7.5Zn - 1.6Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.12Zr Solution Heat Treated, Stress-Relieved, and Overaged

AMS4329C (Current)

09/30/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 4.001 to 7.000 inch, incl. (101.62 to 177.80 mm, incl.) in thickness (see 8.4).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy Plate (2624-T351) 4.1Cu - 1.4Mg - 0.6Mn Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally Aged

AMS4464B (Current)

09/30/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.500 to 1.500 inch, incl (12.70 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.4).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Characterization and Aluminum Recovery from Chemical Milling Sludge in Aerospace Industry

2025-01-501603/21/2025

The chemical milling process used in the aerospace industry generates substantial metallic residue in the etching bath, referred to as chemical milling sludge (CMS). The direct disposal of CMS into the environment leads to ecological deterioration and economic losses. This study focused on the recovery of aluminum from the aerospace industry CMS, aiming to mitigate environmental harm and enhance resource efficiency. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that the aluminum content in extracted CMS increased significantly to 95.86%, compared to 28.98% in non-extracted sludge. The XRD analysis of the CMS extracted samples also revealed the presence of increased Al2O3. The surface morphology study suggested the irregularly shaped particles with large chunks, and fine granules were observed on CMS. The yield of Al2O3 was observed to be 35.9% (wt) prior to the calcination process followed by 12.1% (wt) after calcination. The phytotoxicity study indicated that the CMS inhibited

Prasad, Jag, Sonwani, Ravi Kumar

Development of Digital Shearography for Dual Sensitivity Simultaneous Measurement Using Carrier Frequency Spatial Phase Shift Technology

2023-01-0068

04/11/2023

Digital shearography has many advantages, such as full-field, non-contact, high sensitivity, and good robustness. It was widely used to measure the deformation and strain of materials, also to the application of nondestructive testing (NDT). However, most digital sherography applications can only work in one field of view per measurement, and some small defects may not be detected as a result. Multiple measurements of different fields of view are needed to solve this issue, which will increase the measurement time and cost. The difficulty in performing multiple measurements may also increase for cases where the loading is not repeatable. Therefore, a system capable of measuring dual fields of view at the same time is necessary. The carrier frequency spatial phase shift method may be a good candidate to reach this goal because it can simultaneously record phase information of multiple images, e.g. two speckle interferograms with different fields of view. It then obtains the phase

Zheng, Xiaowan, Guo, Bicheng, Fang, Siyuan, Sia, Bernard, Yang, Lianxiang

Inspection, Ultrasonic Product Over 0.5 Inch (12.7 mm) Thick

AMS2630E (Current)

11/09/2021

This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic inspection, by pulse-echo procedures, of flat, rectangular, round, cylindrical, and contoured products having a thickness or cross-sectional dimension greater than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm), using either contact or immersion methods, and using the longitudinal-wave or shear-wave modes or combinations of the two, as necessary. This specification may apply to testing finished machined parts provided the parts can meet the basic testability requirements, such as size, contour, metallurgical structure, and thickness.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic Product Over 0.5 Inch (12.7 mm) Thick

AMS2630E-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Monitoring Additive Manufacturing with an Optical Microphone

TBMG-3982709/01/2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have seen remarkable adoption in the industry over recent years. As digitalization and on-demand manufacturing shift the face of production sites to fully automated operating lines, reliable process monitoring methods are becoming increasingly important.

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process for

AMSSTD2154E (Current)

07/15/2021

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for the ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process for

AMSSTD2154E-TEST-REC (Historical)07/15/2021

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for the ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Aluminum Alloy Forgings and Rolled or Forged Rings and Forging Stock 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061 - T4) Solution Heat Treated and Naturally Aged

AMS4146H (Current)

07/07/2021

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 4 inches (102 mm), hand forgings up to 8 inches (203 mm), rolled or forged rings up to 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) in thickness, and forging stock (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy Forgings and Rolled or Forged Rings and Forging Stock 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061 - T4) Solution Heat Treated and Naturally Aged

AMS4146H-TEST-REC (Historical)07/07/2021

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Ultrasonic Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar, Billet and Plate

AMS2631F (Historical)

06/22/2021

This specification covers the procedure for ultrasonic inspection of wrought titanium and titanium alloy products 0.25 inch (6.4 mm) and over in cross-section (thickness) or diameter.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Ultrasonic Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar, Billet and Plate

AMS2631F-TEST-REC (Historical)06/22/2021

This specification covers the procedure for ultrasonic inspection of wrought titanium and titanium alloy products 0.25 inch (6.4 mm) and over in cross-section (thickness) or diameter.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Aluminum Alloy Die Forgings 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T73) Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4141H (Current)

04/28/2021

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 6 inches in thickness and forging stock of any size ordered to inch/pound units (see 8.8).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy Die Forgings 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T73) Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4141H-TEST-REC (Historical)04/28/2021

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 6 inches in thickness and forging stock of any size ordered to inch/pound units (see 8.8).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Cast Aluminum Alloy Composite 4.6Cu - 3.4Ti - 1.4B - 0.75Ag - 0.27Mg (205.0/TiB2/3p-T7P) Investment Cast, Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4471B (Historical)

04/22/2021

This specification covers a dilute aluminum/TiB2 metal matrix composite in the form of investment castings.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Eddy Current Inspection of Open Fastener Holes in Aluminum Aircraft Structure

ARP4402A (Current)

09/22/2020

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice establishes the requirements and procedures for eddy current inspection of open fastener holes in aluminum aircraft structures.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Eddy Current Inspection of Open Fastener Holes in Aluminum Aircraft Structure

ARP4402A-TEST-REC (Historical)09/22/2020

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice establishes the requirements and procedures for eddy current inspection of open fastener holes in aluminum aircraft structures.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forgings 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T7452) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4323D (Current)

09/09/2020

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of hand forgings up to 6 inches (152 mm) inclusive, in nominal as-forged thickness and having a cross-sectional area of not more than 156 square inches (1006 cm2) (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forgings 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T7452) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4323D-TEST-REC (Historical)09/09/2020

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Clamp Assembly, Saddle Type, Cushioned, General Specification For

AS85449B (Current)

04/21/2020

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for saddle-type clamps. Tests and criteria noted do not indicate any specific areas of application or usage. Supplemental testing may be necessary to determine suitability for specific environments and applications.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Clamp Assembly, Saddle Type, Cushioned, General Specification For

AS85449B-TEST-REC (Historical)04/21/2020

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Bolts, Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloy UNS R30035, Tensile Strength 260 ksi, Procurement Specification

AS7468C (Current)

04/11/2020

This procurement specification covers bolts made from a corrosion resistant, work-strengthened, cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS R30035.

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Bolts, Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloy UNS R30035, Tensile Strength 260 ksi, Procurement Specification

AS7468C-TEST-REC (Historical)04/11/2020

This procurement specification covers bolts made from a corrosion resistant, work-strengthened, cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS R30035.

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Aluminum Alloy, Extrusion 2.7Cu - 1.8Li - 0.7Zn - 0.3Mn - 0.3Mg - 0.08Zr (2099-T83) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching 1 to 4% and Aged

AMS4287B (Current)

04/10/2020

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) produced with nominal thickness up to 3.000 inch (76.20 mm), inclusive, and having a cross sectional area of 42 square inches (271 square centimeters) maximum and a circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 15 inches (38 cm) maximum (see 8.9). See 8.3 for definition of circumscribing circle size.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Extrusion 2.7Cu - 1.8Li - 0.7Zn - 0.3Mn - 0.3Mg - 0.08Zr (2099-T83) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching 1 to 4% and Aged

AMS4287B-TEST-REC (Historical)04/10/2020

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process for

AMSSTD2154D (Historical)

04/03/2020

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for the ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process for

AMSSTD2154D-TEST-REC (Historical)04/03/2020

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for the ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Titanium Alloy, Round Bar and Wire 3Al - 8V - 6Cr - 4Mo - 4Zr Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated and Cold Drawn

AMS4957G (Current)01/14/2020

This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of round bar and wire, 0.625 inch (15.88 mm) and under in nominal diameter or thickness.

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Sensing Applied Load and Damage Effects in Composites with Nondestructive Techniques

TBMG-3567212/01/2019

Composite materials are desirable for aeronautical and aerospace applications for many reasons including their high strength-to-weight ratios, fatigue and corrosion resistance, design adaptability, and performance capabilities in harsh environments. Because of these qualities, composites are useful in many applications such as in armor, helmets, and helicopters, and as structural components.

Sensing Applied Load and Damage Effects in Composites with Nondestructive Techniques

19AERP12_0812/01/2019

Comparing and correlating piezoelectrically induced guided waves, acoustic emission, thermography, and X-ray imaging to determine the effects of applied load on a composite structure. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland Composite materials are desirable for aeronautical and aerospace applications for many reasons including their high strength-to-weight ratios, fatigue and corrosion resistance, design adaptability, and performance capabilities in harsh environments. Because of these qualities, composites are useful in many applications such as in armor, helmets, and helicopters, and as structural components. However, when in-service, composite materials experience very different damage mechanics than metals. Performance and quality of composite materials can suffer from fatigue, environmental conditions, and external damage just as metals can, but due to their inherent complexity and the difficulty of detecting damage in composites with traditional inspection

Quantitative Analysis of Raw Milk Using Spectral Sensors

TBMG-3547011/01/2019

Milk is one of the most widely used products, as well as being the raw material of all dairy products. Given this, measuring milk components has become very crucial for the dairy industry. Each dairy product requires milk with different ratios of its contents. Moreover, in order to keep track of the product quality, milk contents should be measured regularly.

Aging Effect on Disc Pad Properties

2019-01-210809/15/2019

One low-copper formulation and one copper-free formulation were made into disc pads, and both of them were cured under 4 different conditions. These pads had no backing layer and no scorched layer. Pad thickness, dynamic modulus and natural frequencies were continuously monitored over a period of 12 months. After 12 months at room temperature, pad thickness, dynamic modulus and natural frequencies all increased to higher values. The low-copper formulation increased relatively rapidly during the first 60 days and the copper-free formulation increased relatively rapidly for the first 90 days, and then slowly thereafter. Two competing processes are found to be taking place simultaneously; internal stress relief leading to pad expansion and cross-linking of the resin leading to pad shrinkage. As the pad properties are changing continuously, the timing of property measurement becomes an important issue for quality assurance. Implications of these changing properties are discussed for

Sriwiboon, Meechai, Rhee, Seong K., Kaewlob, Kritsana, Tiempan, Nipon

Detection Method for Cavity Defects in Ballastless Track Structures of High-Speed Railways Based on Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Lamb Waves

10-03-02-001007/02/2019

This study proposes a method for the rapid detection and location of cavity defects in ballastless track structures of high-speed railways in service. First, the propagation of air-coupled ultrasonic Lamb waves in the ballastless track structure is studied. Theoretical calculation results show that the ultrasonic Lamb wave group velocity of the A2 mode in the track plate is 4000 m/s. Then, the excitation and reception methods of the air-coupled ultrasound are studied. Theoretical and experimental results show that the A2 mode Lamb wave can be generated by the 3.8° oblique incidence of the ballastless track structure. Finally, an experimental system for air-coupled ultrasonic testing is constructed. A pair of air-coupled ultrasonic probes is used to provide excitation and reception Lamb wave signals at an inclined angle of 3.8°, 20 mm away from the surface of the track plate, and 40 mm/step along the scanning direction. Experimental data indicate that interaction between the Lamb wave

Wenfa, Zhu, Wei, Shao, Xingjie, Chen, Xiangzhen, Meng, Haiyan, Zhang

Fast Accurate Non-Destructive Measurement of Absorber Impedance and Absorption

2019-01-158406/05/2019

Cabin acoustic comfort is a major contributor to the potential sales success of new aircraft, cars, trucks, and trains. Recent design challenges have included the increased use of composites, and the switch to electrically powered vehicles, each of which change the interior noise spectral content and level. The role of acoustic absorption in cabins is key to the optimisation of cabin acoustic comfort for modern vehicles, with acoustic impedance data needed in order to assess and optimise the impact of each component of a given lay-up. Measurements of absorbing interior trim are traditionally performed using either sample holder tests in a static impedance tube (impedance and absorption), or through tests in reverberation rooms (absorption only). Both of these procedures present challenges. In-tube absorption and impedance measurements are destructive, requiring highly accurate sample cutting and sealing. Reverberation room absorption measurements are subject to the effects of varying

Murray, Paul B., Alexander, Jon, Kunio, Jason, Larsen, Flemming

Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Structures Using Transient and Lock-in Thermography

TBMG-3462706/01/2019

Researchers at NASA’s Johnson Space Center improved their Flash Thermography capabilities by incorporating transient and lock-in thermography. By adding the transient thermography method that detects flaws on thicker parts faster than other methods, and the lock-in thermography method that uses a sinusoidal power cycle to provide a better flaw resolution, the Flash Thermography NDE Technology Suite has expanded its applicability to other commonly used infrared thermography techniques.

Enhanced Ultrasonic Immersion Inspection for Titanium Alloy and other Metal Alloy Billets

AMS2628B (Current)

05/16/2019

This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic immersion inspection of premium grade wrought titanium and titanium alloy round billet 5 inches (127 mm) and over in nominal diameter (see 8.5). Metal alloy billets other than titanium may be tested to this specification with the use of suitable reference standards.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Enhanced Ultrasonic Immersion Inspection for Titanium Alloy and other Metal Alloy Billets

AMS2628B-TEST-REC (Historical)05/16/2019

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Products of Tomorrow: May 2019

TBMG-3440005/01/2019

This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.

In-Situ Characterization and Inspection of Additive Manufacturing Deposits Using Transient Infrared Thermography

TBMG-3438305/01/2019

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is a rapidly growing field in which solid objects can be produced layer-by-layer. This technology will have a significant impact in many areas including industrial manufacturing, medical, architecture, aerospace, and automotive. The advantages of additive manufacturing are reduction in material costs due to near-net-shape part builds, minimal machining required, computer-assisted builds for rapid prototyping, and mass-production capability.

A Novel Method to Nondestructively Measure the Shear Edge Properties for Edge Cracking Evaluation with Advanced High Strength Steels

2019-01-109004/02/2019

Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques are widely used in the manufacturing industry to control the quality of materials or final products. In the automotive industry, eddy current (EC) testing is one of the most extensively used NDE techniques for automatic in-line inspection of ferrous materials such as advanced high strength steels (AHSS). In addition, shearing is a very common forming operation in the automotive industry. With the increase of shearing clearance, the sheared-edge experiences significant work-hardening that normally decreases the formability of the sheared edge. In this paper, a novel, real-time monitoring NDE method based on the EC sensor was developed to characterize variations in shear edge quality for a DP980 steel. The developed NDE method was applied to scan the edges sheared at various clearances between 5% and 25% of the material thickness. The signal received was correlated with pre-straining introduced during the shearing process at various clearances

Pathak, Nikky, Gu, Jiahui, Kim, Hyunok

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