Browse Topic: Restraint systems

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Vehicle-Integrated Camera Based Rider Helmet Detection & Warning System2024-26-000901/16/2024
Non-usage of helmets does not cause accidents but are critical for averting fatal and grievous injuries in the event of road occurrence accidents. A report by Transport Ministry says, during 2021, a total of 46,593 persons were killed due to non-wearing of helmet, of which 32,877(70.6%) persons were drivers and 13,716 (29.4%) were passengers. Currently, traffic police use the helmet detection solution on surveillance videos to identify the vehicle number plate who’s not wearing helmets to issue challans. But on the vehicle side it is not yet implemented. At present, vehicles are neither equipped to issue warnings nor there are any safety measures taken to minimize the risk, when rider is not wearing the helmet. This paper suggests a passive safety system for two wheelers that uses an integrated camera to detect if rider is wearing a helmet or not by utilizing image processing techniques. Based on the result, if helmet is not detected, then the vehicle will issue warnings and limit
Kishor, Kaushal, Tarte, Malay, Joshi, Umita
Effectiveness of the Load Legs in Enhancing the Passive Safety of Rear-Facing Child Seats in Frontal Crash2024-26-034301/16/2024
The passive safety performance of a child seat is modulated by the design features of the child seat and the vehicle interior. For example, in the rear-facing configuration, the child seat impacting front structures increases the head injury risk during a frontal crash. Therefore, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in improving the child seat's overall kinematics and its capability to prevent the secondary impact on the vehicle interior structure in a severe frontal crash scenario. An in-depth, real-world crash investigation involving a properly installed rear-facing child seat impacting the center console is selected for the study where the infant sustained a severe brain injury. In addition, this crash is employed to choose the crash parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in a similar scenario. Finally, crash sled tests are conducted using the crash signature of the vehicle as obtained from the NHTSA NCAP rigid
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
INTEGRATION OF SEAT-BELT WEB-GUIDE FUNCTIONALITY IN TRIM PART2024-26-001801/16/2024
Restraint systems in automotives are inevitable for the safety of passengers. Seat belts are one such restraint system in automotives that prevent drivers and passengers from being injured during a crash by restraining them back. Seatbelt on automotives has interface with Body-in-white (henceforth called as BIW) and Trim parts in-order to serve its purpose at vehicle level. One such interface part of seat belt is the web guide, which assists and ensures the nylon web’s smooth motion at different seat track positions. Web-guides on automotives ensure the flawless motion of seat belt web at pillar trim areas. In this paper, we are discussing about alternate ways of assisting the seat belt web without the web-guide as a separate part In-order to assist and ensure the motion of nylon web in its trajectory, we have extended the flange of the pillar trim involved. The paper throws light on the advantages of using an extended trim flange as web-guide for seat belt web instead of a separate
D, GOWTHAM, bornare, harshad, GANGAPURAM, SURESH, Deoli, Manish, RITESH, KAKADE, sai, Konduru, Kakani, Phani Kumar
RAMP BRACKET ANGLE OPTIMIZATION COUPLED WITH IMPROVED HEAD ROOM2024-26-001601/16/2024
Restraint systems in automotives are inevitable for the safety of passengers. Curtain airbag is one such restraint system in automotives that reduces the risk of injury to passengers during crash, without which head injury is inevitable during side crash of a vehicle. So successful deployment of Curtain airbag (henceforth called as CAB) is very important in automotive safety during crash. This paper dwells about the optimization done in ramp bracket angle with successful deployment of Curtain airbag. This optimization has paved the way for increasing the head-roominess by ~15% and to respect the safety and styling intent in the vehicle successfully. Providing a ramp bracket at the lower bottom side of CAB guides the airbag successfully during deployment. Ramp bracket angle plays a vital role in guiding the airbag inside the passenger’s cabin without any obstruction. This paper challenges the conventional ramp bracket angle followed for CAB deployment with an alternate angle and has
D, GOWTHAM, L, DHARSHAN, bornare, harshad, RITESH, KAKADE, Deoli, Manish, BHASKARARAO, PATHIVADA, GANGAPURAM, SURESH, Kakani, Phani Kumar
PERFORMANCE OF FIVE-POINT SEAT BELT ON OCCUPANT SAFETY IN VEHICLE ON FRONTAL CRASH TEST2022-28-049311/18/2022
In day-to-day life, accidents do occur frequently all-round the globe. It is difficult to prevent these accidents as they occur due to different reasons, which cannot be easily controlled. But the fatal injuries occurring to passengers can be reduced by installing safety systems in vehicles, which will help in saving the life of mankind. There are many safety systems being installed in vehicles such as seat belt restraints, air bags etc. Generally, three-point seat belts are installed in passenger vehicles for safety purposes. This type of seat belt doesn't arrest the entire motion of the occupant body during vehicle crashes, which can lead to fatal injuries and sometimes even death during vehicle crashes. In order to buckle passengers with seats, we can use five-point seat belts which will help in mitigating the injuries as compared to three-point seat belts. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of five-point seat belts on occupant safety during vehicle crash on flat rigid
Jeyakumar, P, CHANDRAN, DINESHKUMAR
Soft Mate Lifting DeviceTBMG-4691411/01/2022
Injury Severity Prediction Algorithm of SUBARU Fleet Model for Advanced Automatic Collison Notification2022-01-100503/29/2022
Recently, with the evolution of telemetry technology in vehicles, Advanced Automatic Collision Notification (AACN) that detects patients at risk of serious injury in the event of an accident and transports them to the trauma center at an early stage may greatly improve the treatment of patients. An Injury Severity Prediction (ISP) algorithm for AACN was developed using a logistic regression model to predict the probability of sustaining Injury Severity Score (ISS) 15+ injury. National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS: 1999-2015) and model year 2000 or later were filtered for new case selection criteria, which were based on vehicle body type, to match Subaru’s fleet. This proposed algorithm uses crash direction, change in velocity, multiple impacts, seat belt use, vehicle type, presence of any older occupant, presence of any female occupant, and presence of the right-sided passenger. Variable selection techniques were used to construct the final ISP
Ejima, Susumu, Goto, Tsukasa, Zhang, Peng, Cunningham, Kristen, Wang, Stewart
Assessment of fetus injury risk during vehicle frontal impact for different lap belt positions2022-01-102203/29/2022
The paper addresses vehicle safety for pregnant drivers and passengers. The influence of the different positions of the lap part of the seat belt for pregnant female drivers and passengers on the injury risk is assessed. The finite element based pregnant abdomen model is incorporated into the simplified validated rigid body based female body model. The pregnant female model is positioned into a frontal seat and restrained by a safety system such as three-point seat belt and an airbag to simulate the sled test scenario. The deceleration pulse corresponding to a frontal impact related to two impact velocities is applied and the restraint system performance is assessed with focus on the fetus and female injury risk. The uterus is modelled via so called biobag and mechanical loading and injury risk of this particular part and adjacent structures are the main concern of this study.
Spicka, Jan, Hyncik, Ludek, Jansova, Magdalena, Talimian, Abbas
A Comparison of THOR 50M Anthropomorphic Test Devices in Frontal Sled Tests when equipped with and without On-Board Data Acquisition Systems. 2022-01-104803/29/2022
This paper summarizes a series of matched-pair frontal sled tests using the THOR 50th Percentile Male anthropomorphic test device (ATD). Testing was conducted to compare the response of an ATD equipped with an on-board data acquisition system (DAS) to that of one equipped with an off-board system. Sled testing was performed using a modified version of NHTSA’s Gold-Standard test method consisting of a generic buck with a ridged seat and a 3-point seatbelt system. Eight tests were conducted, all using a common generic 30 km/h crash pulse with a peak deceleration of 9 G’s, and a 2.5 kN load limiting 3-point seatbelt retractors without pretensioners. Four tests were conducted with each ATD, two tests with a left shoulder belt routing and two with a right shoulder belt routing to allow for evaluation of the ATD repeatability under each belt routing. Attention was given to the potential for a heating effect of the on-board DAS to influence the dummy response; particularly the chest
Ward, Josh, Dellicolli, Anthony, Dix, Jeff
Seat Belt Restraint Evidence Generated by Unrestrained Occupant Interaction in a Rollover 2022-01-102803/29/2022
Assessment of the physical evidence on a seat belt restraint system provides one source of data for determining an occupant’s seat belt use or non-use during a motor vehicle crash. The evidence typically associated with restrained occupant loading has been extensively researched and documented in the literature. However, evidence of loading to the restraint system can also be generated by other means, including the interaction of an unrestrained occupant with a stowed restraint system. The current study evaluates physical evidence generated on stowed restraint systems generated via interaction with multiple unrestrained occupants during a full-scale dolly rollover crash testing of a large multiple passenger van. Unbelted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) were positioned in the driver, right front passenger, and all designated seating positions in the third, fourth, and fifth rows. Occupant kinematics during the dolly rollover were evaluated through on-board and off-board real-time
Miller, Bruce, Dibb, Alan, Allin, Leigh, Carhart, Michael, krishnaswami, ram
Development of Biomechanical Computational Models of Six-year-old Child Occupant with Different Sitting Postures and Application in the Study of Whiplash Injuries2022-01-105203/29/2022
Whiplash injury is one of the main types of child occupant neck injuries in traffic accident. With the development of intelligent cockpit, child occupants will engage in traffic operation in various sitting positions. Therefore, studying the mechanism and risk of whiplash injury of child occupants with different sitting postures has important application value for the research and development of child restraint system. In this study, the 120° and 135° sitting postures of six-year-old child occupant were developed based on the validated 105° sitting posture finite element model with detailed anatomical structure. The whiplash test in Euro NCAP was reconstructed to evaluate the influence of sitting position angle on the risk of whiplash injury. In the three groups of simulation experiments, the Upper Neck Tension (Fz) was far less than the higher limit of Euro NCAP evaluation although the Fz value increased as the upper torso angle increases. However, the Upper Neck Shear (Fx) and Neck
Li, Haiyan, Wang, Yanxin, He, Lijuan, Lv, Wenle, Cui, Shihai, Ruan, Jesse Shijie
Occupant Age and Health Diagnosis for Integrated Safety Solutions2022-01-102003/29/2022
Autonomous Driving is the next big thing in the Automotive Future. With growing automation, there is also growing need for In-cabin and Occupant monitoring. Impaired Driving as a cause constitute a statistically major portion of the total accidents in the world. Additionally, the aging society of road users add to health concerns of possible drivers behind the wheel which might lead to severe accidents. Since the accident and the associated damage would have been occurred due to incapacitated drivers in the first place, there arises a need to know the state of drivers while driving to ensure the safety of him and other road users. Therefore, the monitoring of the driver's state and detection of any deviation from the suitable driving condition is significant to reduce the number of accidents on the road. One of the efficient ways to know the drivers’ state is to monitor the health – physical, mental and emotional, of the drivers essentially. Understanding the impact of age and health
Damodharan, Suchitra, Muralidharan, Vishal, Muralidharan, Vivek, Srinivasa, Praveen, R N, Sreelakshmi
Car-based external airbag for bicyclist protection in side impacts2022-01-103203/29/2022
Cyclist injuries and fatalities are a world-wide concern and often a consequence of interaction with cars. The MICA2 Project (Modelling of Interactions between Cyclists and Automobiles) is aimed at protecting bicyclists from getting hit by a passing car. This study addresses the need for new passive safety systems through the development and testing of a novel external car airbag. The airbag was designed to add protection to the center side part of the car, in the B-pillar area, to protect the head of a bicyclist impacting a car in this area. Two methods were used to evaluate performance of the system. For full system tests, a Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy was seated on a city bike and projected into the side of a car at either 30º, 60º or 90º to the car side. In addition, component tests an adult pedestrian headform was launched towards the roof rail or B-pillar structure of the car. We found the highest injury risk in a perpendicular (90 degree) impact between the bicycle and
Carroll, Jolyon, Enanger, Mikael, Jeppsson, Hanna, Lubbe, Nils
Finite Element Modeling of Passenger-side small overlap crash test with a view to correlate the right foot kinematics and injury of the Hybrid-III dummy.2022-01-104303/29/2022
In 2018, IIHS has added passenger-side(P-S) small overlap (SOI) test to the Top Safety Pick Plus(TSP+) ratings requirement, in addition to the existing driver-side (D-S) SOI test. Both the test protocols mandate the reduction of lower extremity injuries in addition to all the other overall injuries for Hybrid-III dummy. The safety of the passenger’s outboard right foot in a P-S SOI test is of more concern compared to the driver’s outboard left foot in the D-S SOI test. This is because, while the driver’s left foot rests on the foot rest, which is stiff and has sufficient offset from the toe pan to absorb the energy coming from the impact of the SOI barrier, the passenger’s right foot is positioned just above the carpet on the toe pan, and is closer to the barrier during an impact event. So it requires some countermeasures to reduce the lower extremity injuries of a passenger in P-S SOI tests. This paper describes a time efficient method to model the P-S SOI test using finite element
Parab, Milind, Stahmer, Eric, Mohammed, Ansar
Effects of Adjacent Vehicle Seat Positions on Child Restraint System (CRS) Performance in Side Impacts2022-01-102303/29/2022
Many modern vehicles allow consumers to adapt the vehicle environment to their families’ needs by folding or removing one or more rear row seats. It is currently unclear how different seat configurations affect child restraint systems (CRS) installed in adjacent seats. The objective is to quantify CRS performance in far side impacts when the seating position adjacent to the CRS is in its normal upright position, folded in half, or removed. Twelve tests were conducted. Second row seats from a recent model year minivan were obtained, including full size captain’s chairs from the outboard position and narrow, removable seats from the center position. Rear-facing (RF) and forward-facing (FF) CRS were installed one at a time in either the outboard or center position. The Q3s ATD was used for all tests. The seating position adjacent to the CRS was set in either the standard upright position, folded in half, or removed. Far-side impacts were conducted at 10° anterior of pure lateral at 25 g
Mansfield, Julie, Kang, Yun Seok
Automatic Alert System to enable safe ride and to prevent accidents in Two Wheelers and Three Wheelers2021-28-023310/01/2021
In Midway, accidents are general in nature on the highways. Vehicles meeting the accidents are not saved in a faster way for the rescue. This system operates the signal from the seat belt sensor, during the operation of the vehicle. An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) has been deployed to provide the information about the passenger mobile phone contacts and the nearest safety officer with respect to the Global Positioning System installed in the vehicle. The signal from the seat belt fastening system for the driver and the front seat passenger is indicating the dearer contacts and the health of the centers for the rapid recovery of the vehicle met with an accident. This ECU also monitors the health condition of the passengers for the safety ride with respect to the pressure and the temperature of the cabin to make the passenger a safe ride. 20 sensors are deployed in the seat belt and the signals from these sensors are fed into an electronic control unit for further processing. The
B, Prabakaran, Chinni, Venkata Sai Sandeep, Chitta, Phani Kumar
Webbing Service Life for Occupant RestraintsARP6073 (Current)10/01/2021
This document applies to webbing used on occupant restraint systems in service on 14 CFR/CS part 23, part 25, part 27, and part 29 aircraft applications. The guidelines presented within this document are intended to be supplemental to the requirements supplied by the OEM in the CMM, ICA, or like document. In cases of conflict between this ARP and the OEM’s requirements, the requirements of the OEM shall be followed. The objective of this document is to establish practical guidelines to help operators in the determining if restraint webbing has reached the end of its service life. The recommendations contained herein are based on test data from in service restraint systems and the continued airworthiness guidelines recommended by restraint system OEMs.
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Inspection and Test Quality Systems, Requirements for Aviation, Space, and Defense OrganizationsAS9003B09/30/2021
Price increases in effect for this document as of January 2017 reflect a new copyright agreement for use of ISO 9001:2009. This standard includes selected quality system requirements from ISO 9001:2008[1] and AS9100:2009 applicable to noncomplex products and associated manufacturing processes. ISO 9001 text incorporated into this standard appears in standard font; while aviation, space, and defense industry additional requirements, definitions, and notes are presented in bold, italic text. The requirements of this standard are intended to be applied in whole, without any exclusions. Compliance with all corresponding AS9100 requirements is considered to meet/exceed compliance with the requirements of this standard. The requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to contractual and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Should there be a conflict between the requirements of this standard and applicable statutory or regulatory requirements, the
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
INTEGRATED ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEM FOR MOTOR GRADERS2021-26-013709/22/2021
Safety of the operators in any equipment can be achieved by both passive and active systems. Passive safety system includes Seat belt, primary air bag, bumper, and other structural components which protects the operator from injuries during accidents. On the other side, Active safety systems like Braking, Steering, Collision avoidance system, operator fatigue monitoring systems minimise and eliminates the accidents among which the Brake system is primarily used to control and stop the equipment. Motor graders are work equipment which are designed to carry out many works like grading, spreading, levelling, metal mixing in road construction and many other infrastructure projects. Considering the field operating conditions of motor grader, it is very essential to provide excellent brake system to control and stop the equipment. In order to obtain maximum productivity the equipment speed is kept substantially high. Brake systems are operated using Air, Hydraulics, etc., among which the Air
KUMARAN, RAJASEKAR, hs, satish chandra
Occupant Pseudo Buckling Detection Method In Passenger Vehicles2021-26-002009/22/2021
Seatbelts are solely designed for protecting the occupants from gruesome accidents, seatbelts along with Airbags play a vital role in protecting the lives of occupants during a crash scenario. Seat Belt Reminder (SBR) is an audio-visual indicator on the car dashboard which alerts the occupant to buckle the seatbelt. According to Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India[1], the number of deaths associated with occupants not wearing seat belts was 24,435 and accounted for 16.1 per cent of total road accident deaths in the country, involving 9,349 drivers and 15,086 passengers. This research is primarily relied on buckle status and thus were unable to detect if the occupant had pseudo buckled i.e., wrapping the seatbelt across the seat rather than over the occupant to avoid SBR. This paper proposes a new method which discourages the occupant from pseudo buckling. It consists of a magnet and a reed switch system, where the magnet is embedded in the seatbelt and the reed
Nalagatla, Karthik, Jayaram, Vikas, Patel, Abhilash
Innovative method of Child injury performance Optimization using Sled tests2021-26-000809/22/2021
¬¬¬Child injury performance evaluation is becoming critical part of almost all legal and consumer based vehicle safety evaluation protocols. Most of New CAR Assessment Protocols (NCAP) now have separate ratings exclusively to evaluate Child restraint system effectiveness and Child dummy performance under various crash testing modes. OEM’s have need and challenge of maximizing injury performance. Sled tests are conventionally used for tuning restraints like seat belts and airbags for driver and co driver under various frontal type test conditions. However second row seats are used for CRS/ Child injury performance evaluations. In the present study an attempt is made to simulate child injury performance of P3 dummy positioned on second row seat on defined child seat for 64 kmph frontal Offset deformed barrier type test confirming to Global NCAP. Sled pulses are carefully tuned to capture key injury patterns. Thence restraint parameters are tuned to improve child dummy injuries
Shanbhag, Ganesh
Glossary - Automatic Belt TensionerJ2198_202109 (Current)09/10/2021
This glossary was written to provide a consistent and uniform definition of terms used in describing an automatic belt tensioner as it applies to an automotive accessory drive system.
Belt Drive (Automotive) Systems Committee
Autoliv’s Sound and Vibration Laboratory for Automotive Safety Component Development2021-01-109508/31/2021
The new sound and vibration laboratory at Autoliv’s Ogden Technical Center (OTC) was purpose-built with a focus on automotive safety restraint product development (air bags, seat belts, steering wheels, etc.). The laboratory requirements stem from the continued industry trend of quieter vehicles which drives the need for components with extremely low levels of rattle noise. The laboratory at OTC complements similar Autoliv testing facilities around the world. Test articles range from several cubic inches up to approximately one cubic foot and contain varying degrees of moving elements. With the new laboratory at OTC, Autoliv can test new product designs earlier in the development process and obtain test results and feedback faster. The function of the OTC test lab is vibration-induced rattle noise; shake components with a known input and measure the resulting noise. To provide an acceptable signal to noise ratio, the new laboratory was designed to have a 25 dBA re 20 μPa noise floor
Morgan, Christopher, Rozema, Randy, Knight, Timothy
Combination Pelvic and Upper Torso Operator and Occupant Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work MachinesJ2292_202108 (Current)08/12/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes minimum performance and test requirements for combination pelvic and upper torso occupant restraint systems provided for off-road self-propelled work machines.
HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride
Safety Considerations of Carry-On Baggage Relating to the Emergency Evacuation of Transport Category AircraftARP4072A (Current)05/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides information and recommended guidelines for handling carry-on baggage prior to emergencies and during the emergency evacuation of transport category aircraft. Recommendations are provided on limiting the size, amount, and weight of carry-on baggage brought into the cabin, improved stowage of carry-on baggage to minimize hazards to passengers in flight and during emergency evacuations, and procedures to ensure carry-on baggage is not removed during an emergency evacuation.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Effect of ATD Size, Vehicle Interior and Restraint Misuse on Second-Row Occupant Kinematics in Frontal Sled Tests2021-01-091404/06/2021
Interest in rear-seat occupant safety has increased in recent years. Information relevant to rear-seat occupant interior space and kinematics are needed to evaluate injury risks in real-world accidents. This study was conducted to first assess the effect of size and restraint conditions, including belt misuse, on second-row occupant kinematics and to then document key clearance measurements for an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) seated in the second row in modern vehicles from model years 2015-2020. Twenty-two tests were performed with non-instrumented ATDs; three with a 5th percentile female Hybrid III, 10 tests with a 10-year-old Hybrid III, and 9 tests with a 6-year-old Hybrid III. Test conditions included two sled bucks (mid-size car and sport utility vehicle (SUV)), two test speeds (56 and 64 km/h), and various restraint configurations (properly restrained and improperly restrained configurations). Head and knee trajectories were assessed. Head excursion was 38 percent greater
Parenteau, Chantal, Burnett, Roger, Danthurthi, Sri Sai Kameshwari, Andrecovich, Christopher
Child Restraint Systems (CRS) with Minor Installation Incompatibilities in Far Side Impacts2021-01-091504/06/2021
Side impacts are disproportionately injurious for children compared to other crash directions. Far side impacts allow for substantial translation and rotation of child restraint systems (CRS) because the CRS does not typically interact with any adjacent structures. The goal of this study is to determine whether minor installation incompatibilities between CRS and vehicle seats cause safety issues in far side crashes. Four non-ideal CRS installation conditions were compared against control conditions having good fit. Two repetitions of each condition were run. The conditions tested were: 1) rear-facing (RF) CRS installed with a pool noodle to create proper recline angle, 2) RF CRS with narrow base, 3) forward-facing (FF) CRS with gap behind back near seat bight (i.e., vehicle seat angle too acute for CRS), 4) FF CRS with gap behind back near top of CRS (i.e., vehicle seat angle too obtuse for CRS). Second row captain’s chairs were set up at 10° anterior of lateral. A sled pulse target
Mansfield, Julie, Kwon, HyunJung, Kang, Yun Seok
The Analytical Method for Calculating the Hysteretic Behavior of an Asymmetry Tensioner2021-01-065504/06/2021
An automatic tensioner with an asymmetric damping structure used in an engine front end accessory drive system is analyzed. An analytical model is established to calculate the hysteretic behavior of the tensioner. The contact characteristics of contact pairs are modeled and investigated for disclosing relation between contact pair, friction and hysteretic loop of an automatic belt tensioner. The presented models are validated by a torque measurement versus angular displacement of a tensioning arm. The errors between the calculation and the measurement are analyzed. The working torques of the tensioner during loading and unloading process are described by a bilinear hysteretic model and are written as a function with a damping ratio. The influence of damping structure parameters on the hysteretic torque is investigated. The method presented in this paper can be used for predicting the nonlinear characteristics of a tensioner before prototyping.
Deng, Zheng, Zhen, Ran, Li, Ruilong, Sun, Yi, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Validation of EEPROM Chip Removal and Reinstallation for Retrieval of Electronic Crash Data - Destructive and Non-Destructive Methods2021-01-090704/06/2021
As a result of trauma to the circuit board or other damage to an airbag control module (ACM), electronic crash data recorded onto a passenger vehicle’s electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) chip may be inaccessible by traditional imaging methods and techniques, such as through a diagnostic link connector (DLC) or accessing the data directly from the ACM. Despite the potential damage to the subject module, electronic crash data may still be present on the module’s EEPROM chip. This paper explores and validates a methodology for the removal and reinstallation of a subject EEPROM chip using an identical undamaged exemplar airbag control module and a non-destructive clip-assisted method to gain access to the subject electronic crash data. ACMs were obtained from a 2016 BMW 740i, 2015 Toyota Corolla, 2014 Nissan 370z, 2006 Lexus IS350, 2015 Maserati Ghibli, and 2017 Audi A4. Each module was imaged prior to the chip swap procedure. Each of the six EEPROM memory chips
Zeitler, Jason P., Palmer, Jacob, Smith, Connor
The Role of Seat Belt Restraint System Components in Rear-End Collisions2021-01-091204/06/2021
The role of seatback strength on occupant motion during rear-end collisions has been a focus of scientific investigation for decades. Despite being an integral component of the occupant restraint system, the role of seat belt restraints and the potential effect of various seat belt restraint system components, like pretensioners and latch plate design, on occupant motion and injury potential during rear-end collisions has received less attention. This study identifies and highlights what is currently understood about the role of seat belt restraints and components in rear-end collisions from the existing literature in detail for the first time. Previous studies that have investigated the role of pretensioning in occupant motion and loading did not provide detailed assessments of pretensioning effects on webbing loads and displacement, nor did they discuss the relationship between pretensioner deployment and latch plate design. Static pretensioner deployment tests were conducted to
Toney-Bolger, Megan, Croteau, Jeffrey, Dibb, Alan, Weber, Paul, Stankewich, Charles, Van Arsdell, William
Occupant Restraint System Evaluation - Lateral Rollover System-Level Heavy TrucksJ2426_202103 (Current)03/01/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting simulated dynamic lateral rollover restraint system tests for heavy truck applications. Its purpose is to establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system testing for heavy trucks. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.
Truck Crashworthiness Committee
Cab Sleeper Occupant Restraint System TestJ1948_202101 (Current)01/27/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a standardized test procedure for heavy-duty truck sleeper berth restraints to determine whether they meet the FMCSR 393.76(h) requirements.
Truck Crashworthiness Committee
Occupant Restraint Dynamic System Evaluation - Frontal Impact Heavy TrucksJ2418_202011 (Current)11/09/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting frontal impact restraint tests for heavy truck applications. Its purpose is to establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system testing for heavy trucks. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.
Truck Crashworthiness Committee
3D Audio Reproduction via Headrest equipped with Loudspeakers – Investigations on Acoustical Design Criteria2020-01-156706/03/2020
This paper focuses on the analysis and evaluation of acoustical design criteria to produce a plausible 3D sound field solely via headrest with integrated loudspeakers at the driver/passenger seats in the car cabin. Existing audio systems in cars utilize several distributed loudspeakers to support passengers with sound. Such configurations suffer from individual 3D audio information at each position. Therefore, we present a convincing minimal setup focusing sound solely at the passenger’s ears. The design itself plays a critical role for the optimal reproduction and control of a sound field for a specific 3D audio application. Moreover, the design facilitates the 3D audio reproduction of common channel-based, scene-based, and object-based audio formats. In addition, 3D audio reproduction enables to represent warnings regarding monitoring of the vehicle status (e.g.: seat belts, direction indicator, open doors, luggage compartment) in spatial accordance. Furthermore, individual sound
Brandner, Manuel, Hatheier, Thomas, Sontacchi, Alois
Experimental Rattle Source Characterization Using Matrix Inversion on a Reception Plate2020-01-154106/03/2020
Minimising rattle noises is becoming increasingly important for hybrid and electrical vehicles as masking from the IC engine is missing and in view of the functional requirements of the office-like interiors of next generation automated vehicles. Rattle shall therefore be considered in the design phase of component systems. One hurdle is the modelling of the excitation mechanisms and its experimental validation. In this work we focus on excitation by loose parts having functional clearances such as gear systems or ball sensors in safety belt retractors. These parts are excited by relatively large low frequency displacements such as road-induced movements of the car body or low order rigid body engine vibrations generating multiple impacts with broad band frequency content. Direct measurement of the impact forces is in many cases not possible. An experimental procedure to measure the multi-DOF rattle impact forces in component systems is presented based on a reception plate transfer
Nijman, Eugene, Girstmair, Josef, Zeller, Bernhard
A Human Body Model Study on Restraints for Side-Facing Occupants in Frontal Crashes of an Automated Vehicle2020-01-098004/14/2020
This study was to investigate kinematics and responses of side-facing seated occupants in frontal crashes of an automated minivan using Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) simplified occupant models (50th%ile male and 5th%ile female), and to develop new restraint concepts to protect the occupants. The latest GHBMC M50-OS and F05-OS models (version 2.2) were further validated with Postmortem Human Subject (PMHS) side sled tests [7]. Robustness and biofidelity of the GHBMC human models, especially for the pelvis region, were enhanced. Using the update M50-OS and F05-OS models, we evaluated the body kinematics and injury measures of the side-facing seated occupants in frontal crashes of a minivan at severities ranging from 24 kph (15 mph) to 56 kph (35 mph). Three restraint configurations were studied: 1) no restraint; 2) lap belt only; 3) lap and head/torso restraints. Parametric studies on the restraint configurations and design parameters of each restraint were performed to
Zhao, Jay Zhijian, Katagiri, Maika, Decker, William, Lee, Sungwoo, Gayzik, Francis
The Effects of Small Seat Swiveling Angles on Occupant Responses during a Frontal Impact2020-01-057104/14/2020
In highly automated vehicles (HAVs), new seat configurations may be desirable to allow occupants to perform new activities. One of the current HAV concepts is the swiveled seat layout, which might facilitate communication between occupants. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of seat swiveling angles on occupant kinematics and injury risk predicted by a Human Body Model (HBM) during a frontal impact. A detailed 50th percentile male HBM (GHBMC M50-O) was subjected to two frontal crash pulses in a sled setup. The model was positioned on a semi-rigid seat and restrained using a pre-inflated airbag and a three-point seatbelt. Simulations included four seat swiveling angles (0, -10, -20, and -30 degrees), three occupant positions (Sedan driver, large VAN driver or Laptop user), two airbag initial locations (nominal or matching the head Y location), and the inclusion of lateral supports on the seat pan. The effects of the seat swiveling angle were similar for all
Grébonval, Cyrille, Trosseille, Xavier, Petit, Philippe, Wang, Xuguang, Beillas, Philippe
Accident Statistical Distributions from NASS CDS - An Update2020-01-051804/14/2020
The National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) contains an abundance of field crash data. As technology advances and the database continues to grow over the years, the statistical significance of the data increases and trends can be observed. The purpose of this paper is to provide a broad-based, up-to-date, reference resource with respect to commonly sought-after crash statistics. Charts include up-to-date crash distributions by Delta-V and impact direction with corresponding injury severity rates. Rollover data is also analyzed, as well as historical trends for injury severity, belt usage, air bag availability, and the availability of vehicle safety technology.
Yaek, Jennifer L., Brown, Thomas, Goertz, Alan
Further Non-Deployment and Deployment Laboratory Experiments Using a Toyota Auris 2007 Event Data Recorder2020-01-132904/14/2020
The experimental campaign discussed in publication 2019-01-0635 was extended to emulate more vehicle parameters and also to increase severity leading to deployment event. The engine speed (RPM) and Accelerator Pedal Position (APP) were emulated using LabVIEW and added to the previously reported emulated parameters of wheel speeds and brake status. Overlapping non-deployment events were generated and the EDR data is presented enriched with additional (faster) CAN bus data sniffed from the vehicle harness. While the non-deployment events were still generated using the rubber mallet in pendulum configuration as in 2019-01-0635, a series of tests were performed using an Izod pendulum to incrementally increase event severity until deployment event was generated. The Izod pendulum was instrumented with a rotational potentiometer to measure its instantaneous angle while laboratory accelerometers were used to separately measure acceleration. The Air bag Control Module (ACM) was mounted in a
Tabone, Miguel, Farrugia, Mario
The Effect of Crash Severity and Structural Intrusion on ATD Responses in Rear-End Crashes2020-01-122404/14/2020
This study assesses vehicle and occupant responses in six vehicle-to-vehicle high-speed rear impact crash tests conducted at the Exponent Test and Engineering Center. The struck vehicle delta Vs ranged from 32 to 76 km/h and the vehicle centerline offsets varied from 5.7 to 114 cm. Five of the six tests were conducted with Hybrid III ATDs (Anthropometric Test Device) with two tests using the 50th male belted in the driver seat, one test with an unbelted 50th male in the driver seat, one test with a 95th male belted in the driver seat, and one with the 5th female lap belted in the left rear seat. All tests included vehicle instrumentation and three tests included ATD instrumentation. The ATD responses were analyzed and compared to corresponding IARVs (injury assessment reference values). Ground-based and onboard vehicle videos were synchronized with the vehicle kinematic data and biomechanical responses. The timing of the vehicle crush, occupant compartment intrusion, seatback motion
Parenteau, Chantal, Croteau, Jeffrey, Zolock, John
Evaluation of Corpuscular Particle Method (CPM) in LS-DYNA for Airbag Modeling2020-01-097804/14/2020
This paper presents a systematic study to assess maturity of Corpuscular Particle Method (CPM) to accurately predict airbag deployment kinematics and its overall responses. The study was performed in three phases: (1) a correlation assessment of CPM predicted inflator characteristics to closed tank tests; (2) a correlation assessment of CPM predicted airbag deployment kinematics, airbag pressure, reaction force from a static deployment of a Driver Airbag (DAB) and (3) a correlation prediction of the impactor force by CPM versus impactor force from physical drop tower tests. These studies were repeated using the Uniform Pressure Method (UPM), to compare the numerical methods for their accuracy in predicting the physical test, computational cost, and applicability. Results from the study suggest that CPM satisfies the fundamental energy laws, and accurately captures the realistic airbag deployment kinematics, especially during the early deployment stage, unlike UPM. CPM accurately
Anantharaju, Neeharika, Uduma, Kalu, Shi, Yibing
Determination of Seatbelt Use Following a Crash2020-01-064304/14/2020
When investigating a vehicle crash, the issue of seatbelt usage is frequently part of the information needed to perform an occupant kinematics or injury analysis. A physical inspection of the vehicle is the preferred method to investigate seatbelt usage. However, if the vehicle is no longer available, or the condition has changed since the time of the crash, preventing analysis of seatbelt usage by an occupant, the investigators must rely on other available evidence to assess occupant seatbelt usage. This would typically include a review of the police report, scene or early photographs of the vehicle, physical marks on the occupant in medical records and statements from witnesses. More recently, event data recorders (EDR) can provide data regarding seatbelt status for front seat occupants, and occasionally, rear seat occupants. However, the EDR data must have been previously recovered or the vehicle must be available. In cases where the available data is limited or includes only
Yannaccone, John R.
Evaluation of Laminated Side Window Glazing Coding and Rollover Ejection Mitigation Performance Using NASS-CDS2020-01-121604/14/2020
Occupant ejection has been identified as a safety problem for decades, particularly in rollover crashes. While field accident studies have repeatedly demonstrated the effectiveness of seat belts in mitigating rollover ejection and injuries, the use of laminated glass in side window positions has been suggested as a means to mitigate occupant ejection. Limited data is available on the field performance of laminated glass in preventing ejection. This study utilized 1997-2015 NASS-CDS data to investigate the reliability of the glazing coding variables in the database and determine if any conclusions can be drawn regarding the effect of different side window glazing types on occupant ejection. An initial query was run for 1997-2016 model year vehicles involved in side impacts to evaluate glazing coding within NASS-CDS. Sixteen individual cases were identified where the first-row side window glass was coded as both laminated and as in-place and holed, out-of-place and not holed, out-of
Parenteau, Chantal, Smedley, Janine, Campbell, Ian C., Carhart, Michael
Update on Second-Row Children Responses in Rear and Frontal Crashes with a Focus on the Potential Effect of Stiffening Front Seat Structures2020-01-121504/14/2020
NHTSA has recently been petitioned to address the protection of second-row children in rear crashes due front seatback performance. The protection of children is important. However, it is more complex than assessing front seat performance in rear impacts. Viano, Parenteau (2008 [1]) analyzed cases of serious-to-fatally injured (MAIS 3+F) children up to 7 years old in the second row in rear impacts involving 1990+ model year vehicles using 1997-2005 NASS-CDS. They observed that intrusion was an important factor pushing the child forward into the back of the front seat, B-pillar or other front structure. To help assess whether stiffening the front seats would be beneficial for second-row child safety, the 2008 study was updated using more recent data and model year vehicles. In the present study, 1997-2015 NASS-CDS data were analyzed for serious-to-fatally (MAIS 3+F) injured 0- to 7-year old children in the second row with 1994+ model year vehicles. First, the data were analyzed to
Parenteau, Chantal, Viano, David
Evaluation of Laminated Side Glazing and Curtain Airbags for Occupant Containment in Rollover2020-01-097604/14/2020
By their nature as chaotic, high-energy events, rollovers pose a high risk of injury to unrestrained occupants, in particular through exposure to projected perimeter contact and ejection. While seat belts have long been accepted as a highly effective means of retaining and restraining occupants in rollover crashes, it has been suggested that technologies such as laminated safety glazing or rollover-activated side curtain airbags (RSCAs) could alternatively provide effective occupant containment. In this study, a full-scale dolly rollover crash test was performed to assess the occupant containment capability of laminated side glazing and RSCAs in a high-severity rollover event. This allowed for the analysis of unrestrained occupant kinematics during interaction with laminated side glazing and RSCAs and evaluation of failure modes and limitations of laminated glazing and RSCAs as they relate to partial and complete ejection of unrestrained occupants. The dolly rollover was performed with
Miller, Bruce, Smedley, Janine, Carhart, Michael, Sharpe, Sarah, Krishnaswami, Ram
An Optimization Study of Occupant Restraint System for Different BMI Senior Women Protection in Frontal Impacts2020-01-098104/14/2020
Accident statistics have shown that older and obese occupants are less adaptable to existing vehicle occupant restraint systems than ordinary middle-aged male occupants, and tend to have higher injury risk in vehicle crashes. However, the current research on injury mechanism of aging and obese occupants in vehicle frontal impacts is scarce. This paper focuses on the optimization design method of occupant restraint system parameters for specific body type characteristics. Three parameters, namely the force limit value of the force limiter in the seat belt, pretensioner preload of the seat belt and the proportionality coefficient of mass flow rate of the inflator were used for optimization. The objective was to minimize the injury risk probability subjected to constraints of occupant injury indicator values for various body regions as specified in US-NCAP frontal impact tests requirements. The approximate model was established and the optimal combination of parameters was selected by
Lin, Guan, Zhan, Zhenfei, Chou, Clifford, Xu, Huijie, Fu, Yue, Jiang, Ling, Yin, Yunlei, Chen, Ruyi
Experimental Investigation of Axial Cutting of AA6061 Extrusions under a Tension Deformation Mode2020-01-020604/14/2020
A plethora of applications in the transportation industry for both vehicular and roadside safety hardware, especially seatbelts, harnesses and restraints, rely on tensile loading to dissipate energy and minimize injury. There are disadvantages to the current state-of-the-art for these tensile energy absorbers, including erratic force-displacement responses and low tensile force efficiencies (TFE). Axial cutting was extensively demonstrated by researchers at the University of Windsor to maintain a stable reaction force, although exclusively under compressive loading. A novel apparatus was investigated in this study which utilized axial cutting under a tensile loading condition to absorb energy. A parametric scope was chosen to include circular AA6061 extrusions in both T4 and T6 temper conditions with an outer diameter of 63.5 mm and wall thickness of 3.18 mm. The experiments were performed quasi-statically utilizing a custom, hydraulically powered long stroke tension/compression
Gudisey, Anthony, Altenhof, William, Magliaro, John
Evaluation of General Motors Event Data Recorder Performance in Semi-Trailer Rear Underride Collisions2020-01-132804/14/2020
The objective of this study was to analyze the validity of airbag control module data in semi-trailer rear underride collisions. These impacts involve unusual collision dynamics, including long crash pulses and minimal bumper engagement [1]. For this study, publicly available data from 16 semi-trailer underride guard crash tests performed by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) were used to form conclusions about the accuracy of General Motors airbag control module (ACM) delta-V (ΔV) data in a semi-trailer rear underride scenario. These tests all utilized a 2009 or 2010 Chevrolet Malibu impacting a stationary 48’ or 53’ semi-trailer at a speed of 35 mph. Nine tests were fully overlapped collisions, six were 30% overlapped, and one was 50% overlapped [2]. The IIHS test vehicles were equipped with calibrated 10000 Hz accelerometer units. Event Data Recorder (EDR) data imaged post-accident from the test vehicles were compared to the reference IIHS data. For each test, root
Famiglietti, Nicholas, Hoang, Ryan, Fatzinger, Edward, Landerville, Jon
Assessment of Collision Markings on Non-Used Vehicle Seat Belt Restraint Systems2020-01-097504/14/2020
Forensic investigators of automobile collisions are commonly tasked with determining whether physical evidence observed on restraint systems is consistent with the occupant’s use or non-use of the seat belt restraint. The characteristics of collision-induced markings generated on seat belt systems are not solely dependent on the belted status of the occupant, but also the technological features incorporated in the seat belt assembly. As the state-of-the-art for seat belt assemblies has changed over time, so has the constellation of physical evidence typically created on seat belt restraint systems. Pretensioner deployment can leave physical evidence on restraint system hardware in the absence of occupant loading. This study presents examples of physical evidence collected from seat belt systems involved in real-world collisions, which were initially alleged to affirm proper belt use, but were ultimately proven to be evidence of non-use. Several laboratory demonstrations were conducted
Gregg, Richard H., Petroskey, Karla J.
Innovative Active Head Restraint System in a Car: Safety Assessment with Virtual Human Body Model2020-01-097904/14/2020
The aim of this study is to use numerical simulations for safety assessment of an innovative active head restraint system. This system was developed to protect the head and neck of an occupant in a car without a head airbag during a side impact. Its FE model is created and embedded it in a model of a small car with a side airbag. The dynamics of the head restraint activation are also taken into account. The virtual human body model Virthuman is used to represent occupants. The model is scaled for pre-selected human individuals to cover large numbers of occupants of different sizes. It extends conventional virtual evaluation of new safety designs via existing pre-defined mono-purpose side dummies and their FE models. The benefit of the head restraint system is evaluated in side impact scenarios inspired by the pole tests performed by EuroNCAP. Transversal impacts to a pole at 29 and 32 km/h are considered at 90° and 75° angles from driver and the opposite side. Also, the far side impact
Vychytil, Jan, Hlucha, Jana, Kovar, Ludek, Kostikova, Martina, Moravcova, Pavlina, Bucsuhazy, Katerina
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