The Crashworthy and Escape Systems Branch at NAWCAD has been developing an integrated restraint harness concept for several years, with the intent of developing a novel method of providing improved occupant protection in a crash scenario. A series of tests was conducted on the Horizontal Accelerator at NAS Patuxent River to evaluate the performance of the prototype integrated-restraint system under MIL-STD-58095 conditions with the 50th percentile male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD). While occupant flail was the primary metric being analyzed in this effort, ATD instrumentation was also captured, showing that the integrated restraint system demonstrated a significant reduction in head flail compared to five-point restraints while maintaining injury criteria within acceptable levels.

Anderson, Eric, Minnich, Shannon

Safer buses for passengers and pedestrians: Potential effectiveness of protective safety using in-depth data from Germany and India

2024-26-00041/16/2024

Public buses are considered as an important element in a sustainable transport strategy. The objectives of this study are to suggest potential protective safety interventions for mitigating injuries for bus passengers and pedestrian injuries in bus-to-pedestrian crashes, and to estimate their effectiveness in both, Germany, and India. The key countermeasures were pedestrian airbag, run-over protection and seatbelt use for bus passengers. This study used crash data from German In-depth Accident Study (GIDAS) and Road Accident Sampling System India (RASSI) databases. The effectiveness of the interventions was estimated with counterfactual analyses. Most moderate-to-critical bus occupant injuries in GIDAS were to the head caused by interior bus components. In the RASSI head injuries were also frequent, often due to bus interior, but also due to ejection and impact to ground or bus exterior. In bus-to-pedestrian crashes head injuries were frequent in both GIDAS and RASSI, predominantly due

Ranmal, Aarti, Jeppsson, Hanna, Strandroth, Johan, Lubbe, Nils

HEADLINER COMPOSITION OPTIMIZATION WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE SAFETY AND PERFORMANCE

2024-26-01901/16/2024

Reducing material wherever there is a possibility in automobile industry is inevitable for weight and cost saving. This paper explains about the possibilities of optimizing the material composition of automotive Headliners (also called as Roof liners) without affecting the performance and safety criteria. In this paper, we are targeting at optimizing the individual constituents of a composite Headliner. A conventional Headliner comprises of many sandwich layers of which PU foam shares the major percentage of the composition contributing to 80% of the Headliner thickness. In this paper, we are discussing about the optimization done in Headliner sandwich constituents without affecting the core performance parameters of Headliner such as curtain airbag deployment, ergonomic regulations, drop test etc. By incorporating this change, without significant changes in other layers, overall weight reduction of ~5% and overall thickness reduction of ~15% is achieved. Key words: PU- Polyurethane

D, GOWTHAM, VADLA, VILAS, BHASKARARAO, PATHIVADA, sai, Konduru, bornare, harshad, RITESH, KAKADE, Deoli, Manish, Kakani, Phani Kumar

Effectiveness of the Load Legs in Enhancing the Passive Safety of Rear-Facing Child Seats in Frontal Crash

2024-26-03431/16/2024

The passive safety performance of a child seat is modulated by the design features of the child seat and the vehicle interior. For example, in the rear-facing configuration, the child seat impacting front structures increases the head injury risk during a frontal crash. Therefore, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in improving the child seat's overall kinematics and its capability to prevent the secondary impact on the vehicle interior structure in a severe frontal crash scenario. An in-depth, real-world crash investigation involving a properly installed rear-facing child seat impacting the center console is selected for the study where the infant sustained a severe brain injury. In addition, this crash is employed to choose the crash parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in a similar scenario. Finally, crash sled tests are conducted using the crash signature of the vehicle as obtained from the NHTSA NCAP rigid

Thorbole, Chandrashekhar

Vehicle-Integrated Camera Based Rider Helmet Detection & Warning System

2024-26-00091/16/2024

Non-usage of helmets does not cause accidents but are critical for averting fatal and grievous injuries in the event of road occurrence accidents. A report by Transport Ministry says, during 2021, a total of 46,593 persons were killed due to non-wearing of helmet, of which 32,877(70.6%) persons were drivers and 13,716 (29.4%) were passengers. Currently, traffic police use the helmet detection solution on surveillance videos to identify the vehicle number plate who’s not wearing helmets to issue challans. But on the vehicle side it is not yet implemented. At present, vehicles are neither equipped to issue warnings nor there are any safety measures taken to minimize the risk, when rider is not wearing the helmet. This paper suggests a passive safety system for two wheelers that uses an integrated camera to detect if rider is wearing a helmet or not by utilizing image processing techniques. Based on the result, if helmet is not detected, then the vehicle will issue warnings and limit

Kishor, Kaushal, Tarte, Malay, Joshi, Umita

Importance of Pole Side Impact Test for Assessment of Curtain Airbags

2024-26-00191/16/2024

Government of India, in 2017, mandated a Side Impact Test (AIS 099 technically aligned to UN ECE Regulation No. 95.03 series of amendments) on M1 category Passenger Vehicles to ensure protection of occupants in lateral impact accident scenarios. Later, in 2022, a draft notification has been issued by the Government mandating installation of 6 airbags (2 No.of thorax side airbags, 2 No. of head protection or curtain airbags in addition to already mandated installation of Driver and Passenger Airbags) in all such passenger vehicles. However, the vehicles fitted with side thorax airbag and curtain airbags are proposed to be assessed as per AIS099 test only. Curtain Airbags are typically installed to protect occupant’s head from severe injuries in narrow object impacts simulated in Pole Side Impact Test Configurations. However, at present, India has not notified an equivalent standard to UN R135 demanding performance of the vehicle in pole side impact scenarios. Typically, OEMs may need to

Jaju, Divyan, Kulkarni, Dileep, Mahindrakar, Rahul, Mahajan, Rahul

Auto lock of manual seat track adjustment in passenger vehicles

2024-26-00011/16/2024

Vehicle seats are provided with a facility to adjust the seat forward or rearward. Seating positions can be adjusted according to the comfort of the occupants. Seat track position plays an important role in airbag deployment during vehicle crash. A hand lever is used to manually adjust the seat track in some vehicles by pulling up the lever and releasing it after the appropriate seating position has been adjusted. All the safety manuals provided by OEMs warns about the adjustment of seat track position as forward or rearward during vehicle movement. It is high risk because of any rapid movements due to unexpected road conditions might result in driver losing control of the pedals and steering wheel and this may leads to severe injuries and even can cause fatalities. The proposed system in this paper is focused to provide more safety to the driver with a new method " Auto lock of manual seat track adjustment in passenger vehicles”. The proposed system shall be integrated with Body

Nalagatla, Karthik, S, Deepak Kumar, Jamadar, Tohidanjum

RAMP BRACKET ANGLE OPTIMIZATION COUPLED WITH IMPROVED HEAD ROOM

2024-26-00161/16/2024

Restraint systems in automotives are inevitable for the safety of passengers. Curtain airbag is one such restraint system in automotives that reduces the risk of injury to passengers during crash, without which head injury is inevitable during side crash of a vehicle. So successful deployment of Curtain airbag (henceforth called as CAB) is very important in automotive safety during crash. This paper dwells about the optimization done in ramp bracket angle with successful deployment of Curtain airbag. This optimization has paved the way for increasing the head-roominess by ~15% and to respect the safety and styling intent in the vehicle successfully. Providing a ramp bracket at the lower bottom side of CAB guides the airbag successfully during deployment. Ramp bracket angle plays a vital role in guiding the airbag inside the passenger’s cabin without any obstruction. This paper challenges the conventional ramp bracket angle followed for CAB deployment with an alternate angle and has

D, GOWTHAM, L, DHARSHAN, bornare, harshad, RITESH, KAKADE, Deoli, Manish, BHASKARARAO, PATHIVADA, GANGAPURAM, SURESH, Kakani, Phani Kumar

Novel Method for Vehicle Crash Pulse prediction

2024-26-00021/16/2024

Airbags are crucial elements of passive safety in vehicles that help minimizing occupant injuries during various crash scenarios such as frontal, side, and oblique impacts. Airbags in cars are now mandatory in many countries, and their performance depends on how well the system is designed. A well-tuned airbag deployment algorithm is necessary to score superior NCAP safety ratings. Tuning of airbag deployment algorithms requires several data points which are obtained through actual crash testing. This is a cumbersome and expensive process as it involves crash tests for each scenario (e.g., full front barrier, offset deformable barrier, angled impact, etc.) at multiple test speeds. These tests are destructive and render the vehicles only worthy of scrap. The data gathered from various sensors (acceleration, pressure, etc.) is used to develop robust vehicle model specific algorithms that must correctly identify the crash scenario and send airbag firing signal at the optimal pre-decided

Kumar, Ayush

Advanced Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles – An Indian Case study

2024-26-01261/16/2024

Climate change and global warming is one of the major challenges faced by the world today. A significant number of Indian cities rank among the most polluted globally, with vehicular emissions being a primary contributor. To address this issue, Government of India is actively advocating for the adoption of zero-emission vehicles, such as electric vehicles, through policies and initiatives like FAME II, PMP, and the National Mission for Transformative Mobility and Storage. The acceptance of electric vehicles is growing in the Indian market seeing more than 200 % increased sales with large shares of 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers & compact cars getting electrified. One of the major inhibitors to EV sales being the high overall electric vehicle cost compared to conventional vehicles with HV battery is the most costly system on the present day electric vehicles . An electric vehicle having high energy efficiency can meet it's driving range requirements with a relatively smaller battery size

Emran, Ashraf, Chavan, Sagar, Franke, Kai, Sharma, Vijay, Garg, Shivam, Pawar, Bhushan, Hemkemeyer, David

INTEGRATION OF SEAT-BELT WEB-GUIDE FUNCTIONALITY IN TRIM PART

2024-26-00181/16/2024

Restraint systems in automotives are inevitable for the safety of passengers. Seat belts are one such restraint system in automotives that prevent drivers and passengers from being injured during a crash by restraining them back. Seatbelt on automotives has interface with Body-in-white (henceforth called as BIW) and Trim parts in-order to serve its purpose at vehicle level. One such interface part of seat belt is the web guide, which assists and ensures the nylon web’s smooth motion at different seat track positions. Web-guides on automotives ensure the flawless motion of seat belt web at pillar trim areas. In this paper, we are discussing about alternate ways of assisting the seat belt web without the web-guide as a separate part In-order to assist and ensure the motion of nylon web in its trajectory, we have extended the flange of the pillar trim involved. The paper throws light on the advantages of using an extended trim flange as web-guide for seat belt web instead of a separate

D, GOWTHAM, bornare, harshad, GANGAPURAM, SURESH, Deoli, Manish, RITESH, KAKADE, sai, Konduru, Kakani, Phani Kumar

FOAM PACKAGING FOR HEADLINER STIFFNESS AT CURTAIN AIRBAG AREA

2024-26-00081/16/2024

As we all know that automotive headliners are an essential component of any car’s interior as they cover all the internal components and provide a clean and finished look. Headliners not only increase the aesthetic appeal of a car’s interior, but also acts as an insulation and sound absorption source. As per the latest Government norms, Curtain Airbag (henceforth called as CAB) has been made mandatory and this change calls for the corresponding changes in the Headliner packaging of all passenger vehicles. In general, curtain air-bag deployment calls for a twist open of Headliner at lateral sides (a portion below Hinge-line) during the deployment. This enables the inflated airbag to flow inside the passenger cabin to protect the passenger from any injury. Conventionally no components are packaged below the hinge-line area of headliner to avoid obstruction for CAB deployment and any part fly-off concerns. For this reason, no foams/components are kept below the hinge-line region of the

D, GOWTHAM, L, DHARSHAN, bornare, harshad, RITESH, KAKADE, Deoli, Manish, VADLA, VILAS, Kakani, Phani Kumar

A Molecular-Sized, More Efficient Electronic Sensor

TBMG-498131/1/2024

Australian researchers have developed a molecular-sized, more efficient version of a widely used electronic sensor, in a breakthrough that could bring widespread benefits.

PERFORMANCE OF FIVE-POINT SEAT BELT ON OCCUPANT SAFETY IN VEHICLE ON FRONTAL CRASH TEST

2022-28-049311/18/2022

In day-to-day life, accidents do occur frequently all-round the globe. It is difficult to prevent these accidents as they occur due to different reasons, which cannot be easily controlled. But the fatal injuries occurring to passengers can be reduced by installing safety systems in vehicles, which will help in saving the life of mankind. There are many safety systems being installed in vehicles such as seat belt restraints, air bags etc. Generally, three-point seat belts are installed in passenger vehicles for safety purposes. This type of seat belt doesn't arrest the entire motion of the occupant body during vehicle crashes, which can lead to fatal injuries and sometimes even death during vehicle crashes. In order to buckle passengers with seats, we can use five-point seat belts which will help in mitigating the injuries as compared to three-point seat belts. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of five-point seat belts on occupant safety during vehicle crash on flat rigid

Jeyakumar, P, CHANDRAN, DINESHKUMAR

Soft Mate Lifting Device

TBMG-46914

11/1/2022

Advanced Seat Belt System for Occupant Restraint

F-0078-2022-17502

5/10/2022

ABSTRACT

Richards, Marv

Injury Severity Prediction Algorithm of SUBARU Fleet Model for Advanced Automatic Collison Notification

2022-01-10053/29/2022

Recently, with the evolution of telemetry technology in vehicles, Advanced Automatic Collision Notification (AACN) that detects patients at risk of serious injury in the event of an accident and transports them to the trauma center at an early stage may greatly improve the treatment of patients. An Injury Severity Prediction (ISP) algorithm for AACN was developed using a logistic regression model to predict the probability of sustaining Injury Severity Score (ISS) 15+ injury. National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS: 1999-2015) and model year 2000 or later were filtered for new case selection criteria, which were based on vehicle body type, to match Subaru’s fleet. This proposed algorithm uses crash direction, change in velocity, multiple impacts, seat belt use, vehicle type, presence of any older occupant, presence of any female occupant, and presence of the right-sided passenger. Variable selection techniques were used to construct the final ISP

Ejima, Susumu, Goto, Tsukasa, Zhang, Peng, Cunningham, Kristen, Wang, Stewart

Assessment of fetus injury risk during vehicle frontal impact for different lap belt positions

2022-01-10223/29/2022

The paper addresses vehicle safety for pregnant drivers and passengers. The influence of the different positions of the lap part of the seat belt for pregnant female drivers and passengers on the injury risk is assessed. The finite element based pregnant abdomen model is incorporated into the simplified validated rigid body based female body model. The pregnant female model is positioned into a frontal seat and restrained by a safety system such as three-point seat belt and an airbag to simulate the sled test scenario. The deceleration pulse corresponding to a frontal impact related to two impact velocities is applied and the restraint system performance is assessed with focus on the fetus and female injury risk. The uterus is modelled via so called biobag and mechanical loading and injury risk of this particular part and adjacent structures are the main concern of this study.

Spicka, Jan, Hyncik, Ludek, Jansova, Magdalena, Talimian, Abbas

A Comparison of THOR 50M Anthropomorphic Test Devices in Frontal Sled Tests when equipped with and without On-Board Data Acquisition Systems.

2022-01-10483/29/2022

This paper summarizes a series of matched-pair frontal sled tests using the THOR 50th Percentile Male anthropomorphic test device (ATD). Testing was conducted to compare the response of an ATD equipped with an on-board data acquisition system (DAS) to that of one equipped with an off-board system. Sled testing was performed using a modified version of NHTSA’s Gold-Standard test method consisting of a generic buck with a ridged seat and a 3-point seatbelt system. Eight tests were conducted, all using a common generic 30 km/h crash pulse with a peak deceleration of 9 G’s, and a 2.5 kN load limiting 3-point seatbelt retractors without pretensioners. Four tests were conducted with each ATD, two tests with a left shoulder belt routing and two with a right shoulder belt routing to allow for evaluation of the ATD repeatability under each belt routing. Attention was given to the potential for a heating effect of the on-board DAS to influence the dummy response; particularly the chest

Ward, Josh, Dellicolli, Anthony, Dix, Jeff

Seat Belt Restraint Evidence Generated by Unrestrained Occupant Interaction in a Rollover

2022-01-10283/29/2022

Assessment of the physical evidence on a seat belt restraint system provides one source of data for determining an occupant’s seat belt use or non-use during a motor vehicle crash. The evidence typically associated with restrained occupant loading has been extensively researched and documented in the literature. However, evidence of loading to the restraint system can also be generated by other means, including the interaction of an unrestrained occupant with a stowed restraint system. The current study evaluates physical evidence generated on stowed restraint systems generated via interaction with multiple unrestrained occupants during a full-scale dolly rollover crash testing of a large multiple passenger van. Unbelted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) were positioned in the driver, right front passenger, and all designated seating positions in the third, fourth, and fifth rows. Occupant kinematics during the dolly rollover were evaluated through on-board and off-board real-time

Miller, Bruce, Dibb, Alan, Allin, Leigh, Carhart, Michael, krishnaswami, ram

Development of Biomechanical Computational Models of Six-year-old Child Occupant with Different Sitting Postures and Application in the Study of Whiplash Injuries

2022-01-10523/29/2022

Whiplash injury is one of the main types of child occupant neck injuries in traffic accident. With the development of intelligent cockpit, child occupants will engage in traffic operation in various sitting positions. Therefore, studying the mechanism and risk of whiplash injury of child occupants with different sitting postures has important application value for the research and development of child restraint system. In this study, the 120° and 135° sitting postures of six-year-old child occupant were developed based on the validated 105° sitting posture finite element model with detailed anatomical structure. The whiplash test in Euro NCAP was reconstructed to evaluate the influence of sitting position angle on the risk of whiplash injury. In the three groups of simulation experiments, the Upper Neck Tension (Fz) was far less than the higher limit of Euro NCAP evaluation although the Fz value increased as the upper torso angle increases. However, the Upper Neck Shear (Fx) and Neck

Li, Haiyan, Wang, Yanxin, He, Lijuan, Lv, Wenle, Cui, Shihai, Ruan, Jesse Shijie

Occupant Age and Health Diagnosis for Integrated Safety Solutions

2022-01-10203/29/2022

Autonomous Driving is the next big thing in the Automotive Future. With growing automation, there is also growing need for In-cabin and Occupant monitoring. Impaired Driving as a cause constitute a statistically major portion of the total accidents in the world. Additionally, the aging society of road users add to health concerns of possible drivers behind the wheel which might lead to severe accidents. Since the accident and the associated damage would have been occurred due to incapacitated drivers in the first place, there arises a need to know the state of drivers while driving to ensure the safety of him and other road users. Therefore, the monitoring of the driver's state and detection of any deviation from the suitable driving condition is significant to reduce the number of accidents on the road. One of the efficient ways to know the drivers’ state is to monitor the health – physical, mental and emotional, of the drivers essentially. Understanding the impact of age and health

Damodharan, Suchitra, Muralidharan, Vishal, Muralidharan, Vivek, Srinivasa, Praveen, R N, Sreelakshmi

Car-based external airbag for bicyclist protection in side impacts

2022-01-10323/29/2022

Cyclist injuries and fatalities are a world-wide concern and often a consequence of interaction with cars. The MICA2 Project (Modelling of Interactions between Cyclists and Automobiles) is aimed at protecting bicyclists from getting hit by a passing car. This study addresses the need for new passive safety systems through the development and testing of a novel external car airbag. The airbag was designed to add protection to the center side part of the car, in the B-pillar area, to protect the head of a bicyclist impacting a car in this area. Two methods were used to evaluate performance of the system. For full system tests, a Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy was seated on a city bike and projected into the side of a car at either 30º, 60º or 90º to the car side. In addition, component tests an adult pedestrian headform was launched towards the roof rail or B-pillar structure of the car. We found the highest injury risk in a perpendicular (90 degree) impact between the bicycle and

Carroll, Jolyon, Enanger, Mikael, Jeppsson, Hanna, Lubbe, Nils

Finite Element Modeling of Passenger-side small overlap crash test with a view to correlate the right foot kinematics and injury of the Hybrid-III dummy.

2022-01-10433/29/2022

In 2018, IIHS has added passenger-side(P-S) small overlap (SOI) test to the Top Safety Pick Plus(TSP+) ratings requirement, in addition to the existing driver-side (D-S) SOI test. Both the test protocols mandate the reduction of lower extremity injuries in addition to all the other overall injuries for Hybrid-III dummy. The safety of the passenger’s outboard right foot in a P-S SOI test is of more concern compared to the driver’s outboard left foot in the D-S SOI test. This is because, while the driver’s left foot rests on the foot rest, which is stiff and has sufficient offset from the toe pan to absorb the energy coming from the impact of the SOI barrier, the passenger’s right foot is positioned just above the carpet on the toe pan, and is closer to the barrier during an impact event. So it requires some countermeasures to reduce the lower extremity injuries of a passenger in P-S SOI tests. This paper describes a time efficient method to model the P-S SOI test using finite element

Parab, Milind, Stahmer, Eric, Mohammed, Ansar

Effects of Adjacent Vehicle Seat Positions on Child Restraint System (CRS) Performance in Side Impacts

2022-01-10233/29/2022

Many modern vehicles allow consumers to adapt the vehicle environment to their families’ needs by folding or removing one or more rear row seats. It is currently unclear how different seat configurations affect child restraint systems (CRS) installed in adjacent seats. The objective is to quantify CRS performance in far side impacts when the seating position adjacent to the CRS is in its normal upright position, folded in half, or removed. Twelve tests were conducted. Second row seats from a recent model year minivan were obtained, including full size captain’s chairs from the outboard position and narrow, removable seats from the center position. Rear-facing (RF) and forward-facing (FF) CRS were installed one at a time in either the outboard or center position. The Q3s ATD was used for all tests. The seating position adjacent to the CRS was set in either the standard upright position, folded in half, or removed. Far-side impacts were conducted at 10° anterior of pure lateral at 25 g

Mansfield, Julie, Kang, Yun Seok

Webbing Service Life for Occupant Restraints

ARP6073 (Current)

10/1/2021

This document applies to webbing used on occupant restraint systems in service on 14 CFR/CS part 23, part 25, part 27, and part 29 aircraft applications. The guidelines presented within this document are intended to be supplemental to the requirements supplied by the OEM in the CMM, ICA, or like document. In cases of conflict between this ARP and the OEM’s requirements, the requirements of the OEM shall be followed. The objective of this document is to establish practical guidelines to help operators in the determining if restraint webbing has reached the end of its service life. The recommendations contained herein are based on test data from in service restraint systems and the continued airworthiness guidelines recommended by restraint system OEMs.

Aircraft SEAT Committee

Automatic Alert System to enable safe ride and to prevent accidents in Two Wheelers and Three Wheelers

2021-28-023310/1/2021

In Midway, accidents are general in nature on the highways. Vehicles meeting the accidents are not saved in a faster way for the rescue. This system operates the signal from the seat belt sensor, during the operation of the vehicle. An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) has been deployed to provide the information about the passenger mobile phone contacts and the nearest safety officer with respect to the Global Positioning System installed in the vehicle. The signal from the seat belt fastening system for the driver and the front seat passenger is indicating the dearer contacts and the health of the centers for the rapid recovery of the vehicle met with an accident. This ECU also monitors the health condition of the passengers for the safety ride with respect to the pressure and the temperature of the cabin to make the passenger a safe ride. 20 sensors are deployed in the seat belt and the signals from these sensors are fed into an electronic control unit for further processing. The

B, Prabakaran, Chinni, Venkata Sai Sandeep, Chitta, Phani Kumar

Inspection and Test Quality Systems, Requirements for Aviation, Space, and Defense Organizations

AS9003B9/30/2021

Price increases in effect for this document as of January 2017 reflect a new copyright agreement for use of ISO 9001:2009. This standard includes selected quality system requirements from ISO 9001:2008[1] and AS9100:2009 applicable to noncomplex products and associated manufacturing processes. ISO 9001 text incorporated into this standard appears in standard font; while aviation, space, and defense industry additional requirements, definitions, and notes are presented in bold, italic text. The requirements of this standard are intended to be applied in whole, without any exclusions. Compliance with all corresponding AS9100 requirements is considered to meet/exceed compliance with the requirements of this standard. The requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to contractual and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Should there be a conflict between the requirements of this standard and applicable statutory or regulatory requirements, the

G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)

INTEGRATED ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEM FOR MOTOR GRADERS

2021-26-01379/22/2021

Safety of the operators in any equipment can be achieved by both passive and active systems. Passive safety system includes Seat belt, primary air bag, bumper, and other structural components which protects the operator from injuries during accidents. On the other side, Active safety systems like Braking, Steering, Collision avoidance system, operator fatigue monitoring systems minimise and eliminates the accidents among which the Brake system is primarily used to control and stop the equipment. Motor graders are work equipment which are designed to carry out many works like grading, spreading, levelling, metal mixing in road construction and many other infrastructure projects. Considering the field operating conditions of motor grader, it is very essential to provide excellent brake system to control and stop the equipment. In order to obtain maximum productivity the equipment speed is kept substantially high. Brake systems are operated using Air, Hydraulics, etc., among which the Air

KUMARAN, RAJASEKAR, hs, satish chandra

Occupant Pseudo Buckling Detection Method In Passenger Vehicles

2021-26-00209/22/2021

Seatbelts are solely designed for protecting the occupants from gruesome accidents, seatbelts along with Airbags play a vital role in protecting the lives of occupants during a crash scenario. Seat Belt Reminder (SBR) is an audio-visual indicator on the car dashboard which alerts the occupant to buckle the seatbelt. According to Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India[1], the number of deaths associated with occupants not wearing seat belts was 24,435 and accounted for 16.1 per cent of total road accident deaths in the country, involving 9,349 drivers and 15,086 passengers. This research is primarily relied on buckle status and thus were unable to detect if the occupant had pseudo buckled i.e., wrapping the seatbelt across the seat rather than over the occupant to avoid SBR. This paper proposes a new method which discourages the occupant from pseudo buckling. It consists of a magnet and a reed switch system, where the magnet is embedded in the seatbelt and the reed

Nalagatla, Karthik, Jayaram, Vikas, Patel, Abhilash

Innovative method of Child injury performance Optimization using Sled tests

2021-26-00089/22/2021

¬¬¬Child injury performance evaluation is becoming critical part of almost all legal and consumer based vehicle safety evaluation protocols. Most of New CAR Assessment Protocols (NCAP) now have separate ratings exclusively to evaluate Child restraint system effectiveness and Child dummy performance under various crash testing modes. OEM’s have need and challenge of maximizing injury performance. Sled tests are conventionally used for tuning restraints like seat belts and airbags for driver and co driver under various frontal type test conditions. However second row seats are used for CRS/ Child injury performance evaluations. In the present study an attempt is made to simulate child injury performance of P3 dummy positioned on second row seat on defined child seat for 64 kmph frontal Offset deformed barrier type test confirming to Global NCAP. Sled pulses are carefully tuned to capture key injury patterns. Thence restraint parameters are tuned to improve child dummy injuries

Shanbhag, Ganesh

Glossary - Automatic Belt Tensioner

J2198_202109 (Current)

9/10/2021

This glossary was written to provide a consistent and uniform definition of terms used in describing an automatic belt tensioner as it applies to an automotive accessory drive system.

Belt Drive (Automotive) Systems Committee

Autoliv’s Sound and Vibration Laboratory for Automotive Safety Component Development

2021-01-10958/31/2021

The new sound and vibration laboratory at Autoliv’s Ogden Technical Center (OTC) was purpose-built with a focus on automotive safety restraint product development (air bags, seat belts, steering wheels, etc.). The laboratory requirements stem from the continued industry trend of quieter vehicles which drives the need for components with extremely low levels of rattle noise. The laboratory at OTC complements similar Autoliv testing facilities around the world. Test articles range from several cubic inches up to approximately one cubic foot and contain varying degrees of moving elements. With the new laboratory at OTC, Autoliv can test new product designs earlier in the development process and obtain test results and feedback faster. The function of the OTC test lab is vibration-induced rattle noise; shake components with a known input and measure the resulting noise. To provide an acceptable signal to noise ratio, the new laboratory was designed to have a 25 dBA re 20 μPa noise floor

Morgan, Christopher, Rozema, Randy, Knight, Timothy

Combination Pelvic and Upper Torso Operator and Occupant Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work Machines

J2292_202108 (Current)

8/12/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes minimum performance and test requirements for combination pelvic and upper torso occupant restraint systems provided for off-road self-propelled work machines.

HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride