Browse Topic: Protective structures

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The Impact of Uncertainty Quantification and Sensitivity Analysis in CAE Simulation based Regulatory Compliance2024-26-029401/16/2024
Computer aided engineering (CAE) is a routinely used technology for the design and testing of road vehicles, including the simulation of their response to an impact. To increase automotive industry competitiveness by reducing physical test based type approval and to improve road safety, recent initiatives have been taken by both industry and public authorities to promote the use of virtual testing through numerical simulation as an alternative way to check regulatory compliance. [1] To ensure acceptance of this alternative method, accuracy of the simulation models and procedures needs to be assured and rated independently of the modelling process, software tools, and computing platform. Similarly, it is also imperative to understand the uncertainties emerging out of different component design parameters and analyze their sensitivity towards producing deviations in the reported results as per the requirements of the regulatory standard. Simulations are however deterministic in nature
Deshpande, Saurabh, Mahajan, Rahul, Jones, Gavin
Crash test and Design enhancement for safer BAJA SAE ROLLCAGE2022-01-104403/29/2022
BAJA SAE ATV consist of single driver Monocoque roll cage usually with rear- engine, which supposed to bear all the off-road dynamic load & protect the driver under all the catastrophic crashes designed considering various safety rules instructed by SAE which would be checked in technical inspection before completions, Research involves a physical Crash test study of BAJA SAE roll cage and then compare its result with performed dynamic explicit analysis using Radioss as solver on finite element model of same roll cage, set up a relation between virtual and real crash; further enhancing the roll cage design using the crash result to make the driver safer. As per the result a great displacement similarity has seen observed in physical and virtual crash environment, various design changes, and extra members have been added to the roll cage to protect the driver from engine intrusion from the back. The physical crash was automated using few sensors and frugal innovation or jugaad
Bhardwaj, Vasu
Design Development and Testing of Light-weight FUPD using Composites Material2021-26-024509/22/2021
With the increasing need for developing fuel-efficient and high-performance vehicles, Light weighting has become a very important aspect in automotive industry. Hence conversion of the existing metal components to composites is gaining momentum. Composite materials are much lighter than metals and offer many advantages such as fuel efficiency, corrosion resistance and improved life which has resulted in the increased usage of composite materials. Front Under-run Protection Device (FUPD) is a protective device which is fitted on the front side of a truck which prevents the vehicle in front from under-running below the truck and also absorbs impact energy in case of a collision. This paper discusses the design, development and Certification from ARAI of the lightweight composite Front Under-run Protection Device (FUPD). It has resulted in 33.33% weight reduction compared to the earlier metal component. The light-weight composite FUPD withstands loads of 80 kN and 160 kN as per the
Srivastava, Sanjay, Dravid, Nikhil
Suspension Components Calculation at Concept Stage to Evaluate the Ride and Handling Characteristics2021-26-008209/22/2021
Vehicle handing and ride are the critical attributes for customers while buying new passenger vehicle. Hence it is very important to design suspension which meets customer expectations. Often tuning of suspension parameters is very difficult at later stage like wheelbase, vehicle center of Gravity and other suspension parameters like roll center heights etc. A parametric mathematical model is built to study the effect of these parameters of vehicle handling and ride attributes at concept stage. These models are used to calculate the suspension ride rates, spring rates and Anti roll bar diameters for meeting target vehicle ride and handling performance. The model also calculates natural frequency of suspension and vehicle for understanding pitch and roll behaviours. The inhouse tool developed is used for calculating suspension damper characteristics and predicts ride attributes like Bounce damping, bounce stiffness, Isolation level, Flat ride and Impact Hardness categorized based on
Saifee, Aliakbar, Deshmukh, Chandrakant, deole, Subodh
Crashworthiness Optimization of Hydraulic Excavator Cab Roof Rail and Safety Prediction: Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Validation2021-01-092504/06/2021
Off-road trucks, tractors and earth-moving machines are at high risk of accidents involving falling objects or rollovers. Therefore, these machines need proper protective structures to protect operators. This study investigates the crashworthiness optimization of a hydraulic excavator cab roof rail based on an improved bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method considering two different load cases (a lateral quasi-static load and an impact load from the top of cab, respectively). In the crashworthiness optimization problem, a weighted summation of external works done by the two different load cases is treated as the objective function while the volume of design domain is treated as the constraint. A mutative weight scheme is proposed to stabilize the optimization and balance the two load cases. Finite element (FE) model is established and two prototypes are fabricated based on the optimal design. Explicit FE analysis is used to predict the performance of roll
Ma, Chao, Liu, Zhe, Duan, Yuexing, Gao, Yunkai
Method Enables Conductive Gels to Stick When WetTBMG-3685505/01/2020
Polymers that are good conductors of electricity could be useful in biomedical devices to help with sensing or electrostimulation, for example. But there has been a sticking point preventing their widespread use: their inability to adhere to a surface such as a sensor or microchip and stay put despite moisture from the body.
Electrically Non-Conductive Ladder Fall ProtectionTBMG-3619403/01/2020
NASA’s Kennedy Space Center developed an electrically non-conductive ladder fall protection system for the Launch Complex (LC) 39B lightning towers. The towers include a 100-foot fiberglass mast at the top of the tower structure. The fiberglass masts insulate the metallic tower structure from the lightning strike protection system that is housed at the top of the fiberglass masts.
Magnetic Shield Using Proximity Coupled, Spatially Varying Superconducting Order ParametersTBMG-3616503/01/2020
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a magnetic shielding design that features simplicity, ease of use, reproducibility, longevity, and scalability. It does not require activation, monitoring, or wiring. The invention uses the superconducting “proximity effect” and/or the “inverse proximity effect” to form a spatially varying order parameter. When designed to expel magnetic flux from a region of space, the proximity effect(s) are used in concert to make the superconducting order parameter strongly superconducting in the center and more weakly superconducting toward the perimeter. The shield is then passively cooled through the superconducting transition temperature.
Overhead Protection for Agricultural Tractors - Test Procedures and Performance RequirementsJ167_202002 (Current)02/20/2020
This SAE Standard applies to an overhead cover installed on a protective frame or enclosure conforming to SAE J2194 or alternately SAE J1194 and the following additional requirement of a drop test to verify the effectiveness of the overhead cover in protecting the operator from falling objects. The test procedures and performance requirements outlined in this document are based on currently available engineering data.
OPTC4, Protective Structures
Chemical Mixture Widens the Temperature Range for Electric Car BatteriesTBMG-3570812/01/2019
A combination of chemicals was created that could help electric cars power their way through the extreme temperatures that degrade the efficiency of current lithium-ion batteries. Combinations of compounds in electrolytes, in the laboratory, allow lithium-ion batteries to function very well both in sub-zero temperatures (Fahrenheit) — which are reached often during the winter in the northern United States and other parts of the world — and in very hot temperatures like those in the summer in the southwestern US. Those are temperatures where today's batteries — used to power electric cars, cellphones, laptops, and other devices — often retain little charge and expend it quickly.
3D-Printed Polymer-Based Foam Structure Responds to Shock WavesTBMG-3514709/01/2019
A 3D-printed polymer-based foam structure was developed that responds to the force of a shock wave to act as a oneway switch, a long sought-after goal in shock research. The material configuration has the potential to be scaled up in order to be used in different ways for a variety of applications including for the protection of structures.
Three-Point Hitch (Type A) Backhoe Personnel ProtectionJ1518_201908 (Current)08/28/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to three-point hitch (Type A) backhoes as defined in SAE J326 when mounted on either an agricultural tractor as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390 or other off-road self-propelled work machine as defined in SAE J1116. This criterion is intended for the manufacturer of the backhoe, whether or not the backhoe is manufactured or marketed by the same company that manufactures or markets the propelling machine.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Personnel Protection - Skid Steer LoadersJ1388_201907 (Current)07/03/2019
This SAE Standard is intended to provide personnel protection guidelines for skid steer loaders. This document is intended as a guide towards standard practice, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. This document provides performance criteria for newly manufactured loaders and it is not intended for in-service machines.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Machining Capabilities Enhance Space-Related ProgramsTBMG-3473607/01/2019
Insaco Quakertown, PA
NASA's Robotic Sniffer Finds Space Station LeakTBMG-3283609/01/2018
Stanford Research Systems Sunnyvale, CA
A Simplified Analytical/Experimental Method for Evaluating Large Buses and Motor Coaches for Rollover Protection2018-01-503308/27/2018
This paper discusses a simplified analytical/experimental method for evaluating and designing large buses and motor coaches for rollover protection. The proposed method makes use of the work-energy principle in analyzing the energy-absorbing capacity of the roof and sidewall structure of the vehicle. The basic structural unit is treated as a nonlinear, elastoplastic, 4-bar linkage, with the links connected at hinge points. During rollover, the deformation of the structure is focused at these hinge points and energy absorption is achieved through plastic bending and rotation of the hinge material. The proposed method allows the evaluation and design of these plastic hinges to achieve the energy-absorbing requirements for the vehicle. This paper demonstrates the proposed methodology by evaluating an exemplar large bus design against the European ECE-R.66 rollover design standard. This same vehicle was similarly evaluated in a referenced study, using the finite element analysis (FEA
Pauls, Lonney S.
Limbs Related Handicap Drivable Non-Commercial Electric Shuttle Vehicle2018-28-005507/09/2018
The main objectives of this work are to develop an Electric Vehicle to empower physically challenged drivers to some extent and women motorist. The vehicle was designed to be driven by people with orthopaedic limps related problem by using Autodesk Inventor software. Many features were provided to support the physically challenged person such as a ramp for the driver to board the vehicle and steering, acceleration and braking control was also provided for a single hand to manoeuvre the car. The vehicle has the capacity to seat up to six passengers and is propelled with 1200 watts (BLDC) motor which was aided by four 12 V and 100 Amps DC battery. The car exhibited a mileage of 72 kilometres per complete charge on trial run with the driver alone riding the vehicle. This work is mainly dedicated to movement disabled in our society.
Elsen, Renold, Kaliyaperumal, Dhamodaran
Temperature Measuring Devices NomenclatureARP485A (Current)05/03/2018
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines the nomenclature of temperature measuring devices. General temperature measurement related terms are defined first, followed by nomenclature specific to temperature measuring devices, particularly thermocouples.
E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management
Tolerances Copper and Copper Alloy Sheet, Strip, and PlateAMS2222K (Historical)11/03/2017
This specification covers established inch/pound manufacturing tolerances applicable to copper and copper alloy sheet, strip, and plate ordered to inch/pound dimensions. These tolerances apply to all conditions, unless otherwise noted.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Kid: A Telemedicine Solution for Retinopathy of PrematurityTBMG-2784411/01/2017
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease that affects premature infants. It is the leading cause of childhood blindness. Although effective treatments exist, many infants are still at-risk due to the small window of time for detection. The current standard of care consists of in-person, manual screening by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Unfortunately, the number of infants in need of screening far surpasses the availability of specifically trained ophthalmologists. Consequently, fewer than 30 percent of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) worldwide have fully compliant ROP screening programs.
Minimum Performance Criteria for Operator Front Protective Structure (OFPS) for Certain EquipmentJ2267_201710 (Historical)10/26/2017
This SAE standard applies to all forestry machines exposed to the hazard of objects penetrating the front of the operator station (other than the roof). This would include:
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Static Analysis on a Roll Cage Frame for an Off-Road Vehicle2017-01-129903/28/2017
The objective of this research is to design and analyze a roll cage structure for an off-road vehicle that was used for SAE Baja competition by UNLV SAE Baja team. Baja SAE is an intercollegiate competition to design, fabricate, and race a small, single passenger, off-road vehicle powered by a 10 HP Briggs Stratton 4-Stroke gasoline engine. Since the off-road vehicle is powered by a small capacity engine, the weight of the structure is very critical and must be optimized to improve the performance of the vehicle. In an effort to optimize the structure, a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed and the effects of stress and deformation were studied for a linear static frontal impact analysis on roll cage structure. The frame was further modified for structural rigidity. Additional strengthening gussets were added at the locations of high stresses to reduce the stress concentration. Further analysis was carried out to study the influence of other auxiliary structures attached to the
Noorbhasha, Nagurbabu, O'Toole, Brendan J.
Overhead Protection for Agricultural Tractors - Test Procedures and Performance RequirementsJ167_201701 (Historical)01/06/2017
This SAE Standard applies to an overhead cover installed on a protective frame or enclosure conforming to SAE J2194 or alternately SAE J1194 and the following additional requirement of a drop test to verify the effectiveness of the overhead cover in protecting the operator from falling objects. The test procedures and performance requirements outlined in this document are based on currently available engineering data.
OPTC4, Protective Structures
Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) for Wheeled Agricultural TractorsJ2194_201611 (Current)11/28/2016
Any ROPS meeting the performance requirement of ISO 5700 (Static ROPS Test Standard) or ISO 3463 (Dynamic ROPS Test Standard) meets the performance requirements of this SAE Standard if the ROPS temperature/material and seat belt requirements of this document are also met.
OPTC4, Protective Structures
Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for Wheeled Agricultural TractorsJ1194_201611 (Current)11/23/2016
Fulfillment of the intended purpose requires testing as follows:
OPTC4, Protective Structures
Rear Underrun Protection Test (ECE R58) using CAE Simulation2016-01-809809/27/2016
The regulatory requirement in Economic Commission for Europe (ECE R58) regulation applies to the Rear underrun protection devices which are intended to be fitted to commercial vehicles of N categories. The purpose of this regulation is to offer effective protection against underrunning of vehicles. This paper describes Computer aided engineering (CAE) methodology for testing rear underrun protection devices with loading sequences to be decided by Original equipment manufacturer. A sample model is prepared and analyzed to represent actual test conditions. Constraints and boundary conditions are applied as per test of vehicle. Finite element simulation is carried out using LS DYNA solver. Structural strength and integrity of Rear under protection device assembly is observed for different regulatory load requirement.
Pandare, Sahil, Jaju, Satish
Overhead Guard Physical Tests vs LS-DYNA FE Simulations2016-01-901709/16/2016
The lifting and excavating industry are not as advanced as automotive in the use of modern CAE tools in the early stages of design and development of heavy machinery. There is still a lack of confidence in the integrity of the results from FE simulations and optimisation and this becomes a barrier to the adoption of virtual prototyping for vehicle verification. R&D of Tata Steel has performed tests on two forklift truck overhead guards supplied by a major manufacturer. Based on the international standard for Falling Object Protective Structures (FOPS) as an initial input to the method of testing, the main aim of this study was to generate as much test data as possible to correlate the Finite Element (FE) simulations of two tests - a static and a dynamic test. The static test was developed to deform the overhead guard plastically in a slow controlled manner, so it would be easier to correlate the measured data to FE simulation. A dynamic test is always very difficult to correlate due to
Cafolla, Janka, Smart, Derick, Warner, Barry
Body-in-White Reinforcements for Light-Weight Automobiles2016-01-039904/05/2016
Automotive OEMs are proactively working on vehicle light-weighting, powertrain optimization, alternate/renewable energy sources and combinations of the three to meet challenging corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards. Light-weighting of the body-in-white (BIW) is an obvious choice for vehicle light-weighting as this structure contributes to more than 30-35% of the total weight of a car. Changing manufacturing and assembly lines requires substantial investment. As such, OEMs are exploring short-term light-weighting strategies that do not require any major changes to the BIW. Local reinforcement for the BIW are pertinent solutions that does not require any major changes in the existing assembly lines. This paper focuses on the development of BIW reinforcement solutions using engineering thermoplastic materials that can be mounted at appropriate locations on a vehicle’s BIW to achieve significant weight savings without compromising crash performance. Various design and material
Munjurulimana, Dinesh, Kulkarni, Amit, Nagwanshi, Dhanendra, Thambi, Joel Luther, Winters, Ruud, Delaney, Matthew
Reduce Cost of Product Design using Unit FE Simulation2016-01-137104/05/2016
The unit analysis methodology can be used for designing component or product in a product development process. This method may be used for designing the crush can, bumper beam, crush can long member, B-frame or A-pillar in frontal impact analysis. Unit assembly model technique can be effectively used in many CAE load cases to evaluate CAE simulations such as pedestrian impact analysis (ECE R78 / ENCAP), interior trim related head impact simulations (FMVSS201U), under run protection simulation for commercial vehicles (Front Underrun Protection Device ECE R93, Rear Underrun Protection Device ECE R58, Side Underrun Protection Device ECE R73), airbag deployment optimization etc. These CAE analyses correlate better with actual test. This paper gives idea about how the cost of product design can be reduced by using unit analysis. To reduce time of vehicle development such as cost of prototype, testing cost, optimization cost unit analysis is more economical. In this paper, one illustrative
Jaju, Satish, Jain, Pritesh, Musale, Gopal
Bio-Inspired Design of Lightweight and Protective Structures2016-01-039604/05/2016
Biologically inspired designs have become evident and proved to be innovative and efficacious throughout the history. This paper introduces a bio-inspired design of protective structures that is lightweight and provides outstanding crashworthiness indicators. In the proposed approach, the protective function of the vehicle structure is matched to the protective capabilities of natural structures such as the fruit peel (e.g., pomelo), abdominal armors (e.g., mantis shrimp), bones (e.g., ribcage and woodpecker skull), as well as other natural protective structures with analogous protective functions include skin and cartilage as well as hooves, antlers, and horns, which are tough, resilient, lightweight, and functionally adapted to withstand repetitive high-energy impact loads. This paper illustrates a methodology to integrate designs inspired by nature, Topology optimization, and conventional modeling tools. Two designs are explained to support this methodology: Helmet design inspired
Mehta, Prasad S., Solis Ocampo, Jennifer, Tovar, Andres, Chaudhari, Prathamesh
Crashworthiness Design of Automotive Body in White using Topology Optimization2016-01-153504/05/2016
Based on equivalent static loads method (ESL), a nonlinear dynamic topology optimization is carried out to optimize an automotive body in white (BIW) subjected to representative legislative crash loads, including frontal impact, side barrier impact, roof crush and rear impact. To meet the crashworthiness performances, two evaluation indexes are defined to convert the practical engineering problems into mathematic optimization problems. The strain energy is treated as the stiffness evaluation index of the BIW and the relative displacement is employed as the compliance index of the components and parts. The optimization problem could be changed into maximizing structural stiffness of the design space while constraining the relative displacements of the passenger cabin lower than a certain value to guarantee the stiffness of passenger cabin, constraining the relative displacements of the front and rear cabin greater than a certain value to increase the energy absorption during the crash
Tian, Linli, Gao, Yunkai
Jeep will test pickup concepts at Moab 50th16AUTP04_1104/01/2016
Military vehicle strength, functionality, and styling underscore two Jeep-based concept trucks that took on the challenging off-road trails of Moab, Utah, during the recent annual Jeep Safari. “It's a very, very important event this year because it's the 50th anniversary of the Easter Jeep Safari, and it's coinciding with the 75th anniversary of Jeep,” asserted Mike Manley, Head of Jeep Brand for FCA Global.
Buchholz, Kami
Komatsu America adds to intelligent machine lineup15MEIP12_2912/01/2015
The long track, low ground pressure D65PXi-18 introduced recently by Komatsu America Corp. was designed specifically for functionality in soft or wet conditions, offering improved stability for finish grading applications. It is powered by a 217-hp (162-kW) SAA6D114E-6 Tier 4 Final emissions certified engine. Highlights of the crawler dozer include next-generation intelligent machine control. “The machine senses blade load, minimizes track slip, and ensures operators get the most from every push,” said Jason Anetsberger, Komatsu product manager. “We believe the difference in dozing efficiency between conventional machine operation and intelligent machine control technology is exceptional.”
Broge, Jean L.
Cat pipelayers offer power and comfort to operators15MEIP12_2612/01/2015
Independent, variable-speed winches for the boom and hook provide precise control, and an enhanced counterweight system ensures a low center of gravity in Caterpillar's new PL72, PL83, and PL87 pipelayers. A new ROPS (roll-over protection structure) provides added safety for both open and enclosed operator's stations. The new, purpose-built Pipelayer cab is now pressurized and incorporates new operator-comfort and convenience features. Cat says the new pipelayers were designed to offer the industry increased lift capacity, enhanced slope capability, ease of operation, and transportability. Rated lift capacity (at tipping point) for the PL72 is 90,000 lb (40,823 kg), 170,000 lb (77,111 kg) for the PL83, and 216,000 lb (97,972 kg) for the PL87. A non-suspended, elevated-sprocket undercarriage provides ample track-on-ground for added stability.
Broge, Jean L.
Walt Bruce, Convective Heating for Improvement for Emergency Fire Shelters (CHIEFS) Senior Engineer and Anthony Calomino, Materials and Structures EngineerTBMG-2283708/24/2015
After a 2013 wildfire led to the loss of 19 elite Arizona firefighters, Langley Research Center engineers, including Walt Bruce and Anthony Calomino, worked with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service to see how NASA’s spacecraft thermal protection system could be used to create new emergency fire shelters on Earth.
CAE Prediction and Test Correlation for Tractor Roll-over Protective Structure (ROPS)2015-01-147604/14/2015
Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) are safety devices which provide a safe environment for the tractor operator during an accidental rollover. The ROPS must pass either a dynamic or static testing sequence or both in accordance with SAE J2194. These tests examine the performance of ROPS to withstand a sequence of loadings and to see if the clearance zone around the operator station remains intact in the event of an overturn. In order to shorten the time and reduce the cost of new product development, non-linear finite element (FE) analysis is practiced routinely in ROPS design and development. By correlating the simulation with the results obtained from testing a prototype validates the CAE model and its assumptions. The FE analysis follows SAE procedure J2194 for testing the performance of ROPS. The Abaqus version 6.12 finite element software is used in the analysis, which includes the geometric, contact and material nonlinear options. Simulation results such as plastic
Selvakumar, P, Mahajan, Arun, Murasolimaran, R, Elango, C
Deflection Limiting Volume - Protective Structures Laboratory EvaluationJ397_201503 (Current)03/27/2015
This SAE Standard applies to operator protective structures which may commonly be a part of construction, forestry, mining, and industrial machines.
OPTC4, Protective Structures
Vehicle Roof Strength Test ProcedureJ374_201503 (Current)03/13/2015
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform laboratory test method to evaluate the strength characteristics of roof systems. The test procedure is intended to provide reliable and repeatable results and to permit numerical comparisons. A test is conducted in which the vehicle roof system is loaded under controlled laboratory conditions. Structural strength measurements are obtained under load application angles chosen to concentrate forces on the forward portions of the roof panel and roof supporting structure.
Impact and Rollover Test Procedures Standards Committee
Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of BEV Body Structure2015-26-022901/14/2015
Blade Electric Vehicle (BEV) with a light body plays an important role in saving the energy and reducing the exhaust emission. However, reducing the body weight need to meet the heterogeneous attributes such as structural, safety and NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) performance. With the rapid development of finite element (FE) analysis technology, simulation analysis is widely used for researching the complex engineering design problem. Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) of a BEV body is a challenging but meaningful task in the automotive lightweight. In present research, the MDO is introduced to optimize a BEV Body-in-White (BIW). The goal of optimization is to minimize the mass of the BIW while meeting the following requirements: structural performance (the bending and torsion stiffness is increased), NVH performance (the first overall torsion frequency is increased), and safety performance (the roof crush resistance is improved).The sample points were obtained by using
Zhang, Jibing, Hu, Sanbao, Guo, Xuexun, Zhou, Quan
Agricultural Tractor Cabin Structure Design for Durability and Rollover Protective Structure Test2015-26-016301/14/2015
A cabin on an agricultural tractor is meant to protect the operator from harsh environment, dust and provide an air conditioned space. As it is an enclosed space, cabin structure should be a crashworthiness structure and should not cause serious injury to operator in case of tractor roll over. There are International standard like OECD Code 4, SAE J2194 which regulates the crashworthiness of this protective structure. The roll-over protective structure (ROPS) is characterized by the provision of space for a clearance zone large enough to protect the operator in case of tractor overturn. None of the cabin parts should enter into the clearance zone for operator safety. In addition to meeting ROPS test criteria, the cabin structural strength should be optimized for the required tractor life. In this paper, simulation process has been established to design an agricultural tractor cabin structure and its mountings to meet the above requirements. A Design Verification Plan (DVP) has been
Kumar, Abhay, Mahajan, Arun, Prasanth, S, Darekar, Sudhir, Chellan, Jagadeesan, Kumar, K Ashok, Ranjith Kumar, Jeya Kumar
Evaluation of Different Roof Strength Methods in Quasi-Static and Dynamic Rollover Tests Using Finite Element Analysis of a 2003 Ford Explorer Model2014-01-053204/01/2014
Different roof strength methods are applied on the 2003 Ford Explorer finite element (FE) model to achieve the current Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 216 requirements. Two different modification approaches are utilized. Additionally, the best design of each approach is tested dynamically, in rollover and side impact simulations. In the first approach, several roll cage designs are integrated in all pillars, roof cross-members, and in the side roof rails. A roll cage design with a strength-to-weight ratio (SWR) of 3.58 and 3.40 for driver and passenger sides, respectively, with a weight penalty of 18.54 kg is selected for dynamic test assessments. The second approach investigates different localized reinforcements to achieve a more reasonable weight penalty. A localized reinforcement of the B-pillar alone with a tube meets the new FMVSS 216 requirements with a weight penalty of 4.52 kg and is selected for dynamic analyses. The two selected reinforcement designs are tested
Albrodt, Simon B., Tahan, Fadi, Digges, Kennerly
Minimum Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities for Aircraft Tire UsageARP5265A (Historical)10/25/2013
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, maintenance and removal of aircraft tires as well as criteria for the maintenance of the operating environment so as to achieve the purpose stated in 1.1. (Definitions of terms related to aircraft tires is found in 2.2.)
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Steel Products for Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) and Falling Object Protective Structures (FOPS)J1119_201307 (Current)07/09/2013
The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to provide concepts for rational selection and application of materials for Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) and Falling Object Protective Structures (FOPS) and to provide information about the properties that should be considered in selecting and utilizing material in protective structures. While other materials could conceivably be used successfully, this report is limited to a consideration of steel with discussion on its mechanical properties and processing characteristics. Emphasis is placed on the toughness aspect (ability to resist brittle fracture) as this property is of paramount importance to structure integrity. It is emphasized that specific values for material properties have relevance to performance only in conjunction with specific design considerations such as structure size or weld joint detail and location. Because there are many design-material systems which can be successfully employed to achieve the prescribed
OPTC4, Protective Structures
Minimum Performance Criteria for Falling Object Guards for ExcavatorsJ1356_201303 (Historical)03/28/2013
This SAE Recommended Practice applies only to excavators, as defined in SAE J/ISO 6165, working above ground, near an excavated or free standing bank or mine face which is higher than the top of the cab, or in demolition applications of free standing buildings or objects higher than the top of the cab.
OPTC4, Protective Structures
A Study on Development of Body Structure Using Hydroforming of a Thin-Walled UHSS Tube2013-01-003503/25/2013
Hydroforming process is an emerging manufacturing technology which allows engineers to use continuous closed section without flange for spot weld in a given package envelope. In this research, Hydroforming is applied to a front pillar and a roof side rail for improvement of obstruction angle, body stiffness and roof crush resistance. In addition, the joints of front / center pillar that were integrated into the hydroforming part and structure of package tray were improved. As a result, front pillar width is reduced by 23%, body torsional stiffness is increased by 45% and roof crush resistance is improved by 35%.
Cha, Munsoo, Kim, Cheol-Ung
Nomenclature - Hydraulic BackhoesJ326_201211 (Historical)11/01/2012
This SAE Standard includes hydraulic backhoes which have no more than 190 degrees of rotational swing, and are mounted on wheel tractors and crawler tractors. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exact descriptions of any particular machine. The illustrations have been chosen to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Dr. Neil Cheatwood, IRVE-3 Principal Investigator, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VATBMG-1499610/01/2012
NASA Tech Briefs: How does IRVE-3 differ from traditional heat shields?
DOE for Non Linear Structural Analysis of ROPS (Rollover Protective Structure)2012-01-190209/24/2012
Rollover Protective Structures (ROPSs) are used in off-highway vehicles to protect operator in case of accidents involving overturning of vehicle. The role of a ROPS is to absorb the energy of Rollover without violating the protected operator zone. The performance of a ROPS is determined by its ability to absorb energy under prescribed loading conditions. The performance depends upon design parameters, such as tube thicknesses, material grades, ROPS tube cross-sections, etc., that define the structure. In this paper, we describe a method that uses Design of Experiments (DOE) to determine the correlation between the performance of a ROPS for a small tractor and its critical design parameters. The correlation results are discussed for two types of loading conditions, namely “front push loading” and “side push loading”. The correlation obtained is further used to identify the optimal design parameters for maximum energy absorption under constraints on allowable deflections.
Malik, Manish, Kshirsagar, Sandeep, Barve, Sachin
Operator Restraint System for Off-Road Work MachinesJ386_201208 (Historical)08/24/2012
This SAE Standard establishes the minimum performance requirements for pelvic restraint systems (seat belts, anchorages, and the fastening elements of seat belts) necessary to restrain an operator or rider within a roll-over protective structure (ROPS) in the event of a machine roll-over, as defined in ISO 3471, or tip-over protection structure (TOPS), in the event of a machine tip over as defined in ISO 12117. This SAE Standard applies to off-road, self-propelled work machines fitted with ROPS as specified in ISO 3471, TOPS as specified in ISO 12117 and operator restraint.
HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride
Specification Definitions - Hydraulic BackhoesJ49_201207 (Historical)07/16/2012
This standard applies to hydraulic backhoes which have no more than 190 degrees of rotational swing, and are mounted on wheel tractors and crawler tractors.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
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