This SAE Standard details procedures for testing lead-acid SLI (starting, lighting, and ignition), heavy-duty, EV (electric vehicle), and RV (recreational vehicle) batteries, to determine the effectiveness of the battery venting system to retard the propagation of an externally ignited flame of battery gas into the interior of the battery under sustained overcharge conditions. NOTE: At this time, 2018, there is no known comparable ISO Standard.

Starter Battery Standards Committee

Water-Saving Firefighting Nozzle

TBMG-2728908/01/2017

Fluorocarbon-based fire extinguishing agents are environmentally harmful since they cause depletion of the Earth's ozone layer. Fine Water Mist (FWM)-type systems have very favorable characteristics as replacements for existing Halon systems. Typically, these systems include nozzles for creating misting fluids using pressurized gas, and continue to show favor as a mechanism for fire prevention. In these systems, a liquid is typically directed into a central bore of the nozzle, which directs a flow of high-velocity gas. In some nozzles, the velocity and pressure of the gas are increased in a narrowed throat area of the bore, causing the atomization of the fluid into small droplets as the gas travels through the nozzle.

Off-Road Tire Fire Handling Guidelines

J2828_201611 (Current)11/18/2016

This SAE Informational report applies to tires used on off-road, rubber-tired work machines as identified in SAE J1116. This SAE document provides general guidelines for proper handling of potential and actual off-road tire fires and possible related explosions.

MTC8, Tire and Rim

Approach for Achieving Flame Retardancy While Retaining Physical Properties in a Compatible Polymer Matrix

TBMG-2517208/01/2016

NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) seeks to license its Advanced Fire Retardant Materials to industry. KSC’s scientists have developed processes and know-how to impart fire retardancy to common polymers such as nylons, polyesters, and acrylics. NASA developed this technology for use in personnel protective systems for launch pad personnel engaged in hazardous materials (HAZMAT) operations. The invention provides polymer blends containing polyhydroxyamide and one or more flammable polymers. The polymer blends are flame-retardant and have improved durability and heat stability compared to the flammable polymer portion of the blends.

Carbon Brake Contamination and Oxidation

AIR5490A (Current)04/12/2016

This document provides information on contamination and its effects on brakes having carbon-carbon composite friction materials (carbon). Carbon is hygroscopic and porous, and therefore readily absorbs liquids and contaminants. Some of the contaminants can impact intended performance of the brake. This document is intended to raise awareness of the effects of carbon brake contamination and provide information on industry practices for its prevention. Although not addressed in this report, contaminants can cause problems with other landing system components including tires.

A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee

Fire Prevention on Forestry Machinery

J1212_201501 (Historical)01/20/2015

This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814.

MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment

Safety Considerations - Smoking in Lavatories of Transport Aircraft

AIR4740A (Current)11/17/2010

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses the question of smokers and their opinions and intentions toward smoking in lavatories of transport aircraft during flight. The study has implications for instructions and warnings given to passengers.

S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee

Off-Road Tire Fire Handling Guidelines

J2828_201004 (Historical)

04/23/2010

MTC8, Tire and Rim

A Fire Suppression Analysis for the Altair Project

2009-01-251107/12/2009

This paper presents a fire suppression analysis for the Altair project. The architecture of the Altair systems relevant to fire safety is briefly reviewed. This is followed by an outline of a fire safety analysis of the spacecraft including an outline of a probabilistic risk analysis (PRA). The particular emphasis of this analysis is the change in risk as the vehicle moves to lower pressure, higher operating voltage and increased oxygen mole fraction. The analysis shows that all of these changes increase the likelihood and intensity of a fire. The paper then outlines the options for a suppression system followed by a trade analysis of the different options. The candidate systems include inert gas agents (nitrogen, carbon dioxide and helium), water-based systems (spray, mist and foam) and chemically active agents. Chemically active agents are included for reference purposes since they are not likely candidates for the Altair vehicles.

Dietrich, D. L., Ruff, G. A., Urban, D. L.

Fundamentals of Fire Suppression in Reduced Gravity Environments

2008-01-208706/29/2008

This paper discusses the unique aspects of fire suppression in reduced (micro- and Lunar/martian) gravity environments. It builds on a trade study conducted by the Fire Prevention Detection and Suppression group at the NASA Glenn Research Center that examined the efficacy of fire suppressants in reduced gravity. The first part of the present paper reviews the differences in flame characteristics between terrestrial and extraterrestrial fires and how these characteristics change the action of a fire suppressant. Special emphasis is placed on enriched oxygen ambient environments, a condition that will routinely exist on future spacecraft and extraterrestrial habitats. The most important difference between normal gravity and reduced gravity fires is the increase in the minimum suppressant concentration (for gaseous agents in a total flooding application) required to extinguish a fire in reduced gravity compared to normal gravity. The impact of this observation is that suppressant system

Dietrich, D. L., Ruff, G. A., Urban, D. L.

Fire Prevention on Forestry Machinery

J1212_200806 (Historical)

06/19/2008

This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814.

MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment

Crew Exploration Vehicle Environmental Control and Life Support Fire Protection Approach

2007-01-325507/09/2007

As part of preparing for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) worked on developing the requirements to manage the fire risk. The new CEV poses unique challenges to current fire protection systems. The size and configuration of the vehicle resembles the Apollo capsule instead of the current Space Shuttle or the International Space Station. The smaller free air volume and fully cold plated avionic bays of the CEV requires a different approach in fire protection than the ones currently utilized. The fire protection approach discussed in this paper incorporates historical lessons learned and fire detection and suppression system design philosophy spanning from Apollo to the International Space Station. Working with NASA fire and materials experts, this approach outlines the best requirements for both the closed out area of the vehicle, such as the avionics bay, and the crew cabin area to address the unique challenges due to the size

Lewis, John F., Barido, Richard, Tuan, George C.

Crash Safety of CNG-Retrofitted Vehicles - The Consequences for Emergency Response Services

2007-01-067904/16/2007

A changed attitude to environmental concerns together with rising fuel prices has resulted in an increasing demand for alternative forms of fuel for vehicle propulsion. In particular, the registration figures for vehicles powered with compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) show strong growth rates in Europe. Both vehicles originally equipped by the manufacturer and those which are retrofitted are very common. To find out more about the technical- and fire safety of retrofitted cars DEKRA Accident Research carried out a crash test in accordance with FMVSS 301. The results were used to prepare a guide for rescue services.

Egelhaaf, Markus, Rücker, Peter, Berg, F. Alexander

Safe Storage of Natural Gas on Urban Buses: Case Early Investigation and Learnings

2007-01-043004/16/2007

The use of CNG in bus and private vehicles is growing steadily. Recent fire accidents involving CNG buses have shown that tanks may explode though compliant with current ECE UN R110 regulation. Such a repeated scenario is certainly not acceptable having in mind the tremendous amount of energy released when a compressed tank bursts. Investigation of German and French recent cases detailed in this article highlights potential improvements in current CNG buses fire safety concepts. Among others, it includes to rely on a system-level test and expectations in combination with the current component-level test. Fire safety should not solely rely on tank behaviour when exposed to fire but also to additional and upstream fire safety barriers. Thermal fuses can not be seen any more as an ultimate option to control tank burst in case of fire.

Perrette, Lionel, Wiedemann, Helmut K.

Vehicle Fires and the Danger to Emergency Personnel

2007-01-087804/16/2007

The demands made on motor vehicles have risen enormously over the past few years. These demands that have led the automotive engineers to develop entirely new concepts for safety, comfort, reliability and environmental compatibility. These changes have resulted in completely new vehicles which pose additional hazards to rescue service personnel in the case of a severe incident. DEKRA Accident Research analysed several vehicle fires to find out more about typical and specific risks. The paper sets out the dangers which exist, how the fire services can react to them and where improvements are required or possible.

Egelhaaf, Markus, Wolpert, Dieter

Bill Sheredy, Project Manager for SAME (Smoke Aerosol Measurement Experiment)

TBMG-79701/01/2007

Fire is deadly and unpredictable on Earth; in an enclosed space vehicle in orbit, its presence takes on even more serious implications. To prevent the threat of smoke and fire on missions, NASA conducted the Smoke Aerosol Measurement Experiment (SAME), designed to create devices that will adequately detect combustion in a zero-gravity environment. Heading SAME is NASA researcher Bill Sheredy.

Safety Considerations for Airplane Lavatories

ARP1315D (Historical)09/15/2006

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes safety recommendations for lavatories in transport category airplanes.

S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee

Fire Protection on Airplanes

2005-01-342910/03/2005

Airplane fire protection demands a very high level of reliability. In flight there is no escape from a fire and with an abundance of fuel and ignition sources, the threat of a fire onboard an airplane is ever present. Today's airplanes comply with existing fire protection regulations. The regulations affecting fire protection change with the advent of new technologies and experiences. This paper addresses methods for fire protection in the design of new airplanes. Prevention of a fire is the best method of fire protection, for it is best to prevent a fire than to have to deal with a fire in flight, but dealing with a fire in flight may become inevitable at one point or another. This is why fire protection methods such as passive methods and active methods are addressed. This paper addresses various fire protection methods from eliminating fuels and ignition sources to reducing flammability, from zoning and compartmentation to material selection and ventilation, from temperature control

Hariram, Sham S.

An Approach to Evaluate Precision and Inter-Laboratory Variability of Flammability Test Methods for Aerospace Materials

2005-01-300007/11/2005

Materials selection for spacecraft is based on conventional flammability or ignition sensitivity acceptance tests. Current procedures for determining the inter-laboratory repeatability and reproducibility of aerospace materials flammability tests are not considering the dependence of data variability on test conditions and consequently attempts to characterize the precision of these methods were not successful. The inter-laboratory data variability is determined with tests conducted under arbitrary conditions, which consequently may not provide sufficient information to enable adequate determination of a method’s precision. This paper evaluates the feasibility of a method used to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of a test method by conducting a limited number of tests following a rigorous statistical approach. For evaluating the precision of NASA’s flammability test methods, the protocol recommended includes selecting critical parameters and determining the 50% failure

Hirsch, David, Beeson, Harold

Thermophysical and Fire Properties of Engine Compartment Fluids

2005-01-156004/11/2005

Ignition and combustion behaviors of the engine compartment fluids are presented based on their thermophysical and fire properties. The thermophysical properties considered are flash point (Tflash), autoignition temperature (Ta), hot metal surface ignition temperature (Thot), initial boiling point (Tib) and the final boiling point (Tfb). The fire properties considered are the heat release parameter, HRP (ratio of the chemical heat of combustion, ΔHch, to heat of vaporization, ΔHv) and product release parameter, PRP (ratio of the yield of the product, yj to ΔHv). In operating vehicles, the temperatures of metal surfaces in the engine compartment exceed the Tflash, Ta, Thot, Tib and Tfb values for most of the engine compartment fluids. Thus, in vehicle crashes, the fluids are capable of starting engine compartment fires as they encounter the hot surfaces, as was observed in the crash and vehicle burn tests in the GM studies. The fire properties of the engine compartment fluids (HRP and

Tewarson, Archibald

Principles, Testing and In-Field Experience for the FIRE Panel Fuel Tank Protection Device

2005-01-179004/11/2005

A technology has been devised and recently deployed in highway vehicle transportation to protect vehicle fuel tanks from impact-induced fires. The technology is currently employed in the FIRE Panel product, which exhibits an improved design based upon powder panel technology used for decades to protect military aircraft from ballistic-induced fuel tank-fed fires. The device comprises a shallow shell, filled with a powder fire extinguishing agent, which is mounted on or near a fuel tank or other flammable fluid reservoir. In the event of an impact to the fuel tank or reservoir, such as due to a collision, which might rupture the tank and spill fuel to be ignited, the adjacent FIRE Panel also impacted shatters as designed, discharging a plume of extinguishing powder to inert the space around the leaking fuel tank or other reservoir, even if the vehicle travels some distance after impact. The simplicity and low cost of the device make it practical for most transportation applications. The

Bennett, J. Michael

Lightning Hazards and Protection Approaches for Ordnance Processes

1999-01-240706/22/1999

Lightning represents a major natural hazard for both equipment and personnel and very much so for ordnance items which contain energetic material. These latter items reside within special to purpose facilities, in special load carriers and in addition, through potential accident, can find themselves damaged and ‘inadvertently out in the field’. In the latter case there are a host of possible scenarios, configurations and levels of potential risk in the presence of a thunderstorm. A sound lightning protection rationale is necessary to cover all of these cases. Each needs to take cognisance of good practice, national standards and the need to avoid the pitfalls which undermine what was apparently, a sound scheme. Recent work in the field of lightning protection has shown that there are still phenomena which are not fully understood and that lightning protection continues to be an evolving subject. Examples are given of generic risk assessment approaches, the potential pitfalls and of the

Jones, Malcolm, Spray, Stanley D.

MPLM - Environmental Control System Design Evolution

97231307/01/1997

The Mini Pressurised Logistics Module (MPLM) has the important job of servicing the Space Station via the National Space Transportation System (NSTS). During the previous and the on-going Alenia design activities, a continous effort is spent to optimize the MPLM performance characteristics with a possible mass reduction. The aim is to reach the best compromise between different needs: the payload requirements, the functional ground and flight operational constraints (three units qualified for 25 flight missions each), the total mass available for the payload. This paper has the objective to document the recent configuration changes and activities of the last couple of years. The two subsystems involved in this evolution are the Thermal Control (TCS) and the Environmental Control (ECLSS). Most of the MPLM equipment has already passed the Critical Design Review (CDR) step and the update situation for each piece of equipment is listed in this paper. Also at S/S level intensive test

D'Auria, R., Antonacci, M., Moscatelli, A.

Commercial Vehicle Applications Using Linear Emitting Fiber Optics

97025702/24/1997

The use of fiber optics for lighting purposes is not new to the transportation and in particular to the automotive industry. However most, if not all, of the applications have been limited to point source lighting or configurations for panel display. This paper defines new applications for fiber optics using linear emitting Large Core Plastic Optical Fiber (LCPOF). The paper also identifies the method of manufacture and the relevant advantages for this novel optical fiber assisting the end user to understand its applications and therefore possibly creating additional uses.

Whitaker, Gregg, Zarian, Jim

Ignition Process of Intermittent Short-Circuit on Modeled Automobile Wires

96039502/01/1996

Our study was conducted to demonstrate the primary factors involved in fires which result from an automobile's electrical wire harness system with fuses. In our experiments we used modeled automobile wire harnesses to study the processes of ignition and the resultant fires. Current was passed through blade type fuses to a portion of the harness and was intermittently short-circuited by a grounded metal plate. The nominal current ratings of the fuses we used were lower than or equal to 30 amperes [A], and the operating current was 30A at 12 Volts. Current flowed to the harness specimens through a DC power source. We found that electrical tracking with scintillation, caused by a weak electric flow through carbonized wire insulation, rarely generated flames in the wire harnesses without blowing the fuse. Ignition was never observed on the insulation near the areas shorted by the arc and/or overloaded currents going to the wire elements. The ignition process with tracking may be one of the

Suzuki, Jinji, Tamura, Yohsuke

The Effects of Fabric Backcoatings on Automotive Interior Manufacturing Processes

95014702/01/1995

While fabric backcoatings comprise a relatively small part of the cost of a fabric, it is believed they have a profound affect on interior trim manufacturing processes. This study used the results of tests done on 105 fabrics to determine the effect that backcoatings have on a fabric's processing characteristics. Five tests were used to determine the processing characteristics of the fabric. The results showed that backcoatings do indeed have an affect on a fabric's processing capabilities. The results also suggest that the interaction between fabric construction and backcoating needs to be explored in greater detail.

Olari, John

Method for Testing the Spray Flammability of Hydraulic Fluids

92173709/01/1992

This paper presents the results of a study undertaken at Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) to quantify the spray flammability of hydraulic fluids. Spray flammability characteristics of several commercially available hydraulic fluids, mineral oils, methanol, ethanol, and heptane, sprayed vertically upward in the open through a pressure-jet hollow cone nozzle and stabilized by a propane-air ring burner, have been examined using FMRC Fire Products Collector. A spray flammability parameter (SFP) has been defined, which combines the chemical heat generation rate from the spray fires and the volatility of fluids in terms of a critical heat flux for ignition. The value of SFP is expected to be an indicator of burning rate (or flame propagation rate). It has been found that the fluids having SFP > 20 × 104 are easier to stabilize as a spray flame than the fluids having SFP ≤ 20 × 104. Based on our study, SFP appears to be useful in discriminating between flammable and less flammable

Khan, Mohammed M., Brandao, Armand V.

Spark Arrester Test Carbon

J997_199009 (Historical)09/01/1990

This SAE Standard establishes physical properties required of SAE Coarse Test Carbon and SAE Fine Test Carbon and establishes test methods to ensure that these requirements are met.

Spark Arrester Standards Committee

AIRCRAFT FIRE PROTECTION FOR RECIPROCATING AND GAS TURBINE ENGINE INSTALLATIONS

AIR1076 (Current)05/01/1989

This document is reissued for application to helicopters.

S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee

AIRCRAFT FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT AND RELATED SYSTEMS INSTALLATIONS

AIR1262 (Current)05/01/1989

This document is reissued for application to helicopters. It is primarily intended to apply to the engine or engines, but it shall also apply to fire protection of lines, tanks, combustion heaters, and auxiliary powerplants (APU). Post-crash fire protection is also discussed.

S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee

Spark Arrester Test Carbon

J997_198810 (Historical)10/01/1988

This SAE Standard establishes physical properties required of SAE Coarse Test Carbon and SAE Fine Test Carbon and establishes test methods to ensure that these requirements are met.

Spark Arrester Standards Committee

Spark Arrester Test Carbon

J997_198806 (Historical)06/01/1988

This SAE Standard establishes physical properties required of SAE Coarse Test Carbon and SAE Fine Test Carbon and establishes test methods to ensure that these requirements are met.

Spark Arrester Standards Committee

Development of a Fire Protection Consensus Standard in the Mining Industry

87082104/01/1987

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is internationally recognized for its development and publication of life and property fire protection standards. This paper will describe the organizational structure of the NFPA and the process through which these consensus standards are developed. Reference is made to an actual standard on diesel equipment and diesel fuel in underground mines. Included are the necessary steps leading to membership approval and NFPA publication.

Stewart, Barry A.

Chemical Characterization of Automobile Window Film

87031402/01/1987

Chemical analysis of the light scattering film (LSF) formed on interior glass surfaces of automobiles has been undertaken to identify the significant contributing species. Much of the LSF was found to be stable organic compounds, emanating from materials in the vehicle interior, and condensing on the glass. Some compounds found were actually produced by chemical reaction on the glass. The qualitative and quantitative nature of this film was extremely variable. Environmental conditions have been found to contribute to composition of these films. To identify, and reduce or eliminate the contributing materials appears to be the best means to control the LSF.

Carter, R. O., Jensen, T. E.

Flame Resistance Treatment of Interior Fabrics

AMS3855A (Current)01/01/1987

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Flame Resistant Properties for Aircraft Materials

AMS3852A (Current)01/01/1987

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Photogrammetric Analysis Using the Personal Computer

86141610/01/1986

“FotoGram” is a two dimensional photogrammetry software package developed by General Motors Corporation. It generates a transformation matrix from the input reference data which best represents a given surface and “transforms” the selected points into a plan view. The general usage of the “FotoGram” software in accident reconstruction is presented along with various methods of reference point measurement and placement.

Brelin, Janet M., Cichowski, William G., Holcomb, Michael P.

Fire Prevention on Forestry Equipment

J1212_198501 (Historical)01/01/1985

The purpose of this report is to provide general recommendations for the design and operation of mobile forestry machines which can help reduce the possibility of fire. The term "Mobile forestry machines" is intended to include those off-road machines which are designed especially for, or adapted to be used in, the planting, site preparation, harvesting, processing, and transporting of trees. The diversity of machines and systems falling within this scope prohibits detailed specifications, and therefore recommendations are of a general nature.

MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment

Impact of Citadels on Damage Control in Naval Ships: An Open Challenge

83112807/11/1983

In response to the requirement to operate in an environment contaminated by chemical and biological warfare agents, the Navy is designing Citadels containing Collective Protection Systems (CPS) on all ships starting in 1985. The CPS uses internal pressurization, air locks and filtration to prevent the ingress of contaminants into the ship's interior. CPS impacts significantly on all phases of ship engineering design integration and correspondingly on ship system configuration and operations. The introduction of CPS on Navy ships requires a reexamination of Damage Control philosophy with special emphasis on maintaining combat readiness.

Pohler, Carl H., Duff, F. Duane, Finger, Stanley M., McWhirter, William R.

The Marine Worker: Safety in the Workplace

831130

07/11/1983

The United States Coast Guard is the United States' chief maritime safety regulatory authority, and the Marine Technical and Hazardous Materials Division of the Office of Merchant Marine Safety, among other Coast Guard units, is charged with protecting the merchant fleet and merchant marine personnel from harm. In recent years the Coast Guard has become more involved with the harmful effects of ships' atmospheres, including both acute and chronic effects. Unlike shore workers, the marine worker can not escape his workplace after eight hours, and so occupational problems can be more severe. This paper discusses the work of the Division in several areas of marine worker safety, including asbestos, fire extinguishing gases, cargo vapors, cargo tank atmospheres, noise, radiation, smoke, and human factors. Our goal is to improve the level of safety of the marine worker.

Schneider, Alan L.